Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Lda. - Moqambique
Texto Editores, Lda. - MoQambique
Texto Editores, Lda. - Moqambique
ilustraqoes Texto Editores, Lda. - MoQambique
arranto graico Texto Editores, Lda. - Moqambique
paginaqeo Texro Editores, Lda. - Moqambique
CEM
l,
Texto Edilores
Avenida Julius Nyerere,46. Bain'o Poiana. Cimento
Tels. (+258) 21 49 a6 4A.21 49 90 71 Fax: 21 49
B.
86 48
I\,4aputo. I\,4oQamb que
E-mail: inlo@me.co.mz
MAPUTO, JANEIBO de 2OOg . 1.'EDlqAO. 2.'TIBAGEIV'I . BEGISTADO NO INLD SOB O NUMEFOT 495r/RL NL: a-
tl
lngl6s ll."Closse
II
Texto Editores
www.lexlooditore.com
InCex
3
]NTRODUC'IION
I lnit I - Natural Resources . . . . . . . 5
6
TasL CYcle I: Natural Resources 6
9
Task C) cle 2: Applications
Task Cycl. 3: Conscrvadon .)l Rc.orLr.e' 12
Unir 2-The Environment ..... t7
Pre-focus . l8
-lhsk Cycle 1: Cll ate Change . . . t9
Tash Clcle 2: Deforestatioll ... ... . )3
Unit3-Sport...... )9
Prc loclls .... ..... l0
Iask Cycle 1: T),pes oI Sporls . . . . . 30
Task Cvcle 2: Problems Facing Sports People l8
Unil 4 - 4frican \alion. ( hampionship\ 45
focus . -.
Prc 46
-lask Cycle l: Foo(ball 46
Tcsk Cltle 2: Brogr;phies uf 5n.rts P(ofle 54
Unit 5 - Literature 59
Prc locus . 60
'l2skC!(]]e1:Genres 60
Unir 6'- ScienceI - People ..... 7l
Prc focus ... 1)
Task Cycle 1: The Origin ol the Hunlan Race 73
Tasl. Cv.le 2:Families 78
Unit 7 - Science II - TechnologY . . B5
Pre-focus ..... . ... . . il6
Task Cyclel: Machines . . 86
Task Cvcle 2: Obsolescence ...... 9i
g7
Task Cycle ): Thc Impact ofTechnotogy
Unit 8 - Energy t0I
Pre-locus .
102
Task Cycte 1: Fonns oI Energy . . . 102
Task Cycle 2: Erergy and the Ecoromy . . . 107
Unit 9 - Health 1r5
Pre locus . lt6
Task Cycle 1: Health and the lndividual 117
T,sk Cvcle 2: Diseases t)4
Unit 10 - Watei 129
l'relbcus ..... r30
Task Cvcle 1: Rain . .... . 131
Task Cicte 2: Clean Wate r . . . . . . . t37
'Lask Cycle 3: Natural Disasters .... 144
Unit Ii - Leisurc Activities and Tourism .. . 149
Pre locus . 150
Task Clcle 1: Lcisure Activilles .. . 150
]-ask Cycle 2:
-\?es o[Holiday . . t5+
TJ'l ay.L l. Ecorollnsm 156
ANSWERS AND TEXTS , , , , . ,,, I6t
Introduction
This textbook is intended for English Language students in Grade ll. The mare
rial has been specially prepared following the official grade 11 syllabus for English
rhich was introduced in 2001. This sytlabus was compiled to deal with the needs
ofpeople learning what has become a universal language.
fhe textbook consists of a series of 11 unirs, each dealing with an issue of inpor-
rc in the life of any 2f i century student. But these topics are especially moti-
uing as they are always rclaled to aspecrs of the local cukure, thus bringing the
rtrial to life for rhe students. The structure of the units has been developed to
4ce the students to a progression of tasks, which include practice in the aca-
bic skills needed in their school life, rhe vocabulary related to the topic and the
--'-ar that they need to develop at this level.
& adernic skills tasks are made up of a sequence of acti\.ities aimed at devel-
lig rhe students' reading, writing, listening and speaking. They include such
lit e making notes from wdtten or spoken texts, labeling diagrams, completing
iJr< peparing posters, and holding debates. The listening takes the form of
as r[at can be read by the teacher The students are exposed to a wide variety ol
-r, *chtime
t*e
as lectures, literary texts, newspaper afiicles, repolts, and diaglams. At
they are encoumged to contribute thet own ideas on rhe subiect. In
*ih to this, there are many diflerent vocabulary and grammar to
$r tt sudens learn "*"riir".
the language associated with each of the skills and topics.
fu qrrcises follow a graded syllabus becoming increasingly dificuh as rhe stu-
k pogress though the course, each language task building on what has been
dbdore.
Lqftoot the course, there are great opportunities for pairwork and groupwork
- Er;. the involvement of the students both in putting forward their ideas
d r mre controlled language pmcrice. Ihey are asked ro read dialogues, to
IriFe iu discussions and debates, and to take part in role plays.
Ltdl aim of the course is to produce students who are both fluent and accu-
&ir use of English but who also have the tools to communicate on current
-- rorld issues. At the same time we hope that both teachers and students
-rr
dhrfu in the process of leaming together
3
Natural Resources
::
IJNIT I
PRE-FOCUS
What does the tenn "ndt ral tesoitces" lnedt? Tdlh to yo r p.trtner and mahe alist of
exdfiples of ndtvtdl resoxrces, both ifi Mozctfibiq e atd i1t other coufitries. Then Nrite
d definition. Compare your definition \rith the others in the class.
6
Natural Resources
f,tich of these two people knows more about natural resources? How many
--sreE do you rhink they got right?
\c read the following dialogue. Two men are trying to find out what's wrong
rirh tieir car, bur unfortunately, they don't seem to know very much about
czs. so they agree, disagree, and ask each other for suggestions and opinions.
See ifyou can remember the expressions to complete the dialogue. Don't look
tack until you have finished!
7
Edgar: No, lt won'i start. What shallwe do? we callthe rnechanic?
Titos: No, ldon't so. I think we can try and get it going ourselves, can't we?
Edgar: about that. How do you open the bonnet?
Titos: Pullthat.
Edgar: Oh, rght. Wowl lt looks really cornpllcaied! call the mechanic.
we?
Titos: No, not yet try this thing here. What do you
Edgar: Mm, l'm not so I th nk l'd be to just call the mechan c.
Don't you
Titos: No, not yet. Look, this wire is loose. put it in that hole there.
Edgar: I\/m, ldon',t about that. Are yoll sure?
Titos: l'm absolutely Here qoes .... (nathing happens)... OK, whal
8
Natural Resources
-{re you sure that you can form questions with the verb to be, therc is, therc dte,
present simple active ard present simple passive? lf you made mistakes in the
qlestions aboYe, try these ffve.
6. George! company employs about five hundred people.
7. Yes, all the documents used by the company are translated into three languages.
8. The documents are sent to the branch offices by email.
9. There are two airports within reach of the company headquarters.
\e\. borh arrport. jct..
'uitehle lor
I(1. are hca',1,
\\-hen everyone has ftnished, join with another pair and compare your classifi-
cation systems. Are they the same? If they are different, are they both valid, or
is one better than the other?
Fitrally, choose some of the pairs in the class to stand up and explain how they
dassified the words and phra*es.
Did most people in the class choose the same way o[ classifying?
9
tJNll-1
Titaniurn, which is found in lVozambique amongst other p aces, is a light, strong metal. Because
of this, jt s very good for making spectacle frames, for example, wh ch are ight and comfortable.
but can iake the bad treatrnent that people often deal out to their glasses. However, it asc
makes them rather expensive, Another interestlng property of t tan um is that i s resistant to cor
rosion. lt is almosi as resistant as p at num in th s respect, and it can res st attacks by acid, ch o
rine qas, and salt water. This means that it is dealfor use n the propellers of ships, for examp e
and in components for desalination plants. As wel as being corrosion resistant, titanium doesn:
reaci wth other substances. lt is considered physiologlcally ineft . This means ihat lt is good fc'
making things that are used in the human body. For example, when t is mixed with certain othe'
metals (an aLloy). lt can be Llsed n replacement body joints, such as knees and hips. For tl':
same reason, it is oflen a component of body p ercings (ear-r ngs and so on).
ln facl, titan um is not often used n its pure forrn.95% of ttanum is consumed ntheformc'
tlianium oxide. This rnakes a white pigment whlch s capab e of forming a good cover, so you \(
not be surprsed to learn that it is found in some paints, and even ln toothpaste. lts vanad u-
alloy is used n jet planes. Atypcal commercial iet plane contains 320 to 1130 kg of titaniur
use of tiianiLrnT n consumer producis such as golf clubs, bicycles, laboratory equipmeni, wec-
d ng rings. a'o laptop co''loulers s ba.oT nq 1 ore (o'nmon.
Let's now compare ttanium with dlamond. They do not have much in common. Diamond, ia-
more often, susedinits pure" form. not in any mxtures with oiher subslances. They are bo:_
resistant to corros on, and they share the property of hardness, but diamond is much the harcia'
of the two. ln iact, t is so hard that il ls common y said that ' i takes a diamond to cut a d:a_
mond". Diamonds can be made rnto u tra-hard and smooth cutting knifes and surgeons' sca pe:
for extrernely prec se surgery, and iheir hardness also makes them useflrl as an abrasive, grinc_
ing materia for deniists' dri ls. The r resistance to wear makes them vaLuab e in making tools i.'
automated processes that need to produce arge number of copies of the same product (such a:
car eng ne parts, parts for CD players, and parts for computers) without having to rep ace t':
cuiting tool.
As well as being hard and abrasive, dlamonds are transparent. They are only coloured when the,
contain impuritles. A pure diamond is a very beauiful thng, so t is used to rnake iewe lerl
although only a minority of diamonds end up in this iorm.
10
Natural ResoLrraes
\-. s move on to the third natura resource that we are going to consider: petroleum, Petrole-
e_-
-- -6 -ad a huge impact on the lives of humans. Since the f rst oil wel was dr lled in ihe middle
::-€ _ aeteenth century petroleum has become indispensabe to us. Petroleum is a hydrocar-
:c-. .-,c. means that it is made up of hydrogen and carbon, but the lnteresting thing about it is
:=:e ':lolecules of hydrocarbons have dllferert lengths and complexities, and when we sepa-
- -e_ from each other and refine them, we can use them for a variety of different purposes,
the hydrocarbons made up of small molecules have a ow boiling point and they
= =3-cle,These
qr-_E are used to make petrol for cars, and also bottled gas. The hydrocarbons with
ur:a =sy.
-.re cornplex molecules, have a high boiling point. This substance does not flow easiy or
q-= ajty. lt s used to make fuel for ships, asphalt for roads and different kinds of plastics.
:j:-s:rcducts of petroleum include pesticides, waterpipes and insulation on electricity cables.
If r,ou found all twenty-four words and phrases, you will see that the text classi-
ies them too. How does the text classify them? Is the text's classification the
s&e as yours?
11
UNIT ]
Nl aAjedir$
No*. use these three patterns to complete the following comparisons Sorne of
the answers will depend on your personal opinion, and some o[ them will
depend on your general knowledge
FxamDlu: Iitanlum / hatd / .hemrn,l
Tilanium i! nol r- hard a'diamond.
J. Football/ popular / tcnnis / in this 7. The population of Lisbon / great /
country. the population of Maputo.
2- English / eal, to leam / Japanese I B- A computer / useful / a pencil.
3.Sudan/big/Ken,va. 9. The average tempemtur-e in Pemba/
4 Rnssia / dch / the USA. high/ the average temperature
_rioin!,. in L'hi rqa'
i. \u rn_rr,n.1 Ll.rnqer,'u- / hor'.
10' Maths / inleresting / History
6. A horse / fasr / e cheerah.
12
I
lural Resources
i Na
_j,:ss
lvhatl OLrr next door ne ghbour's bought a new car.
:- '=r ly? What kind s il?
- rr sure. lt's something rea y b g, some kind of fourwhee drive jeep, blg and Japanese. Wowl
_
L- -e.. .e made of a um niura. We can use the a um nium more than once, instead of lust
:-: -,: r: oLd cans n the ground and forgetting about them.
- :---: ] :- cack to ihe factory?
: .- :a.= :ie corrpanies that co lect o d cans. and used paper and bottles and things so the
:--= -- :e re-used. And that means that we need to produce less aluminum and so on n
- _ a :. -_:: really bor ng to rne. I wish I'd never told you about the jeep now. Anyway, it's not
- :r:c:-
;-:d \ou have finished discussing the questions at the beginning of this sec-
r:: dilide into groups of three and read the dialogue togcther
l.-
't3
UNIT 1
Sustainable DeveloPment
rate of development, whilst leaving
Susiainable development involves maintaining our current
generationa to continue to develop, i.e. development which
suitaute resources tehind for later
compromising the ability of future generaiions to meet
.-"J" if," n""0" of the present without and.enhance our resource
in"i, orn n""a". Su"tainable development encourages rls to conserve
which we develop and use technologies'
1".", Ov gad;"fly the ways in
"h-ging
Waste Management
cause an increase in pressures on its envi
The social and economic development of a country can
damaging activites. some of these
a"".*,1"0l"*"u"". the need ior a reduction in environmentally produce' the
il."gi"g i"r.lve the production and disposal of waste' The more waste we
""o"iii"" (landfill) or burning (incineration)'
,o,e i"i"r"to aispo"e of, either by recycling and re-uslng' burial
14
l.1a I Lria I Re:oLrrces
_ .r:a:on of consumables in the f rst place, and their disposal when used uses up valuable nat
=
--: --r.--a.-S and energy, processes which can impact upon the environment and in partcLrlar the
{_a'e through polution. Sustainab e waste management encourages the generation of ess
- r.. - -:'e-use of consumables, and the recyclinq and recovery of waste that is produced.
Discussion
r::.rrding to the definitions above, which of these are renewable resources and
-:ich are non-renewable?
.il
15
UNIT I
Continue each of the following ideas using the verb sholldlshouldnl (have):
l. I ale that meat even though I suspected it was bad, and now I feel very sick
I
J. fhe traffic in lhis city is really dangerous. Nobody respects the speed limtls.
4. Of course you have a bad cough. You smoke too much. You
5. we got to the airport too late and missed the flight. we
6. There is a lot of crime in the citl The government
There are different ways to interpret each o[ the situations above- How do vour
answers correspond to numbers 1 to 6 in the table?
16
: Fl1ri16nment
uNl] 2
I,RE-FOCUS
Ecosystem clestruction
Car lou guess how long the follouitg objects lahe to biodegrade? Exchatge
with d part .l'.
plastjc boltle
fishing line
glass
Throwing awaY
Can you guessho]|, much lot throlv tlway? E\ery day? E\ery yeat?
. An average person in Los Angeles - 7 kilos of rubbish per day'
. ,to uu"r"i" p"r.o" ir Europe" 71 food cans, 3'1 pet foocl cans and 68 drink
l.r ) car.
.i pir.opeo,, la,rily - 50 kilos of paper, 60 kilos of rnetal and 45 kilos of plasti
per year.
-lhc Fln!,ironnrent
19
UNIT 2
1.2 Discussion
partner-and decide
Discuss the statements below about Climate Change with a
ifift"f u-,*" (T) or false (F) (Do you renember the expressions from Unit I
for agreeing and disagreeing?)
1. The world is getting hotler.
increase in the worlcl-<
2. Releaslng carbon dioxide into the atnospherc causes an
temperature.
3- The gieenhouse effect is the resuh of carbon dioxide getting trapped in the
atmosphere.
,1.Carbon dioxide has a greater effect because we produce more
o[ it than the
other dangerous 8ases.
5. Oil, gas and wood are all examples of fossil fuels'
6. Deforestation is one of the main effecls of global warming'
7. Even if we stop emissions now, the temperalure will continue lo rise'
8. we must increase global warming by more than 2'Celsius-
-_= _=:: ,ras probably the warmest decade in history, and 1998 the warmest year There is
rr:r-: -.gemerl t that a certain amollnt of addit onal warming - about 1.3 ocelsius ls prob-
:tr. i-f.-4€ because of emissions so far. But it iS Considered vital that we limit warm ng to
-nEs: '-es -rs if we are to prevent the worst effects of clrnate change.
I :,- :r-_ac-se gas emiss ons are not brought under control, the speed of climate change over
,rr- -E- -Lre-!d years w I be faster than anything known since before the dawn of civilization.
(adapted from http://wwugreenpeace.orgl
L nh.iE<ion
\r- a groups discuss which of the following ate efJects of global warming.
-:sia *hr )'ou think so. (Use the expressions you practised in Unit I to ask
ir Di ghe opinions and to agrce and disagree with each other.)
q
)h- Effects of global warming
d-
= < -er-el
_=,e
extinction of some species
.-Et :: corals decrease in the number o[ po]ar bears
n-:tz
"4 -,il on rhe roads spread of disease
,: --'.'l in some places hunting of animals
14
:l€ rr:t= =::smal pollution hotter weather
rt: =::i;al storms introductiol of new crops
irl fish stock worse floodinS in some parts o[ the world
==r_r::
-J-i --: ilaciers burning of fossil fuels
-
\rr ii.cli \ our answers by reading the text 1.5 on the next page.
21
UNIT 2
Environmental impacts
Global warm ng causes widespread damage storms. Severe drought in places like Africa
to the environment ln a variety of ways. There leads io the drying up of water soLrrces and
Ll_e lar .r. ot
_a.vests. Peope are ro'c+._ :
are obvious s gns of this damage all over the
world. move away from their traditiona ha-:.
ways of living in order to I rc .- -' =
One o't'le e{ecrs o'a 'se i' te-rperalu'e s sources oi food and water.
that it causes the ce caps
and glaclers to met which On the other hand. n other
resrrlts in an increase in parts of the world g oba
sea leve . ln the Arctic thls warming can lead to an
results in a threat to the increase in the severty of
ives of the people, to the troplcal storms and hurri
way they make their lv ng canes, These cause high
and to the wildlfe around wlnds and floodino whlch
them, In ihe case of polar bring disastrous results for
bears. there has been a the peopLe and affected
drop in iheir nurnber land. The conditions resu l-
because of damaqinq ing from both these sce-
changes io the r habitat. ln other places rver narios may a so resull rn the spread of d sease,
levels drop because of smaler glaciers.
Water temperatures are r sing and when th s
S n. a' e-e"ts 01 lhe paopl. a^d w'dli F a happens sea life is obviousy affected. Some
other parts of the wor d have also been flsh ike ihe Ameican Pika flsh are threatened
noted. Global warmlng affects weather pat with ext nct on. Simrlady, cora s can become
terns and causes an incTease in the severity bleached when water temperatures rise too
of weather events ke drouqhts or tropica high over a ong period of time.
Which effecs of global warming are mentioned in the text but not in the list in I 'll
C,\USE
Iead(s) to
rsuhG) ir
allec(s)
result(s) trom
22
Thc En\'rrormcnl
= r 1q ol corals
:-} aiting
: :--:. make a list of three effects of climate change that can be found in
' _:.::rique. \\'rite a short paragraph about each problem including its cause
--i :: lfect.e
23
UNIT 2
Nor.s on de lorestation
L Delinition:
I]
t.
USES a)
b)
d)
z_ t,8
IIL EIIects:
l.
,b)
Jc)
1
+b)
24
The Environment
3s. er'a rnove on now to the main effects of deforestation. The first one is soil erosion. This is
:d r+|en there are no trees to stop the soil being blown away by the wind or washed away
.E "Eaby rivers. This can have devastating effects on the area as it can lead to flooding,
Ctr4rt and loss of wildlife, both animals and plants. That is io say, ihe biodiversity of the
@En is affecied. By this we mean that the natural life of the area is no longer sustainable
dant and animal life wi I become extinct.
-riaE.d major effect of deforestation is that it leads to an rncrease in the level of carbon
t ifE atmosphere, There are fewer trees absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
rcss of photosynthesis. This rise in carbon dioxide then iniensifies the "greenhouse
- idr 6 we akeady know causes qlobal warminq to take place
. EEtt.lsicn I would just llke to say that much of our natural forest is being lost in these
f,6 h furn is having a drarnatic eftect on our atmosphere and planet. We must act now
a sbp to these practices if we are to save our forests and our planet.
25
UNIT 2
Make the verbs in the box into nouns by adding the appropriate suffix. Write
the nouns in the correct column. Be careful with the spelling.
-mg
Now, complete the following sentences in a suitable way by using words from
tables above. Decide whetlrer you need the verb form or the noun form.
1. Soil is the result of delorestation.
2. Smoke from factories dre air in our cilies.
26
L-
'Ihe Irn v irof menI
lmprovement destruction
reSeneratiorl assistance
recycling protection
\.:E Dracrise the pronunciation with a partner. Test each other. Can you pro-
:---::e the verhs thaf fhese words are formed from?
: E ' ::ss al my exams, l' I go to Un versity. But I doubt if l' I get good enough marks to
r rhe
=-: ?_:'eering. l'd really ovetobeacvil engineer, if lhad the chance. But, fldon'tget
--= :r-=:=. suppose l'l have to do something else, English or History, or someth ng iike that
-: -=. .ecome a teacher. What about you? Have you thought about whai you m ght do?
- ,E - -k I may try to study law. But more rnportant than that is that my Dad says he'l buy
-= i -,..s caT and send me on holiday to South Afr ca, f I get good grades. Thal's a good
-:-:- :, : :: \,,,ork hard.
