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FORM 5
NOTES
Name: ______________________
Class: ___________
Electrical Power
P = V I P = V2 P = I2 R
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Example:
Find the power of a bulb if its voltage is 240V and its current is 0.5A. How many Joules of electrical energy
does it use every second?
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measured with an ___________________.
with a __________________.
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The voltage (V) across the lamp is measured
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The heating effect of the current
The current passing through a wire produces a heating effect. (e.g. electric iron, electric blanket, electric
oven, electric water heater).
Supplies: Supplies:
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B r i f If a diode is connected as shown, it will allow
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current to flow in one direction only.
Therefore it will change _______________
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_____________________________.
We pay for the electricity we consume and the units are kilowatt-hours (kWh).
1kWh is the energy used by a 1kW appliance in 1 hour. This costs around 10c.
Example 1:
An air conditioner of power 3600W is used for a total of 10hours. If electricity costs 8c per kWh, find:
a) the energy in kWh used.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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b) the total cost.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Example 2:
A television set of power 100W is used for a total of 4 hours. If electricity costs 12c per kWh, find:
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b) the total cost for one week.
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.
Example 3:
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A vacuum cleaner of power 1500W is used for a total of 30 minutes. At the same time a toaster of power
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600W is used for 20 minutes. If electricity costs 10c per kWh, find:
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a) the total energy in kWh used.
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b) the total cost.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Electricity – Theme 5 – Part 2 – Electricity in the Home 4
Fuses
A fuse is a short length of wire which melts when a ________ current flows through it. When the current
through it is slightly greater than the amount it can withstand, it ___________ and breaks the ____________
protecting appliances.
Circuit symbols:
Example:
A television set uses a current of 4.2 A. Three different fuses are available: 1A, 5A, 13A.
• If the 1A fuse is used it would _________ when the television is switched on. The television would
not be damaged. However, it would not work.
• If the 13A fuse is used, it would work, but if the current becomes too ________, the television would
be damaged as the fuse would not melt.
• If the 5A fuse is used it would work but if the current becomes too high, the __________ melts
protecting the appliance.
Earth: _________________________
Neutral : _______________________
Live: _________________________
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Switches and fuses are connected to the ___________________ wire because it has the highest current and
voltage. The earth wire is a safety measure to prevent electric shock. If a live wire becomes disconnected
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and touches the metal frame current flows down to Earth through the earth wire rather than through the person
because it finds less ________________. If the earth wire is not fixed properly, the current would pass
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through the person. Appliances that are ______________________ , do not need an earth wire, as the
frame of the appliance is made of insulating material, so one cannot get a shock.
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Wires connected properly Live touches metal case… but person is still safe.
Mr. N. Briffa B. Ed. (Hons)
Electricity – Theme 5 – Part 2 – Electricity in the Home 5
The __________ wire carries electricity FROM the power grid to
houses, schools, hospitals, factories etc.
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PROPERTIES OF A MAGNET
• If suspended its ___________ pole points towards the magnetic North of the _________________.
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around 50 km per year. At present, they are about 1000 km away from each other.
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The Earth’s magnetic field protects us from the dangerous solar wind, which is a stream of
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charged particles ejected from the Sun. and which would be dangerous to life on Earth.
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plotting compass
MAKING A MAGNET
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depends on the direction of the current and is given by the
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______________________________________. This states that H
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if the fingers of the right hand, grip the coil in the direction of the
ISOTOPES
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current, the thumb will point _______________.
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How can you produce a strong magnet?
USING THE RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE
a)
b)
___________ becomes more strongly magnetized than ____________ for the same current and number of
turns. However __________ loses all its magnetism when the current is switched off, while ________ retains
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its magnetism. This means that iron (or soft iron) can be used to make a __________________ magnet while
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Iron is _________________ magnetized and ________________ demagnetized.
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Steel is _________________ to magnetize and __________________ to demagnetize.
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Hammering
Hammering a magnet would cause the dipoles to lose their alignment.
