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Class XII – NCERT – Maths Chapter 4-Determinants
Exercise 4.1
Question 1:
2 4
Evaluate the determinants in Exercise 1 and 2.
5 1
Solution 1:
2 4
 2  1  4  5    2  20  18
5 1
Question 2:
Evaluate the determinants in Exercise 1 and 2.
cos   sin  x2  x  1 x  1
(i) (ii)
sin  cos  x 1 x 1
Solution 2:
cos   sin 
(i)   cos   cos      sin   sin    cos 2   sin 2   1
sin  cos 
x2  x  1 x  1
(ii)
x 1 x 1
  x 2  x  1  x  1   x  1 x  1
 x3  x 2  x  x 2  x  1   x 2  1
 x3  1  x 2  1
 x3  x 2  2
Question 3:
1 2 
If A    , then show that 2 A  4 A
4 2
Solution 3:
1 2 
The given matrix is A   
4 2
4.Determinants www.vedantu.com 1
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1 2   2 4 
 2A  2   
 4 2  8 4 
2 4
L.H .S : 2 A 
8 4
 2 4  48
 8  32   24
1 2 
Now, A     1 2  2  4  2  8   6
4 2
R.H .S : 4 A  4   6  24
 L.H .S.  R.H.S.
Questions 4:
1 0 1 
A  0 1 2  , then show that 3A  27 A .
0 0 4 
Solution 4:
1 0 1 
The given matrix is A  0 1 2  .
0 0 4
It can be observed that in the first column, two entries are zero. Thus, we expand along the first
column  C1  for easier calculation.
1 2 0 1 0 1
A 1 0 0  1 4  0   0  0  4
0 4 0 4 1 2
 27 A  27  4  108 ……(i)
1 0 1  3 0 3
Now, 3 A  3 0 1 2   0 3 6 
0 0 4  0 0 12 
3 6 0 3 0 3
 3A  3 0 0
0 12 0 12 3 6
 336  0  336  108 ……(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we have:
3A  27 A
Hence, the given result is proved.
Question 5:
Evaluate the determinants
3 1 2 3 4 5
(i) 0 0 1 (ii) 1 1 2
3 5 0 2 3 1
0 1 2 2 1 2
(iii) 1 0 3 (iv) 0 2 1
2 3 0 3 5 0
Solution 5:
 3 1 2 
(i) let A  0 0 1
 3 5 0 
It can be observed that in the second row, two entries are zero.
Thus, we expand along the second row for easier calculation.
1 2 3 2 3 1
A  0 0   1   15  3  12
5 0 3 0 3 5
 3 4 5 
(ii) Let A  1 1 2 
 2 3 1 
By expanding along the first row, we have:
1 2 1 2 1 1
A 3 4 5
3 1 2 1 2 3
 3 1  6   4 1  4   5  3  2 
 3  7   4  5   5 1
 21  20  5  46
0 1 2
(iii) Let A   1 0 3
 2 3 0 

0 3 1 3 1 0
A 0 1 2
3 0 2 0 2 3
 0 1 0  6   2  3  0 
 1 6   2  3
 66  0
 2 1 2 
(iv) Let A   0 2 1
 3 5 0 
By expanding along the first column, we have:
2 1 1 2 1 2
A 2 0 3
5 0 5 0 2 1
 2  0  5   0  3 1  4 
 10  15  5
Question 6:
1 1 2 
If A   2 1 3 , find A
 5 4 9 
Solution 6:
1 1 2 
Let A   2 1 3 .
 5 4 9 
1 1 2 
A   2 1 3
 5 4 9 
1 3 2 3 2 1
A 1 1 2
4 9 5 9 5 4
 1 9  12   1 18  15   2 8  5 
 1 3  1 3  2  3
 336
 66
0
Question 7:
Find values of x, if
2 4 2x 4 2 3 x 3
(i)  (ii) 
5 1 6 x 4 5 2x 5
Solution 7:
2 4 2x 4
(i) 
5 1 6 x
 2 1  5  4 = 2x  x  6  4
 2  20  2 x 2  24
 2x2  6
 x2  3
 x 3
2 3 x 3
(ii) 
4 5 2x 5
 2  5  3  4  x  5  3  2x
 10  12  5 x  6 x
 2   x
 x2
Question 8:
x 2 6 2
If  , then x is equal to
18 x 18 6
A. 6
B. 6
C. 6
D. 0
Solution 8:
x 2 6 2