27
UNIT 2
C: Some people have all the luckl lly Dad says l'l have to get a job in the holidays if I want to
fin sh school next year. He can't afford to keep me, let alone give me nice holidays. lf I had a
rich Dad, I wouldn't need to go io school any rnorel
B: We l, you could always look for a rich husband/wife. lf you found one, you wouldn't have to
get a job, would youi
C: I\,4aybe but I really want to do something useful wth my lfe. lf lwas good enough, I would
become a farnous footballer and earn ots of money that way. And then I would give money to
ihose who need it too. But to be realistc, I might ook for a lob in a company rf I can find
sorneone who wlllgive me a job, orjoin the Navy. I don't want to go to Universrty.
Find all the examples of conditionals in the dialogue. Do you remember the
rules for the two t)?es (1't and 2"d conditionals)? Do you know the difference
in meaning between them?
Now, in a group of three students, prepare a dialogue about your plans for the
future. Use the structures you have practised in the exercise above. Act out the
dialogue for the rest of the class.
3.3 Presentation
ln groups, make a list of five things you car do to improve or conserve your
locaUschool environment. Write your list on the board and explain to the class
why you have chosen these rneasures.
28
" *AE
Sport
UNIT 3
PRE-FO c US
in gen(ral oi,ginrled Fvmple: oJ '10 000.'tcar old '
Nohorlv reallt Irnnrns lrow sporl
;:,";,:::;';i,",:;;.;:;ni,i, e^,iaio.*c8;, ,,h', :h:l: :o,:::::"1,":,':,':,:',
oia
rherc is norc aiect elri'tence,
:;:,:;;;;;;;;,.' ;;i""gi,t "i, i, no di,ii "riderc'
.;;;;;;'" il; i onroi'g the ct'rn'.se peop.Ie oJ.y0:..f::-:,::"
':;:;:T.;'"";:;;;;'"s ,i",ii ,,*i"aii 'ii*-i'ing o'd 1i'hing' aul ::0,*::!';;:1:#
lihe iateti
.things
;l,r,,,r;,;;ilil p' iia ""'tring it''e.de'etipmeat o!;:-l::
.',1'-l:tn*' ^"'o'
the nl],tute oJ spott itself'
tedches s o lot dbout social ahdtges, a'ld abo:Lrt
hefo
you thinh s1ofi origil,t]ted all tho.se th.ousatds
o.t
do tuu
How 4u
aow l::::"it'^!^:;::::i"".,
to
in otder from most prcbable leo.st ,
^t
,rm
eIl I -
r$
B
30
js\',,,:,ili:i.,
sllorl r,' i ., l
{resrlirg
,::: :: ::ese sports are played in N{ozambique? Ate any ol lhem played in
- r-:=_ \\s hich ones have you iftried? had
L -!:
Which ones have you never heard oQ
::i ould you like to try you the opportunity?
{ _-
::ia-tre r-ou are going to write an encyclopadia article about sports, and
: :-:: :r\ classify these sports into dillerent t)?es. How would you do it?
i r:: ..f classification would you make? Discuss this with a parlner or in a
_.-::
1*_- ;-- --_, a ffereni ways to classify muscles and energy. such as runnlng and
G-_; :-: -:,:a aone of them rs complete- swlmm ng. ln the second of the three cate-
:.:r--:. : _: ,,!aV s io classlfy lhem ln gories, you also lrse your own musc es and
:= :::: a::ord nq to the obiect ve of energy, but you are assisted by some other
::- - =': .w th s line of thinking, we mechanism. Exanrples of ihis would be
: :! ----:. .ro ihree ma n cateoories: cycling or rowing. ln the third category, yoll
, !i---.-_ - -:. :' racinq; opponent-based win the race by exploiting and managing an
: E*-i =: : :,:'nent sports. Let's ook at e'ra,nal power soJrc.. Tris uould be dn a,]i
li,r-'_ ;, = _ racing spofts, you a m to raal, such as a horse which wins the race by
r - . .. -:' -i ol'ler peopre. i_ a var- jump ng or running at your command, or lt
- ,: ,= : ..J d subdivide this section could be a machine, as n sailng or motor car
_-- _--:_ rtlman-assisled and races rac ng, or motor b ke racing, whlch use the
-. = -,-="a power source. The first power of the wind or the power of the inter
=- 'ac ng, is obvous enough, nal combust on englne. ln the second oI the
--: _ : -ade uP of sports where three main categor es, you face your oppo
,{' ::= : ..cv ded on y by your own nent in a more d rect wav, and Vou succeed
31
UN]T 3
?2
r-- _
SPort
-g
:t
:l
;l
rnl
l.
ls-
fe
th-
the
taJl
!E
m
Ia
"'i
33
UNlT 3
3. Each playcr hrs a set of spttial picces of equipment with to hit the o
4. This could be an animal, such as a horse, wins the race byjumping
running at your command. -
5- It could be a machine, as in saillng or motor car ucing, or motor bike raci
uses the power of the wind or the power of the internal combusti
enSlne.
6. The players have sorne sort ofracquel is used ro hit the ball.
7. Then there are the team sporls, are played on a field rather than
court.
Now join the following sentences together
- in the same way:
Example:
Each player has a set of golf clubs. The golf clubs are used to hit the ball.
Each player has a set of goll clubs which are usecl to hil the ball.
34
t*'ti.
Spori
. -r,rtbail, each team tries to get the ball into their oppoltents' ner. The net is
-: metres rl'ide and a,vo metres high.
- :::r rennis plaver hirs the ball with a racquet. The racquel consisls ola strong
:.:::e and strings-
:.ll nl
the plavers have 10 get their ball into the hole. The ir,rlc is nearly
) eteven
el
: a:-
-riletres in diameter
- , :laslics can take various fornrs. We have classified gvmnxsLics as an
.: _:d emeDt display' sport.
': :rba]l is played betrveen Llvo Leams oI six plavers on a court. r\n American
: - ..: invented volle),ltall in 1895.
- ::rall players hil the ball over the net. The nel is across rhe middle of Lhe
- : -:.br: Lhere are two high goal posls. The players must kick the ball betw-een
: :rll posts.
- - -: endof rhe longjump, there is a sandbox. The alhlere jumps inlo the
35
th€ same way, write tt-u
In the lalse state-
ents about football and bas ketball (or
ment!
,me other sport if you P refer. I and when
some
the tr
e teacher has checked t hcm, read them
oud to the class. Each or re of your slate-
aloud
lmust L1'1" (
ents must include
ment!
$ to"
has t, or 'don't need to ,ld, oesn't need
to' .
ffit
,m *m'\til D
hik
tr {
J} li'\q\t!
1.6 Language Focusi Vo cab ulary - Action Verbs
we have used a varietY of verbs, which are used
in
In
n previous sections
the a( :tion: ; in sports. Match the three columns to
make
:xetcise, to exPress
exetcise. I
35
Sport
rE
37
UNIT 3
Part B
Now read the texts quickly to check your guesses, and to match the texts to d
photos.
Text A:
Carl Fogarty
Carl Fogarty. also known as "Foggy' to his friends and thousands of fans, was born on July I
1965 in Blackburn, England. He had an early introduction to motorcyces as h s father was aso
racer. He started racing in motocross when he was thirteen and soon progressed to road racir!
His first major triumph came in 1992, n the lsle of N,4an TT. With the help of hs father, Fog!
mernorized the 60 kilometres of roads over which the race would take place. He then drove h
Yamaha YZF750 at an average speed of nearly 200 kllornetres an hour around the circuitl
I
ln 1994, he won his first world title in the World Superbike class, and went on 10 win the tit e thrE
more times in 1995, 1998 and 1ggg, along with about fifty other world titles, most of them w th tii
Ducati team. H s career was cut short by a very bad accident on April 23'd 2000, n Austra ia, I
which he injured his eft arm and shoulder badly. He trled to come back after the accident, bi
after try ng out at ltaly in September 2000, he realized that he iust wouldn't be able to. "After th
operation, the doctors told me I would never be the same person I was, that I wouldn't be ab e I
ride a bike like I did, ' he told BBC Badio. I didn t want to believe ihem, but it s true. But I ha,l
had a fantastic career and I can be very satisfed wilh what I have done for moiorcycLing. I doi
lhrnk I hava to deronsrrate a1!,thi19 else."
(adapted lrom bbc.co.uk and hltp ..fta.stanford el
38
Sport
Monica Seles
i= :€- in Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, on December 2nd 1973. She first picked up a racquet
-E:r s:{- and she won her first tournament when she was nine. ln 1985, she moved to
;:-=a r;ith a professional coach, and after only a few months, she was so good that
Er :la-E- €fused to play aga nst her! ln 1990, she became ihe youngest player to win a
-- -,--:..'nent - the French Open in 1990 and she went on to win a series of top tour-
3'E tras called the best player in the worLd.
:_ r.. :Cn T993, in Hamburg, Germany, during the quarter-fnal of ihe competition,
+= 3:: ng at lhe side of the court between games when suddenly a rnan leaned over
_€.
"3.. the front row of spectators. He had a 25 cm knfe in his hands, and he
-E _ iie back. She screamed and fell onto the court. Ii was said by some ihat he
= ?- - -1:€ifl Graf, N,4onica's opponent, but his Teasons have never really been discovered.
_'=-:-s :-er the attack were bad for llonrca, but she made a comeback, and went on for
-c.: ,-'>. win_ing aore n-ajor [oLr'lamenrs.
(adapted iron www.honlca sees.com and bbc..o.uk)
Arash Miresmaeili
-=€ :-: I5, 2004 - Two-time world ludo champion Arash l\/iresmaeil of lran, the go d
n the under-66 kg class, yesterday refused to fight his first-round match against
=..'--::
,1s aiter sayrng he would not fight an lsrael because he sympaihizes wth Paes-
:==r-€s_ t recognize the lsraeli state. Miresmaeili later said: Although I have tra ned for
rhe
:= -c -- in good shape I refused to f ght my lsrae i opponeni n order to show rny sympa-
r:- :E:--ering peop
of the e of Pa estine."
€ ',',,hen he heard the news. That is not the way I wanted to win. I fee terrible for
tE =.
- s.lre if it was up to him, he would have foughi," he sard. "The pollt cians didn'i let
i:-- : : not fair to him. He was the favourite. They tell me not to talk about politics, but
s i,=- :'oolr cs. I lee're-ib'e on a personal level lor htn. a d on a rational evel, roo."
Jsc a
=E -= _.
sad," sad israeli spokesman Yaron Michaei. "We believe in the Olympic ideai,
rcing
=
-c .crders, no politics, jlst being toqelher and doing sport. We are here in Athens for
'oggr -L-:3: i.ics. We have enough politics at home. lt's really a pity.
,e 1_3
=
(adapted from www.washinglonpost.com by M chele Kauiman)
th i_e
llla. _
rt. b-:
er r€ Prince Naseem Hamed
ble:. \aseem Hamed announced he was coming out of a three-year retirement, people
lha'? = =ac=
: .,€< ioMard to the prospect of a f ght between him and the new charnpion, Amir Khan.
'L-&eve( says he will not fight another Muslim, no matter how much money s involved.
'There s one thing that I have always beleved and I will a ways do; I wil never fight
=E.
\,r-.s r:r. I wi I never get in the ring with another l\,4uslim. lt is against my princ ples.'
39
UNIT 3
After being World Champion for six years, Hamed lost the title four years ago. A year ate! h:
dlsappeared from the boxing world to spend more time with his fam ly - h s w fe, two sons arc
his parents but now he says he is ready to come back- His decision not to iight againsi Khan s
a maior disappointment io the promoters. However, the boxefs return wil stil generate h!,oe
interest. Oneofthe bggest entertainers in the sport is going to be backagain, he nsisted I
believe I can be even better than I was before I am stronger and rnore mature, I stil have
prove that - but there will be p enty of peojrle interested ln watching. '
(eo"pcdlolYo.t(\.-Do.' 1. orl Li"_od". o
^r
Text E:
Ben Johnson
Ben Johnson, the fastest man on Earth", was born on December 301h, 1961, n Jamaca. H
em qrated to Canada in '1976. Ben s first major internationa race was the 100 meter event at th
1983 World Championships in Helsrnk, where he was eliminated in the semi fnals, finishing 6:
wlth a time of 10.44. The followlng year, Ben Johnson reached the f nal of the T00 metres at
1984 Summer O ymp cs in Los Angeles, f nishing th rd behind Carl Lewis and Sam Graddy with
Iime of 10.22. Carl Lewis, an American, was to become Ben's great rival. Ben f rst beat h nr
1985, and in 1986 he ran 9.95 the fastest ever recorded at sea leve aqa nst Lewis's 10.06
the World Championships in 1987, Ben smashed the world record in 9.83 seconds, beat r
Lewis easily. Then they met in the 1988 Oympics in Seoul, where Johnson smashed his oll
wor d record with a t me of 9.79 seconds - the fastest man on Earthl An incredlb e perforn'ran
Lew s fin shed second with a time of 9.92 seconds.
Then, two days laier, the terrlble news was announced. Johnson had faied a drugs test. St
were found in hls blood, and his gold medal was taken away from hirn and ii was given to
Lewis. Canadian fans, so ecstatic at the time of the vlctory, were devastated.
At firsi, Johnson den ed lak ng drugs, but later admitted that it was true. H s coach said Ben h
been taking drugs s nce 1981. Ben was banned from competit on for two years. Then he ca
back, determined to break more records, and beat Lewis again. Bui n 1993, in l\lontreal,
again tested positive for stero ds and was banned for life. Ben said: I did someth ng good n
life. Ily Mum and Dad saw me run faster than any hurnan, and that s t. Better than a g
medal.'
(adapted irom www.wik ped a.
40
r,)i,
spr-rl t
lhi. rext relers to someonc {M wrs urlluenctd arrl hchcd b-v a parent. I
: lhis reit rells us ho\r drc peoplc who orgrni:e I|c sport are noL vcry happy al Lhe
.tr.rIS person'-s decision
this text describes a spons person Nlro nrolc.l as,e,! trotn Geir ol origu rr
-.rder to he ablc ro compcl€ aL a llighcr ievel
: Thjs te\t m€ntiorL tLe sporls person! ofDonents
: ThIs Lexr describes how dre spo s p.rson:s lans reacted to en elenl iI rhc prrson! .rreer
:: This leir dcs$ibes hov one spqS tI:rlon b(! !t[j
- - rhis rext desc bes sop,eonl'!9 +4}ti.ccq !o ct!![!uts 4 ]}r tlr!l:lt:- l!4 +:!fr q. !q tup
.rel conrpedion
-l Thjs iexr d.scribes s]]41!_o.rt s !4q dqe!u!! r!cJ!!llt! !!td 9l !b9!r .ureit
I Ihjs tr:rr .luoLls ilspo4tperson $ho docs:totl:qern ro lr
_r - This i('rl d.s.rihes a Drchlenr rhrl'asnot causedb\', dccision oJrh.
:.E
41
UN]T 3
Look at the list of extracts again and decide if the verb in bold has an extra syl-
lable in the past tense.
Now read the extracts aloud, and be especially careful with the past tense of the
verbs. If you like, you can read them in Pairs, and see if you agree with your
partnert pronunciation.
42
SprlrL
:.-. not happrr, because he would prefer to win by fighting, not through
ri as
. J i.q uali[ication.
.'. :rle I larned uas in retirement, he spent tirne with his family.
-.:: J.rhnson becarre lhe fastest man on Earh in 1998 ar the Seoul C)lympics_.
-. _,rould vou rhink il vou were offerecl a lot of monev to lose arace/malch?
:, .r (ruld )'ou decide il your team had to tour a country lvhich dicl not allow
: : .i reople into thc natio1]al teanr?
43
uN ll 3
when you have filtished writing, and wheD your tealrhel has checked your work
for ermrs, divide into pairs or snrall groups and read your answers to the others'
Did you have the same reaction as the others? l[ not, try to convince them that
you are right
I have ha<l a l;ntastic career and I can be very satisfied with what I have done
for motorcycling.
According to the present perfect rule, which of the following statements are
grammalically incorrect?
M
.,\$\\\\i\\\s\\l\\\\\$tt'
\itil
rl .
\\\N\\\N-
: N\\\\N\\N\N
"-
PRE-FOCUS
l. Who
2 wno do yrru think is thc best Mozambican footballer and why?
uo vou
J. whal are some of the advantages and disarlvantages
ol being a famous sporsl
pcr'on 1 l
I
46
u,!1,1.---l{
process
l:: sirteen African countries who earned the riSht to compete in the African
-::of \ations tournament in Mali in 2002 are numbered on the maP. Wiih a
1r'rer discuss the following three questions.
name the countriesJ Wcre the same countdes competing in the 2004
a.r
1 t-'.
r .:,.m Lhe map which region of Africa do you think has the strolgest foorhall
.latl :::dition? Can you suggesl any reaso[ for this?
)o2
: ,i hich region of Africa is leasL well represented in the Alrican Cup of Nations
-.umament? Why do you think this ic so?
47
t!fi1T 4
lig. lubrlanl aam.roonian irlalers alLer Scn.gelese Fig. D.je.te.l Sctl.gaLtse looLballcrs atter the
kl.ko misse.l his pendlt) shor @ tsBa \hrld Senlc. pen.ilr,\' kick @ tstsC \vorld Srrvice
One onlh.
)
lens of millions ol people-
3.
a amrroon did.
+.
The\ d.-feeLe.l Senegxl.
- ::: ::::!dons we use do/does in dre present simple or did in the past
::: : -::: '.he u'ho or what is the object o[ lhe sentence.
do you want? what do you wantJ
does the gane start? what tiDe docs the game start?
did you see? Who clid you see?
di.\ lhe !]u. s!.\]l w\ere did. r\1e h\s sropl
I - . : : _.:: --rse doldoes/did if the who or what is the subject of the sentence.
:. = :rantples.
:--i.:: object
---:: :. :.it Pedro. Abacar hit somebodv
.r,: --;ii-rions rvith who or what to find out who 'somebody" is or what
: --- as interesting!
49
UN IT 4
Now co tinue in the same way taking turns to start each dialogue'
t. My lather hought
2 leaves the airport at 10 o clock
Students A
1. the half-lime whi.stle
2. the referee and his linesmen
3- to shoot at goal
4- to tackle a player
5. to win a game
students B
Check your de{initions with your teacher. Now work with a partnel with a
ferent set of expressions. Read your deffnitions to each other. Try to guess
other3 exprcssions from the definitions.
A frican Nalions Chanipionships
2"d
third l8'1, eighreenrh
5d' Iihh
6,h
22''d rwetly second
eighrh
9d, Z4rr'twenly-lbuflh
t0,h 25'1' tw.nry [i[th
l lLh
tllh Iwellih .17'h twenty severth
llrl, 2{:lrr'rwenry-eighdl
11,r' 2qtl' lwenty nir&
15,h
hI
;r i. rert page there are two tables showing the History of the African
ble ( up. Some o[ the information i\ mis\ing.
iH
_.--o into two groups: croup A and Group B. Group A students look at table A.
B students look at table B. Write questions to ask another sludent to find
r lcEr dissing information. When you have prepared your questions, check
E -ilh vour teacher.
ar =k rour teacher the questions to complete the ftrst two lines of each table
r t DeEr page. Listen carefully to how he/she gives you the information.
\r i-..mplete the rest oI the table by working wirh a studenr with a different
ie rsk him,rher for the other missing information.
51
UNIT 4
Table A
ruo{ -;---
4 ,""r"-'.; -
zoo: lu
i
)OO4 I )4t luni,i:r { runi.ir Vorolrn
,^n. L ,(, 1,. f l. ,1
Table B
tgq8 2t.d
Burkina
16 + E$?r H:: 2-0
2000
Finally, with your partner can you complete the information on the 2006
African Nations Cup?
B. anyone injured?
I whar/s.ore/at hall-time?
l0. Who/win?
52
African Natjons Champion ships
t-king
tti m pairs. Ask your partner the questions in 1.8 about his,rher match and
E.r his,lher questions about your match.
53
UN]I4
54
A frican Natjons Cham pionships
rE :_
:.-_aJr or two. Then she goes home to do her homework, housework, gardening
athiete is not easy. Lurdes [,4uto a gets up at 5.00 in the morn ng, in order to
::.
'=
=r: ::re of her rnany dogs. She organizes her schedules and works on her bus ness
5efore having lunch. ln the afternoon, there is more tratning at the track or in
= y
=.c
.t t rne to relax late in the evening. lt is a 6 day a week schedule leaving a part
tt=. -:. .er to walk her dogs and reiax a liitle.
ae :_ ..mpetiiion also requ res an ath ete to strck to a rigid diet. She eats no fats or
'cl:r= caeferring to eat vegetables. She avoids red meat and sugars and doesn't drink
s-e siill remembers her Mozambican roots and lkes matapa, prawns, I\lozamblcan
Tc : qood lish stew.
_Es :e leisure iime but when she has time off she oves io wak her dogs.
She
and footba l, goes sw rrming and chats with her fr ends. She manages '10
-,s:3nnis
:ers _,: day a year but what little spare time she has is devoted to her Foundation
and
= :a,_.'litments.
_i4 _ac a strinq of successes, the best known of which must be her
Gold medal n
i[ --= at the 2000 Sydney Olymp c cames and a bronze medal in AUanta in 1996.