Heating
Like hammering, heating a magnet would also result in it losing its magnetism. Heat energy would cause the
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atoms of a magnet to vibrate more rigorously and hence would cause the dipoles to lose their alignment.
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Electrical method using an alternating current (a.c.)
This is the most effective method of demagnetisation.
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The magnet is placed inside a solenoid connected to an
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a.c. supply. An alternating current is a current which
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changes direction.
The magnetic field is the space around a magnet where it produces a magnetic force.
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EXPERIMENT: PLOTTING FIELD LINES
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Iron filings method:
1. A sheet of paper is placed on top of a bar
a
2. The plotting compass is placed as shown. magnet.
time.
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3. The position of the compass is noted each 2. Iron filings are carefully sprinkled using
a pepper pot.
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4. The magnetic field line is formed by joining 3. The paper is tapped gently.
the different positions.
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Draw the magnetic fields around the magnets:
Induced magnets
The iron nails and the paper clips become induced magnets that
that is temporary magnets as long as they are in contact with the
permanent magnet.
bar magnet.
THE RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE
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If the fingers of the right hand grip a:
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1. coil in the direction of the current the thumb points _________________.
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2. wire with the thumb in the direction of the current, the direction of the fingers gives the direction
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.
of the ________________________________.
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(i) Name two materials from the above list that are attracted to a magnet.
___________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) State one main difference between the magnetic properties of the two materials named in
question (i) above.
___________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Which one of them gets more easily magnetized?
___________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(iv) Is the force acting between two like poles, one of attraction or repulsion?
___________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) Mary sprinkles some iron filings over a cardboard and places a magnet beneath it.
cardboard
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magnet beneath cardboard
B ri f Diagram 3
(2)
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(ii) She replaces the iron filings with three small compasses. Draw arrows to show the direction of each
.
compass given in Diagram 4.
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cardboard
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magnet beneath cardboard (3)
Diagram 4
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Magnets and motors - Theme 6 8
ELECTROMAGNETISM
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Magnetic field around wire
carrying current (towards page)
Magnetic field around wire
carrying current (out of page)
b)____________________________________________
c)____________________________________________
_____
ELECTROMAGNETS
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An electromagnet can be made stronger by:
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a)________________________________________________
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.
b)________________________________________________
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Electromagnets are used e.g. in scrap yards to pick up scrap
aluminium
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iron. An electromagnet cannot pick up copper, silver, gold,
etc. because
_____________________________ materials.
they are not
ELECTRIC BELL
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The
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springy metal strip pulls back the iron armature
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making contact once again. The circuit is again
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complete. As a result, the hammer will keep hitting
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http://freezeray.com/flashFiles/electricBell.htm
A relay is a mechanical switch that works by using an electromagnet. Its main advantage is that direct contact
with a second circuit which can have high current or high voltage is avoided and so it is safer.
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_____________________________________________
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http://freezeray.com/flashFiles/relay.html
Describe an experiment to investigate how the Describe an experiment to investigate how the strength
strength of an electromagnet depends on the of an electromagnet depends on the current.
number of turns.
Diagram: Diagram:
Method: Method:
_____________________________________ _________________________________________
_____________________________________ _________________________________________
_____________________________________ _________________________________________
_____________________________________ _________________________________________
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_________________________________________
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_____________________________________ _________________________________________
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Table:
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Graph: M r . Graph:
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
Precaution: Precaution:
_____________________________________ _____________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Magnets and motors - Theme 6 13
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battery
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Diagram:
Method:
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Table:
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Precaution:
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Prediction of result:
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it experiences a ___________________________________.
FIRST FINGER – Field SECOND FINGER – Current THUMB – Motion (catapult force)
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a
Draw and/or state the direction of the CATAPULT FORCE in each case
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Direction
Mr. N.ofBriffa
the force is ____________________
B.Ed (Hons.) Direction of the force is ___________________
Magnets and motors - Theme 6 19
Draw and/or state the direction of the CATAPULT FORCE in each case
1.
N Í S 6.
N S
7.
N S
2.
N S
8. 9. 10.