18 x 18 6
 x 2  36  36  36
 x 2  36  0
 x 2  36
 x6
Hence, the correct answer is B.
Exercise 4.2
Question 1:
Using the property of determinants and without expanding, prove that:
x a xa
y b yb  0
z c zc
Solution 1:
x a xa x a x x a a
y b y b  y b y y b b
z c zc z c z z c c
Clearly, the two determinants have two identical columns. Thus,
 00  0
Question 2:
a -b b -c c -a
b -c c -a a -b  0
c -a a -b b -c
Solution 2:
a -b b -c c -a
  b -c c - a a -b
c - a a -b b -c
Applying R1  R1  R2 , we have:
ac ba c b
 bc ca a b
  a  c   b  a   c  b 
a c b a c b
  bc c a a b
a c b a c b
Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical.
  0.
Question 3:
2 7 65
3 8 75  0
5 9 86
Solution 3:
2 7 65 2 7 63  2
3 8 75  3 8 72  3
5 9 86 5 9 81  5
2 7 63 2 7 2
 3 8 72  3 8 3
5 9 81 5 9 5
2 7 9 7
 3 8 9 8  0 Two Coloumns are identical
5 9 9 9
2 7 7
9 3 8 8
5 9 9
0 Two Coloumns are identical
Question 4:
1 bc a  b  c 
1 ca b  c  a   0
1 ab c  a  b 
Solution 4:
1 bc a  b  c 
  1 ca b  c  a 
1 ab c  a  b 
By applying C3  C3  C2 . We have:
1 bc ab  bc  ca
  1 ca ab  bc  ca
1 ab ab  bc  ca
Here. Two columns C1 and C3 are proportional.
  0.
Question 5:
bc qr y z a p x
ca r p zx 2 b q y
ab pq x y c r z
Solution 5:
bc qr yz
  ca r p zx
ab pq z y
bc qr y z bc qr yz
= ca r p zx  ca r p zx
a p x b q y
 1  2 say …….(1)
bc qr yz
Now, 1  c  a r  p zx
a p x
Applying R1  R1  R2 , we have:
b q y
1  c r z
a p x
Applying R1  R3 and R2  R3 , we have:
a p x a p x
1   1 b
2
q y b q y …… (2)
c r z c r z
bc qr yz
2  c  a r  p zx
b q y
c r z
2  c  a r  p zx
b q y
c r z
2  a p x
b q y
Applying R1  R2 and R2  R3 , we have:
a p x a p x
 2   1 b
2
q y b q y ….(3)
c r z c r z
From (1),(2), and (3), we have:
a p x
2b q y
c r z
Question 6:
By using properties of determinants, show that:
0 a b
 a 0 c  0
b c 0
Solution 6:
We have,
0 a b
   a 0 c
b c 0
Applying R1  cR1 , we have:
0 ac bc
1
   a 0 c
c
b c 0
Applying R1  R1  bR2 , we have:
ab ac 0
1
   a 0 c
c
b c 0
b c 0
a
  a 0 c
c
b c 0
Here, the two rows R1 and R3 are identical.
   0.
Question 7:
a 2 ab ac
ba b 2 bc  4a 2b 2c 2
ca cb c 2
Solution 7:
a 2 ab ac
  ba b 2 bc
ca cb c 2
a b c
 abc a b c Taking out factors a, b,c from R1, R 2 and R3 
a b c
1 1 1
=  a b c 1 1 1
2 2 2
Taking out factors a, b,c from C1, C2 and C3 
1 1 1
Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 , we have:
1 1 1
a b c 0 0 2
2 2 2
0 2 0
0 2
 a 2b 2 c 2  1
2 0
  a b c  0  4   4a 2b 2 c 2
2 2 2
Question 8:
1 a a2
(i) 1 b b 2   a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 c c2
1 1 1
(ii) a b c   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
a 3 b3 c3
Solution 8:
1 a a2
(i) Let   1 b b 2
1 c c2
Applying R1  R1  R3 and R2  R2  R3 , we have:
0 a  c a2  c2
  0 b  c b2  c2
1 c c2
0 1 a  c
  c  a  b  c  0 1 b  c
1 c c2
0 0 a  b
   b  c  c  a  0 1 b  c
1 c c2
0 0 1
  a  b  b  c  c  a  0 1 b  c
1 c c2
Expanding along C1 , we have:

0 1
   a  b  b  c  c  a    a  b  b  c  c  a 
1 bc
1 1 1
(ii) Let   a b c
3
a b3 c3
Applying C1  C1  C3 and C2  C2  C3 ,we have:
0 0 1
  ac bc c
a  c b3  c 3
3 3
c3
0 0 1
 ac bc c
 a  c   a 2  ac  c 2   b  c   b 2  bc  2  c3
0 0 1
  c  a  b  c  1 1 c
  a  ac  c
2 2
 b 2
 bc  c 2
 c3
Applying C1  C1  C2 , we have:
0 0 1
   c  a  b  c  0 1 c
b 2
 a 2    bc  ac  b 2
 bc  c 2  c 3
0 0 1
  b  c  c  a  a  b  0 0 c
 a  b  c b 2
 bc  c 2  c 3
0 0 1
  a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c  0 1 c
1 b 2
 bc  c 2  c 3
0 1
   a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c  1
1 c
  a  b  b  c  c  a  a  b  c 
Question 9:
x x2 yz
y y2 zx   x  y  y  z  z  x  xy  yz  zx 
z z2 xy
Solution 9:
x x2 yz
Let   y y2 zx
z z2 xy
Applying R2  R2  R1 , and R3  R3  R1 , we have:
x x2 yz
 yx y2  x2 zx  yz
zx z 2  x2 xy  yz
x x2 yz
   x  y    x  y  x  y  z x  y
 z  x  z  x  z  x   y  z  x
x x2 yz
  x  y  z  x  1  x  y z
1 zy zy
x x2 yz
   x  y  z  x  1  x  y z
1 zy zy
x x2 yz
  x  y  z  x  z  y  1  x  y z
0 1 1
Expanding along R3 , we have:
 x yz x x2 
   x  y  z  x  z  y    1 1 
 1 z 1  x  y 
  x  y  z  x  z  y    xz  yz     x 2  xy  x 2  
   x  y  z  x  z  y  xy  yz  zx 
  x  y  y  z  z  x  xy  yz  zx 
Question 10:
x  4 2x 2x
x  4 2 x   5 x  4  4  x 
2
(i) 2x
2x 2x x  4
yk y y
(ii) y yk y  k 2  3x  k 
y y yk
Solution 10:
x4 2x 2x
(i)   2 x x  4 2x
2x 2x x  4
Applying R1  R1  R2  R3 , we have:
5x  4 5x  4 5x  4
  2x x4 2x
2x 2x x4
1 0 0
 5x  4 2 x x4 0
2x 0 x4
Applying C2  C2  C1 , C3  C3  C1 , we have
1 0 0
  5x  4 2 x  x  4 0
2x 0 x  4
1 0 0
  5 x  4  4  x  4  x  2 x 1 0
2x 0 1
1 0
   5 x  4  4  x 
2
2x 1
  5 x  4  4  x 
2

yk y y
(ii)   y yk y
y y yk
Applying R1  R1  R2 R3 , we have:
3y  k 3y  k 3y  k
 y yk y
y y yk
1 1 1
  3y  k  y yk y
y y yk
Applying C2  C2  C1 and C3  C3  C1 , we have:
1 0 0
  3 y  k  y k 0
y 0 k
1 0 0
 k  3x  k  y 1 0
2
y 0 1
Expanding alone C3 , we have:

