CÔ HOÏC KEÁT CAÁU PGS.TS.

ÑOÃ KIEÁN QUOÁC

Chapter 2
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES IN STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURES DUE TO FIXED LOAD

2.1. CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURES

1. Simple Structures
 Beams : 1 traight bar with supports equivalent to 3 bar
connectors. Internal forces: M, Q �0, N = 0.

Fig 2.1
 Frames : Straight bars joined to nodes. Internal forces:M, Q, N �
0.

Fig 2.2
 Trusses :
panel top cord
diagonal joint
brace
vertical
brace
Bottom
cord

span
Fig 2.3

In reality, the truss joints are rigid => statically indeterminate

structures. For simplicity, the following asumptions are used:
- Rigid joints are replaced by hinge joints
- Concentrated loads apply at joints only Only N ≠ 0,
proof in SM II
- Bending of bars due to their weight is negligible
Advantage of trusses: constant normal stress on sections light
compared to beams, larger load capability and spand.

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 3 Hinged Structures:

Tendon
Fig 2.4

For 3 hinged arches:

- Internal forces: M, Q, N �0; large compressive force N: brittle
materials as brick, stone, concrete…could be used.
- Reactions: Horizontal force may result in heavier foundation.
2.Compound Structures
In reality, compound structures normally consist of simple beams
or/and frames shown in Fig 2.5.
Continuous hinged beams

Continuous hinged frames

Fig 2.5

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 Composition: main and subordinate structures.

- Main Structures : GSS or independent structures bearing the
load with removal of adjacent structures.
- Auxiliary structures: collapsed if adjacent structures are
removed.
 Analysis: from auxiliary main structures; transfer the loads
from
auxiliary main structures.

3.Combined Structures:
Combination of different structures to bear the load: beam – arch,
beam – chain, truss – arch, beam - cable… (Ex: stayed cable bridge My
Thuan: beam – cable).
4. Structures with load transfer beams
The beam system fixes the points to transfer the loads to the
main structures as in Fig 2.6, normally seen in bridge engineering. The
main structures may be beams, trusses…
Longitudinal beam Transversal beam

Span
Fig 2.6

2.2. ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE BEAMS & FRAMES

(Review of Strength of Materials)
1.Sign Convention of Internal Forces:
The signs of M, Q, N in Fig 2.7 are M
positive. N
- M Diagram : ploted to the tensile
layers without sign. Q
Fig 2.7
- Q & N Diagram: ploted to any side
with sign.
2.Analysis:
 Analytical (Section) method: For beginners to Strength of
Materials
- Calculate supports reactions
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- Determine the number of domains of internal forces (based on

q, P, M, center line changed)
- Set up the equations internal foerces on each domain
- Plot the diagrams from the equations
 Special Point Method: Students must be skilled in Structural
Mechnics
- Calculate supports reactions
- Determine the number of domains of internal forces
- Plot the shape of diagram in all domains and notice the special
points (values) on the diagram
- Calculate the special values; q
the diagam is fully qa 2
P= qa
determined
2
3.Example:
- Reactions: a

HA = P = qa
HA = qa
VA=0
VD=qa
VA = 0 VD = qa
a
Fig 2.8
- Diagrams:
qa2 qa
qa
qa 2
2
qa 2
8
M Q N

qa qa
Fig 2.9

Notice:
qa 2 qa 2
Any nodes must be 2 qa qa
2 P = qa
in equilibrium. qa P
qa2 3
Fig 2.10
N2
2.3. ANALYSIS OF h
TRUSSES 
1
1. Method of N1 2
Joints A B
Chöông 2. XAÙC ÑÒNH NOÄI LÖÏC DO TAÛI
d TROÏNG
d BAÁT ÑOÄNG
d d 9

Fig 2.11
CÔ HOÏC KEÁT CAÁU PGS.TS. ÑOÃ KIEÁN QUOÁC

 Ideas:
Sucessively isolate the joints and use the equilibrium equations to
determine the axial forces.
 Procedure:
- Sucessively isolate the joints in such order that each joint has
only 2 unknowns
- In each equilibrium equation there is only unknown by projecting
in the direction perpendicular to the other axial
force y
N 2
A P x
Ex:  Y  0 : N sinα  A  0  N  -
2 2
-
sinα 2sinα 
1 N1
P
 X  0 : N 1  N 2 cosα  0  N1  - N 2 cosα  - 2 cotgα
A=
 Corollary:
N1
- A joint of 2 bars, no load as in Fig 2.13: Fig 2.12
N1 = N 2 = 0
N2
Fig 2.13

N3
- A joint of 3 bars, no load as in Fig
2.14: N 1 = N 2, N 3 = 0

N1 N2
 Disadvantage: Fig 2.14
The errors may be accumulated.