E r' 1:aens in 2004 she was suffering from a harnstring injury and only came n fourth
r i:a: she stll had iniuries and suffered osses to opponents she would normaly
--E r--'
2003 was her golden year when she took part in 25 races and didn't lose one.
--:_.s achievement she was awarded the IAAF ilnternationa Associairon of Athlet-
i!==,:.^ Golden League one'm lLon dollar jackpot. This made her ihe highest-earning
--r.. ::h ete ever
t:_Ee ,rinnings have made it possible for Lurdes to set up the Lurdes l\,lutola founda
-s ;--s to contribute to the social deve opment of Mozambtque by encouraging and
cd-c scorts iacilites that are easily accessible io the majority of Mozambicans. ln add -
-lCF i lited Nations Development Programme) appointed her Youth Emissary in Sep-
ilrl: and she declared the campaign against HIV/AIDS her number one priorty. As
she can h gh ight the positive relalionship between youth and sports and, as a
=n==r-..
-'Er=
. she can be an inspiration for many boys and gir s all over the world.
Comprehension
$:dE _-r€
best answer according to the text. Circle a, b, c or d.
L':i: _irrdes was young, she
i ::-cied hard at school
-:-ed endless trouble at hone.
:i\ ed football whenever she could.
::; eractly what her parents told her
55
U NIT 4
56
oN.,r..-irg
Alrican Nations Championships
Past simPle
\clive: invited,/sent/persuaded Somebody invited us to clinner-
Passive: wavwere + invited,/sen/percuad ecl we were inviled lo dinner.
- --ler performance so impressed her father that he had to recognise her talent.
:{er father . .
\r look back at the text to check your answers. All these sentences were in
t Past Simple passive- The passive form is often used when the agent (who
l action i. done by) i5 nol important.
in 1988 at first
in September one day
in the morning/aftemoon/evening then
on the 27th October subsequently
at 5 o'clock iirlally
at Lhe age of 14 ever since
at this time
for a while wl, ile/when
lor three years before
dudng that time
57
LJ N IT 4
\ow. cornplcte the text bclou lrith timc phra<c. Ii,16 111' 6o^.
58
W
\---:E-'
-__:-
-{z
NIT
-
iterature
UNIT 5
RE-FOCUS
PR I
This Ilnit
L is about Litcrattr.. Sper,cl a Jew :f,:,i:r,utes t.llhing about these points r,ith
rcr or in a snall group:
poftne
ut is 'l-iterarLLre"l If rve looked in a dictionary,, what delinilion do you Lhink \\
u1d flnd?
lar is the best thing (book, poem, plal) thar you have ever read? Tell your partnt
or gr,lup
gr u,har effect it had on you, ancl lvhy?
'Doy),oLl think computer/Intemet will replace books? If so, will thar be a good thing?
. why
:ry do people like storics, whether drey are in Lhe form of books, movies or pla\
in the
th theatrel
. ve you ever \lTitten an original story?
Hav€
Mystery / I These are stories about people coming back ftom the dcad. and
are supposed to he scary to read.
This Lnd of bool. contains real fac6, not invented stones. aboul
) R
an], aspect otthe world \,!e live in.
llis is usurlly about murder or some other crime, and rells the
3 C story of how someone (mayhe a policeman but not always) sotvs
drriller rhc .rinre,nd tin.ls rh. .ftninal
Thesc are srories conlalnlng slrange, Ierribl€ evenls, often with lol.
I D
of bLood aml death. This genre is supposed to male you Ieel alraid
This genre consirts o[ slories aboul how the \qrirer imagines r]r.
Ghost slorv 5 F future. ti often has ro do wirh olher worlds and other kinds of
beDgs, but mayalso be aboLu our own world in a lurure tnne.
This kind ot book has an exciling, Iascmoving srory, full ofaction
Biogaphy 6 F Ir! rfe kind of book that Hollywood loves to tum into big n1ovies
This is noi an invent.d storl Rath€r it is the true story oI a
7 C lamous p€Fon! lile, nntten by someone other than that person.
This is a story ol ar eDotional attachnent beileen a nian and a
8 H woman, vr'hich puts lors ot obstacles in rhe vay of their relation-
ship. bur usuallyhas a happy endug.
60
Literature
}r :tst kinds of literature exist in MozambiqueJ Can you think oI any exam_
r{ ary oI them?
-h lese genres in your order
of preference, from most preferred to least pre_
a:Ee Gn,e your favoudte genre l0 poinrs... See which is the mosr popular
!E= in the class.
ic both got divorced when they were young, and after ihe agon es of separatlorr,
=-an
:t ?e_ are unwilling to
comm t themselves to a new relationship. They pretented to be
:: .-ach other; ihey try to lgnore the unmistakable chernistry; they try to resist each
=! -a. as they can. But a series of coincidences - and a litUe help from their friends -
r_-gs them to the realization that what rnust be must be. Finely drawn characteriza-
-E i -,a.rng story of human destinv.
@'E_: ceacefui now People are happy. They get what they want and they never want
l_e, get. They're well off. They're safe. They're never ill. They're not afrard of
' -_e_,=r't
<now nothing of passion and old age. They don't have to worry about mothers
ae: i s the year AF 632, and the breeding and conditioning of humans by scientific
_:;e created wordwide stability and happiness. Or have they? When John is
D- the Savage Beservation to the New World, he brings passon with h m. Suddenly,
a o :'_-he New World are thrown into perspective,
r-e_cy dog chases a rabbii into a hidden underground cave and wakes a sleeping
:a s -cre cruel than death itself. The lttle town of Castle Rock is aboui to be invaded by
_.cs _,::ous fitenace ever to ravage the flesh and
consume the mind.
.cr.s
is a lvely young author on the brink of success. Driving through some beautiful
:c a party, she gives a l]ft to an attractive young man wearing the uniform of an Air
:ro, Sae thlnks he is going to the party too, but is disappointed when there rs no sign of
:eE- hpite all warn ngs, Casste becomes obsessed by the pllot. This story blisslul and
Cass e into a war-torn past where old passion burns and becomes entwined
=i3s
51
Literature
Do these kinds o[ literature exist in Mozambique? Can you think of any exam-
lles of any of them?
Put these genresin your order of preference, from most preferred to least pre-
erred. Give your favourite genre l0 points... See which is the most popular
slre in the class.
=:.a-t
to assassinate the French presideni, General de Gaulle, Their
organ zaiion plans
eE-'. Colonei N4arc Fodin, decides io hire a professional, someone unknown to French
rc- He and his men choose 'the Jacka'. Can police detective Claude Lebel prevent the
.Ir t_c and save the President's life?
:-€ ceople do not really die. Thlngs are not what they seem. ln these six stories, strange
-r€ lappen. Someone returns to catch his own rnurderer, another to find stolen money, and
: -t: to f nd money lost for hundreds of years. A man even returns from hell, but only for a
3_?::me. Six stories to make your halr stand on end, written by masters of fear.
----re 3nd Brian both got divorced when they were young, and afler the agonies of separation,
:=a- ci them are urwiling to commit themselves to a new relationship. They pretented to be
-.=.rent to each other; ihey try to rgnore lhe unmistakable chemistry; ihey try to resist each
::-€. as hard as they can. But a series of coincidences - and a little help frorn their friends
f--dy brings thern io the realization ihat what must be must be. Flney drawn characterza-
:r a'1d a mov ng story of human destiny.
-_e Jlor d's peacefui now. People are happy. They get what they want and they never want
._= lhey can't get. They're well off. They're safe. They're never lll- They're not afraid of
:8. They know nothing of passion alld old age. They don't have to worry about mothers
3'c'aihers. lt's the year AF 632, and the breeding and conditioning of humans by scientific
_:cds have created worldwide stability and happrness. Or have they? When John is
ihe Savage Beservation to the New World, he brings passlon with hlm. Suddenly,
-Lglrt from
:-= .zues ofthe New Word are thrown into perspective,
rl.frendly dog chases a rabbit nto a hidden underground cave - and wakes a sleeping
= :'at
s more cruel than death itse f- The little town of Castle Bock s about to be invaded by
:_:-ost hideous menace ever to ravage the flesh and consume the mind.
::e Johns is a livey young author on the brink of success. Driving through some beautful
de to a party, she gives a llft to an attractive young man wearing the uniform of an Air
=-J-rys
:r:€ pilot. She thinks he is going to the party too, but s disappo nted when there is no sign of
__ rere. Despite all warnings, Cassie becomes obsessed by the pilot. This story, b issful and
takes Cassie nto a war torn past where old passion burns and becomes entwined
=!i'ant,
61
UNIT 5
None of these strategies is the best way to improve your vocabulary while read_
ing. It is often enough just to get the main idea, to guess at the approximat
meanings of words, and to keep reading as fast as you can just fol the story.
an unknown word is really impo ant, it will come back again and again, and in
that case, either you can look in a dictionary, or the meaning will become clear-
eI from the context.
In these extracts, without using a dictionary, say which of the words in bracke6
you think is nearest to the meaning of the unknown word. (Or maybe you
already know the words, so you don't need this exercisc!)
1. Fresh paio seized Paul! body. 'Nearly finished,' sle said.
(Iilled / left)
3. His victim had bent forward to give the traditionai kiss afier the salute, and
bullet had passed a centimetre behind the moving head.
(a kind of gun / the thing that comes out of a gun)
4- He arranged himsell in the passenger seat, one long leg at a time. Then
pulled his knees almost up to his chin. "Push the seat back," she told him.
(a part of the feet / a part of the arms / a part of the [ace)
6. Her eyes seemed to move around the room aimlessly. It was a relief for he:
notice something on the flool.
(lose something on the floor / see something on the floor / put something
the floor)
7. "Push the seat back," she told him, and lifted the catch... to release the
and it slipped backwards.
(a pan of the man's uniform / a part of the car)... (moved / made a noise /
62
Literature ffi\"/
-
afuch bits of the context helped you to make your guesses? you can see that it
-- ..ften enough just to get an approximate idea of the word! to be able to con-
:Ee readirg without sropping.
l-- rour own, read this paragraph from one of the books we looked at in 1.3,
El to understand as much as possible, guessing the words you don,t know:
lI_\.
: the helicopter trip out to the oll rig. l'm used to planes. l,ve flown p anes, and once I
=__.y
r._€d a piece of a charter alrline, but helicopters are not for me. Not even ln fjne weather.
-e .-ther that mornlng was rndescribable. We swayed and rocked lrom side io side, and
sudoenlv tha,1 soared uo again. ard n'na lerLhs ot the lime we coJldn', even see
=
.e .,;ere going because the windscreen wipers couldn,t cope with the deluge of rain that
: i:arst lhe windscreen, But Petersen was a fine pilot and the twenty-minute journey was
r,=. We touched down on the landing-deck of the X13 shorfly after ten o,clock jn the
-c : iook six men to hold the machine steady while the general, Vyland, Larry and I
:o,vn the extension ladder. Petersen gunned hrs motor and took off again just as the last
.s the deck, and he was lost in a blinding flurry of rain inside ten seconds. I wondered
-c.€d
rf-lc:,er see him again_
(Adapied from A lsta r Maclean, Fer 6 ihe Key, Fonrana)
kq: qifi a partne\ or in small groups, ralk abour what is happening in the
;r:graph, and see if you can agree abour rh€ m€anings of the diflicuti words,
:srecrally the following:
r
-€rrFge Focus! The Order of Events in Nafiatives
! r Earrative, it is impo
ant that the reader understands the order of events in
or *orv. in 1.3 again, and see how many ways there ate of
Read the samples
*irlishing chronological order. Discuss rhis with others too_ Do this before
:rfuuuing to read.
63
UNlT 5
in your discussion?
Did you mention these examples
is oflen enough just to write
ffil
dre events in the correcl order:
n'alcr
up rhe yellow bucket' Sht poured
-. She benr down again ancl picked
up and)ooked at him'
iii!, ti"'1"r""t. i""iscreamed again shestood
rubl"cr glnrc' the; roLInd
. I.ul ar th,'.' Burlrn ';iJ' He hcltl rrP \om'ancl urepprd in pL'riL b'rg'
(uJl' dll cl('1n
,l,rrhe'- -hirrt. lr'rrr'er'JrrJ
The t$'o men examined the floor'
about an eme
Norv read this paragraph from a novel in the thriller gerue'
"*tit"' uses some of the same linkers' and some diff
,i.p"r,. itt"
"i""
ones. Can You identify them?
sroppJd
,ne conptele\..oe il a cigar anooeL*rJ oj,*. s-, rn"r" ^afent nothrrg. After $a:
*..
ro i'
r'Lie
.\ere was any naws ar
to lne "adro see i^,,a.rin)te Her{e soon io
to radto
Le rosr pariencF dnd de''oFo '"rei'n,! Jrt, oii""
-r rL^ .a. r^ ,nu"stigate.
^-. to ,n t"e s.o,t
I ve ri'n,les. "l o, n,. uoh c'e
rprso'
reason for the ay.
oF'ay.
oF lfed'.ve'o'a5paw
' ' _"' ,o.i .oni,o,
and a b'e;
I'a'] c .li,r".l""r. r ne.e were pot.cerle.
^t.FmenanOao.e;
was rvinq or .Tr <roe b oc\ils ::ll;;i;;;
:i ;.;e r .( \. Joe dec,deo ,r ,\,'
rr 1.ere, bLlt
,ck there,
trLrck seemeu to
'ooody saF'ned
brt .obooy l.1ow.!1'.
tu ruw ri@-app*roacning
^
r, e
tne policernen, he ouL oui hn:s
put our
He could smell petrol' so o€
to take charge.
.l* *as :n of the wno e operalion'
il"'-"lJri"'. 'ort'ol
64
'W+i
Literalure I€\4
-lth linkers are the same? tn addition to those, there are three different ones,
r: {rTER, BEFORE and WHILE. lf you didn'r spor them beforc, ffnd rhem now.
::ddition to lhe linkers mentioned before (and, but, then, past perfect), we
= establish Lhe chronologicai order of events with after ...ing, Lefore ...ing
-; r hile ...ing.
. ::_ar waiting for five minuLes,Joe lost patience.
. :€ -:e approaching the policemen, he pur our his cigar.
. i-: . \\ aiting, he listened to the radio to see if there was any news
\t:. jlar whcn ) ou use prepositions + ing, the subiect is the same in both
E_= r: ihe senlen(r (i.e. Joe waited andJoe lost patience; Joe approached the
,lrr:=en and Joe pur our his cigar;Joe waited and Joe lisrenecl io the radio).
:i*.:ne these pairs of sentences using the three linking methods just
l-:bed. ln the first group, the first sentence occurs before the second one. ln
ft irtr.nd group, the second sentence occurs before the lirst one. In the third
fE- ahey occur simultaneously. There are dilferent ways this can be done,
a\ample is given to get you sta ed:
--a
.=,--P2
J-edson passed the ddving rest. Cledson took five driving lessons.
65
U NIT 5
GROUP 3
1. Marta ate her dinner. Marta watched TV
2. They waited for Dulce. They had a beer and talked.
3. Chica did her homework. Chica listened to music.
4. Arturo drank his coffee. Arturo watched the crowds carefull)r
5. Manuel sang happily Manuel washed his car.
Finally, re-w te this paragraph using a variety of the linkers that we have seen
this section. You can change the order of rhe sentences if you like, to improve
[arrative, but th€n you must use the riSht linker to make the order of events
For example, it would be more interesting to begin the paragraph rrMatthew wo
up at 5:30 in the mo dng in an empty house."
Anna and Matthew had a terrible argument about something really silly. Anna left the house
ten o'clock and didn't come back. Matthew woke up at 5:30 in the morning in an empty ho
He smoked his first cigarette. He lay thinking about the night before. He had a long cold
He put on the same clothes as the day before. He went into the kitchen. The remains of
night's dinner were still on the table, and a little (but only a little) in the bottom of the bottle
whisky. He picked up his phone. He looked at it for a few minutes. He quickly drank down
rest of the whisky to give himself courage. He dialled Anna's mobile number. No answer. He
up. He cleared the table. He formulated a plan. He went to lhe drawer where he kept his gun.
checked the gun was loaded. He put it in his pocket. He sat down on the sofa. He closed
eyes,
You can see that we can form compound adjectives in a lot of different ways. S
See if you
can guess compound adjectives for the following. The adjective
always logical, so youjust have to guess!
66
.€€++
l..iterature E$/
1. An animal (a reptile) which has cold blood is a
1. A person who has a kind heart is a
l. A book that has five hundred pages is a
-i A child who behaves well is a
i. ,{ part o[ the country Lhar has a dense popularion is a
5. -{ peace which lasts lbr a long rime is a
:. -{ man who is a hundred years old is a
S. A car which has two doors is a
l. -{ race which is forty kllometres long is a
-l Ajob which takes only part of your time is a
-{ job which fully occupies your rime is a
-'. \ 'porr. erenr that la-t. Ior t\ o Jays i- d
i. { trairl that doesnl stop between its point of departure and its destination is a
Dramatic Dialogue
---o kiends have bothjust seen the movie Deep lmpacr_
-q. Martal, I saw a great movie last night. Deep lmpact. Have you seen it?
>. yeah, I saw it last week. So you enjoyed rt, did you?
lcsolutely. Best thing I've seen in years.
[rr. do you think so? I don't know. I think the effects were much better in Jurassic park
a_d all those dinosaur things.
idl- yeah, that was good too.
-=. and Titanic. That actually made it to number one. But this one was a bit blah. I think_
t lot quite boring after a while.
ac'ry. you're hard to pleasel
\., not really. Sure, there were good bits in it. Like the cast. I really like Bobert Duvall, and
-a what's her name?
-E Leoni?
'=.r. her. Actually, I thrnk
.}- I know what was wrong with the film.
What
!'eah. was that?
-cc'nany characters, too much going on.
>- don't know about that...
!{.c ihe reportels family. What's that got to do with an\,,thing? Allthose life histories. lt got
r-r= boring after a while.
lel- I wasn't so bored, but you might have a point.
ir- cei I do.
fj =1yway,
l'm going to see it again tonight. Do you want to come?
bl- Jyou're paying...
67
UN IT 5
So, Marta thought the film was boring, i.e. she *.as bored b,v the li1rn. Eclgar didr:
thing the film was boring. lle wasn\ bored by it.
A lot of adjectives bave -ed (Refers to what somebody feels) and -ing (the cau';
of feeling) versions, corresponding to passive and active uses. Choose the rigL:
alternative in each of the following sentences:
l. The children 1\.ere very tiring / Lired after a long day! work.
2. OK, I can see you're not very inleresled / interesting in my story so l'll just stop, shall l-
3. \\leen Edgar passed his dd\ing test llrsl time, rve rvcre al1 ver1, surprised / suryrisin:
4. The spectators $,ent crazy The basketball match was very excited / excitirrg.
5. She never studies. It\ not surprised / sttrprising she failed her exams-
6. t didn't understand that explanatlon at all. l'm really conlused / confusing n.--
7. Llel so negalive about everything. Just listening to him makes me depresse.
depressing.
8. Even though you're sitting down all the time, it can be very tired / tiring 1\ r:;
ing at a computer all day
9. It isnl definite that we're gerting a holiday next week, so clon't get too e\.:--
exciting!
10- I'm going to read that book again. I thought it u'as very interested / interestii:.]
Non choo.e [irc o[ rhe [ollowing adjcctirc* l'or rn,'re i[ 1ou liLe) to male
exercise for your classmates, similar to the sentences above. wlen the tea
has checked your exercise, give it to some other people to do, then (orrect it s:
thev have finished.
68
lit erit t ure
Agreeirg Disagreeing
DeEmtely, I agree.
*ffmtelyl Oh. tro. I dorl agree wirh you there.
I qppose you'r righr. Are you really sure abour th?
\eU- yes, rhat! true I suppose. Mm. I'm not so sure about Lhat.
I tttnl( so, too. OK. lets iusr agree ro differ on rhar one.
I don't rhink so
ti-iigue between Marta and Edgar in section 1.6 introduces some new ones:
k :.- rou thlnk so? I don,t l<now.
te;:._-:eh:
-L :..n\ know abour rhat.
hq have a point, (but on the other hancl ....)
=iiht
69
UNlT 5
ion Ping Pong' like these two people:
Now practise solne more with Opi
r.9 Writing
could b" P1".f^i,:::ti:::
*"''"'"-;.r;r';r"
dialogue, which
u. ahour *"T.:j;XH
ln 1.6, a oraroEu(.
I 6. we read <r the pcrsonalrn
'ne rell u'
the $rrler,cdn-rcrt
rhe thealre or on f\' ln a norel' i::i:.'^t I;;;;;r..
bul in a lilrn or in a plal the pcr'onalil) ol the char'
the characler.. 'crrpl
is revealed to us bY what theY
saY'
. who like betler, Edgar or
cio you
. What kird of Person do You
Marta? why?
think Edgar is?
.
. Can you imagine what theY look
What about Marul
. . Can you imagine how they talkJ
Do (hey know each other weil?
lpry
UN IT 5
The hufia brdin is not colstruckA b deal lTith lery Targe numbers. We are OK up to
ten, dnd Ne hate a fair idea oJ hrndreds and maybe thousands. But a tullliollis a dift
cult tumber to iIr,dgine. A billion is impossible - it's just a line of zeros! So it\ dilicuh
..ast lengths of tine intohed it the erolution oJ our plo. '
Jor us to rcally undetstand the
et, and morc speciJicalty, o[ our species. Try this - inagine thctt the Nhole history of
Earth is contlensed into one yert, three hutdred atd slrty lite days The Earth is Jormed
j[st ajter midnight onlanuary 7'1. According to this time scdle:
1- When did the conti.nenls start moving into their present positions?