1 0
  k 2 3 y  k   k 2 3y  k 
y 1
Question 11:
a b c 2a 2a
2b   a  b  c 
3
(i) 2b bca
2c 2c c a b
x  y  2z x y
 2 x  y  z
3
(ii) z y  z  2x y
z x z  x  2y
Solution 11:
a b c 2a 2a
2b   a  b  c 
3
(i) 2b bca
2c 2c c a b
abc abc abc
 2b bca 2b
2c 2c c a b
1 1 1
  a  b  c  2b b  c  a 2b
2c 2c c a b
Applying C2  C2  C1 , C3  C3  C1 ,we have:
1 0 0
   a  b  c  2b   a  b  c  0
2c 0 a  b  c
1 0 0
 a  b  c
3
2b 1 0
2c 0 1
   a  b  c   1 1   a  b  c 
3 3

x  y  2z x y
(ii)   z y  z  2x y
z x z  x  2y
Applying C1  C1  C2  C3 , we have:
2 x  y  z x y
  2 x  y  z y  z  2x y
2 x  y  z x z  x  2y
1 x y
 2  x  y  z  1 y  z  2x y
1 x z  x  2y
1 x y
  2 x  y  z 0 x  y  z 0
0 0 x yz
1 x y
 2 x  y  z 0 1 0
0 0 1
  2  x  y  z  11  0   2  x  y  z 
3 3
Question 12:
1 x x2
x  1  x 3 
2
x2 1
x x2 1
Solution 12:
1 x x2
  x2 1 x
x x2 1
Applying R1  R1  R2  R3 ,we have:
1  x  x2 1  x  x2 1  x  x2
 x2 1 x
x x2 1
1 0 0
  1  x  x 2
 x2 1 x 2
x  x2
x x2  x 1  x
1 0 0
 1  x  x 2  1  x 1  x  x 2 1  x x
x x 1
1 0 0
 1  x3  1  x  x 2 1  x x
x x 1
1 x x
  1  x 3  1  x 1
x 1
 1  x3  1  x  1  x  x 2 
 1  x3 1  x3 
 1  x3 
2
Question 13:
1  a 2  b2 2ab 2b
 1  a 2  b 2 
3
2ab 1  a 2  b2 2a
2b 2a 1  a 2  b2
Solution 13:
1  a 2  b2 2ab 2b
 2ab 1  a 2  b2 2a
2b 2a 1  a 2  b2
Applying R1  R1  bR3 and R2  R2  aR3 , we have:
1  a 2  b2 0 b 1  a 2  b 2 
 0 1  a 2  b2 a 1  a 2  b 2 
2b 2a 1  a 2  b2
1 0 b
 1  a  b  0
2
1 2
a
2b 2a 1  a 2  b 2
2  1 a 0 1 
  1  a 2  b2  1 b 
 2a 1  a  b 2b 2a 
2 2
 1  a 2  b2  1  a 2  b2  2a 2  b  2b  
2
 1  a 2  b2  1  a 2  b2 
2
 1  a 2  b2 
3
Question 14:
a 2  1 ab ac
ab b2  1 bc  1  a 2  b 2  c 2
ca cb c2  1
Solution 14:
a 2  1 ab ac
  ab b 2  1 bc
ca cb c2  1
Taking out common factors a, b and c from R1 , R2 and R3 respectively, we have:
1
a b c
a
1
  abc a b c
b
1
a b c
c

1
a b c
a
1 1
  abc  0
a b
1 1
 0
a c
Applying C1  aC1 , C2  bC2 and C3  cC3 , we have:

a 2  1 b2 c2
1
  abc x 1 1 0
abc
1 0 1
b2 c2 a 2  1 b2
  1 1
1 0 1 1
 1 c 2    a 2  1  b2   1  a 2  b2  c 2
Question 15:
Choose the correct answer.
Let A be a square matrix of order 3 x 3 , then kA is equal to
k A
A.
B. k 2 A
C. k 3 A
D. 3k A
Solution 15:
Answer: C
A is a square matrix of order 3 x 3 .
 a1 b1 c1 
Let A   a2 b2 c2 
 a3 b3 c3 
 ka1 kb1 kc1 

Then, kA   ka2 kb2 kc2 
 ka3 kb3 kc3 
ka1 kb1 kc1
 kA  ka2 kb2 kc2
ka3 kb3 kc3
a1 b1 c1
 k 3 a2 b2 c2 (Taking out common factors k from each row)
a3 b3 c3
 k3 A
 kA  k 3 A
Hence, the correct answer is C.
Question 16:
Which of the following is correct?
A. Determinant is a square matrix.
B. Determinant is a number associated to a matrix.
C. Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.
D. None of these.
Solution 16:
Answer: C
We know that to every square matrix, A   aij  of order n . We can associate a number called
the determinant of square matrix A , where aij   i, j  element of A .
th
Thus, the determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.