3.
S N S S S
4. 5.
N N N
S S
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Í
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clip
N S d.c. supply
B switch
mercury
a) When switch S is closed, the wire AB moves. Explain why this happens.
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c) Name the rule which was used to determine the direction in which the wire moves.
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d) Suggest two changes which increase the force acting on wire AB.
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e) Suggest two changes which change the direction of the force acting on wire AB.
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_________________________________________________________________________________
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f) The d.c. supply is removed and an a.c. supply is connected instead. State the difference between a.c.
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(alternating current) and d.c. (direct current).
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_________________________________________________________________________________
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Magnets and motors - Theme 6 22
The simple DIRECT CURRENT (d.c.) MOTOR
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
When the coil is horizontal (Fig.1), the sides _____ and _____ experience a
coil rotate. When the coil is _________________ (Fig. 2), the brushes are no longer in contact with the
_____________________. However, the coil keeps turning due to inertia, creating continuous rotation.
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a) __________________________________________________
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c) __________________________________________________
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The moving coil loudspeaker
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As current passes into the coil, it experiences a
_____________________and____________________
When the magnet is inserted into the coil, the pointer of the galvanometer gives a _______________. This
happens because while pushing the magnet in, the ___________ cuts the field lines of the _____________
and so there is an ________________________. This is observed by a deflection on the galvanometer. If the
magnet is not moved inside the coil, there is no ______________________ because there is no
___________________________. However, if the magnet is pulled out of the coil there is an
________________ deflection because there is again _______________________________.
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a) ________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________
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Faraday’s law: The induced current is directly proportional to
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the rate at which the magnetic field lines are cut.
Michael Faraday
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1791 - 1867
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Law of conservation of energy: Energy can neither be _______________ nor _________________.
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What energy change is present during electromagnetic induction ?
___________________ ___________________
Energy Energy
Heinrich Lenz
1806 - 1865
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When the North pole of a magnet is brought near the
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coil as shown in the figure below, a current flows in
the coil in an aNti-clockwise direction, making the end
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of the coil become a North pole. Two Norths repel
magnet.
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and so the coil opposes the motion of the
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Question:
The copper swing can be made to oscillate in and out of the page.
a) Describe what you would observe if the swing is:
i) moved outwards. _______________________________________
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v) state two ways to increase the strength of the induced current.
.
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(b) Draw the magnetic field pattern of the magnet indicating the direction of the field lines.
coil
magnet
When the magnet is pushed into the coil, the reading of the ammeter deflects. Explain.
(c) Suggest two ways of making the deflection of the needle larger.
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diaphragm
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magnet
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(d) The diagram above shows the inside of a microphone. When a person talks into the microphone, a current
flows through the coil. Explain.
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The dynamo has exactly the same construction of a d.c.
motor.
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Dynamo – you turn the coil, you get ________________.
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Motor - you give current, you get _________________.
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This means that a motor can be used as a __________________ and a dynamo can be used as a _________.
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The alternator (simple alternating current (a.c,) generator)
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The altenator is connected to e.g. a ____________, and as you turn the coil cutting the ______________ of
the magnet, you generate an _____________________ which makes the bulb light.
We use alternating current in our homes. At the power stations ___________ is burnt to produce steam which
turns the turbines of the alternators producing electricity (a.c.).
Question:
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
c) What do you observe if the switch is opened and closed continuously? What type of current is being
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d) What can be done to get a current in the secondary coil without staying switching on and off the primary
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circuit?
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A transformer works only with a.c. (not constant d.c) because only
a.c. produces a ____________________________________________.
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VOLTAGE of coil = Number of turns in ____________coil
VOLTAGE of coil Number of turns in coil
V1
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V2
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N2
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How does a transformer work?
The changing magnetic field of the _______________ coil is continuously cut the _________________
coil, inducing a current and e.m.f. in it. The voltage changes according to the ______________of turns.
Not all energy or power in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary circuit.