.lothJanuary
. 4ih February
. 16'l'March
. Some other date?
72
Science I People
te have Africa in our blood and Africa has our bones. We are all Africans.'
ll6. following passage and see if it agrees with Prolessor Dawkins' statement.
ls the study of ancieni bones. Exiremely boring, don't you agree? Now an even
- paleoanthropology, which is the study oi ancient human bones. Yawnl What's on
:anel? Very few of these ancient bones have been found. "Not enough to fill the
i lcx-up truck , as one paleontologist said. But through them, experts have been ab e
i c.,- and what they have learnt is not boring at all. It's the siory of the ongin of the
t,,=rs ago, the isthmus of Panama rose out of the sea and joined North and South
-_rs had unexpected consequences because t cut the flow of water from the Pacific to
iverting warm currents, and causing a sharp ice age in northern latitudes and a
rE ,yjng ln Africa. Jungle gradually turned into savanna, and some krnds of apes came
jsppearing trees and started to live on the grassy plains. They were 'hominids'-
!ad the most famous of them has been given the name Lucy" . Lucy was discovered
r =iiopia. She lived 3-18 million years ago. She cou d walk, and was a so a good
3€ ^ad excelenl eyesight, but a poor sense of smell.
hsted for about three million years. Then one line of these ape-men started chang-
:Ecame better adapted to liie on the plains. Thelr feet became more suited to running,
and their spines deveoped a slight curve so thai the weight of the upper part
:. =Enged,
das better centred. I\,4ore importanUy, the skull changed, io hold a brain that was
- l-c as that of the f rst ape-men. They stood upright, and were a metre and a half tal .
-bmo erecfus - Upright Man.
.l-c6 is the dividing line; everything before him was ape-llke. EveMhing after him was
They rnade better tools, they hunted toqether, they had improved commun cation,
ie. and maybe language. To other hominids, they must have seemed terrifyingly large
. They were the velociraptors of their time. Their numbers increased and then, about
,E2,'s ago. they spread o-l of Airca _o tha rasr of the v{]orld. d.velooirg i_lo valous
as the Neanderthals in Europe. But these were not modern humans- So how do
=-cfl
Neanderthals to modern humans?
a isagaeement about ihe next staqe of human development. There are two theories. One
-tdern man - Homo sap/b,s - evolved out of
ha s and other species. The other theory
E l_q evolved only in Africa after the first wave
left, and then, about a hundred thousand
+. ihev.pread our again.,n a second wavc,
1E *orld, overcoming ihe Neanderthals and other
d of which went extinct. These two opposing
_a.e caused much heated debate in the wor d of
loqy
73
UN] I 6
The following statements are paraphrases of parts of the text. Put them in :a
right order. If you can't do it from memory, scan the text again to find the pa:.
thev reler to.
E. tThesuperiorspeciesmovedoutofAtuicaandsertledinvariousparcotdleNorld.
One parti.ular species seemed to srart evoh,i.g faster than other similar spe.ies. ancl
probably came to dominate Ihem.
74
Science I People
Horv man,r human lossils have scientisrs Nor lery well. Her eyesight was
managed to .olleci altogerherl
Holr long ago wer Nofh and South Anenca Ir seems Io have been lwice as
joined whcn d1e lstluus rose out of the sea? big
How s'ell could Lury snell rhingsl AbouL one ald a haltmeires
How man,v rnain theories are there which Not nrany. reall): Berween
H
tn'to accounr ior rli..!olurion .llrinrnsl thousand and fifty rhousand.
75
LlNn 6
76
Scie nc c l Pcople
verb Norn
adapt
agree
identity
behave
define definition
77
UN]T 6
O ll]l r\
ent? Why don't they inhert the same character-
istics? Depending on how much you have
already learnt about genes and genetics, you
will find that an easy or difficult question to
78
Science I people
\ow, based on what you have just read, decide if these statements are tnre or
6lse. lfyou think it is false, say why.
1- Humans have forty-six chromosomes in their body, one in each cell.
1. We have twenty-three chromosomes in each cell of our body.
l. We get genes liom both parents.
*. The man's sperm and the womanl egg are called gametes.
i. -{ gamete contains twenty-three pairs of chromosomes.
6 -{ man's sperm contains genes from the mant mother and lather.
i. The female gamete - the egg only contains genes from the woman,s mother.
3. Borh the male and the female gametes contain only half the normal number o[
chromosomes.
9- The normal number of chromosomes is restored when the female egg is [ertil-
ized by the male sperm.
r't. ,{11children are different because every time reproduction occurs, both the
father and the mother contribute different combinations of genes.
tr
79
I]N]T 5
Make sure everyone in the class agrees about the family tree before going on to
the next bit!
Look at your completed family tree, and complete the sentences. Nunber I is
given as an example:
lieck that you know all of thcse expressions by working with a partner to make
or false statements about the family tree, like this:
-r
Edmilson is jacinia's
Falsel Edmilson is
lacin ta's brother.
\os, imagine that you are Joao. Wlite a description of your family in the Iirst
-rson. If you like, you can begin My name is Joao. My mother and father are
:alled Dulce and Edgar, and...
iinally, let's relate the family tlee to our knowledge of genes and heredity. ln that
:ee, which pair has more genes in common:
. Edmilson andJacinta, or Cle&on and Dulce?
. Titos and Marta, orJacinta andJoao?
. Edgar andJoao, or Edgar and Edmilson?
. Josu6 and Manuel, or Titos and Marta?
Writing
Choose one (or both ifyou like!) of these writing tasks:
, \\tite a description of your family tree, like the one in 2.2, and Sive it to a part-
ner (or read it to him / her) to draw a tree from your wdtten description.
i lnvent a family tree with all the relationships mentioned in 2.2, and then w re
a series oI lrue / false slalemenls about it for anorher c]aqsmare ro solve
81
UNIT 6
0.80 18.0
4. Chicago and Vienna did not grow betl\.een 1800 and 1900.
5. The seven biggest cities in 1900 *-ere all bigger than the top seven in 1800.
6. Only one city appea$ in the top seven cities in all three centuries.
9. None of the seven largest cities in the world in 1900 were in the top seve!
2000.
It gives exact numbers, but it is not visually easy to interpret. If we want to ger
a quick idea of the relative growth of the three cities we could make a bar charu
The approximate shape would be like this:
Sciencc I people
5lr aie there three gtoups of three? What does each group and each bar repre_
r.- \\1Er units of measuremenr would appear on rh; veriical axis (up the left
{t of rhe diagram)? What needs to appeai under the diagram? '
l&o- rhe proportions of the diagram aie all wrong! Use t"he information in
the
:lle to make an ACCUR{TE bar chart showing tie relative gto*th oiih" tf,r""
iis
I sl{hdy different form olbar chart is as follows:
intelligcnce quorienr
83
TJNIT 6
This Ullit is about techtology. Some people are rot comJortable with fiodet'n technolo
and s.ty they world lihe to "tntn the cloch bach", itt other words, return to sinpler
[jl[es. Othet people really e\joy constart change and thinh that all progress is good. Do
you agree that all progress is good? ls there such a thing as "bad progress"? Discnss it
biefly with some of your cldsstra.tes.
Here are sotv dictionary defi itions oJ thilgs thdt ve will meet in the cotrse oJ thx
Uhit. Cdr you identify Nhat th.y reJer to? When you hare fmished the nit, come bach
to this page dnd see iJ you were ight, or if you uant to char.ge yotfi fiind about aty of
your answers:
. An instrument or apparatus which uses power, such as electricity, to perform work.
. A rigid body which is supported by, and turns on, a fulcrum.
An electronic machine that can be supplied with a program and can store and recall
information.
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
A high-density compact disk for storing large amounts of data, especially high-reso-
lution audio-visual material.
Being in the process of passing out of use or usefulness-
. A small rodent of lhe Muridce atuf Cricetid@ famjlies, characteristically having a
pointed snout, small rounded ears and a long almost hairless tail.
o An aircraft that derives its lift from blades that rotate about an approximately vertical
central axis.
Matter. Machine
Do you both agree on the meanings? ls there only one meaning for each word?
Now listen as the teacher reads a text and answer the questions that follow.
l. Why wasJohn upsetl
a) Because he was in a physics lesson.
b) Because he couldnt answer the teacher's question.
c) we are not given the reason.
d) Because he had his head on the table.
Scicnce II - Technology
87
UN IT 7
Simple Machines
One kind of simple machine is the lever, which we can sub_divlde into three types, one, two anc
ihree. An exampie of each is shown in the diagrams be ow.
ln the Type 1 levers, the effort is applied downwards on one end of the lever, and the load is a:
the other end. The fulcrum, or fixed point of the lever, ls between the load and the effort. The dis-
tance between the fulcrum and the effort is greater than the distance between the fulcrum anc
the load, and you can see intuitively that in this case, you have to rnove the lever further but it is
easier to do so. ln fact, the greaterthe difference between effort-to-fulcrum distance and load-to
fulcrum distance. the easier it will be to move the load.
ln Type 2 levers, the fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the effort is at the other The load. a
downward force due poss b e to gravity, is between ihe fu crum and the effoft- ln the diagrarn. :
is very close to ihe fulcrum, and the effort is a long way from ii. As in a Type T lever, the neare'
the load is to the fulcrum. the easier it wil be to lift ihe load, for the sarne eflort.
ln Type 3 levers, the effori is beiween the fulcrum and the load, acting upwards against the force
of gravity. You can see that this would not be a good iever for lifting very heavy weights, as the
force of the effort you have to apply is greater than the force thai the load exerts. Nevertheless. -
is a common kind of lever because it often makes the work rnore convenient.
Now look at these pictures of things we use everyday. They are all different kin&
of levers. In each case, wherc is the fulcrum, the effort and the load? Classify them
according to whether they are T)?e l, 2 or 3 levers. when you have thought
about this alone for a while, share your ideas with a parmer or in a small group-
8a
Scien ce ll Technology
rhrough
along
opposite
Here are groups of three sentences. In each gloup, the same word or expression,
taken from the reference list above, is missing from each sentence- What is it?
Try fiIsr without looking at the 1ist, then use it to check.
2. Mother sat _ - one end of the table and father sat rhe other
The force is applied a dillerenL point.
What could go wrong vadous stages of the process?
89
UN IT 7
9. who $'as the lirst person to fly the Atlantic, lrom Europe to Americel
Thc bridge is broken. If u'e wanr to gct to the other side, we'll have to s*rm
lhe river
He walkcd the stage, fron1 lelt to fight, smiling and waving ar the
audience as he went.
10. I haven't got m,v key We'll have to climb the lence.
The lamp hung the lable, and gave just enough light to read.
See jfyou can jump that u,alll
Characteristics
e tbles a lorce acring at one point to overcome another lorce
acttug at some olher poini.
tor killing smaU rodenrs.
used ior mnking holes jn the road for the purpose ofmaintenan.e,
90
Science 1l TechnologV
Can you identify the following objects from their incomplete definitions?
. This thlng is a cylindrical object nrade ol wax rvhich is used for gi\.ing light
lhen there ls no electricity
. This thing is a long rectangular object nacle ol wood or plastic which is used for
measurirg fie length ol thlngs.
. Ihls thing is a heavy tool made of metal and u.ood q,hich is used lor knocking
rails into wood.
\o\\'in the same way, write incomplete definitions- Give the class word (object,
:er ice, tool, instrument) and the characteristics and function, but do not men-
::oI1 the rume. When your delinitions have been checked, take turns to read
irem aloud to the class, who will try to write down the name of the thing you
:,1 e de{ined.
So, Dad, there's a b g day coming up. Sixteenih of l\,4ay. Have you remembered?
Oh, realy? What's that, then?
Someone's birthday. Dad. Someone you ove lots, and want to grve a blg expenslve
present to, if on y someone reminds you of the date.
Oh, really? Your bidhday, ls it?
That's right.
Wel , actually, I hadn't forgotten. I was talk ng to your mother about it yesterday, and she
thought we could get you avdeo.
A video? What do you mean?
Well, you know, a fim or something that you'd ike to see.
Dad, in the flrst place, that's a really smal present for someone's fifteenth bldhday. And
anyway, lf you didn't akeady know, nobody buys videos any more. lt's DVDS now.
Oh really? What's that then?
It's dig tal, Dad. EveMhing is dig tal now.
What's wrong with v deos, then?
Dad, digita is the iuture. Yolr get better piciure qualty. And you can play the disk a
million times f you ike, and it doesn't wear oul. Not lke those old tapes. DVD - d gita
v deo disk or somethlng ike that.
Disk? So, how do you watch t? Would t iit into the VCB?
D-a-a a-dl You need a DVD player. DVD ls digital and our VCR is analogue, I keep telling
you. You can't play a d gital d sk in an analogue player.
So, we'd have to buy one ofthese players?
They're not expensive, Dad. They're much cheaper now than a few months ago. Now lf
you wanted to buy me a reaiiy n ce birthday preseni...
91
UNIT 7
Who do you feel more sorry for, Billy or his father? Why?
Arange these adjectives in pairs of opposites, one to describe Billy, and one to
describe his father:
. reactionary . old fashioned
forward looking . backward-looking
up-to-date . progressive
ignorant . modern
scientifically literate . out-of-dale
Do you think it's true that older people are more ignorant o[ the latest techno-
logical developments than the young?
What points do both Billy and the a icle make? What would you do if you wele
Billy! father? Can you think of any technological changes that have happened in
rour lifetime?
Read the article again and llnd the answers to these questions:
1 Who or what is Dixons?
i. How many DVD players are being sold
now, in comparison with five years ago?
I \\'hen did VCRS starr Lo become less
-,::ular?
- For how long was the VCR popular?5.
.i iat is fte
main point of lhis news item?
93
UNIT 7
So of course, it follows from this rnajor difference that the two rnachines use different rnedra i.
carry ihe infonnation. As Billy explained to his father, the VCR uses a cassette containing 254
rnetres of oxide coated l\ly ar tape that acts as the recording med um. On this tape, there is :
sound track, wh ch is one conlinuous I near strip along the iop of the tape, and also a video s gna
Because a video signa needs much more information than an audio signal, lt cannot be recordea
linearly, lke the sound. lnstead, it is recorded in separate fields recorded at an angie to the aLrdr.
track. lf you look ins de a VCB, you wi I see thai the head that reads ihe video signal is a rotatinQ
drum, which revolves 1800 times a rninuie, and which is tilted at an angle to the tape. ln this wa)
it manages to read much more information. lf lt were stored ineady, the tape would need to be
80 kiornetres long. The complex mechanisrn inside the VCR pulis the tape past the audio head.
which, unlike the video head, is f xed, then past the revolving v deo head, then past the erase
head, allthe time being held in position by rollers.
Unlke the VCR, a DVD has its information stored in the form of little bumps and pits (hills anc
holes), whlch are cut by a laser into the surface. These represent the digiial ones and zeros
These are so uny as io be nvisib e to the naked eye, blt there is so much nformation on a double
sided, double layer DVD that if it cou d be stretched out in a straight line, lt wou d be nearly 5C
kilometres long. They are read by a laser, rather than a recording head, and are converted bac,
into an analogue signal, to be played through your speakers. Ivore recenl kinds of DVD ha\:
information bLrrnt nto both sides of the disk, and even in two layers on each side, which can ho :
17 GB of information.
The dlgita formai has several advantages over the VCR. The most important frorr our po nt cj
view as users of the equipment, is that the plastic-coated d sks, unl ke the fragile tape, do nc:
deteriorate wlth use, and are less likey to be damaged by careless use. Whereas a tape s a liiile
less sharp each time you watch it, a digital disk always malntains its quality. This is also true lor
recordlng. lf you copy a tape. the copy s always inferior to the orig nal, and if you copy the copy.
it is very poor in terms of quality. Digita copying, however, maintains the same qua ity over each
copying generation.
Although miLlions of people around the world sti I use VCRs, their days are probab y numbered as
the digital revolution marches on. As prices oi DVD piayers and recorders come down, and as
people realize how much better the quality oI digital information is, more manufacturers will stop
making VCBS, and in a few years from now, they wil be museum pieces.
24 Diagrams
Compler ideas are often better expressed in the form ofa picture or diagram, rather
than trying to explain it in words. Look at the following pictures and diagrams.
and use the text to label these things:
A. A digiral speedometer
B. An analogue speedorneler
C-A diagrammatic representation of thc difference between analogue and digital
inlormation
D. the audio track on a piece of recordi[g tape
f. rhe vide.r -ign;lon a prcce ^[ rc.nrdirg lape
F a cross section of a single-sided single-layer DVD.
G. a cross-section of a single sided double-layer DVD
H. a cross-seclion ol a clouble sided double-layer DVD
I. the audio head of a VCR
J. the video head of a VCR
K. the erase head o[ a VCR
3rry
Science ll 'lechnoloey
95
UNIT 7
13. How long would a tape be if the video signal was recorded linearly?
Can you remenber an expression in the text which means the same as the
following things? Try and remembel then scan the text to find the original
expressions. (They come in the same order as below.)
1. they do the same job
2. to stop a video iape wirh a picture
still on the screen
3. how the machlne does thesejobs
4. your speed at this moment
5. not changing at all
6. you cannot see it without lhe help of a microscope
7. digital is better than a VCR is various ways
L their condition does not get worse when they
are used
9. a copy is not as good as the original
I0. thel will be objr. l- L,f cLLIosit\. not in com-
96
Science Il Technology
tonl@letters-computernews.com
Dear Tony,
Although lwent to school in pre-computer days", I now use computers every day in my
,vork, and also in my personal life, and have got to the point now where I can't imagine how
,ve used to manage without them. Believe it or not, I used to use a pen for all my work. Any-
'l/ay, the thing is, although I am a heavy user, I really don't know an},'thing about how they
'./ork. l'm like a professional truck driver that doesn't know how to put diesel in the tank. To
'nake matters worse, I have no idea what to do if things go wrong. I'm absolutely helpless. I
can't tellthe difference between a memory chip and a hard disk. I wouldn't recognize a grap-
iics card if one of them iumped up and bit me on the nose. And when people start talking
about gigab),tes and RAM, I go quietly to sleep in my chair until they've finished. I buy your
-nagazine regularly, and lfind the product reviews and the program tutorials very useful.
However, I think it would be a great idea if you could include in a future edition a simple guide
f,n what to do when things go wrong, for people like me who are terrified of opening the
;over of a computer, so that we don't have to go running to our colleaglres or neighbours (or,
worse, our childrenl)for help. Meanwhile, congratulations on a great magazine, keep up
=ven
::e good work-
Sam
ssmith@bluebird.net
97
UNIT 7
Read it again more slowly now, and the answer bellow, and discuss these questions:
1. Do you think this person is aliaid of technology or is he / she comforrable wirh ir?
2. What does the wriler mean by "l'm a hear.y user"?
An exc€llent idca, Sanr, and as iI happens. you.s is onl,v one olmany sinilar enuils we'\.e
htrd. so ncxt nDntht ediiion will hayejusl Lhc rhing for )ou Kccp bu)1rg rlie nast
8. Do you rhink the recipient of the docunent senl Llte writer a letter?
9. Why in the answer does the writer call lhe other person by his or her first name?
10. What promise does the writer give here?
11. What does the writer mean by 'jnsl rhe rhing for you'?
12. The wdter of the first document was asking for 'help and advice'? If you were
TonX would you be able to give the writer any help or advice? Pool all rhe
resources ln the class, and try and preclict what help and aclvice might appear in
"nexl month! edition"?
98
Scien.e ll Tei:hnology
Listen to vaious classmates saying the word. Do they all pronounce it the same way?
Now read these two words aloud, and listen to your classmates reading them:
ship chip
Recognition:
Your teacher will
read words at random from this table. Ifyou think the word is
from column l, hold up one finger in the air. lf you think it is from column 2,
hold up two fingers.
ship chip
shin
wish
dish ditch
shop
Ship! Chip!
Production:
Now try the sarne thing in pairs, and then choose various classmates to come to
the front of the class.
99
UNIT 7
Sam, n the ema I in 3.1, talked about a problem which is commolr these days: how to deal with
the increasing amount of technology in our lives. We musl all feel the impact of iechno ogy.
someumes in good, beneficial ways, and sornetirnes n bad ways- Sam felt frustration because
he or she was not in contro of something which was very important in his or her life - computer
techno ogy. ln T970 an American named Alvin Toff er wrote a book called Future Shock in which
he described the feeling of disorientation and confusion that lncreasing numbers of people fee
as the advances in technology seems to increase faster than people can absorb them.
The text in 2.2 and 2.3 talked about how VCRS have been a usefu tool 'for a qenerauon'. That's
an important phrase, because it means that, maybe for the frst time, things are now being
invented and are becoming obsolete ALL WITHIN THE TIME SPAN OF A SINGLE LIFETII,IE. We
have to learn new techno ogy, and then unlearn it and learn new things, over and over again. One
of the things that Toffler sa d was: "The il iierate of the 2T 5r century wil not be those who cannot
read and write, bul those who cannot learn, unlearn, and re earn. How far do you agree with this
statement?
3.8 Debate
100
)
I
Energy
tr\\ N\,
r
Ef.i,il
UN]T 8
PRE-FOCUS
Thiqh abol.tt d L)pical ddy illlow lik. \\that do you do thdt needs rnerg/? write do\n
the thiflgs tltut you (lo fitd where you lllillh the energt yoLt us4 Jor each actirit)) comes
Jtom.