Hence, the correct answer is C.
Exercise 4.3
Question 1:
Find area of the triangle with vertices at the point given in each of the following:
(i) 1,0  ,  6,0 ,  4,3

(ii)  2,7  , 1,1 , 10,8
(iii)  2, 3 ,  3, 2 ,  1, 8
Solution 1:
(i) The area of the triangle with vertices 1,0  ,  6,0 ,  4,3 is given by the relation,
1 0 1
1
 6 0 1
2
4 3 1
1
 1 0  3  0  6  4   118  0  
2
1 15
  3  18  square units
2 2
(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices  2,7 , 1,1 , 10,8 is given by the relation,
2 7 1
1
 1 1 1
2
10 8 1
1
  2 1  8   7 1  10   1 8  10  
2
1
  2  7   7  9   1 2  
2
1 1
  14  63  2   16  63
2 2
47
 square units
2
(iii) The area of the triangle with vertices  2, 3 , 3, 2 ,  1, 8 is given by the relation,
2 3 1
1
 3 2 1
2
1 8 1
1
  2  2  8   3  3  1  1 24  2  
2
1
  2 10   3  4   1 22  
2
1
  20  12  22 
2
30
  15
2
Hence, the area of the triangle is 15  15 square units
Question 2:
Show that points A a, b  c  , B b, c  a  , C  c, a  b  are collinear
Solution 2:
Area of ABC is given by the relation,
a bc 1
1
  b ca 1
2
c ab 1
a bc 1
1
 ba a b 0 (Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 )
2
ca ac 0
a bc 1
1
  a  b  c  a  1 1 0
2
1 1 0
a bc 1
1
  a  b  c  a  1 1 0 (Applying R3  R3  R2 )
2
0 0 0
0 (All elements of R3 are 0)
Thus, the area of the triangle formed by points A, B and C is zero.
Hence, the points A, B and C are collinear.
Question 3:
Find values of k if area of triangle is 4 square units and vertices are
(i)  k ,0 ,  4,0 ,  0, 2
(ii)  2,0 ,  0, 4 ,  0, k 
Solution 3:
We know that the area of a triangle whose vertices are  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  and  x3 , y3  is the
absolute value of the determinant    , where
x1 y1 1
1
  x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1
It is given that the area of triangle is 4 square units.
   4.
(i) The area of the triangle with vertices  k ,0 ,  4,0 ,  0, 2 is given by the relation,
k 0 1
1
 4 0 1
2
0 2 1
1
  k  0  2   0  4  0   1 8  0  
2
1
  2k  8  k  4
2
k  4   4
When k  4   4, k  8.
When k  4   4, k  0.
Hence, k  0 , 8 .
(ii) The area of the triangle with vertices  2,0 ,  0, 4 ,  0, k  is given by the relation,
2 0 1
1
 0 4 1
2
0 k 1
1
  2  4  k  
2
k  4
k  4   4
When k  4   4, k  0.
When k  4  4, k  8.
Hence, k  0 , 8 .
Question 4:
(i) Find equation of line joining 1, 2  and  3,6 using determinates
(ii) Find equation of line joining  3,1 and  9,3 using determinants
Solution 4:
(i) Let P  x, y  be any point on the line joining points A 1, 2  and B  3,6 . Then, the points A, B
and P are collinear. Therefore, the area of triangle ABP will be zero.
1 2 1
1
 3 6 1 0
2
x y 1
1
 1 6  y   2  3  x   1 3 y  6 x    0
2
 6  y  6  2x  3y  6x  0
 2 y  4x  0
 y  2x
Hence, the equation of the line joining the given points is y  2 x .
(ii) Let P  x, y  be any point on the line joining points A3,1 and
B  9,3 . Then, the points A, B and P are collinear. Therefore, the area of the triangle ABP will
be zero.
3 1 1
1
 9 3 1 0
2
x y 1
1
 3  3  y   1 9  x   1 9 y  3 x    0
2
 9  3 y  9  x  9 y  3x  0
 6 y  2x  0
 x  3y  0
Hence, the equation of the line joining the given points is x  3 y  0.
Question 5:
If the area of triangle is 35 square units with vertices  2, 6 ,  5, 4 and  k , 4 . Then k is
A. 12
B. -2
C. -12, -2
D. 12, -2
Solution 5:
Answer: D
The area of the triangle with vertices  2, 6 ,  5, 4 and  k , 4 is given by the relation,
2 6 1
1
 5 4 1
2
k 4 1
1
  2  4  4   6  5  k   1 20  4k  
2
1
 30  6k  20  4k 
2
1
 50  10k 
2
 25  5k
It is given that the area of the triangle id 35 .
Therefore, we have:
 25-5k=  35
 5(5-k)=  35
 5-k=  7
When 5  k  7, k  5  7  12.
When 5  k  7, k  5  7  2.
Hence, k  12,  2.
The correct answer is D.
Exercise 4.4
Question 1:
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
2 4
(i)
0 3
a c
(ii)
b d
Solution 1:
2 4
(i) The given determinant is .
0 3
Minor of element aij is M ij .
 M11 = minor of element a11  3
M12 = minor of element a12  0
M 21 = minor of element a21  4
M 22 = minor of element a22  2
Cofactor of aij is Aij   1
i j
M ij .
 A11   1 M11   1  3  3
11 2
A12   1 M 12   1  0   0

1 2 3
A21   1 M 21   1  4   4

2 1 3
A22   1 M 22   1  2   2

2 2 4
a c
(ii) The given determinant is .
b d
Minor of element aij is M ij .
 M11 = minor of element a11  d
M12 = minor of element a12  b
M 21 = minor of element a21  c
M 22 = minor of element a22  a
Cofactor of aij is Aij   1
i j
M ij .
 A11   1 M11   1  d   d
11 2
A12   1 M 12   1  b   b