Example 1: The primary coil of a transformer has 20 turns, a voltage of 6 V and a current of 1 A. If the
number of turns in the secondary coil is 1500 and the transformer is 100% efficient, find the :
a i) voltage in the secondary coil.
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iii) power in the secondary coil. Explain.
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iv) current in the secondary coil.
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____________________________________________________________________________________
b) What type of transformer is this? Comment about what happens to voltage and current.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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6V
240 V (a.c.) 12 W
S core
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b) What is the current in the secondary coil, given that the lamp is at its normal brightness?
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d) If the primary coil has 2000 turns, calculate the number of turns in the secondary.
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e) Calculate the current in the primary coil of the transformer, assuming it to be 100% efficient.
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____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
a)
No. of turns 200
b) c)
Power (W)
d)
Current (A) 0.5
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a H
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f
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N . Turns Voltage Current Power
.
Step down transformer
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(100% efficient)
Step up transformer
(100% efficient)
Step down transformer
(70% efficient)
Step up transformer
(70% efficient)
The coil wire is usually long and thin. It has some resistance. Heat losses result. This can be decreased
Not all the field lines of the primary coil are cut by the secondary. This can be decreased by winding the
c) Eddy currents:
The soft iron core also ends up cutting the field lines. Circular electric currents called eddy currents are
induced in it. Heat losses result. These can be decreased by using a ___________________ core.
Example 4: The number of turns of a primary coil of a transformer is 50 while that in the secondary coil
is 1000. If the voltage in the primary coil is 2 V and the current is 0.1 A, find the:
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iii) efficiency of the transformer if the power of the secondary coil is 0.15 W.
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_____________________________________________________________________________________
b) What type of transformer is this? Comment about what happens to voltage and current.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Power stations produce alternating current because it can be easily and cheaply decreased and increased in
values using ____________________. This is why in our homes we have alternating current; at a voltage
of about 240 V and a frequency of 50 Hz. Electricity is produced in the power stations at about 25 kV and
stepped up at once with a ___________ transformer to 400 kV to be sent over long distances in a high
voltage – low current format to decrease _____________ losses. It is then reduced at sub-stations by
using ______________ transformers for local use.
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• Since both the protons and the neutrons are in the nucleus they are
• Moving on the outer surface of an atom, there are very small particles called _________________.
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However, an atom may become charged when it loses or gains electrons.
A charged atom is called an _________.
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.
This atom has a lack of electrons. move. The protons and
This is the number of ____________ and ______________ (each known as nucleon) in the nucleus.
Example1: Example2:
An atom of chlorine is represented as shown An atom of uranium is represented as shown
ISOTOPES
35
Cl and 1737 Cl are two isotopes of chlorine
17
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However, the first isotope has ______
neutrons and the second has ______neutrons.
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Definition of isotopes:
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.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same _________________ number but a different
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__________________ number.
Some elements in nature are not stable and spontaneously emit invisible radioactive radiation
which can be harmful to human beings. This radiation may consist of:
Examples of radioactive elements are uranium, plutonium, thorium, protactinium, radon and polonium.
Each of these radioactive elements may emit a single type of radioactive radiation (e.g. alpha) or a
combination of them (e.g. alpha and beta). Radioactive elements may be solids, liquids or gases.
Alpha
particle
Beta
particle
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Gamma
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radiation
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Only gamma radiation is electromagnetic and travels at the speed of light (3x 108 m/s).
A radioactive element decays when it changes into another radioactive element to get rid of excess
energy and become more stable. For example the radioactive element uranium decays to form
thorium. When the element decays (or disintegrates), its nucleus breaks up, emitting an _____________
particle or a ____________ particle and may be some _____________ radiation.
Radioactive radiation i.e. (α, β, and γ) radiation is invisible. However it can be detected by using:
a) _______________________________________.
b) _______________________________________.
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Using Photographic film
fa H film badge
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(closed)
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When radioactive radiation falls on photographic film
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it causes it to darken. Workers in the nuclear industry
wear ________________________________ , (small film badge
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squares of film in plastic cases with various “windows”).
