3-12

3-29 A piston-cylinder device contains R-134a at a specified state. Heat is transferred to R-134a. The final pressure, the
volume change of the cylinder, and the enthalpy change are to be determined.
Analysis (a) The final pressure is equal to the initial pressure, which is determined from

mp g (12 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 )  1 kN 

  90.4 kPa
P2  P1  Patm   88 kPa 
D /4
2 
 (0.25 m) /4  1000 kg.m/s2
2 

(b) The specific volume and enthalpy of R-134a at the initial state of 90.4 kPa and -10C and at the final state of 90.4 kPa
and 15C are (from EES)
v1 = 0.2302 m3/kg h1 = 247.77 kJ/kg
v 2 = 0.2544 m /kg
3
h2 = 268.18 kJ/kg
The initial and the final volumes and the volume change are
R-134a
V1  mv 1  (0.85 kg)(0.2302 m 3 /kg)  0.1957 m 3 Q
0.85 kg
V 2  mv 2  (0.85 kg)(0.2544 m 3 /kg)  0.2162 m 3 -10C

V  0.2162  0.1957  0.0205m3

(c) The total enthalpy change is determined from
H  m(h2  h1 )  (0.85 kg)(268.18  247.77) kJ/kg  17.4 kJ/kg

3-30E The temperature of R-134a at a specified state is to be determined.

Analysis Since the specified specific volume is higher than vg for 80 psia, this is a superheated vapor state. From R-134a
tables,
P  80 psia 
 T  80F (Table A - 13E)
v  0.6243 ft /lbm 
3

3-31 A rigid container that is filled with R-134a is heated. The final temperature and initial pressure are to be determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is

V 1.348 m 3 R-134a
v1  v 2    0.1348 m 3 /kg -40°C
m 10 kg 10 kg
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the pressure is the 1.348 m3
saturation pressure at the given temperature
P
P1  Psat @ -40C  51.25kPa (Table A -11)

The final state is superheated vapor and the temperature is determined by 2

interpolation to be

P2  200 kPa 
 T2  66.3C (Table A - 13) 1
v 2  0.1348 m 3 /kg  v

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-13
3-32 The enthalpy of R-134a at a specified state is to be determined.
Analysis The specific volume is

V 9 m3
v   0.03 m 3 /kg
m 300 kg

Inspection of Table A-11 indicates that this is a mixture of liquid and vapor. Using the properties at 10°C line, the quality
and the enthalpy are determined to be
v v f (0.03  0.0007929) m 3 /kg
x   0.6001
v fg (0.049466  0.0007929) m 3 /kg

h  h f  xh fg  65.42  (0.6001)(190.80)  179.9kJ/kg

3-33 The specific volume of R-134a at a specified state is to be determined.

Analysis Since the given temperature is higher than the saturation temperature for 200 kPa, this is a superheated vapor state.
The specific volume is then
P  200 kPa
 v  0.11647m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T  25C 

3-34 The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 83.4 kPa. The boiling temperature of water in Denver is to be
determined.
Analysis The boiling temperature of water in Denver is the saturation temperature corresponding to the atmospheric pressure
in Denver, which is 83.4 kPa:
T  Tsat@83.4 kPa  94.6C (Table A-5)

3-35E The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250F. The absolute pressure
inside the cooker and the effect of elevation on the answer are to be determined.
Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 250F is 29.84 psia (Table A-4E). The standard atmospheric pressure at sea
level is 1 atm = 14.7 psia.
Analysis The absolute pressure in the cooker is simply the saturation pressure at the cooking temperature,
Pabs  Psat@250F  29.84 psia
H2O
It is equivalent to
250F
 1 atm 
Pabs  29.84 psia   2.03 atm
 14.7 psia 
The elevation has no effect on the absolute pressure inside when the temperature is maintained constant at 250F.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-14
3-36E A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device is filled with R-134a. The water now undergoes a process until its volume
increases by 50%. The final temperature and the enthalpy are to be determined.
Analysis From Table A-11E, the initial specific volume is

v 1  v f  x1v fg  0.01143  (0.80)( 4.4286  0.01143)  3.5452 ft 3 /lbm

and the initial volume will be

P
V1  mv 1  (0.13 lbm)(3.5452 ft 3 /lbm)  0.4609 ft 3
With a 50% increase in the volume, the final volume will be 2
V 2  1.4V1  1.5(0.4609 ft 3 )  0.6913 ft 3
1
The distance that the piston moves between the initial and final conditions is v
V V 2  V1 (0.6813  0.4609)ft 3
x     0.2934 ft
A p D 2 / 4  (1 ft) 2 / 4
As a result of the compression of the spring, the pressure difference between the initial and final states is
F kx kx 4(37 lbf/in) (0.2934  12 in)
P      1.152 lbf/in 2  1.152 psia
Ap A p D / 4
2
 (12 in) 2
The initial pressure is
P1  Psat @ -30F  9.869 psia (Table A - 11E)