1 2 3
A21   1 M 21   1  c   c

2 1 3
A22   1 M 22   1  a   a

2 2 4
Question 2:
Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:
(i)
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
(ii)
1 0 4
3 5 1
0 1 2
Solution 2:
1 0 0
The given determinant is 0 1 0
0 0 1
By the definition of minors and cofactors, we have:
1 0
M11  minor of a11  1
0 1
0 0
M12  minor of a12  0
0 1
0 1
M13  minor of a13  0
0 0
0 0
M 21  minor of a21  0
0 1
1 0
M 22  minor of a22  1
0 1
1 0
M 23  minor of a23  0
0 0
0 0
M 31  minor of a31  0
1 0
1 0
M 32  minor of a32  0
0 0
1 0
M 33  minor of a33  1
0 1
A11  cofactor of a11   1

11
M11  1

1 2
M12  0

13
M13  0

21
M21  0

2 2
M 22  1

2 3
M23  0

31
M31  0

3 2
M32  0

33
M33  1
1 0 4
The given determinant is 3 5 1
0 1 2
By definition of minors and cofactors, we have:
5 1
M11  minor of a11   10  1  1
1 2
3 1
M12  minor of a12   60  6
0 2
3 5
M13  minor of a13   30  3
0 1
0 4
M 21  minor of a21   0  4  4
1 2
1 4
M 22  minor of a22   20  2
0 2
1 0
M 23  minor of a23   1 0  1
0 1
0 4
M 31  minor of a31   0  20  20
5 1
1 4
M 32  minor of a32   1  12  13
3 1
1 0
M 33  minor of a33   50  5
3 5

11
M11  11

1 2
M12  6

13
M13  3

21
M21  4

2 2
M22  2

23
M23  1

31
M31  20

3 2
M32  13

33
M33  5
Question 3:
5 3 8
Using Cofactors of elements of second row, evaluate   2 0 1
1 2 3
Solution 3:
5 3 8
The given determinant is 2 0 1
1 2 3
We have:
3 8
M 21   9  16  7
2 3
 A21  cofactor of a21   1
21
M21  7
5 8
M 22   15  8  7
1 3
 A22  cofactor of a22   1
2 2
M22  7
5 3
M 23   10  3  7
1 2
 A23  cofactor of a23   1
23
M23  7
We know that  is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the second row with their
corresponding cofactors.
  a21A 21  a22 A 22  a33A33
 2  7   0  7   1 7   14  7  7
Question 4:
1 x yz
Using Cofactors of elements of third column, evaluate   1 y zx
1 z xy
Solution 4:
1 x yz
The given determinant is 1 y zx
1 z xy
We have:
1 y
M13   zy
1 z
1 x
M 23   zx
1 z
1 x
M 33   yx
1 y
 A13  cofactor of a13   1 M13   z  y 
13
A 23  cofactor of a23   1 M 23    z  x    x  z 

2 3
A33  cofactor of a33   1 M33   y  x 

3 3
We know that  is equal to the sum of the product of the elements of the second row with their
corresponding cofactors.
  a13 A13  a23 A 23  a33 A 33
 yz  z  y   zx  x  z   xy  y  x 
 yz 2  y 2 z  x 2 z  xz 2  xy 2  x 2 y
  x 2 z  y 2 z    yz 2  xz 2    xy 2  x 2 y 
 z  x 2  y 2   z 2  y  x   xy  y  x 
 z  x  y  x  y   z 2  y  x   xy  y  x 
  x  y   zx  zy  z 2  xy 
  x  y   z  x  z   y  z  x  
  x  y  z  x    z  y 
  x  y  y  z  z  x 
Hence,  =  x - y  y  z   z  x  .
Question 5:
For the matrices A and B , verify that  AB   B' A' where
'
1
(i) A   4  , B   1 2 1
 3 
0
(ii) A  1  , B  1 5 7 
 2 
Solution 5:
1  1 2 1 
(i) AB   4  1 2 1   4 8 4 
 
 3   3 6 3 
 1 4 3
  AB  '   2 8 6 
 1 4 3 
 1
Now, A  1 4 3 , B   2 
' '
 1 
 1  1 4 3
 B ' A'   2  1 4 3   2 8 6 
 1   1 4 3 
Hence, we have verified that  AB   B ' A' .

'
0 0 0 0 
(ii) AB  1  1 5 7   1 5 7 
 
 2  2 10 14
0 1 2 
  AB   0 5 10
'
0 7 14
1 
Now, A   0 1 2 , B  5 
' '
7 
1  0 1 2 
 B A   5   0 1 2  0 5 10 
' 
' 
7  0 7 14 
Hence, we have verified that  AB   B' A' .

'
Exercise 4.5
Question 1:
1 2 
Find adjoint of each of the matrices.  
3 4 
Solution 1:
1 2 
Let A   
3 4 
We have,
A11  4, A12  3, A13  2, A22  1
A A21   4 2
 adjA   11 
 A12 A22   3 1 
Question 2:
 1 1 2 
Find adjoint of each of the matrices  2 3 5 
 2 0 1 
Solution 2:
 1 1 2 
Let A   2 3 5  .
 2 0 1 
We have,
3 5
A11   30  3
0 1
2 5
A12     2  10   12
2 1
2 3
A13   06  6
2 0
1 2
A21     1  0   1
0 1
1 2
A22   1 4  5
2 1
1 1
A23      0  2  2
2 0
1 2
A31   5  6  11
2 5
1 2
A32      5  4   1
2 5
1 1
A33   3 2  5
2 3
 A11 A21 A31   3 1 11
Hence, adjA   A12 A22 A32    12 5 1 
 A13 A23 A33   6 2 5 
Question 3:
Verify A(adj A)  (adj A) A | A | I
2 3
 4 6 
 