Example:
You come to school on the school blls energy comes from petrol
When you hoe finished your list, .olnpar. iL *ith a ptlrtncr's.
Energy
All iving things need energy. Energy makes
things grow, keeps us warm and suslains ife,
Without energy, al living things wou d die. We
can invent machines to do our work and help
us explore the universe but they al need
energy to drive thenr. Without energy supp ies
we could do very little becaLrse al our
machines would stop working.
As more and more people live on the Eadh
their energy needs increase and the search
for new energy sources becomes more
urgent. So one of the most mportant lasks
facing englneers and sclentlsts today is how
to suppy people wth enough energy in the
future. Energy s all around us, n the food
we eat, in the wind, the waves and in fossil
fuels such as coal and oil. We are only iusi
beginning to learn how to use these natural
resources efficient y and sensib y.
10.2
Energy
Tahle I
103
I]NIT 8
Write similar sentences from the phrases giYen. Use the following compara-
tives: slightly more, a lot fiore, dlot less, the least, the nost, twice as much, half as
much
1. sleeping/using the computer
2. sitting reading/swimming
3. sleeping
,1. hard physical work/walking slowly
5. walking upstairs/sleeping
6. using the computer/sitting reading
104
Energy
Examples:
. My father gave up smoking last year. (My father stopped smoking last year-)
. The car bomb went off outside the embassl (The car bomb exploded outside
the embassy)
. I get on very well with my sister (I have a good relationshlp with my sister.)
Find the following phrasal verbs in the text in 1.4 and use thc context to match
them with their meanings.
Now use the phrasal verbs in the correct rrerb tense to complete the sentences.
1. Have you read many book to energy?
2. Our teacher asked us to some ideas lor the end-o[-term party.
3. Irs very dark rn hcre. Could )ou the light, please.
4. Sorry I was late for class but my car petrol-
5. I need.omeone lo lend me 50me 666.y. and Lhats where you
6- My mother was very cross after I all her favourite perfume.
105
UN]T 8
rts engine and make it move. The chemical energy ts converted io heat
enerov which ts then
.]9, ro k 1e rL energ) , rhe -nov'ng oads. Borh hpar ancr sourierersy a.. give"
::iy:11d,:] ll:"
Orldurrnq lhe.onversion, .
The (dr oalteryalco sLores energv ndchen(a fO,n ano use. a cherrica.
reaction to suppry eecticai energy to various devices in the car A[
batteries store chlmrca enerqy.
-;;---1/
_) -1
\
tr. --r' _
";____u/
-,4
\
1.7 Pronunciation
Say the following words to yourself and underline where you
think the stress is.
Example: kinetic energy
potenlial energy gr-avitational energy combustio11
nuclear energy resen,oir electdcity
chernical energy conservation machine
mechanicai energy
Now listen to your teacher saying the words and check your pronunciation.
Practise with a pa ner.
Do you understand the meanings of all rhe terms? Check the meanings
with a
pa ner, a dictionary or your teacher.
106
Energy
,'/e need to find ways of providing adequate and affordable energy for all, while promoting envi-
.nmenta sustainability. [,4any of Southern Africa's med um- and long term energy needs cou]d
ee dealt with through regional cooperation.
ilere are several techno ogies that could improve the sustainability of the regional electrcty
idustry ln addition to reducing pollution from coal-fired power stations, hydroelectric and solar
aower, natural gas, wind, tide and wave power may a I help the region address its energy needs
,yith minimum lmpact on the environment.
iwo fin te, non renewable energy sources available in the region are coal and o l. Coal
T}le firsi
s used in many coal fired power stations. Burning coa to produce electrlclty however causes
-rious envlronmental prob ems as pollution from power siations contributes to global warming
a'ld acid rain. We could start by reducing pollution from these power stations. This po lution can
Je reduced by uslng equipment wh ch removes oxides of sulphur and nitrogen frorn the gases
-e eased when coal ls burnt. This could result in e ectricity being rnore expensive, but th s
should be weghed against the benefits to the environment. Coal and oi siocks are finite and
sooner or laterwe shall have to rely on another source of energy-
Athough lt is a non renewable resource, it has great potential
A third energy source is natural gas.
:s a future energy source for Southern Africa. There are large naiural gas reserues in Namlbia and
!,.tozambique, which could export the gas to neighbouring countries- Natural gas produces less pol
.lion than other fossil fuels. ln fact, latest natural gas burning turbines can produce electriciiy 50%
-ores efficently than those burnlng coal. Because of ts advantages over coal and oil, some ana-
'rsts see naturalgas as the besi fuel for the transition to energy efficiency and renewab e energy.
_lydroe ectricity is an alternative energy source which is renewable and does not pollute. Howev-
... it is expensive, and requires the construction of large dams which have significant social and
3.v ronmental costs. ln addition, this opt on requires regional cooperation and political stability.
So ar energy can be used to produce heat. ln lsrael more than two thirds of houses are fitted with
solar water heaters. Southern Africa experlences more sunshine than most places and there s
Ieat potential for widespread use of solar water heaters, particularly in mass, Iow-income hous-
rg projects. However, the initial investment for solar panels is expensive as large areas of panels
'Je needed to collect useful amounts of energy. So{ar energy could be particularly useful in remote
grid, such as farms, rural clinics, and water pumping stauons.
'Jeas far from the electricrty
,Vind energy is freely available and poses less of a threat to the environment than fossiJ and
alclear energy sources. Wind energy can provide electricity for communities not linked to the
:lectricity grid.
Ihere is much debate among energy planners in Southern Africa as to whether nuclear
snergy should play a role ln the area's future. Using current technology it is an expensive
3pt on, with unresolved environmental problerns such as the disposal and storage of waste
aroducts.
(adapted lrom ww.picknpay.co.za)
107
UN IT 8
N (i R N E B a T I N L B L U
E M U G (. 5 x H 1
I (; T I T o E L M O C E R
a U I U l s L E B 7 M I II
P N R R o 7 x o E U M B
II R E L c U N H S E N T
N R a I N R T 5 l L o
N Z H E R N S O K T R
x T o N o I R C E B I C
S I D N K E S R S N L) C
(lron www.sec.org.zal
37 thirty-seven
500 five hundred
(remember no 's' on hundreil, thousatcl, million)
)46 two hundred and forty-six
(remember'and' only before the trts)
3,000 three thousand
(remember the comma (,) is rced to show thouscnds)
I
23,714 twenty-three thousand seven hundred and eighteen
+49324 four hundred and eighty nine thousand three hundred and twenty-for.r:
2,103,024 two million one hundred and three thousand and twenty four
I
L
2i 67 twenty-three point six seven
I
(remember the (.) is a decimal poitt dnd dlter Lhe decimol poitt yon so)
th e numb e rs in dit i dually )
I6.098 sixteen point oh (or zero) nine eight
i
I
!
i2 "c thirty two degrees Celsius
108
Energy
Now work in pairs. One ofyou is Student A and rhe other is Studenr B.
Student A
Say these numbers to your partner He/she will write them down.
1.98 6. 45 .C
r.80% 7. 18.359
3. t7 ,622 a. 2ya/2001
+. 1865 (year) 9. 367
i. 10,415,191 10. 5.15
\ow you write the numbers your partner says. Check when you finish.
StEdent B
\\rite the numbers your pa nel says. Check whcn you finish.
\orv say these numbers to your partner. He/she will write them down.
.+i 6.6.207
r t0/11/98 7.818
: 1+92 (year) 8. 19 "C
:8i,572 9.25,119,S28
: 1lo/. t0.3,131
109
IINIT 8
000 0.00
South Africa
0.00 0.00
ooo 0.00 0_00
110
'-\rili
$
i\\\ r (
flncrQy
2.5 Presentation
The class is divided into two groups, Students A and Students B.
When you have finished your text, you will work with a student who has pre-
pared a different text.
Student A
Use the structure of the completed text in 2.5 and the figures in the table below
to write a paragraph about 'Coal in Southern Africa' .
Read your text about "Coal in Southern Africa' to Student B, who will complete
the missing information in hisAer table.
Now, Student B is going to read his,4rer text on rrPetroleum in Soutlrern Africa".
Listen and complete the missing information in your table.
Republic of Congo
0.00 000
0.00 000
Zimbabu e 0.00 0.00
111
UNIT 8
Student B
Use the slruclure of the text in 2.5 and the figures in the rahle helow to write a
paragraph about'Petroleum in Southern AIrica'.
0.00 l1 00 0.00
0.00 23.0 000
250.8 4.16 OO t5_7
Now, Student A is going to read his/her text on 'Coal in Southern Africa'. Listen
anJ (ornplcrc lhe mi.-rnB inlo|rdlron in )our table.
Now, read your text on "Petroleum in Southeln Africa" to Student A, who will
complete the missing information in his / her table.
112
Energy
Solar box cookers are easy lo make. One design is easy enough for a 1O-year-old to build. They
are made by fitting iwo boxes of cardboard cartons one inside the other with a layer of newspaper
cr oiher insulating material between them. A dark bottom tray is fitted inside the inner box. Then
a heat resistant, plastic lid is put over the top of the boxes. This opens at an angle to act as a
.eflector. The lid and inner box are covered with shlny aluminium foil which reflects
the sunliOht
cnto a dark-coloured cooking pot.
Solar box cookers produce no srnoke and no pollution, Women and chiidren are most exposed
ro high levels of harmful smoke and sufier the most serious health damage lrom diseases such
as lung cancer, acute respiratory infections, ear and eye problems, breathlessness, chesi pains,
'readaches and giddiness.
Soar box cookers can pasteurize drlnkrng water: heating water to 65.C for six minutes
destroys disease organisms, and this temperature ls easily achieved with solar box cookers.
Firewood doesn't do this so we I
Solar box cookers would also save mrllons of women many hours (or days) wasted searching
'or firewood, giving them the time to look after their chi dren, grow more food, and for education
which is the key to reducing population gro\,,th. They cannot replace firewood use, but they
can supplement it.
(aclapled f rom http:/4o!rreytoioreverorg)
't t3
Url-lT 8
Energy consultants
Drawbacks of burning wood
. environmental damage global warming, greenhouse effect
. health concern( - 5mokc carrying h..ar,ry loa.ls
. time - spenditg longer and longer collecting wood
. education - girls needed to help mothers
. water - boiling to remove impu ties
DolrI forget to use the la\gudge oJ ad,rice afid suggestion that we hdye pr..ctiseA.
\4llage women
. traditional lifesrle - gpes o[ food
. fear of innovation
. walking - good form of exercise out in fresh air
. time for chatting away from house
. girls leam by example
Doni jorget to use.the language Jot accepting dtld. rcjecting odyice or s ggestions
that we ha\,a ptattised.
l. Work with students with Lhe same role play card as you. prepare whal you are
going to say in the discussion. Talk about the ideas on rhe cards and add rnore
of your own. Get as many ideas either.for the project (Lhe energy consullantsl
or dgdirist il lthc r illaEc womin ,.
). I lold a generel dr., u-'rnn n.irh r charrmrn.
3. Now wdte a report of the discussion and lhe outcome.
114
Health
,lirlidtll\rii.Lt!\r\\\\!!iit\!'
UNIT 9
PRE-FOCUS
ln small groups looh at lhe picturs tnd ilis.l.tss what *pects of health thq, rePresnl
Mahe olist of dny othet dspects you thinh shouldbe discussed in a unit on Heallh.
116
IIealth
Others*
3. Complete the notes on the main causes o[ death in different parts of the
world. Put the most comnon cause first.
117
UN iT 9
DF\''F,I-OPED COIINTRIES
l. Heart disease caused by a) bad diet
b)
c)
d)
2. caused by a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
+.
5. C)thers
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1. e-g.,
iD
iii)
iv)
a)
b)
2.
3.
4.
5 Others
114
Hcaltll
20 dianhoea
26 rnalaria
I borr weighing less rhar 2 kg (pcrhaps 2 bom underweight because rhe Lnorh.r vas
because the molher smoked dunng pregmncy)
approx d200 per year spenr on healthcare approx dl pery.ar spenr on healhcare
::ch of these i lnesses will be more dangerous in the South because the chi d w I have ess food
-: eat and may not have recovered from the ast ilness.
I 'i.
i
r
j, ..\,i\
119
UN IT 9
At the Doctor
A: Good morning. Please come n and sit down.
B: Good rrorning. Thank you.
A: Now, what can I do foryou? What's the matter with you?
B: Well. it's like this. I have been fee ing a bit under the weaiher these last two days and l've hac
this alL.ful headache. And I don't know but ljust seem to be getting worse.
A: Um, a bad headache. Anyth ng else? Have you been feeling tired?
B: Oh, yes, pretty exhausted. And l've been coughing a lot too.
A: I see. So, let me ask you some quesuons about your lifestyle. Do you smoke?
B: Oh, yes. l've been smoking for years.
A: How many cigarettes do you smoke a day?
B: Oh, lots! But l've cut down a lot in the last month to only about 20 or 30. I've only smoked five
so far today-
A: So, what about exercise? Do you do any sports or get any physical exerc se?
B: Well. to be honest, not a lot, l'm not very keen on exercise- I haven't done any sport for a while
now But I waik to the pub every night and walk home agaln. And I rea ly enjoy watching foot_
bdl on ry if that's any goodl
A: And how manv hours TV do you watch a day?
B: Oh, we!I, maybe 5 or 6 hours. But l'm not a couch potato as I always get up between programrnes
to get another beer from the fridge.
A: Oh, really. And how many beers do you get through a day?
B: Well, that's difficult to say. l've cut down a lot on those too recently so I only have four or five a
nlght.
A: How interesiingl What about water? How much water do you drink on average a day?
B: Well, actually, I don't like water at all so I don't touch a drop.
A: OK. No water. So, let's think about your diet now. Do you think you eat wel ?
B: Oh, definitely. I love my food-
A: How many poriions of lruit and vegetables do you think you eat every day?
B: Oh, well, that is a tr cky question. Of course chips are potatoes, aren't they, so, two or three
portons of chips. And sometimes there's some lettuce or a slice of tomato in my hamburger
Other than ihat l'm not very fond of fruli and veg. I much prefer a nice siicky cake.
A: Right, so, what about your lob, Mr Smith? Are you under any stress? Do you get on well with
your colleagues?
I haven't been to work for the last week. They've really been getting on my
B: WeLl, actually,
nerves, asking me to do a lot of overtime. The boss even accused me of trying to get out of
do ng work by spending ioo long in the toilet- I ask you. Whatever next! No time to go to the
loo.
A: OK, I think I get the picture. Lefs start with a few tests. Would you iust hop on to the scales
here so I can get your weight. Um... very interesiing. And let me just listen to your chest. ljh
huh, I see. OK, I think I have one or two little suggestions to make...
120
liealth
3. I always get up between programrnes to get another beer from the fridge.
4. And how nrany beers do you get through a day?
5- Do you get on well with your colleagues?
6. Thefr.e really been getting on my nerves,
121
UN]T 9
Look at the table of phrasal verbs and expressions with 'get" Match the verb
with its definifion or synonym.
7. get back
When we use lhe Present Perfect Continuous, we are interested in the activily
itself or the duration of the activity. 11 is nor important if the activity is flnished or
nol The five examples from the dialogue are all still taking place.
When we use the Present Perfect Sirnple, the important thing is lhat the activity
has been completed. Examples 6 and 7 from the dialogue are finished acrions
where we are more inlerested iD the result than in the activity itself.
Example 8 is in the Present Pedect sinple because it is an example o[ a stative
verb. Stative verbs are not normally used in the continuous form. Remember verbs
like "understand', 'believe", "see', "like' and 'have' are stative verbs e.g. I've
liked basketball lbr many years.
Compare the following examples.
Pedro has been working too much rccently Hes worked ten hnrr so far this wcelr
He'.s been driving for three yea6. Hels just driven I 10 kilonetles lrom Mapltto.
Thelve been eatins too much Who has eaten all my chocolates?
Now for each situation, write questions using the words in brackets (Q.). Then
write the a[swers using the words i brackets (A.).
1. You have a friend who is leaming 4. You have a friend who smokes. You ask:
ro drive Yormsk: Q. (how many cigarettes/smoke/today?)
Q. (lT ow long4earn/ro drive?) A. (three so far)
A. (two months) Q. (how long/smoke?)
Q. (how many driving lessons,4rave?) A. (about a year)
A- (six lessons)
2. You have a friend in a rock band. 5. You are doing a survey on leelh. You ask:
You ask: Q. (Brush your teetMhis moming?)
Q. (how many CDs/make?) A' (Yes)
A. (two CDs) Q rHo$ many lrmeJ8o lo lhc drnti.ti
Q. (how long/play together?) this lear?)
A. (eighteen months) A. (twice this year)
3. You have a lriend who has 0u. 6. You have a lriend who is saving money
You ask: to buy a car. You ask:
Q t'hon lor/fccl,,undcr lhc $.arh.r:l Q. (how long/save?)
A. (lor three days) A. (Lwo years)
Q. (how lontri4rave/a headache?) Q. (how much money/save?)
A. (since yesterday) A. (about half ofwhat is needed)
123
UN iT 9
What about the meanings? Check that you know them all with a partner, your
teacher or a dictionary.
2.2 Pronunciation
Can you pronounce all the words in 2.1? Practise with a partner and then ask
your teacher to say the words so that you can check.
124
lleat 1r
Hepatitis B
\lalaria sliaking, .hi1ls
Ieler, nasal congestlD...
$.rkn.sc in m,r..l.s
disodentitioD, delirium,
intestinal bleeding
Do you know the symptoms o[ these diseases from your gerreral knowlcdge?
Try to complete the s),mptoms column using s),mptoms lrom the list you made
in 2.1.
Now read the text below to check your answers.
AIDS/HlV and other venerea diseases are widespread and very strict precautions should atways
ce taken. Whenever you have sexual contact, you should use a condom. Hosp tal workers deal
!\r th AIDS vict ms on a regular basis and they are well aware of the dangers invo ved ln using
.rnsterilised need es.
Cho era This ts a bacteria dlsease transmitted mainly throuoh contamination oi food and water.
rerson to person transmission s rare. Severe cases of cho era start wth watery diarrhoea and
,,omiting may also occur The disease wll quickly dehydrate you and it is therefore essentia to
..rse an oral rehydration soiution contain ng water and salts. lf a severe case is eft Llntreated, the
3at ent can become unconscious and go nto a coma. You shoud take care with the water that
-ou dr nk and also wrth any ice that you use. Be carefulwith raw and nadequately cooked fish or
seafood and uncooked vegetables and sa ads as these may also be contaminated_
lepaUtis A - This is a vlra infect on of the llver transm tted through poor personal hygiene, poor
:an taton and int,mate contact. Nlany people get the disease through contaminated water or food.
rgain, take care wlth the waier that you drink and wiih taw vegetables and salad, and uncooked or
.rndercooked fish. The syrnptoms include fever, ack of appetite, nausea, abdomina pans, dark
rrine and jaundrce. Hepatitis A is very rare y laial and has no specifc treatment other than rest.
125
uN r 9
Heoatitis B - This is only normaly transmitted through blood, body fluid or sexual contact. The
symptoms usually include loss of appetit-a, extreme tiredness, nausea, vomiUng and stomach
pain. The disease is an infection of the liver and can last from a few weeks to several months. la
some instances the disease is incurable and some people remain infected for the rest of their
lives. As in the case of Hepatit s A, there is no specific treatment for thls infect on.
Malaria This disease is transmitted to humans through a mosqu to bite. It is characterised with
in fourleen days by periods of chills, fever and sweats. Symptoms such as fever, shaking, chils,
tiredness, headache, nausea, and vomiUng can be seen. Treatment must be sought from a health
professional and usually involves the taking of chloroquine and primaquine. The best way to pre-
vent malaria is to take special precautions to avold contact with mosquitoes. These lnclude
wearing sensib e clothes at dawn and dusk, sleeping under nets, and fitting insect screens on
the w ndows and doors.
Measles - This is a highly communicable disease, whrch s common among children. The main
symptoms include fever, sneezing, conjunctivitis, cough and a rash. lt can be dangerous, espe-
cia ly for children who are not well-nourished. The ma n treatment ls to deal with the fever and to
apply soothing creams to the rash. But it is important to watch for the development of serious
conditions that would need specific medicai keatment.
Tuberculosis (rB) - TB is a contagious iiness that s spread to others when infected people
cough or sneeze. People with low immune systems, poor nutrition and poor hygiene and sanita-
tio. faciliUes are the most likely to be affected. The symptoms are tiredness, fever, weight loss,
cough, chest pains, shortness of breaih, night sweats and blood in the saliva. Treatrnent involves
a number of drugs taken over a long period of time.
126
He;rllh
1. possible 7. dependent
2. interested 8. convenient
3. lrequent 9. probable
4. prepared l0- clean
5. polite I l. relevant
6. regular J 2. friendly
127
UN]T 9
1
l
-l
i
'rl
, ,',,
'l ,-
:11.,.
,\\\\N,1\\\\\\\$\N
Water
UN]T 1O
If there are words in the quiz that you don't know, Iind their meanings from a class-
mate, dictionary or your teacher.
Waier
-4'*).-'-'-'-
A-l! -,r.,_5':, .5 i_---\
r-"r,r.--rr..
1{ihcD hoDr Ilxrrru.tiot ro IIrnd, dD, \o.J,rl tlL)l.r!\ b\ Dor iUackcrr dD.l Bri,r l.ricsl
I Th€:Slln heaG thevaier in the sea and anyorher wer sufaces causinq ir ro evaDor;t,l
Clouds form.
