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GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERISATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Si, ma…
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
In campo statico
Bulbo delle tensioni
In campo dinamico
Un modello per valutare le azioni sismiche
Per la scuola F. Jovine di San Giuliano di Puglia
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
2. Tipologia di indagini
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Nei terreni a grana fina, le analisi possono essere condotte in termini di tensioni
totali esprimendo la resistenza al taglio mediante la resistenza non drenata
valutata in condizioni di sollecitazione ciclica
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Strength parameters
The value of the soil strength parameters applicable under static undrained
conditions may generally be used.
For cohesive soils the appropriate strength parameter is the undrained shear
strength cu, adjusted for the rapid rate of loading and cyclic degradation effects
under the earthquake loads when such an adjustment is needed and justified by
adequate experimental evidence.
For cohesionless soil the appropriate strength parameter is the cyclic undrained
shear strength τcy,u which should take the possible pore pressure build-up into
account.
Alternatively, effective strength parameters with appropriate pore water pressure
generated during cyclic loading may be used. For rocks the unconfined compressive
strength, qu , may be used.
The partial factors (γM) for material properties cu, τcy,u and qu are denoted as γcu,
γτcy and γqu, and those for tan φ′ are denoted as γφ′.
Their values for use in a country may be found in its N.A. The recommended values
are γcu = 1,4, γτcy = 1,25, γqu = 1,4, and γφ′ = 1,25.
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
Due to its influence on the design seismic actions, the main stiffness parameter of
the ground under earthquake loading is the shear modulus G, given by:
G = ρ νs
where ρ is the unit mass and vs is the shear wave propagation velocity of the
ground.
Damping should be considered as an additional ground property in the cases where
the effects of soil-structure interaction are to be taken into account
Internal damping, caused by inelastic soil behaviour under cyclic loading, and
radiation damping, caused by seismic waves propagating away from the
foundation, should be considered separately.
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
1.5
0.0
0
Settlement, S(mm)
th
14 Oct., 1989 10 years
-100
Instantaneous settlement
Residual settlement
-150
Creep settlement 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Settlement by seismic effects Elasped time (days)
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
Inertial forces
Earthquake loads:
▪ simple shear stress state
▪ distorsional strains
Observed behaviour:
Non-linear
Non-reversible
Energy dissipation
Residual (plastic) strains
Waves
Soil behaviour
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
CONCEPTUAL MODELS
30
tensione tangenziale, (kPa)
20
10
-10 0,5
0
-20
-0,5
-0,001 0 0,001
-30
-0,15 -0,1 -0,05 0 0,05 0,1 0,15
deformazione tangenziale, (%)
Description of non-linear & non-reversible mechanical behaviour
Equivalent parameters:
G = shear modulus pp
G
(G0 = initial shear modulus) pp
WD
D = damping ratio D
4WS
Waves
Soil behaviour
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
Linear threshold
9th cycle
Stable threshold
D (%)
l
0.4 10
Two threshold strain levels
can be individuated:
0.2 v 5
- a linear threshold, l
- a volumetric threshold, v
0 0
and three related strain ranges 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
shear
deformazione strain, (%)
tangenziale, (%)
Free drainage Undrained conditions
Beyond the volumetric threshold v, for
Dry or wet soil Saturated soil
it can be observed: Volumetric strain
volume strains vv
Pore
porewater pressureu
waterpressure u
Waves degradazione
Cyclic ciclica
degradation [G(),
[G(), D()
D() = f(N
= f(N cicli)])]
cycles
Soil behaviour Permanent
distorsioni shear strain s
permanenti
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
➢ D aumenta
verso la rottura:
➢ Condizioni non drenate:
accumulo di pressioni neutre u
➢ Condizioni drenate:
variazioni di volume v
➢ Drenaggio libero/impedito:
distorsioni permanenti s
parametri addizionali:
indici di degradazione di G e D
G( N ) D( N )
G D
G (1) D (1)
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 7a. Geotechnical characterization
LIQUEFACTION OF SAND
emax e
Dr= densità relativa Dr
emax emin
p' q v
Condizione di stato critico 0
s s s
q cs Mp' cs
v cs ln( p' cs )
Pore pressure, liquefaction, cyclic mobility
u
Stress-based liquefaction condition: 1 f s tan (so u) tan 0
so
Waves
Strain-based liquefaction condition: lim (e.g. 5%)
Soil behaviour
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Liquefazione
LIQUEFACTION OF SAND
Condizioni non drenate
Filippo Santucci de Magistris – Liquefazione
• The cycles assume a distorted ‘banana’ shape • The cycles modify more gradually
with slope decreasing towards the horizontal (G 0) with a shape which tends to stabilize
number of cycles, NC
(%)
Such condition occurs for a failure stress ratio decreasing with the number of cycles,
and usually lower than the undrained static strength ratio,
which is in turn lower than the drained static strength ratio, equal to tan’
Cyclic shear strength of granular soils
The cyclic strength is defined by the Cyclic Resistance Ratio: Number of cycles relationship
CRR f (Nc )
s0
LIQUEFACTION OF SAND
le curve (so):Nc possono simulare la resistenza ciclica sotto azioni sismiche se una storia di
carico irregolare è approssimabile con una sollecitazione ciclica equivalente