Solution 3:
2 3
A 
 4 6 
We have,
A  12   12  12  12  0
1 0   0 0 
 A I  0  
0 1  0 0 
Now,
A11  6, A12  4, A21  3, A22  2,
 6 3 
adj A=  
4 2
Now,
 2 3   6 3
A  adj A     
 4 6   4 2 
 12  12 6  6  0 0 
  
 24  24 12  12  0 0 
  6 3   2 3
Also,  adj A  A     
 4 2   4 6 
 12  12 18  18 0 0 
 
 88 12  12  0 0 
Hence, A adj A   adj A A  A I .
Question 4:
Verify A adj A   adj A A  A I .
1 1 2 
3 0 2 
 
1 0 3 
Solution 4:
1 1 2 
A  3 0 2 
1 0 3 
A  1 0  0  19  2  2  0  0  11
1 0 0  11 0 0 
 A I  11 0 1 0    0 11 0 
0 0 1   0 0 11
Now,
A11  0, A12    9  2   11, A13  0
A21    3  0   3, A22  3  2  1, A22    0  1  1
A31  2  0  2, A32    2  6   8, A33  0  3  3
 0 3 2
 adj A   11 1 8 

 0 1 3 
Now,
1 1 2   0 3 2
A  adj A   3 0 2   11 1 8 
  
1 0 3   0 1 3 
0  11  0 3  1  2 2  8  6 
  0  0  0 9  0  2 6  0  6 
 0  0  0 3  0  3 2  0  9 
11 0 0 
  0 11 0 
 0 0 11
Also,
 0 3 2  1 1 2 
(adj A). A   11 1 8  3 0 2 

 0 1 3  1 0 3 
 092 000 066 
  11  3  8 11  0  0 22  2  24 

 0  3  3 000 0  2  9 
11 0 0 
  0 11 0 
 0 0 11
Hence, A adj A   adj A A  A  A I .
Question 6:
 1 5 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  
 3 2 
Solution 6:
 1 5 
Let A   
 3 2 
We have,
A  2  15  13
Now,
A11  2, A12  3, A21  5, A22  1

 2 5
 adjA   
 3 1
1 1  2 5
 A1  adjA  
A 13  3 1
Question 7:
1 2 3 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists). 0 2 4 
0 0 5 
Solution 7:
1 2 3 
Let A  0 2 4
0 0 5 
We have,
A  110  0  2  0  0  3  0  0  10
Now,
A11  10  0, A12    0  0   0, A13  0  0  0
A21   10  0   10, A22  5  0  5, A23    0  0   0
A31  8  6  2, A32    4  0   4, A33  2  0  2
10 10 2 
 adjA   0 5 4 
 0 0 2 
10 10 2 
1 1 
1
A  adjA   0 5 4 
A 10
 0 0 2 
Question 8:
1 0 0 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists). 3 3 0 
5 2 1
Solution 8:
1 0 0 
Let A= 3 3 0 
5 2 1
We have,
A  1 3  0  0  0  3
Now,
A11  3  0  3, A12    3  0   3, A13  6  15  9
A22    0  0   0, A22  1  0  1, A22    2  0   2
A31  0  0  0, A32    0  0   0, A33  3  0  3
 3 0 0 
 adjA   3 1 0 
 9 2 3
 3 0 0 
1 1
1
A  adjA   3 1 0 
A 3
 9 2 3
Question 9:
 2 1 3
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists).  4 1 0 
 7 2 1 
Solution 9:
 2 1 3
Let A   4 1 0 
 7 2 1 
We have,
A  2  1  0 1 4  0  3 8  7 
 2  1  1 4   3 1
 2  4  3
 3
Now,
A11  1  0  1, A12    4  0   4, A13  8  7  1
A22   1  6   5, A22  2  21  23, A23    4  7   11
A31  0  3  3, A22    0  12   12, A33  2  4  6
 1 5 3
 adjA   4 23 12 

 1 11 6 
 1 5 3
1 1
1
A  adjA    4 23 12 
A 3
 1 11 6 
Question 10:
1 1 2 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists). 0 2 3
 3 2 4 
Solution 10:
1 1 2 
Let A  0 2 3
 3 2 4 
By expanding along C1, we have:
A  18  6  0  33  4  2  3  1
Now,
A11  8  6  2, A12    0  9   9, A13  0  6  6
A21    4  4   0, A22  4  6  2, A23    2  3  1
A31  3  4  1, A32    3  0   3, A33  2  0  2
 2 0 1
 adjA   9 2 3 
 6 1 2 
 2 0 1  2 0 1 
1
1
A  adjA  1  9 2 3    9 2 3
A
 6 1 2   6 1 2 
Question 11:
1 0 0 
Find the inverse of each of the matrices (if it exists). 0 cos a sin a 

0 sin a  cos a 
Solution 11:
1 0 0 
Let A  0 cos a sin a  a

0 sin a  cos a 
We have,
A  1  cos2 a  sin 2 a     cos2 a  sin 2 a   1
Now,
A11   cos 2 a  sin 2 a  1, A12  0, A13  0

A21  0, A22   cos a, A23   sin a
A31  0, A32   sin a, A33  cos a
 1 0 0 
 adjA   0  cos a  sin a 

 0  sin a cos a 
 1 0 0  1 0 0 
1
1
A  adjA  1  0  cos a  sin a   0 cos a sin a 
  
A
 0  sin a cos a  0 sin a  cos a 
Question 12:
3 7 6 8
.Verify that  AB   B 1 A1
1
Let A    and B   
2 5 7 9 
Solution 12:
3 7
Let A   
2 5
We have,
A  15 14  1
Now,
A11  5, A12  2, A21  7, A22  3
 5 7 
 adjA   
 2 3 
1  5 7 
 A1  adjA   
A  2 3 
6 8
Now, let B   
7 9 
We have,
B  54  56  2
 9 8 
 adjB   
 7 6 
 9 
 4
1 1 1  9 8  2
B  adjB     
B 2  7 6   7
3
 2 
Now,
 9 
1 1
 2 4
 5 7 
B A  
 7 2 3 
3 
 2 
 45 63   61 87 