Water js lrarepircd from plana and rees and iorms vatervapour in fie air.
water moves ftom the rireN and lak€s by graviry ro rhe sea.
ur.r. f,i, j .n, ludr- rh,A" rnd ,"J.'n,,,t our',ii
Risiry air currems rake the warervapour up inlo rhe armosphere.
Precipitaiion such as Iain lals to rhe ground from ctouds.
The temperarure decreases.
The waler lbrnE vater vapour in rhe air.
Water from river and lakes tonn rhe chief naturat sources ot warer for irrigati"g tt .rop.,
and domestic and indusrrial use. "
The water vapour condenses.
Warer collecG in rivers and 1ak.5. ,_
R,\ n - .id latclre of.en . or\ enk nr pr,.?. ro dump u.F L s jre,.
t4 Sinc€ sewage olten conrains rhe paLhogens olsuch i.restinat diseases as ryphoid or chotera,
its presence nr waler rharis ro be used tor drinkiDg or washins is a h:zard ro heatrh.
131
UNIT 1O
The Sun heats the water in the sea and any oiher wel surfaces causing ir to evapo-
rate.
Since sewage often contains the pathogens of such intestinal diseases as typhoid
or cholera, its presence in water that is to be used for drinking or washing is a
hazard to health.
Now in a small group, rew te the sentences from 1.2 in a better way including
reference words, relative clauses, sequence markers and cause and effect
expressions. Make any other improvements you can think of.
Finally, pass your writing to other groups and read theirs. Comment on the
things you like about the othel writings.
evaporatlon
oanspiration
condensation
formation
precipitation
irrigation
dumping
sewage
Now mark the sffess on the words and practise the pronunciation. Check with
your teacher.
Finally write the verbs next to the nouns. Be careful, one of them doesnt have a
verb!
1.5 Reading for Detail<
How much do you know about the climate of Mozambique? With a partner
decide if the lbllowing statements about the climare in Mozambique are True
(T) or False (F). If they are False, correct them.
1- The clinate is tropical only in the Nonh of the country
2. The wann Mozambique curent llows northwards along the coast and doesn,t
affect the chmate.
3. The wettest areas are between Beira and Maputo.
't 33
UNIT IO
We use "for' + a period o[ time to say how long something Soes on.
for an hour for two weeks for a long time
. They studied English for an hour last night.
. we have been Lo the coast lor lwo weeks.
. I am goiog to Nampula for a long time.
134
Water
TV Weather Svmbols
(r\ 17
o '25 q.
l. 'un-hrnc
Ar 6 *-
anr.l er,pect.d Lempctatutcr
oo8;
7. temperatures below freezing
2. snow 8. dull-weather clouds
3. degrees above zero 9. sunny periods
r.9 Listening
Listen to the weather forecast that your teacher is going to read, circle the corect
weather forecast for each region and write the average day and night temperatures.
Maputo
hoL/wam/ cool / cold showers and sunny periods/heary rain
wet /dry
extreDely high / hlgh / Iow humidity
Sofala
Tete
hot / wa.m / cool / cold showers and s unny periods / hea\y rain
wer / dry
extreuely high / high / low humidity
135
I]NIT 10
Now look at the table below and decide in which month this weather forecast
was given. Give reasons and opinions using the information in the table.
r.ro writing
Either:
A. write a comparison of the three climate zones shown in the tables in 1.9. To
illustrate your writing, draw a bar chart to show the comparative rainfall and
draw line graphs to show the temperatures. Look back to Unit 6 to check
how to draw these graphs.
Or:
B. Write a short report on the climate of your region. Use the text in 1.5 and all
the oth€r exercises in 1.6 - 1.9 to help you.
136
Task Cycle 2: Clean Water
2.1 Discussion
Which of the following do you think are causes of water pollution. Tick (/) the
{irst column.
es oi Water Pollution
buLnrg ot lossn Iurls
Compare your answers with a partner and the rest of the class.
2.2 Reading
Read the following text to check the causes ofwater pollution
Water Pollution
An adequate supply of clean water rs essential for our healthy survival- Water makes up 70
75% ofthe body and to remain healthy we need to consurne at least eight glasses of clean water
a day. We would d:e withrn a week wrthout adequate supplies of potable or drinking waier. Bui
even water that appears to be clear may contain pathogenic organisms. So in order to proteci
ourse ves from a number of waterborne d seases, we must take special care to ensure our water
supplies do not become polluted.
There are many causes of this pollution but probably ihe one that we are most aware of is
sewage. When raw sewage finds iis way into a river it causes pollullon in several ways. The pres-
ence of pathogenic organisms in the sewage is a danger to the health of the people us ng the
rver water for washing or bathing as well as to those who drink it.
137
UNIT IO
To a lesser extent, modern detergents can a so pollute. We use them for c eanlng ihings from
c othes and ktchen utensis to industra products, butthefoamthey produce, when mixed with
water. s soraetmes very dffjcut to clestroy. lt can be a nuisance in a sewage works since the
treatment processes do not destroy the detergent chemca When the treated sewage ls ds-
charged back into the river the foam may affect the oxygen supp y of the fish and an mals and
may also cause plants to grow more raprdly, caus ng the blockage of rvers and akes.
Factores ol many kinds produce souble waste materas whch they have to dispose oi. ll is
easy to discharqe such solub e waste raateriaLs into a rver or nto the sea, but the effects may be
dlsastrous. Organlc waste has a simllar elfecl to raw sewage while the wastes from chemica
processes nvoving heavy metals sLlch as copper and ead can be exiremely poisonous.
Chem cal pol ution oi the sea can also be the result oi the cleanlng out of shlps' fuel tanks or the
disposal of untreated sewage. Oi sp !s from lankers can have disastroLrs effects on the fish
orro, a-d a i-ras ivi-g r. rL. dfelred a..a.
Fertiizers that are spread on the land to produce betler crops rnusi be so uble f they are to be
absorbed through ihe roots of the plants. ln areas of heavy rainfa l. fert lzers , partrcu arly nitrates
and phosphaies, may be washed otf the surface of the soi or washed ihrough ihe so I to appear
in spr ng water and rlvers. Here they may increase the popu at on of algae or other plants grow-
ing in ihe water and may result n much more material hav ng to be removed by the iiLtralion p ant
treating dr nk ng water. ln a sim lar way pestic des and nsect c des rnay f nd their way nto the
water aihough the r effect s seen more in the food chain than n water.
Sone co .-.ias b-n thei ,]-clFr. w,rs-e
; I'J oePo n'16 orod'o o" ii1. t r lha dPAo
pa,ts o' ._F <ea. Pro\ioed cd'e is 'a(a_ i'
, hand ing radioact ve mater als then the
. I.' r sk ol po ution is very sma indeed.
,, how-ve., o,ootaTls 'na arire w' e. ' 'r1o.
,. go w'o' g. I' ere rs rn o.Plo,io' th s 'eD
.. resenis a big risk io people lving ln a 20
)' km radius of the exp os on and a lesser
'' r sk oveT a w der area. However, the
radloactive fallout contaminates drink ng
water and crop p ants and may be taken
lnto the body.
ladapted from /ntrodu.aion to Hunan ahd Sacial
aiolo.ry bv Don Ma.kean a.d Bran Jo.es)
t. sE$r a;r:
2, DETERCENTS]
()nGANra \!-ASTLT
] FA'TOR]FS -
L (.II[t\'114.{L !\ASTE:
l FTRTII IZLRS:
5, NUCLEAR WASIE:
'138
Waler
Complete the following sentences using inlormation fiom the text. Use the
grammar box above to help you to complete the sentences.
139
UN 1T 1O
"In areas of heavy rainfall, lertilizers, particularly nitrates and phosphates, may be
washed off the surface of the soi] '
Look back at rhe text and see how many examples you can find of the modals
"can" and "may". They are all describing possible outcomes not definite facts.
Now complete the following text using either the Present Simple active or pas-
sive or the modal "can" or "may" in the active or passive form.
(Laken lron lnrodu.ri.rn to Hrrtu, dn.l-So.ial Biolo$, b) Don Mackean and BrianJones)
Now work with anothei pair. Tell them your reasons using the expressions
owitrg to, because of, sitrce, bectuse ar.d as that we pnctised in 2.4.
1. Do you think the village was invoived in the initial stages of the project?
2. Who do you think made the decisions about where to put the wells and latrines?
3. How do you think the village people could contribute ro the projecr?
4. Who do you think dug the wells and latrines?
5. There is someone called a village activist involved in the project. What do you
think hiVher roie is?
6. Do you know what different rnethods can be used to get water from a well?
7. Who do you think looks after the well in a village?
141
UNlT l0
Now read the following paragraph and compare your answers.
The commun ty were involved from the start of the project. Through dlscussions they decided
what they needed and where ihe wells and latrines should be built- After the planning stage they
had a choice whelher to contribute money, farm produce or work towards the construct on oi the
schemes. This community chose io dig the wells and latrines then a construction company
completed the projects. There is also a village activist here who is responsible for telling peop e
about hygiene, explalning how to use the new latrines properly and how to look after the wells
and keep them clean.
"Our community decided that the best place to buiid the well was next to the mosque so that
people can easily wash before they entel', says Catarina. "We chose to have a bucket for our
well as it is very diffrcult to buy spares for hand pumps here. The rope on the well broke recenty
and so now we are using a bicycle chaln instead, This is much better as it lasts longer and we
can buy ihem close by. Everyone ooks after the well. Anyone who sees it is dirty cleans it."
Fatima lvlamado, Catarina s neighbour is one of the vilLagers whose family now has an ECOSAN
latrine. This toilet has twin pits and a separate wash room. While one pit is in use the other is
sealed and the contents decompose into rich compost which they can then use for their plants.
After using the latrine users add an ash/soil mix which helps make the compost and also acts as
a kind of soap; as the Lrsers hands are dirty they wash them ln the separate washroom.
2.E Language focus: Used to, Didn't Use tolcompare and Contrast
There are two tables on the next page, which show the differences between the
past and the present situation in Nselerna village. One table shows the differ-
ences in the water situation and the other one shows the differences in the sani-
rarion situation- The class will be divided into two, Students A and Students B.
Students A are going to use the information in Table A 10 write about water. Stu-
dents B are going to use the informalion in Table B to write about sanitation.
Students A
In small groups of 3 or 4 students write about the situation with water in Nselema
village using Table A. Your text should include "used to" and "didn't use to", past
tenses and present tenses, and all the expressions we have pmctised for comparing
and contrasting like "while", "on the other hand", 'unlike" etc.
E.g. My mother used to fetch vrater from the river whereas now we have a well in the
village.
142
Waler
TableA-Villagewatcr
Past
wornen collected wateL fron Tarshy \r omen use e,elt in viLtage
-area
in rainy scason all dirt includirg taeces
dirclree covercd $ e]]
wxshed into water
far to valk lot water close to holne - qo there live iimes a day
pigs drank Irom same souree well nnrtecterl lrom arirnrls
people witli diarrho.a
lile dilllculL educaLins chilclren lile easier - more time tor oiher thnrcs su.h rs
Students B
In small groups of 3 or 4 stu-
dents write about the situation
with sanitation in Nselema vil-
lage using"fable B. Your text
should include "used to" and
'didn't use tor, past tenses and
present tenses, and all the
expressions we have practised
for comparing and contrasting
Iike !whilerr. 'on the other
hand", "unlike' .
E.g. We used to use a hole with wood across the top whereas now we have a toilet
with pits.
Table ll - Sanitalion
Past Present
hol. with \nod a.ross rop cdlled a prL h!.rnt toilet vith pits. one tu use and one sealed to
't43
IINIT l0
Task Cycle 3: Natural Disasters
Text A:
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina beoan as a very low pressure weather system, which strengthened to become
a tropical storm and eventualy a hurricane as it moved west and neared the Florida coast n the
southern USA on the evening of 25 August, 2005.
While crossing southern Florida it left sorre 100,000 homes without power. lt then strengthened
further before turning inland towards Louisiana, eventually hitt ng the coast at Grand lsle,
approximatey 90 km south of New Orleans, at loarr localt me on 29 August.
At this point, Katrina s susta ned wind speed was approx mately 200 km/h. The storm passed
diractly tnrough New Orlea_s. deslroyino
rnany lghter bu ldings and causing exten-
sive damage to others, The levees, which
protected New Orleans from the sea, were
broken and extensive flooding took p ace.
Most people had already eft the town but
others, who were sheltering ln the local sta-
dium. had to be evacuated because the
town became lrn nhabliab e. Luck ly, in New
Or eans only about 56 peop e lost their lves
thanks to the early warn ngs and the mass
evacuation procedures. Over the whole
area, however. the death toll stands at T383.
There was a Presidentia cr sis when il
became obvious that there were not
enough boats, helicopters or buses aval-
able for rescue operations to take place
smoothly. Some people had to be forced to
leave their hornes owing to the rlsk of
waterborne dlseases and the lack of food.
Biot police were brought in to stop the loot
ing of shops and houses.
144
fJater
Text B:
Tropical Storm Stan
Tropical Siorm Stan devastaied large parts of
Guatemala, El Salvadot and lvlexico. On 4h October
2005, Stan came ashore as a Category One hurri
cane but quickly lost force. The storm produced
lands ides, flooding, and h gh winds throughout ts
path through southern and eastern Mex co and
Central America, as more than 500 mrn of rain fell.
N4ost of the damage was done by torrential rains.
Thousands lost their crops, homes and all their belong ngs- More than a third of the vtctims were
children. according to UNICEE The survivors stayed in makeshlft shelters, churches and on the
streets without food and clean water. An amazing number of indiv duals and NGOS worked on
disaster relief providing food, shelter, clean water and clothes.
14s
UNlT l0
Text C:
Floods in Mozambique
ln early 2000 a cyclone swept acToss southern Africa eading to three weeks of severe floods
which devastaled l\,4ozambique.
As the waters subsided in llozamb que following the worst floods in liv ng memory re ief effons
turned 1o feeding and shelterng the survivors. Nearly one million peope were desttute. They
needed c ean dr nking water, food, medical supplies and temporary sheLter But all this had to be
orovlded in the context oi a shattered infrastructure - roads, raiways and bridges were destroyed
and clinics swept away.
A ison Woodhead of the Disasters Emergency
Comnrittee (DEC), which was co-ordinating
the UK appeal, said the top prority was pro-
v dlng clean water.
Although the waters are receding in the
south, in some ways it is just the stad of the
prob ems because they leave behind dead
bodies and filthy pools of standing wate( ' she
added. konicaly in a country that has been
under water for weeks, dehydration is one of
the biggest problems and possiby the biggest
k lle( particu ady for the young and old. '
Ald workers feared the death tol would also
soared as a result of water borne diseases such
as malaria and cholera, which were both akeady
endemic in lvlozambique before the foods.
Relief agencies distributed hygiene kts, including oral rehydration salts and antibiotics, and col
lapsible water tanks, whch were mounted on lorries and driven to affecied areas. Helicopters
and boats have been invaiuable in the rescue operations. The UN said 10,000 people were res-
cued from immediate danger and the search and rescue operation was over Howeve( pockets
of peop e were st ll stranded on islands of high ground and in need of assistance-
(adapled f rom hlipr/news.bbc.co.uk)
146
t__
Water
AII the people from the village were watching the sea in amazement when we heard
a loud roaring noise. I managed to catch hold of a palm tree and clung on with all
my strength as I saw people, houses, and boats carried past me and on inland. A
tsunami wave may be hundreds of kilomerres in length. Because of the depth of the
water, the wavelengths of these waves are much longer than normal waves. When it
reaches the shore, it is usually travelling at abour 70 kph. Then, suddenly, t saw an
enonnous wall of water about 30 m high, which was racing towards us. I rhought it
must be an earthquake and went down to the beach to see what was happening. As
the water tries to regain its equilibdum, waves are formed- It was 8.00 in the mom-
l
ing on December 26th 2004. When an earthquake or other major disturbance caus-
es a section of the ocean floor to dse or sink abruptly, the mass of water above the
affected area is suddenly displaced. Everyone screamed, turned and ran as fast as
they could inland, away from the wave. I was making breakfast for the children
when I felt the ground shake for two to three minures. It moves at high speed
across great distances without losing much energy. But it caught up wirh us and
picked us up along with trees, cars, all kinds of debris. As the wave approaches the
land and moves into shallow waler, it slows down and increases in size. About
twenty minutes later there was another tremor.
Paragraph A. . .
Paragraph B...
147
UNlT 10
Complere the table by matching the dramatic adjectives with their meanings.
There may be more than one word with a similar meaninS.
big
Lrnhrpnl
angry
Complete the table by matching the dmmatic verbs with their meanings. There
may be more than one word with a similar meaning.
go fast
go slorvly
like
donl like
34 writing
This can be done individually or in srnall groups.
You have decided to enter a magazine story competition. You have to write a stoq in
which you are caught in a flash flood. Write a personal account ofwhat happened to
you. Make your writing as dramalic as you can by using adjectives and verbs like
the ones you studied in 3.3. Put in dramatic linkers like 'suddenly" etc. and make
sure you include verbs in both the Past Continuous and in the Past Simple.
When the stories are finished, they can be put up in the classroom (NO NAMES!)
and the class, the teacher or the school dircctor iudges which is the besl.
148
Leisure Activities and Tourism
I]NIT I ]
PRE-FO cus
Ir
a group oJ three or Jour students you dre going to fiahe a list ol all the ways people
spend their Jree tiie. Yolt h.$,e a time limit of Jile mi]f,utes.
When you have cheched these dcti\ilies with d tetu:htr, thinh of a uay to categorise
thefi ilto types oJ d.tilities. There are several dilkte $ajs oJ doing this- Add morc
dcti\ities frofi lhe lists oJ the other groups.
1s0
L.eisLrre A(tivities and Toitt isnr
PERSON A
l'm definliely a waier person. lthink lwas probably a fish rn another life. lcould spend alday
every day oui at the beach or in the swimming poo . Obviously it,s important to have good, warm
weather for me to do all my favourite things. l'rn particularly good at any.thing that involves boats
and I suppose some of my water actrvities can be rather expensive as they require a lot of
specialsed equipment and train ng courses. I love fresh a r and healthy actrvtties.
PERSON B
We l, l'd probably describe myself as the orig nal couch potato. I can,t stand anyth ng to do with
sports and using up your energy getting sandy and dirty at the beach or up n the mounta ns. l,d
rather Le on the sofa any day or st in front of my computer. l\laybe peop e are right when ihey
say l'nr a bit antisocial but what lreally enjoy most is gettng totally lnvolved n a great novet -
science fictlon is a great favourite of mine. I car spend hours in front of the TV arcl l,m particular-
y fond of a I those popular soaps and any kind of thrilier. Don,t ask me to go out, especialy in
the hottest mofths of the year- l'd d ei
PERSON C
What do I like doi,rg in my free t rne? Well, I suppose there has to be some sort of bal involved
and Lrsually a great group of mates to spend the time wth. Personaly, l,m not so keen on the
kind of games where you're on your own. They strike me as pretty boring. l,d rather be invo ved
in sorne kind oi joint effort or compet tion. l've got bags of energy and l,m very iit from al that
runn ng round. lt's hard to say which ls my favollrte game as they can all be really great fun with
ihe right crowd of peop e.
PERSON D
You want to know how I like spend ng my free time? That,s preity hard to say as there are so
many things that I rea ly enioy doing. First of a l, I suppose be ng with my iriends is at ihe top of
the list. I'm very gregarious and hate spending time on my own. My own company is so bor ng.
There's a bg group of us who do eveMhing together. lspend a lot of the day seep ng in preparation
for the good th ngs in life, whtch start somewhat later on. l'm tnto every type of music. the oLrder
the better. I can't enioy an\,thing without noisel Not peaceful country walks and cand e-lit d nners
for me - no wayl l'm the orioinal social anima .
151
UNlT I 1
These are some of the patterns that are used to describe likes, dislikes and prefer
like
enjoy
verb + ing
preter (e.g. I really enjoy playing foolball)
1 do t like
verb + ing
I spend (a lot o0 (e.g. I spend a iot ottime ii-stening to music)
l'd (would) uther (e.g. l'd rather play computer games thatr uarch Tv)
15,2
Leisure Acti\rities and Iourrsnr
Now complete the following text by putting thc best word or expression in each
space.
PERSON A: PERSON C:
PFRSON R: PERSON D:
Can you think of any more adjectives you could use to describe these four people?
which of the adjectives best describe your personality?
1.5 writing
Write a paragraph about yourself describing the leisure activities that you like
and dislike, the things you are good at or not good at, and your rnain character-
istics. Try to use all the language we have studied in Task Cycle l.
't s3
UN]T i I
adjectives with
one syllable
ending in y
syilable
154
UNtr 11
3.2 Reading
Read this text about tourism and compare it with your table from
Does the 3.l
text mention anything that you didn't think oD Did you think of anything that
the text doesn't mention?
1s6
'.if,,. ,\.l.liit
3.3 Discussion
tn a country like Mozambique, how can we get the advantages of toudsm without
suffering from the clisadvantages? One solutlon is Ecotourism. This is short for
ecological tourism, and it is defined as "responsible lravel to natural areas, which
conserves lhe environment and improves the weli-being oI local people. '
Idealll true ecolourism should satisfy several cdteda, such as:
. The local environnlent must be conserved, llot only in terms of the wildlife and
plcnrli[e. bur al'o ol rhe local cultu rr .
o There should be sustainable use of local resources, by providiDg local people
wirhjobs.