2. Method of Sections
 Ideas: N3 J
Cut the truss into 2 parts
(through no more than 3 h N2
bars). Write 3 equations for
3 unknowns.
I N1
 Procedure:
A= P
To have 1 unknown in 1 B
equation, the other 2 axial
d d d d
focres must be removed as
follows:
P
- If they are parallel:
projecting in the
direction
perpendicular to P P
them. 2 Fig 2.15 2

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- If they are intersecting: take moment with the point of

intersection.

Example:
Ad M dI Comment:
 I
M  0  N     - Top or bottom cords : sign  position,
3 h h
d
A.2d M J Md
 M J  0  N1  
value 
h h h
A Q - Diagonal braces : sign  position,
 Y  0  N2    d
sinα sinα value  Qd
3. Method of Combined Sections
 Ideas: P
When a section cuts 1
through 4 bars, 1 more
section must be used to  N1
provide 2 equations for 2 2-
unknowns. In practice, 2
N2
some trusses need 2
sections.
1
A= B
Fig 2.16
 Example:

A P
Sec. 1-1:  Y  0  N1cosα  N 2 cosα  A  0  N 2  N1  
cosα 2cosα
Sec. 2-2 (joint):  X  0  N sinα  N sinα  0  N
1 2 1  N 2
P P
=> N1   , N2 
4cosα 4cosα

P3
2.4. ANALYSIS OF 3 P2
C
HINGED STRUCTURES
P1
1. Analysis of ZB
Reactions B
HB
The reaction components
HA A VB
are shown in Fig 2.17. The 
calculation should be in such ZA VdB
d
V
order that only 1 unknown in 1 A Fig 2.17
VA
equation as follows:

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MB  0  VAd
MA  0  VBd
 MC
Traùi
 0  ZA
 MC
Phaûi
 0  ZA
From these forces at the fixed supports A and B, the horizontal and
vertical components can be calculated. If   0 they are identical with
the above forces.
Also, if the loads are vertical only, then the horizontal forces at the 2
supports are the same: HA = HB = H.
2. Analysis of Internal Forces
 For 3 hinged arches: use the analytical method to obtain the
equations of M, Q, N. The diagrams are normally ploted on the
horizontal axes (not on the curves of the center lines).
 For 3 hinged Frames: use the special Point Method to plot the
diagrams M, Q, N as in the case of frames in general.
3. Example:
q qa 2 qa 2
2 2
C C

a M

H= qa/2
H A B A B

qa qa
a a
qa/2
qa
qa
C C

Q N

A B A B
qa qa
qa/2 qa/2
Fig
2.18

2.5. ANLYSIS OF COMPOUND STRUCTURES

 Procedure:
- Decompose the compound structure into main and auxiliary
structures

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- Analyse the reactions and internal forces in the auxiliary

structures
- Transfer the reactions from the auxiliary to the main structures.
Analyse the main structures
- Attach the diagrams for the whole structures M, Q, N
 Example:
P = 40 kN q = 10
kN/m

3 3 2 8m

P = 40 kN

q = 10
20 20 kN/m
kN 20 kN
kN

40 80
60
M
(kNm)

60
45
20
Q
20 35 (kN)

Compare with simply supported

beams q = 10
40 kN
kN/m

75 80
Fig 2.19

Advantage: In continuous hinged beams and frames, the maximum

bending moments are smaller larger spans, beautiful architecture,
applicable to weak soil conditions.

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CÔ HOÏC KEÁT CAÁU PGS.TS. ÑOÃ KIEÁN QUOÁC

2.6. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES WITH LOAD TRANSFER

BEAMS
 Procedure:
- Transfer the loads from the upper beams to the main structure
- Analysis of the main structure
 Exampleï:
q

Hình
2.20
Notice:
- M diagram: polygonal shape
- Q diagram: stepped shape
In reality, the load transfer beams may attach to any main structures
such as compound structures, trusses…

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