The final pressure is then

P2  P1  P  9.869  1.152  11.02 psia

and the final specific volume is

V2 0.6813 ft 3
v2    5.318 ft 3 /lbm
m 0.13 lbm
At this final state, the temperature and enthalpy are

P2  11.02 psia  T2  104.7F

 (from EES)
v 2  5.318 ft 3 /lbm h2  124.7Btu/lbm

Note that it is very difficult to get the temperature and enthalpy readings from Table A-13E accurately.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-15
3-37E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the water are to be
determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is

V1 2.4264 ft 3
v1    2.4264 ft 3 /lbm H2O
m 1 lbm
600°F
This is a constant-pressure process. The initial state is determined to be superheated 1 lbm
vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be 2.4264 ft3
T1  600F 
 P  P2  250 psia (Table A - 6E)
v 1  2.4264 ft /lbm  1
3
P

The saturation temperature at 250 psia is 400.1°F. Since the final temperature
is less than this temperature, the final state is compressed liquid. Using the 2 1
incompressible liquid approximation,

v 2  v f @ 200F  0.01663 ft 3 /lbm (Table A - 4E)

v
The final volume is then

V 2  mv 2  (1 lbm)(0.01663 ft 3 /lbm)  0.01663 ft 3

3-38 The volume of a container that contains water at a specified state is to be determined.
Analysis The specific volume is determined from steam tables by interpolation to be
P  100 kPa
 v  1.9367 m /kg (Table A - 6)
3
T  150C  Water
3 kg
The volume of the container is then 100 kPa
150C
V  mv  (3 kg)(1.9367 m 3 /kg)  5.81m3

3-39 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the
heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at 1 atm and thus at the saturation temperature of 100C are hfg = 2256.4 kJ/kg (Table A-
4).
Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is
Q&  0.60  3 kW  1.8 kW H2O
100C
Noting that it takes 2256.4 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of
evaporation of water is determined to be
Q& 1.8 kJ/s
m& evaporation  =  0.80 10 3 kg/s  2.872kg/h
hfg 2256.4 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-16
3-40 Water is boiled at 1500 m (84.5 kPa pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of
the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at 84.5 kPa and thus at the saturation temperature of 95C are hfg = 2269.6 kJ/kg (Table
A-4).
Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is
H2O
Q&  0.60  3 kW  18
. kW
95C
Noting that it takes 2269.6 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the
rate of evaporation of water is determined to be
Q& 1.8 kJ/s
m& evaporation  =  0.793  10 3 kg/s  2.855 kg/h
h fg 2269.6 kJ/kg

3-41 A rigid container that is filled with R-134a is heated. The temperature and total enthalpy are to be determined at the
initial and final states.
Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is
R-134a
V
0.014 m 3
v1  v 2    0.0014 m 3 /kg 300 kPa
m 10 kg 10 kg
14 L
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the temperature is the
saturation temperature at the given pressure. From Table A-12 by interpolation
T1  Tsat @ 300kPa  0.61C P

Using EES, we would get 0.65C. Then,

2
v1  v f (0.0014  0.0007735) m 3 /kg
x1    0.009351
v fg (0.067776  0.0007735) m 3 /kg
1
h1  h f  x1h fg  52.71  (0.009351)(198.17)  54.56 kJ/kg 4 v
The total enthalpy is then
H1  mh1  (10 kg)(54.56 kJ/kg)  545.6kJ

The final state is also saturated mixture. Repeating the calculations at this state,
T2  Tsat @ 600kPa  21.55C

v2 v f (0.0014  0.0008198) m 3 /kg

x2    0.01731
v fg (0.034335  0.0008198) m 3 /kg

h2  h f  x 2 h fg  81.50  (0.01731)(180.95)  84.64 kJ/kg

H 2  mh2  (10 kg)(84.64 kJ/kg)  846.4kJ

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-17
3-42 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is cooled at constant pressure. The final temperature and the change
of total internal energy are to be determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is

V 12.322 m 3
v1    0.12322 m 3 /kg R-134a
m 100 kg
200 kPa
The initial state is superheated and the internal energy at this state is 100 kg
12.322 m3
P1  200 kPa 
 u1  263.08 kJ/kg (Table A - 13)
v 1  0.12322 m 3 /kg 
P
The final specific volume is

v1 0.12322 m 3 / kg 2 1
v2    0.06161 m 3 /kg
2 2
This is a constant pressure process. The final state is determined to be saturated v
mixture whose temperature is
T2  Tsat @ 200kPa  10.09C (Table A -12)