. There should be agreement by rhe local people to the touist project; they should
participate in its cons[lction, management and operation, and share in the prof
its.
. There should be an increase in environmental aod cultural knowledge.
. There should be guarantees that the impact of the tourist project on the envr-
ronment is minimized.
. There should be no waste. which means the tourist resort or facilities should not
be luxurious.
. The main attractions for the touriss should be the local wildlife, plandife and culture.
(Adapred IroLn hrp://en.\'ildpedia.org/wikr./EcotonnsD
Of the seven points listed above, which do you think is the most important?
Which is the least important? Discuss it with a patner and see if most peoplr
in the class agree with you.
157
IJ NIT 11
Cabo Delgado. in Mozambique, has been identified as an ideai site for an ecotouism proiect.
The area is one of the most important African conservation proiects of the Zoological Society of
London, because of its exceptional biodiversity. lt has over fifteen land habitats, lncluding
endangered coastalforest, and there are populations of elephants, buffalo, hippo, lion, leopard,
wild dog and several antelope species. A marine survey revealed rare habitats such as sea-
grass beds and found coral reefs that are among Easi Africa's richesi, with diverse fish life and
endangered species including turtle, humpback whales, dugong and whale shark.
The conservation and community initiatives will be paid for by luxury tourism. The numbers of
visltors will be limited, but the area is large enough to sLrpport five eco-lodges. These will be
situated in different areas. so that visitors can move beiween coastal, island and inland habitats.
The first two lodges will open in 2003, on Vamizl island and on the 35 km-long mainland beach.
ln 2004 two lodges are planned for the 33,000 hectare inland area, where expert guides will lead
game drives and walking safaris through diverse habitats including mangrove swamps, wetlands,
coastal forest and acacia savannah. A further lodge is planned for Rongui island, as a base for
deep sea fishing. Guests at coastal lodges will also be able to scuba dive, join marine wil.llife
expeditions and explore nearby isLands by catamaran or dhow Wiihin the concession is a ruined
Portuguese fort and the historic island of lbo is nearby.
158
t.-_
., r iiili.'\
Leisure Activitics and Tourism :':ri r .
An essential component of the project s success will be the involvement of local communites. All
have given their written approval and are expecled to benefit through skills acquisition, employ-
ment, srnall business inilratves and the creation of a community fund to provide assets such as
schools, clinics, grinding mills and wells.
The receipt of direct financial benefits from their wildlife will hopefully mot vaie the ocal people to
ensure its conservation. Community relations specialsts have vsited to ensure that the partnership
between tourism. conservation and commun ties runs to the benefit of all.
Guests will be encouraged to visit and partcipate in conservation activities, ncludirg cataloguing
terrestrial and marine fauna and fLora, identifyinq human-wildlife conflicts and potential resolu-
tions and developing sustainable use programmes. The project wil also help protect adjacent
areas by ernp oying, training and equipping wi dlife guards frorn local communities.
(Adapled lrom http://www.lrave aircamag.com/contenfiie/456/564
1s9
1'NIT 11
3.7 vocabulary
The following words and expressions are related to tourism, and specifically
ecotoudsm. Diyide them into these five groups. Do any of them belong to more
than one group?
A. refers to a place
B. relers to a person or people
C. refers to an activity
D- rclcrt to a natural ra\ourar ol allrrLlron
E. refers to mone1,, or the finarrcial aspect of tourism
160
--s.ffi:I[{
lc'.ure AL,.vllie) dnd lour:-m .. :'" WT
4\ :
161
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
IJNIT l: NATURAL RISOURCES jcr'.11c,r, p6ricides, surgeons' scahels, fuel Lr cars, dcnrisb,
d tl oR 2. A dianondr hant, trhrive, beruliiul, ransparcm,
jewdl.ry surseons' {a1pels. deD sls'drillsr B ritaninm: sirong,
Posible delinilion: Matn3ls lound tu narur whirh ar. 6r" do., Er. I r! r,.' L\. r p\ ig I *.Jn o", .'"n
iial o, u*lul to lumtu, rulh a! mte. a,r, land. tor.ss, Iish and ' ' '. of'o,
dlicial bo.\jdin6, body pi.rcings, propelloE ships. spec
wildhfc, topsoil. and nin.alt 6cl. hamesr c petolcun: madc up ot hydoSc. and .arlon,
madc up ot mole.ul.s .I di$er.nt nass.s, planics, asphih in
lt rcad making, p6ii.id.s, Iurl fu cars.
I rals. .oveied *irh trc.s.2. Tmc. saudiA.a
About 2016 is
bia is the $orlda largest pioduc.r ol p€rolcunt. r. Trur 4 2.7
Fals. rlatinum nonnaUi, cosrs rwi.e is nu.h as 8old. 5. Tru. Thc i.xt classilies lhen xc.ordi.g ro rhe thrcc narural
Ther. xft rhrec onshor. gas fi.lds, hndc, tima.. and Buzi nsources dcscribed. metlod 2 in 2 1 ab.v.
-Divinhe. 6 True 7 False. Ihey are ri.h ..unlrics, bm rhey
have ltry few mlunl ftsouE6. 8. Tme Ab.ut 70% ol rhe Firh!
su ace au is wat.r oI Lhe other 30%, onlt on. lhid is aEble
9 Iruc Prawns are one olM(,zambiquc! bigg.n.xp.rrs l0
ralsc LJK, Norwa, and Denmark cxtracr oiL lron lhe No.rh
1.2
Firsr paidcpsnds on studenb' own rnsweF ro dr. quiz.
Pedro s.ens b know more abour natutul Rsou(cs.
1.1
Makiry a suAsenn,n: Lcl! (r.ad drern one hv on.), stan wel
2.1
I WC; 2.Ar l.C: 4.A: 5 C;6l
-rhe
Mo most obvnrus ways ro clasify are 1. A (nanes of 3.3
resotrrccs) dianond, irerolcum, ritaniun: B {proDcrties) te.s, fish / Pcroleum / 'don'r cur dom roo hany ol then ,.
rh,ns, ab6iye. b.autilul, made up ol hydrogen and crbon, isp..ics g.es cxtin.f /Aluminium cans,
?.p.r, bode!
d6ssn'r r€act with oiher sdshnccs, rransparent, lighr, hard,
r6isbnr to comsion. mde up or nolcelB of difleEnr tu5rs, 3-4 (Rercwal,lc = R/Non - nrcvabl€ = NR)
c (prodncis) artilicialbodyj.inl!, pl6ts, bodt pier.iBs, rru torcsteR: Iish & .oal NRi oil-NR: naruEl gas-NRj warcr R;
pelloB ol ships, speciacle trames, asthalt ir road nxking, minc.als-NRj peh)lcum NRi silvetsNR; tftanjnm-NRi herbs R
163
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
1.5 2.1
LL:2ailA:4Ei5Di6ts introdn.inm: Todrf l'ng.rngro hhl{ rb.ut
DfieEnt.ns{.F trr. p.ssihle,.g L L shouunr h.v. can r rr'r n r .i l.rinanlv Lradciu,iliotroltb.l.anl
it 2. Th.y sh.uld rn e.siLn L P.ollc should div. nlor. (rr R.ison. l'.n[1:rirstlll
trlb +. You shouLl gi,. np snrkins 5 \^I. sLou]d |rvc l.i P.nt l: Sc..nd lr
l$n..arlicr6 TheA.venrme.lsh.uldhir.motP.li.c
Pornr l: Thcrt irtr drId
Ille.ts: l'dnr 1: Noslletsmolc.n ro,
P.i 2 Th.sccond rs
2: THL ENVIRON\'IENT a-.fcluibr 5o, m..n.lusnD I r.ul.lIE( lit. o say
)bl drougll wonld g!. m. ef 6 dms. {ho n..d il !D / I night look lor a rob
rrl lNs.l trlldlifd ,' r ."t .''.v .g1.'" " ' ,
Op.n.nd.d a.sre6
lr; lLr:#l.
UNIT l: SPORr-
1.1
TT)iTS IOR RIADING ,\ I
1.5
I "" p^ r.pr,. I r' I",irl a',- l.r:2TilTi4Fi 5Tiij li7 F;8 Ft!.Fr l0r
iod.oB and s.rnc.,n.s oucide. rh. gam. ir FLycd or a nark
eJ rrctr, an,l rh. ohjc.rilc is ro nake rhc Lrll hir rhe s..und
insi.l. thcir opfo.c.rs nrark.d area, rhiie .1 1I. srmc rinx
1l 88 a:l / A2-85-C7 / A3 87 C1 / n+ 8.1 C6 / Ai-B6 C9 /
t inB 1. p.d\cnr rh.n opponc,rs ton donrg rh.strne nr them A6 Bl all17 Rt C2 / A3-B9-C3 / A9 !4 a5
Th.re trr. Gurllr six I r_v.,s in .ach rc.n. 1Ilh. hill r)u.h!s
2l
l'jari B l Larl Fo$itl:B lvloniu S.l.s: C Aiash Nllrei
tr. gn,un,l itrsil.lonr ata. dr. r..m loses lh. poi uhrn l
mrcL i, D \nr.e Nis..m l ldrdr I Bdn ldrnson
l.rh w,ns lillrdn p.i.rs. n nlrs ft. g.n. Tlre plalcB Jo ooL
).2
rs. rnv spe.'al.qu,nnr.nr h hir ih. ball Th.yusedr.nlhds
I E, 2 A, I Fi+ aDi t Ai 6 Di 7.BI:a BCDHi r).Ei 10 ar 11.8:
Th.re is r hiHh obnru.rxnr arross rh. middl. ol lhe,rlN,nrj
' ll,\ l'",,'i
high b hir dt btrllx\ hard rsp.snbL. and scorp.inc 2.3
11 1[: 2 c: 3 Ai4 B: tI:6.4]7Di3.E:98, l0 Ai LtBt 12A:
Ierl I l.mniTr\L 2 g. fi lnr I rollelbrll llD:1,18i lr Ei l6 ii l7.lri ls.E
16s
A n s e r s a n d t e x t S
Iass l, Fss.l l, .p.r 2, op.n.d livan l, vanc.l 2, prHdc 2, I $Jlar ini DuLc sayl ,r uh. d..s tL{.,i b.long ro? 5
fand.d l: l,Lc l,lil.d I $har h:pprncdl u Who iR L[. r..i.Lnt] 7 Wlro {lid dr
sh'r' t. om 1'd o l'. . tr.i'Pn.'. rer.hc, s€€ nrLis rooml tl \lhrt did rotr hnn.n theno.,l
' ",1
prmoun..d $ith in .xrra si-Ll2hlc, orhcnyirc you w.nldnt b.
happyr / why $xs viks .or htrnnvl 10 H.$ ldB d hnr.. Il \!s h.sled }v Alg.na
'aher. werc 8 rcanEarolld D rh. rouroamc t
\8..m llam.d stal oB. .l b,,xin8r 11 \\lit did Hantd {lo
\vlile tr. {as ir r(,r.nnnrl l2 \\h} did llam.d rliE. b IiShr
Klunl 1l Hor longres \asccm Hintd \vdld clxmp,o.l L4
\\'h.n / Horv lorg aB) did llnrned lose th. !rlc? li when dd
B.n]ohns.n .nngmLe t. C.nidal 16. Wlren drd rkn iBlbetrl hr lqS+ thc lqr'edition oI th. Ah.atr r_auons aup nn)k nLa..
L.wEr i7 \\rhcn dd B.n lohffon b.conr. rh. lanc\t nu otr Irxrs honed bl Tunisi.
Fa(hr ls D,.lBerr.lldr.truthabou hc{.nnlls(rtli61ll lhrr \.r.12 teamsnrlolv.d rn rh. rour.a,n.nl
25
Ther..re diflir.nt an$v6 d!p.n,linsor LIt stdent! ponr
olvi.r, som. p.ssibrintrs:
1 It mt gor.r.mc.r bL,l m! nol to kL. patr b..aut ot lny
.ppon.nt! r.lision,I woul.l a..ep( thcir d..ision .l lldo.roB
...d" l'dlr' r.n.'p l\o'
'r
I lIl nra.dlosingnrr.thanvinnnrg. I rvould prr.lis. h. .r
and rn,n more, so tlDt I could g.1 br.l t, ny pr.Lious sutr
l:ftj .1 ]i I na(.d rc..,anrs lc .,s rhrctrt.nirg m. and nt
frmil! I qoul.l go to rh. polnr' 1 Il I $as ofl.r.d i lot ol
r)ncy 10 los. a rice I {oul{l rrkc ir indediit.lyL 6 ll mt
rcam had 10 rou. a colnrn rvh,.h di.l n.l.ll.w bli.hpeopl. ro
phlr I Nouldrctusc u i,i. r t LuLn
l a
1.2
I \\1rr. did t]r. mar.h fuk. pL:.d I \\'ho wrs lh. nnl.ll
1 nn.k to I r ray ot .{lutidg rle numb.r ol r.:.rs I a b.(r..nl :1. Horv pe.pLd wd.hcd dr. mal.h in fi. na
groul olgrnrs + Iid / manr 5 h.ld rlr. ga,n6 in tltir '.rn),
diunr 1. \\ho!.ort,l lhr g.nlsl 5 rlow mantg.ils drd tcam A
s.orel 6. HoN rna.y Borls did f.id B s.or.l 7 \Vxs rr a good
tl mat.[] 8 \vtr! rny.nc ilur.dl q. \4 t wis dr score ar hall
I Alri.a:l Zimbiar I l).n.crrli. RepubLi. ol rh.
S.uth nn.l l0 who \Yo lhenuthr
(:ongo. 1 Cih.r.oni j Nig.ria.6 Scncgrl:7 - Ivlil,i 2 2 (orhcrins{.rspossiLle)
a Alacria:9 - IUoro.coi l() lnnsLa, 11 lAlpti 12 logo, 2 Hcr ltrnil! illo{ h.r ro flay loonralL I ahanac 1. rtlrl.
1l Chanai l+ lr.r) a,)rit,15 LiL.riri16 Brrknr Fi<l ti.s4 Mor. to rh.lr\I
5 Lu,.lcl.oa.h 6 l1.r dri\,schedul.
b)w6r ,\lrn:r ltun.h+ B.lgian rnrlu.c. n brll 7 ller di.t 8 Hd. lcnu.e tr.riviti.s 9 ller sn...sses 10. H.r
.) Ean AGicn British influ.nc. .,i.kd
1+ ).1
I cx.iling I march / gam. I nnxl $l,ird.4 , dDw t sco I rl rl r.l di b6.di d
rd6 disrpponr.ncnr/dinnrr 7 miss.d
2.4
1.5 I parenlal prcssnr. sp.ii is a rasrr ot linr 2 s.\url dis
I llowlongdrd lh. chrmfi.IEhip h{?.1 Hov lnrnr ..imidrliotr - mal. domnrr.d nd6rLL r1,nd 3 itrt.Gir. tai
^fri.rn
p.opl.li{cnd rorn,l\rth..lilrl.who{onl4 Nhodid nnrg .1 La.h ol..rnrdiron 11 hom. hr.l 10 Ao abloid t.
th.tdetearr i $ino nnsicd hE p.Dalt)rr 6 Hon nld |. ftrll abs.nr .oi.h nrnri.s hr h\ 6 haal !.h..h]. lor ianrnrg 7.
subl..rqn.srn)ns 2,1.5 rigid dictS linL.Lisuftdn.q n! rics
objccr ru.iLtuns 1 4.6
166
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
167
A n s e r 5 a n d e x t s
t+
1L, lC: Ii 4Ai 5r, 6Bi 7l)i 3Fi 9a: I0ll
Th.r ar. ihrcc Brrps hccrusr thc Bdvth ol lhr.. .iti.s is
,o, " r h r,,.l,g 'l
ADorh.r .almpl. of r {.d likr rl,i\ ,s mrch,n. wln l)rlr pla_v.E xre norso exlensi!. orl.r rDs\e6 dcptnd on
.ones nno Jou nitrd ilsom.om s.vs nrr.linc l Lh,nk m.n snxl.n6' .!nrions a.d ideas.
.l us saruld rhnrk ol so.rcdrfug po{er.d l) d.LrrLil} or ! lrirons E a cha ol slnpst I S.ven tihcs s many, I Ln
!.sol, su.! is rn.I..trc dnll. or al]ctrol dnlen c\.in nr l(tr rht I q9t\. + 2rj,!c.6i i. A big.\xi,, srorc hns sropped s.Iin8
.udna dom n..-s. or i ma.hine ntr Jissnrg lobs nr dr. turJ vaRs rhey ar.be.onin8ohs. d.
All thdsc things ar. dellnir.l) ni.hine\, 3nd drN are llrDu
sandsoldiflcrt. knis wt nDd.rnxnd hy .rachN ' anttli'rg 23
whi.[ lrvcr us rork. or docs our sodr tuus sim'larn[s: Bodr sit inlivillgroom, h.rh.!nn..r 1. TI horh
llow.vcr, rn fhr-si.s dr. d.llniriod ir moi{ Dr.n.: a ma.hi l.\ ., " , w {' l. I
n. G xny drvi.r rvh,.h .nabl.s a tor.e tr.hs I onc iroinr - th. rrs Difn:r..cs vCR is rml.Btrc, DVL) F dignili VaIr n!!s
.llo( 1. rveru.mc anorh.r lor.
adillg trt orh.r potu -
lal[. DVD usls drskitap.s d.l.rio rr *irh ag., DVDS do..i
the to.d 11dres nors,I usvo.h.,Dd ir d.cr'o'n.
not do rh. work
lap. ..prs an nrt.ior fu rh. oriBinal, Jignal .opi.s nuinrri.
lor ns. but n n^L.s d,c rvork e3sr.r nr son. sil Nlany ihnrgs
rrai wc would n.t norflull] cons c, mi.hin.s trt rll in rhe
srnrrrl s.nrc, ar. i. L.t sinp[ marrnres rn ftis s.ns. oI lhr I Dr El C.1 hi Hij ](3l9I0
r'.nl Thq tr,.:ll q.iarions on a f€$ rmtlc ft.m.sr l.rers, ^7
pull.lsrnJ i..li.cd planes
1.i 2rr fr: .1c; 5bi 6c, 7di 3bi 9a 1.1
I T.nv L r qrikr on a conpnrer nigrzirr( .l An .nuil I
1.2 On lh. l.krs pxgc of rh. nragaznr. 4. A rctrJ., Snm, Nrol. ir
lrrssrams hoNt.!: A T,vpr riu ril)elia Typrz h..ausc h. {d(.d b makr tr mgg.srion i Qutr. .ld. 50 .r
Top drtrgran, lcli ro righl
L,,rd, .1Tor, tul.runtMirLllc dil nn,c, bc.aus. th.r. r!rr n,,..,.lturcrs rhrn h. rcnr trl
sram n,ad, n,l.nnn, cllirq Bo&m Jias':in: incrun,lo^d. eflm '.1 , r' {r, \..'.,.1. - \1." ' I
s.issors, rnd h{l ry!)e 1: whe.lba.rtN: rorl. open.r rypr
2ilishnr8 i.d trnd arm qp.l I a.mlorhble {hcn usirg t..hnonrsvt but nol.onrnr.'rbt.
t.l $ith lh. thi,nl .r $hcn somerhirg B.r\ rvrong 2 tL .r shc
L nto 2. fion S dNnwJds .l tr.$..n i. rL: ar 6 .lG.i d.pcnds or ..nFur.F a l.r, a.d us.s rlrm a l.r I ]i. / shr
I.om 7 upr,trr{ls rJ. bor.D I il, |rm; h t0 nr 1t up$rrds; ..,nla,es hidseu/ hcEcll n, a h.k di!.r qh. .r. drrr. but
ov.rid.wn 12 :ho!c lJ. hon 14 .nri 15 Jovnwads: np 1rl ranr ln3rntalr l1ls tn.L .1 Hr Nou dnl ,e..gni:c gnphr.s
"
Lrrd rrcn il h. ms Looling dir.Llly d onc lt is i tunn) \d)
to{ir.ls 17 oU l3 rlnolghiinr.
ErpE$ions oI l(n:rxN nr numb.E +i 5i 6: a, 9, loi tli 1li L',-' 6,,.r l. , t ..i i
Er?.$ioN ol.lirtdn)ns Ln nnnircE li 2i l: 7r ll, l,li l ti 6: l7i la mryLe rhi.ks I! LumilLaring wh.n.hrLJr.n tnow m.r. rha.
I np 2 I I brrsr.n,l Nexr r.5. dn)ugh 6 in/nno t. oll him 7 Thc ptrn 8 No, h..nsw.red in rh. migizin. ,ir Ir!