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When they open it, the workers know whether or not they
were exposed to radiation.
(open)
different materials
(e.g. paper, aluminium, lead)
film
light proof 3 mm
material aluminium
Few cm of
paper lead
If the film badge is exposed to the radiation (first column), under which parts would the film darken?
Very thin light Sheet of paper 3 mm Aluminium Few cm Lead
proof material
α only
β only
α and β
β and γ
γ only
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Background radiation
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If a G-M tube is connected to a ratemeter and switched on, it will register a count rate of about 15
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counts/min, even though there is no radioactive source close by. This is due to background radiation.
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What is background radiation?
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Background radiation is the radiation constantly present in the natural environment of the Earth. It is
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caused by ___________, _____________, ________________________________________________.
The background count rate is the count rate given by the ratemeter because of the background radiation.
(e.g. 15 counts/min).
This is the count rate of the source ONLY without background count rate.
Example: A ratemeter gives a count rate of 540 counts/min and the background count rate is 20
counts/min. Find the corrected count rate. _________________________________________________.
to stop γ radiation .
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Describe an experiment to test what radiation is
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emitted by an unknown radioactive source.
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The background count rate is first noted without
the source. A sheet of paper is then placed in
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front of the source. If the count rate falls, then
____________ radiation is present. A 3 mm sheet
of aluminium is then used instead, and if the
count rate falls further then ______________
radiation is also present. If the count rate falls to
background when the 5 cm lead block is used then ___________ radiation is present as well.
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Find the radiation emitted in each case by 3 different radioactive sources.
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.
Air Paper 3mm 5cm Radiation emitted
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Count rate source 1
510
202
21
Aluminium
23
20
Lead
20
21
Example !:
A radioactive sample has a mass of 16 g and a half-life of 10 days. What mass of the original
sample remains after a) 10 days b) 20 days c) 40 days ?
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Example2:
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A radioactive source has a count rate of 200 counts/min. If its half-life is 5 minutes, what is the
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count rate after 15 minutes?
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A radioactive sample has a mass of 600 g. If after 1 hour, the mass remaining is 75 g, what is the
half–life of the source?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Example 4:
If the half-life of a radioactive gas is 2 minutes, then after 8 minutes, the activity will have fallen to
a fraction of its initial value. What is this fraction?
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Example 5:
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A radioactive sample gives a count rate of 15 counts/min after 10 minutes.
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If the half-life is 2
minutes:
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a) what was the initial countrate?
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b) what percentage of the original sample remains after i) 6minutes ii) 8 minutes.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Table of results:
Time (min)
Conclusion: The half-life will be the time for the count rate to decrease by ____________.
Example:
From the graph find the half life of the source. _________________________________.
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In an experiment to find the half-life of a radioactive source, the following graph was obtained.
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Corrected count rate (counts/min)
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time (minutes)
Mr. N. Briffa B.Ed (Hons.)
Radioactivity – Theme 7 – Radiation and its uses 11
USES of Radioactivity
• Treatment of cancer
Gamma radiation is used to kill cancerous cells.
• Smoke alarms.
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When smoke enters an alarm unit, it stops radiation
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causing the alarm to go off.
• Irradiation of food.
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Food can be safely exposed to radiation to make it last longer.
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.
Safety
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Radioactive radiation can be dangerous as it might cause radiation burns, or delayed effects like
leukaemia or cancer.
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Safety in the laboratory
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Safety in industry
In many countries it is against the law to throw radioactive waste in rivers or the sea.
_______________________________________________________________________________
b) Radioactive waste with a long half-life is stored in galleries about 200m below the ground.
Explain why this is a safe method of storage.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
c) Radioactive materials are very useful. One use is to detect leaks in underground water pipes.
A radioactive substance is introduced into the water pipes. Explain how workmen can find the
exact position of the leak.
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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d)
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What type of radiation should the radioactive substance give off? Why?
_______________________________________________________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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e)
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Why is it important for the radioactive substance used to have a short half-life?
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_______________________________________________________________________________
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(10 marks)
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