Chem

istry
activi
ty
Submitted by : Surya
narayan Singh
Class : Xi B
Roll No. : 49
Quantum
mechanics

Quantum mechanics
 Science dealing with the
behavior
of matter and light on
the atomic and subatomic s
cale. It attempts to describe
and account for the
properties of molecules and
atoms and their
constituents—electrons,
protons, neutrons, and
other
more esoteric particles such
as quarks and gluons.
These properties include
the interactions of the
 particles with one another
and with electromagnetic
radiation.

Planks Radiation Law

In 1900 the German theoretical
physicist Max Planck made a
bold suggestion. He assumed
that the radiation energy is
emitted, not continuously, but
rather in discrete packets
called quanta. The energy E of
the quantum is related to the
frequency ν by E = hν. The
quantity h, now known as
Planck’s constant, is a universal
constant with the approximate
value of 6.62607 ×
10−34 joule∙second. Planck
showed that the calculated
energy spectrum then agreed
with observation over the entire
wavelength range.

Einstein and
the photoelectric effect
In 1905 Einstein extended
Planck’s hypothesis to explain the
photoelectric effect, which is the
emission of electrons by a metal
surface when it is irradiated by
light or more-energetic photons.
The kinetic energy of the emitted
 electrons depends on
the frequency ν of the radiation,
not on its intensity; for a given
metal, there is
a threshold frequency ν0 below
which no electrons are emitted.
Furthermore, emission takes place
as soon as the light shines on the
surface; there is no detectable
delay. Einstein showed that these
results can be explained by two
assumptions: (1) that light is
composed of corpuscles
or photons, the energy of which is
given by Planck’s relationship, and
(2) that an atom in the metal can
absorb either a whole photon or
nothing. Part of the energy of the
absorbed photon frees an electron,
 which requires a fixed energy W,
known as the work function of the
metal; the rest is converted into
the kinetic energy meu2/2 of the
emitted electron (me is the mass of
the electron and u is its velocity).
Thus, the energy relation is

If ν is less than ν0, where hν0 = W,

no electrons are emitted. Not all
the experimental results mentioned
above were known in 1905, but all
Einstein’s predictions have been
verified since.

Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers describe values
of conserved quantities in the
dynamics of a quantum system.
There are four quantum numbers
used:
(I) Principal quantum number:-
The principal quantum
number (n) describes
the electron shell, or energy
level, of an electron. The
value of n ranges from 1 to
the shell containing the
outermost electron of that
atom, i.e.[2]
n = 1, 2, ... .
(II) Azimuthal quantum number:-
The azimuthal quantum
number (ℓ) (also known as
the angular quantum
number or orbital quantum
number) describes
the subshell, and gives the
magnitude of the
orbital angular momentum
through the relation
L2 = ħ2 ℓ (ℓ + 1).
In chemistry and
spectroscopy, "ℓ = 0" is called
an s orbital, "ℓ = 1" a p
orbital, "ℓ = 2" a d orbital,
and "ℓ = 3" an f orbital. The
value of ℓ ranges from 0
to n − 1, so the first p orbital
(ℓ = 1) appears in the second
electron shell (n = 2), the first
d orbital (ℓ = 2) appears in
the third shell (n = 3), and so
on.
(III) Magnetic quantum
number:-
The magnetic quantum
number (mℓ) describes the
specific orbital (or "cloud")
within that subshell, and
yields the projection of the
orbital angular
momentum along a specified
axis:
Lz = mℓ ħ.
The values of mℓ range from
−ℓ to ℓ, with integer intervals.
(IV) Spin projection quantum
number:-
The spin projection quantum
number (ms) describes the
spin (intrinsic angular
momentum) of the electron
within that orbital, and gives
the projection of
the spin angular
momentum S along the
specified axis:
Sz = ms ħ.
In general, the values
of ms range from −s to s,
where s is the spin quantum
number, an intrinsic property
of particles.