 2  8  12   2
2 2 
   ……(1)
 35  6  49  9  47  67 
 2 2   2 2 
Then,
3 7  6 8
AB    
 2 5  7 9 
18  49 24  63
 
12  35 16  45 
 67 87 
 
 47 61
Therefore, we have AB  67x61-87x47=4087-4089=-2.
Also,
 61 87 
 adj  AB    
 47 67 
1 1  61 87 
  AB   adj  AB    
1
AB 2  47 67 
 61 87 
 2 2 
  …….(2)
 47  67 
 2 2 
From (1) and (2), we have:
 AB 
1
 B 1 A1
Question 13:
 3 1 1
If A    ,show that A  5 A  71  O . Hence find A
2
 1 2 
Solution 13:
 3 1
A 
 1 2 
 3 1   3 1   9  1 3  2   8 5
A2  A. A      
 1 2   1 2   3  2 1  4   5 3
 A2  5 A  71
 8 5  3 1 1 0 
  5  7 
 5 3  1 2  0 1 
 8 5 15 5   7 0 
   
 5 3  5 10   0 7 
 7 0  7 0  0 0 
   
 0 7   0 7  0 0 
Hence A2  5 A  71  O.
 A  A  5 A  71
 A A  A1   5 AA1  71A1 Post-multiplying by A1as A  0
 A  AA1   5I  7 A1
 AI  5 I  7 A1
1
 A1    A  5I 
7
1
 A1   5I  A 
7
1  5 0   3 1   1  2 1
   
7  0 5   1 2   7 1 3 
1  2 1
 A1  
7 1 3 
Question 14:
3 2 
For the matrix A    .find the number a and b such that A2  aA  bI  0 .
1 1 
Solution 14:
3 2 
A 
1 1 
3 2  3 2  9  2 6  2  11 8
 A2      
1 1  1 1   3  1 2  1   4 3
Now,
A2  aA  bI  O
  AA A1  aAA1  bIA1  O Post-multiplying by A1as A  0
 A  AA1   aI  b  IA1   O
 AI  aI  bA1  O
 A  aI  bA1
1
 A1   A  aI 
b
Now,
1 1  1 2  1 2
A1  adjA   
A 1  1 3   1 3 
We have:
 3  a 2 
  
 1 2 1  3 2   a 0   1 3  a 2  b b
 1 3    b  1 1    0 a     b  1  
1  a  1

1  a 
       
 b b 
Comparing the corresponding elements of the two matrices, we have:
1
  1  b  1
b
3  a
 1  3  a  a   4
b
Hence, 4 and 1 are the required values of a and b respectively.
Question 15:
1 1 1 
For the matrix A  1 2 3 show that A3  6 A2  5 A  11 I  0. Hence, A1.
 2 1 3 
Solution 15:
1 1 1 
A  1 2 3
 2 1 3 
1 1 1  1 1 1 
A  1 2 3 1 2 3
2
 2 1 3   2 1 3 
1  1  2 1  2  1 1  3  3   4 2 1 
 1  2  6 1  4  3 1  6  9    3 8 14 
  
 2  1  6 2  2  3 2  3  9   7 3 14 
4 2 1  1 1 1 
A  A  A   3 8 14  1 2 3
3 2 
 7 3 14   2 1 3 
 422 4  4 1 463 
  3  8  28 3  16  14 3  24  42 

 7  3  28 7  6  14 7  9  42 
 8 7 1 
  23 27 69 

 32 13 58 
 A3  6 A2  5 A  11I
 8 7 1  4 2 1  1 1 1  1 0 0 
  23 27 69  6  3 8 14   5 1 2 3  11 0 1 0 
      
 32 13 58   7 3 14   2 1 3  0 0 1 
 8 7 1   24 12 6  5 5 5  11 0 0 
  23 27 69   18 48 84   5 10 15   0 11 0 
    
 32 13 58   42 18 84   2 5 15   0 0 11

 24 12 6   24 12 6 
  18 48 84   18 48 84
 42 18 84   42 18 84 
0 0 0
0 0 0  O
 
0 0 0
Thus,A2  6 A2  5 A  11I  O.
Now,
A3  6 A2  5 A  11I  O.
  AAA A1  6  AA A1  5 AA1  11IA1  0 Post-multiplying by A1as A  0
 AA  AA1   6 A  AA1   5  AA1   11 IA1 

 A2  6 A  5I  11A1
1
 A1    A2  6 A  5 I  …..(1)
11
Now,
A2  6 A  5I
4 2 1  1 1 1 1 0 0 
  3 8 14   6 1
  2 3  5 0 1 0 

 7 3 14   2 1 3  0 0 1 
4 2 1  6 6 6  5 0 0 
  3 8 14    6
 12 18  0 5 0 
 7 3 14  12 6 18  0 0 5 
9 2 1  6 6 6 
  3 13 14    6 12 18
  