The internal energy at the final state is (Table A-12)

v2 v f (0.06161  0.0007532) m 3 /kg
x2    0.6135
v fg (0.099951  0.0007532) m 3 /kg

u 2  u f  x 2 u fg  38.26  (0.6135)(186.25)  152.52 kJ/kg

Hence, the change in the internal energy is

u  u 2  u1  152.52  263.08  110.6kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-18
3-43 A piston-cylinder device fitted with stops contains water at a specified state. Now the water is cooled until a final
pressure. The process is to be indicated on the T-v diagram and the change in internal energy is to be determined.
Analysis The process is shown on T-v diagram. The internal
energy at the initial state is

P1  200 kPa
 u1  2808.8 kJ/kg (Table A - 6)
T1  300C 
Water
State 2 is saturated vapor at the initial pressure. Then, 200 kPa Q
300C
P2  200 kPa 
 v 2  0.8858 m /kg (Table A - 5)
3
x 2  1 (sat. vapor) 
T
200 kPa
Process 2-3 is a constant-volume process. Thus,
1
300C
P3  100 kPa  100 kPa
 u  1508.6 kJ/kg (Table A - 5) 2
v 3  v 2  0.8858 m /kg 3
3

The overall change in internal energy is 3

u  u1  u3  2808.8  1508.6  1300kJ/kg
v

3-44 Saturated steam at Tsat = 40C condenses on the outer surface of a cooling tube at a rate of 130 kg/h. The rate of heat
transfer from the steam to the cooling water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 30C.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 40C are hfg = 2406.0 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis Noting that 2406.0 kJ of heat is released as 1 kg of saturated
vapor at 40C condenses, the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the 40C
cooling water in the tube is determined directly from
Q&  m& evap h fg L = 35 m
D = 3 cm
 (130 kg/h)(2406.0 kJ/kg)  312,780 kJ/h
= 86.9 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-19
3-45 The boiling temperature of water in a 5-cm deep pan is given. The boiling temperature in a 40-cm deep pan is to be
determined.
Assumptions Both pans are full of water.
Properties The density of liquid water is approximately  = 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis The pressure at the bottom of the 5-cm pan is the saturation
40 cm
pressure corresponding to the boiling temperature of 98C:
5 cm
P  Psat@98 C  94.39 kPa (Table A-4)

The pressure difference between the bottoms of two pans is

 1 kPa 
P   g h  (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(0.35 m)   3.43 kPa
 1000 kg/m  s 2 
 
Then the pressure at the bottom of the 40-cm deep pan is
P = 94.39 + 3.43 = 97.82 kPa
Then the boiling temperature becomes
Tboiling  Tsat@97.82 kPa  99.0C (Table A-5)

3-46 A cooking pan is filled with water and covered with a 4-kg lid. The boiling temperature of water is to be determined.
Analysis The pressure in the pan is determined from a force balance on the lid,
PA = PatmA + W
Patm
or,
mg
P  Patm 
A
(4 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )  1 kPa  P
 (101 kPa)   
 (0.1 m)  2 W = mg
 1000 kg/m  s 
2
 102.25 kPa

The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure,

T  Tsat@102.25 kPa  100.2C (Table A-5)

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-20

3-47 Prob. 3-46 is reconsidered. Using EES (or other) software, the effect of the mass of the lid on the boiling
temperature of water in the pan is to be investigated. The mass is to vary from 1 kg to 10 kg, and the boiling temperature is
to be plotted against the mass of the lid.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Given data"
{P_atm=101[kPa]}
D_lid=20 [cm]
{m_lid=4 [kg]}

"Solution"
"The atmospheric pressure in kPa varies with altitude in km by the approximate function:"
P_atm=101.325*(1-0.02256*z)^5.256
"The local acceleration of gravity at 45 degrees latitude as a function of altitude in m is given by:"
g=9.807+3.32*10^(-6)*z*convert(km,m)

"At sea level:"

z=0 "[km]"
A_lid=pi*D_lid^2/4*convert(cm^2,m^2)
W_lid=m_lid*g*convert(kg*m/s^2,N)
P_lid=W_lid/A_lid*convert(N/m^2,kPa)
P_water=P_lid+P_atm
T_water=temperature(steam_iapws,P=P_water,x=0)

mlid [kg] Twater [C]

1 100.1
2 100.1
3 100.2
4 100.3
5 100.4
6 100.5
7 100.6
8 100.7
9 100.7
10 100.8

100.9

100.8

100.7

100.6
T water [C]

100.5

100.4

100.3

100.2

100.1

100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

mlid [kg]

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 3-21

110

100 mass of lid = 4 kg

90
Pwater [kPa]
80

70

60

50

40

30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z [km]
Effect of altitude on boiling pre ssure of water in pan with lid

105
mass of lid = 4 kg
100

95
T water [C]

90

85

80

75

70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z [km]
Effect of altitude on boiling temperature of wate r in pan with lid

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.