It fr.m q :.nx\ lo ov- m n,tormal, ni..dll srl.lc l0 Strmls suggc{Lor is a.rcpr.d.
saflins Go'n r.xr mon 11 and 12 {t).p.Dd .n rtrr(lrnrs
1.4
(rhi.h or rhar' .an h. uscd nn.rLingcrbLr) 1nhc.lbaF
roq is a deri.. which is ufll Lr.arrying h..w loads / l bor
rl. op.n.r rs a d.yi.e wh,rh is ns..l lirr r.movinB the kr| ar.rn
h.tlcs / !au ol s.issors is r devi.. r'lnch is use.l Lr.urlnrg
^ UN]T 8: ENERGY
nar.r i.d orher tnit.rixl / A Iinnng rod E i d.vi.r Lrhr.h rs
u\rd hr.Ichnrg lish with.ur sdhns yonr liet w.r /An dL(
rrir drill is a rool $ni.h is us.d nr m:kng holes oI. lixrd dE
.onr6lron Io.dr \.u.o.k
sugscsrnnn: rcu Nalt -.n.rA)
h.rer i. !ro.d. m.ral an l so oi / A rhrnr sai, E a r.o1lvhilh i'
lun.h .le.ricirri ton plij loorbrtL
rncBv conr.s hom $o.d,
us.d Ior .uting down trccs or tor cutrrns np larg. pi..es ot -.nergy..mes ft.m loodilou wt.h Tv .nogl .om.s Glm
,ood / A pndunraic dill is, d.\i.e uhirh is uscd lnr nalting
.i,'...{ r
159
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
t.4
L lh. n,ral encrBt on lrrtl is ahva)s rh. srmr, rve till NaNral Gas (l'ilhn c$i.It.,
2 lL rvould kir. nor. ..cBr dra. thr lurl! pnn i.l. iI iv. tt
2001
3 TI.y hivc ro Lr! .o.r.irrd rstrh ftom I.at or knr.!.
I620
.1. Power plants.onvei th. hdxl.i Lin.li..n.rB rnto cl..
l5
2 t2 2.12
It 2.100
1c2.1 Ja +c 5h 6J 82.99
000
1.6
,/z
-\. f ;. l
E lTh,' t.xrisalso the answer to r.5)
rhc.. rre.t pr.sorr drr.c n,aN .ornnrcs f,o.lu.ins.alu
ral gas h S.urhcnr ll,.a Sodh lir.a lrcdu.cs thc on)sl
with a p.oduc.o. .lal'lg riLlnnr .nhn Lrr i. 2003 An8oln
produ..s a lor nss iiLh r 2003 pn,Ju.rbn ot 25 11 Lilli.n
L r' l. l' .' i'",,
'' All
ol2 r.l bilh.n.uhi.IccL rhrcc c.urkics.onnun.d LI.
,/,, E r. .l , ..
',
Is l3r as rcserv.s ar. ..n.em.d. th.r. ar t{o mor. .oufl
i ! o.1pon r'
\\ r:
I
.,.s, Dr ,! ti. R.prbLi. 01 C.trgo ind NaDib,a, {hich
h.rhh.h.r, nc. r dd'ror o \.or. I . .{ L
M.zambiqn. has rh. biSgcn r.so'.s xih a r.rrl of 1,r00
billion .ubic li( .n L/l/2001 Nrmibia ,s ncxt $nh rbout
h,ll as mu.lr rs NlozrmbLqk 2,100 billn,n .ubi. t et Angoh
1.7
hr! I 6.10 hilhon .uhil lc.l\'hirh is rbour (ri.. is mu.h rs
p.r.ndal en.Igl nuclc:r e..,!y Lhemi.xl.neqy necha
TiMania rih 300 hiiln)n cuh,. tcrl D.flb.ati. R.publi. .I
ni.trl en.rAy grarnational e.(rgy reicrv.ir.ons.rvanon
Congo has a n,L lcss *ilh onl) 35 l,illnr .tli. l.et wkr.as
rod$n{i.n .l..tri.iq rnachnrc
Sourh lln.r hxs th. nntrll.i ftsen.s \itlr on\' 1 billicn
21
CoaL oili .an,.al gasi hydr)clr.ti.i1): s.Lir.ncrgli ii.d
2 7 Solar hox.ooleis
1.1
rturalgis:wndio,li.oal,s.ar,iu:nu.ledwir.
l.l
I tnenrv n$e I onc rhousa tltee hnndr.d and crghlt
livc I trr.nN fiv. Lhousr.d sir llundred itrd nnr.! s.ren +
s,x hund.cd trnd c,shty tive thousind Iour hn.dr.l an,l Lhn
r.cn j one millnD live hudred and rorq rlursan,l \Lx hun
d,cd and ci8hly liv. 6 sixtecn per ..nr 7 llur .[Bncs a.lsius
3 ninltftd trleDt) !n. I tlr. rhrd .l lrnur,,v r$o llnnLstrnd
an,l n,ur 10 s.!.Drtloint thr. s.ven nv.
170
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
2 Hov Fan) CDs hrr.youmad.l
DEVELOPED COUNTRl[S \\t\t made rvo aDs
l Hsxddisease caused bt a)bad d,er Hov Lons htr!€ you b..n plaling togedr.rl
hl n.L of cx.n.i*. w.'vr been pLrynrg tog.rhcr lor ciShr.en .ronrhs
I How ]{rnB h.ve you becn Lcli.gn.der rhc wcarhcrl
I've bd.n t eling under the rv.a'h( lor thrce days.
How Lons hrvr you hdrh..dach.l
b) Iood addilils l'v. had a t mdnche sinc. yesr.i.hy
+. How many .igrftllcs have )o! nn.l.d rodrll
l\r smoke.l lhrcc n, tar
Hoq L.,ns hrvc you b.en smoknrgi
l'rc bcen rnoknB lor abont a year
5.Ilxve lou brushed,our rccth thisnorningl
DEVELOPINC Hos manl nmes har you hccn b rh. d.nhsi nns y.arl
'OUNTR1LS .,9 , TB l\c bccn Nicc rhisycar
b Hon lorg havs yon bcensnvidgl
l'vc bern saviry Lr lwo r.aB
Ho* ntrL.h l[v. you sivcd?
.ans.d bY a) Pov.ny t'!e srve.l rlout hall ol what Fn.ed.d.
b) mxlnutiiin
2.1
Slmptons: ft.dn6s: rash, .onsripar,on; stomach panrih.a
dach.i n amnutioni {lia.rhocri *eisht nrss; nauscai d.pr6
sio.; vomtnrgi lercr, mnscle plini nrnatun; uncons.tuusn.ssi
1.t
\ak.'or'r.ccive - get nny phvsiral eftrciri ro g.r anoth.r P.ogr6s6 ro dis.rieDbtio.,
b.tr lrom dr. fridgci I g.t the pi.turetso I.rn sd your{cigir delinurn, dianhoa,.om,
'6econn:' seringFo6ei
lp€.ifir mcaning g.i upi how nany I.eB do you ge'
thrtJush r sc ing on m)' rcncsi Do tou ger.n scll lih
dayi
your.ollcrsues?, b g.r out ol doLng worhl
I .2 c3 !41t 96.a7.r3.b9.d Typhoid Tl1ls is a ba.t.rial iniecln,n srr.ad bI hunans
6R,ush .o.rannrard lood d wrter srmfbns nr.lud. rind
n rs, duLlh€da.h.-s,Iiv.r. stom.h pain pa icuianyin rhc lo$rr
I Ilow lDng have tou le.n lca,nnrg ro divcl lmc.nG connrpation The dileasc dn pDgns to
nghl sidr an,l
l've be.n lednnrg LoJ.ivc Ir rwomonrhs. .,''.', {,1 , n \.lr,r rl. \,r' n.\p+. .J., n o'.
How nrany dnlin8 lessons luv. rou hrdl delinu, rliiiilbr: rnd ..mr. .oqrkd yirh inl.stintrl hlc.di.g.
Gcner.lLy r..o\.ry L?n be cx|(rcd aftcr a p.n d oI [i]ur w..ks.
171
n s e r s a n d t e x t s
2.5 talls k nL lh.s. .lolili rnd .oLn.6 rn ,ive.s an.l hler Lcnnt
moriD!Lr" gn\it) tolh.su lh'strtrr.rrn rhc,Lv.rsDdl.L6
lrE..r b.m. nalirir, 1elllN lcvrr (rno<rnrn,). slc.pnrg rs dr. .hr.1 sour. lor irriglinA rn)n! and Lr donr.{i. ind
si.ln.ss (ts.s. [y), d.!gu. t \er unEria usc Hov.!.,, th.l, ir. il\. r ...r..i..r pia.. ro
Food or Mrcrbome -.h.l.ra giai.litrsis, heprlris A, folo, dunrf rvrn. trtrnJ, rrhi.h tu.lud.s sewrsc rnll nrdusrial our
I ' \.? 1',g'.t ,,.,'
Rodt filids o, scxlalconta.t- HIVAIDS, h.prlilisB 'J' ,,1'o'rd,1,
{ o , t',.,,',' r,, l,'
..dl..o .', ... /1., lB ri hc uLJ nrdnnkinsor rvaslnng is, hiz&l !i hrallh
"' '
ll
ward frln nv6 dd laks fom tle .hief n,lu.J $ures
ol mter tor inigahrg rhe oops, and donstic and inds
l|1.: c)
:lr-
ll 2. 4 8 9
The 1v[.r v,pour..ndensss
w,r.r.olle.isin riv.n,nd l,L.q Cood nornms to aU oI vor BrL.hnrs roday H.r. is llrc
Riv.rs ard lakc arc olkn convenieur piaces lo dlmp
(!rrhc, ro,..an lor trr..orrr) n,r rh. n.xr hcnq Lnr
172
I
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
2.5
t..an
be .oLLecr.d I
can / rm)i b. hh.n l. nat urinars
sno{ers and sLr., penods / .r n.l
dcfac.are 5 can Eer 6. .an b. obrar.ed 7 so.k 3
rea.h.s 9. Ionns l0 is nlr..ed r1 passes
dghr tmpemruE: 21 oC
2_1
I
Y6, drey were. 2. The villase nid. :1. Thq, .ouu conrib
ute mon.y, lam produ.e or ronsku(xion worlt. 4. Thc corn
nruniiy did. 5. He / she edu.a.es ullaSc alour hygic.e 6
'hc
Enher usi.ga bucker or using trlrnd pnmp 7. Everyon. doe!
qftmelt ligh / hig! / low humidily 3 Th.rt rrc r$o pirs. oDe G ns.d nr a rinr. and the oth.r is
sexlcd to prodn...onpost ro rrut.n drsnian6.
showeb aod snmry penods / hu!, rair
nighl tm?mrurc: 22 oc lt vas 800 in rhc noming on De..dhcr 26,[ )OO,+. l wN
miking breakfast lor ihe clildretr when I IeI th. grouDd shale
lo, Mo to three ninut.s Alour Lw.nry minntes lakr thcre
TETE w6 rothd t.no. I fiorgnr n mu5i be an mrlqurk.
hot /wqm / cool / cold went dom to the b.acL b s.e nhrl \'as happening All ^nd th€
p.oplc lion th. vilL8. w.r. *"k!ins nr anazcnenr wlEn wc
ert@ely hish / hish / 1ow humidity hear'l a loudmariqmis. Th.n, sddenlv I sawanenonn.G
wxllof Mrcr alout l0 n high. whi.h {as Ecnr8 ro$ards ns
slowels and sh.y penods / nur} nin Ereryonc s.ream.d, nuned and ran as lasr as rh.y .ould
day tmpentnr.: 37 oC inhnd, away f.orn dr. wavc. But it cau8h up viih us and pic-
,jglt tempenturc: 2r oC k.d ns up dory ivnh rc.s, cars, allkinds ot debris l ma.ag.d
to carch hold oIa paln tsc and.lung on wirh aLl nysrenBrb
as I saw peopie. louses, rnd b.3t5 .a,ried pa ne xnd on
2.1
Causes dI qarcr nollu.oni sewagei pesri.ides a.d insccri.i b) Lcxr wourd rrc lound tu a noyet.
173
A n s e r s a n d t e x t s
UNIT 1r: LLISURE AND TOURISN1 l'.r$n A: srilnrA, snorL.lliDA wiidsrrtirg, swihming,
P.rsonB Hd,ng,rrarching I\vat.hngmo\ics
P.Eon c bask.rhrLl, lonbtrll, !oLltvhll
P.rson lr: going ro L.ncc s, rhrrn.g, playing cardr, lis
r.rnrg nr rnusL..dILiiA, r'trt.Iing n)virs. soiq b thr lhcrtl
1.u
ExprcJsions hon the t.xts
I crnl $nd inythnr! nr do $th sp.ns.
Iil rtrth.r li. on dr. sora a.I daY
$hrll r.al\ cnror nusrisA.ring lorallyinrohcd ir a gr.xr
1..1
2.1 ?.rsoD A: activ., cn.laenc, tir, d)nam,c, h.alrhl:.o ord,na
qud, h.rins
P.rson B: L:zr a.ri s.cirl, rLr.usLrful,
l'.rson C r.tr\c, roliahlc c.mpcr ,k, rncracLi., fir, Baisl
io!s, dv.rmi., i,callh} ro ord'.rtd, ro .fcmrivc Incn,lly
I'.Fon D: n,cirblc, nusic:1, srcsa.tuus, .lvnrmic, noin, ial
kaiir,.o opr.rlive, Irirndl]
1.1
174
e r s a n d t e x t s
l.roq l.i! movc.n io rb. n.{ ggen,on. snt.b involrcs a pcr.eirl t,vrl\: €x.n,ng, (r.wdcn, norr bus!
nil]hily .h.xp.r rrip but: som.r'hat bnsier schedul.. on rlns
rrip. ton (rn (on'lin. th. d.lighG.I: srfri px.k sith thr kl
dlion ofa h.a.L hoh.la): \'!n hrv.lh. opportunny ro go.:am .h.ip e!p.ns,r,luxnnous
l''-'. h la 'npl'l hr'. dr1 l.."'. .ro$ded !.ac.tul.{tuirr
lur in ,,r {ii hot.l'o\ou n..n nr br .l a m.r
flerible natue Jull liv.ly. .x.iting, adr.urcns
b.oloy rhis lip as th.r LV,iL ,n.viuhly be.l.hrs and d.tou,s
lnnr irncmrl slars wiLh a night into loham.sbu,g nom
\vhoe you narl o'.,land t, th. Kruger Pirt nr s.xr.h of rh. .rdrUnal modern oLd
'Big Fivc',lnnr. Iulfrl,,. lr.pird. rlino ind.l.phanr. trslvel1I
rhc onr.r HlJl,lc tlur inlubit tlns park Nlon of rhr rniml
srolins pli.. nr drc mo,rng and.an-v dvcnn,g rhetr Lh. hrlLe knorYn Rell lmown
r 'rlcs
n,,ls 2r. n,.r ,.iir. s. lou rrt ne. 6 r.ha nr dr. hcar ot
dr. day A.com.1o,hrn,n is prolid.d at.cst.anrps nr dt nark rlaxnrS cr.ni.g,husy;rdr.ntrtous
rh. n.\r p.n.l.all G Mrputo {lr.( yon .r. spdnd $dr unpolluL.d. trDcxcnnrg, nn.n,trdr1l, unplcr\n 1, utrt..liLio-
rim siAhrs and .lplolnrr rLt markeG and r'.terlront nal, inexn..sivr, trddvemurous,
bcld.'c€rrglh.
drivitrg on to srlcnc Hcn' rhcrc is thc .han.e to sc.
t r.sG ol.6lr.\s and ro hkd a rnp.n the.onshl lagoon to no 1.1
sonr bnd Mt.h r! and lnorlelline on we go rlnough runi Dc!..d on stud.n6 id.as
\iu.!.s lvirh splendid ricrr, acGs lhc i inro)IlJ rller bridge
3.2
inro Gaza ptuvi,r.e. sropling in Mrxixc ld r iShr wirh a trrp
l'.h) ol' "lrr " l " n ' ALI\rnr:grs,nrcncmcnl, prolillobs
Lrdl,or .. ..
rhe nct rro nigh6 arspcnr ircrallt .lnrping on lhc bca.h tri*dvxnkg.s lollntion. d.s@(nnr. builr np rakrng a$av
at rh. rmot. bca.h r.so,r ofMoNngulo wh.r. s.ork.lringand
nahrril lrk. Lvrrri piilits anl Icn.riis donfr ka.r
'rsourn,s
scuba di$rg ar. availablc ar rasonabl.Irc.s FinalLlton halc lo.,ls, tourisc s.. lo..l .ulurc only xs cntcrt,innent.
n,n. b unrvi..l nom aLl rhr rmlcLhns Ln rhc sLctpy fishins v,l t.l
hsc .l vilanrulG Y.u havr xdorlr.r .hrn.. to .djoy Lh. Dep.nd on nudenr!,dctrs
rleLiSh6.I dr. coral r..I, to try out drc local spccialiti.s and to
see Io{ drc lo.al i.habitan6 liv.. J4
il Iou ar nlknrg irr $rnahrng .hcan{ bul r bir
Fnrall-\,, Asros depcnd on nudents'id.as. Sonc possibnities l.ss
livcl,cr r.d moft ariling, rhrn how rb.ur visiring Mrputi i.rfiic / mort 1u.h.L / flrore do.tore / m.re to.ttDlt /..mfor
This is r arrl pla.. td 0eo0le rtr. Li[. r buridr imos0h.re. txbk scac / b.itc, signs/ p..vcnr poLlurio.
who woulJ ath.r do son. sigltrseeinB alld s.m.lh.fpirBdd
3.i
rrn , hor. . ol i. , or
, r' go^d od ro J\' .Lil. lsLlnl.rn,n Irlsan inrpo anr..r!.Nxftn tn,ie.r
'' ' ','!r.l
lrom drc 5 srai Hor.l Pola.a io a.onplc of ba.kpackGlodgcs
2'J criterion xrc .!.ctcd ro bcnelir tlnough. cmplo)'
nr ihd h.a..lrhc. y Thcsr ar smrllan,l rhcap hur prrfcc'l), n.m...', .mployitrg. tainirg and cquipping wildlil gu.r.ls
lrom l,,.aL communiiies
During th. .Ly therc rr. plenty ol histod.al places ro visit J ote,rc.: 'nr. nrvoh.mcnl oI n,cal .ommn.iics', a
hkc rh. l'o,iugnes. lotcss, rh. Mousinho de llbuqu.,qnc connnunity tund to proridc a$ers
slurr. and ih. h.anrifu lr:i. sraln,n bnill hy Guslavc EiffcL .l'i ..itrnid: Bre{r $ill b. encourag.d 1. ta i.iprG
(inccxsr in.uIuBl k.owl.dB. n.r'n
Theft rrc arar markeG b Jd. wl, . vou .rn ty out lht lo.al
.p,r,''' \lil, p.',' A r itlr h.n r.,. ,ng
'L'
niShtlilc snh gur La..o mns,c",.. and li!. lazz ind libulons "r 5ri .in.riod: Tlr dmrb.rs oI visitos sill b. lirnited . '
lood such as lnaqns in ni.i ni.i san.. i. ihc local resrauranrs 6Lrr.rirc.tun: ( rvilLhc pri.l ntrby luru.y t,unsm )
Y.u can conrpLerr rhe pc.Ld holiday rvirh a rrip t, l.haca 7r'.ntcnon:'gam. d.iv.s and walki.g elanJ, \cubx dry..
Irlxnd by L,o.L or by pLI.. Lft is.nly 50 dollds.ll.ie yotr joiu nDrii. $il.llit .ip.ditions', '.rhloguing t.ft.{rill xnd
The
.xn reld it tk r...ntly r.noukd I no Ishnd 1lot.l dd nrari.. hnnr a.d tl(ra c1.
spend some tune on rhe bcach.s nca$y
lhis E definncll dr. choic.lor rhosc ol lou pr.lc, .hc {h. 1. Dr 2 [:]. Bi4 Ai5. F:6 C
acriv y, noisc rn,l hun[ or thd ctr Lomb,ned wth somc days
sunbitlillg and s* imn rg h cle,r, mpollutd r'.t.r. 3.7
A sn., h:$nab, burtL deshlions, r.so . nali.ntrl prrls,
2l aucomm.driion, ladlirres, (c.BL reels)
R. gu.s6, gtrid.s, tour opcrarors
KruB.r Pxrk dd Sorlh.m Nlozinbique 3,.1 5.6
Mrpulo rnd lnh.ca: 1. 1,6,7
c scuhr dn nrg, de.p sen lishnrg. erplor., sxtxri,
D Ila.t lrlc, shark, cndang.r.d spe.n:s, nnrl.s, $ildlif.,
2.4 noa.n.l laum. biodiveEity, coraL rels, xhale, cnltur.. sun
liv.ti, p.acdnl,null,quicr,rlaxnrg
E. rnvestm.nt, torci$ cnn...I trolns
175
H'NO NACIONAL
P6tria Amada
Coro
Mogambique nossa terra gloriosa
Pedra a pedra construindo o novo dia
l\rlilh6es de bragos, uma s6 forqa
0 patria amada vamos vencer.
Oulros mqleriqis
pqrq o
Ensino Secund6rio
Quimico 8." Closse
Biolosio 8." Closse
Molemdtico 8." Closre I ttl
Porlugues I0." Closse
Motem6tico I0.'Closse
Desenho 10.'Closse
tii
Fisico l0.o Closse
Quimico 10-'Closse H
Hist6rio I0.o Closse
Geogrolio 10." Closse
lnsl6s 10.'Closse
Portugues Il.'Closse
Motem6lico 1l." Closse
Quimico I 1.' Closse
Fisics I 1." Closse
Portugues I2-o Closse
I
Motemdtico 12." Closse
Fisico i2.'Closse
Quimico 12." Closse
lngles I2." Closse
rl
r.i\(;{ \ ,I
Biologio 12." Closse tol l(;l [s\
Filosofio 11.'e 12." Closses
t,
u
t,
Texto Editore6 ]lilfllllllillll