 7 3 19  12 6 18 
 3 4 5
  9 1 4 
 5 3 1 
From equation (1), we have:
 3 4 5  3 4 5 
1 1
A    9 1 4    9 1 4 
1 
11 11
 5 3 1   5 3 1
Question 16:
 2 1 1 
If A   1 2 1 verify that A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0 and hence find A1
 1 1 2 
Solution 16:
 2 1 1 
A   1 2 1
 1 1 2 
 2 1 1   2 1 1 
A2   1 2 1  1 2 1
 1 1 2   1 1 2 
 4  1  1 2  2  1 2  1  2 
  2  2  1 1  4  1 1  2  2 
 2  1  2 1  2  2 1  1  4 
 6 5 5 
  5 6 5
 5 5 6 
 6 5 5   2 1 1 
A  A A   5 6 5  1 2 1
3 2
 5 5 6   1 1 2 
 12  5  5 6  10  5 6  5  10 
  10  6  5 5  12  5 5  6  10 
 10  5  6 5  10  6 5  5  12 
 22 21 21 
  21 22 21
 21 21 22 
Now,
A3  6 A2  9 A  4I
 22 21 21   6 5 5  2 1 1
1 0 0
  21 22 21  6  5 6 5  9  1
    2 1  4 0
 1 0 
 21 21 22   5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 1 
 22 21 21   36 30 30  18 9 9   4 0 0
  21 22 21   30 36 30    9 18 9    0 4 0 
 21 21 22   30 30 36   9 9 18   0 0 4 
 40 30 30   40 30 30  0 0 0 
  30 40 30    30 40 30   0 0 0 
 30 30 40   30 30 40  0 0 0 
 A3  6 A2  9 A  4 I  0
Now,
A3  6 A2  9 A  4I  0
  AAA A1  6  AA1   9 AA1  4IA1  0 Post-multiplying by A1as A  0
 AA  AA1   6 A  AA1   9  AA1   4  IA1 

 AAI  6 AI  9I  4 A1
 A2  6 A  9I  4 A1
1 2
 A1 
4
 A  6 A  9I  …..(1)
A2  6 A  9 I
6 5 5   2 1 1 0 0 0 
  5 6 5  6  1 2
 1  9 0 0 0 

 5 5 6   1 1 2  0 0 0 
6 5 5  12 6 6  9 0 0 
  5 6 5   6 12 6   0 9 0 
 5 5 6   6 6 12  0 0 9 
 3 1 1
  1 3 1 
 1 1 3 
From equation (1), we have:
 3 1 1
1
A   1 3 1 
1
4
 1 1 3 
Question 17:
Let A be nonsingular square matrix of order 3 x 3 . Then adjA is equal to
A. A
2
B. A
3
C. A
D. 3 A
Solution 17:
We know that,
A 0 0
 adjA  A  A I   0 A 0

 0 0 A 
A 0 0
 
  adjA  A   0 A 0
 0 0 A 
1 0 0
I 
3 3
 adjA A  A 0 1 0  A
0 0 1
2
 adjA  A
Question 18:
If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det  A1  is equal to
A. det  A
1
B.
det  A 
C. 1
D. 0
Solution 18:
1
Since A is an invertible matrix, A1 exists and A1  adjA.
A
a b
As matrix A is of order 2, let A   .
c d 
d b 
Then, A  ad  bc and adjA   .
 c a 
Now,
d b 
A A
1
1
A  adjA   
A  c a 
 
 A A 
d b 
A A
 A1  
 c a 
 
A A
1 d b

A2  c a
1
  ad  bc 
A2
1 1
 2
A
A A
1
 det  A1  
det  A
Exercise 4.6
Question 1:
Examine the consistency of the system of equations.
x  2y  2
2x  3 y  3
Solution 1:
The given system of equations is:
x  2y  2
2x  3 y  3
The given system of equations can be written in the form of AX  B, where
1 2  2 2
A  , X    and B    .
2 3 3 3
Now,
A  13  2  2  3  4  1  0
 A is non-singular.
Therefore, A1 exists.
Hence, the given system of equations is consistent.
Question 2:
2x  y  5
x y  4
Solution 2:
2x  y  5
x y  4
The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B ,where
 2 1  x 5
A  , X    and B    .
1 1  z 4
A  2 1   11  2  1  3  0
Question 3:
x  3y  5
2x  6 y  8
Solution 3:
x  3y  5
2x  6 y  8
The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B , where
1 3  x 5 
A  , X    and B    .
2 6  y 8 
Now,
A  1 6  3 2  6  6  0
 A is a singular matrix.
 6 3
 adjA   
 2 1 
 6 3 5 30  24   6 
 adjA B        0
 2 1  8  10  8  2 
Thus, the solution of the given system of equations does not exists, Hence, the given system of
equations is inconsistent.
Question 4:
x  y  z 1
2x  3y  2z  2
ax  ay  2az  4
Solution 4:
x  y  z 1
2x  3y  2z  2
ax  ay  2az  4
The system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B ,where
1 1 1   x 1 
A   2 3 2  , X   y  and B   2  .
   
 a a 2a   z   4 
Now,
A  1 6a  2a  1 4a  2a   1 2a  3a 
= 4a  2a  a  4a  3a  a  0
 A is a non-singular matrix.
Hence, the given system of equation is consistent.
Question 5:
3x  y  2 z  2
2 y  z  1
3x  5 y  3
Solution 5:
The given system of equation is:
3x  y  2 z  2
2 y  z  1
3x  5 y  3
This system of equations can be written in the form of AX  B , where
 3 1 2   x 2
A  0 2 1 , X   y  and B   1
   
 3 5 0   z   3 
Now,
A  3 5  0  31  4  15  15  0
 A is a singular matrix.
Now,
 5 10 5 
 adjA   3 6 3
 6 12 6 
 5 10 5   2 
  adjA  B   3 6 3  1
 6 12 6   3 
 10  10  15  5 
  6  6  9    3  0
 12  12  18  6 
Thus, the solution of the given system of equation does not exist. Hence, the system of equations
is inconsistent.
Question 6:
5x  y  4z  5
2 x  3 y  5z  2
5 x  2 y  6 z  1
Solution 6:
The given system of equation is:
5x  y  4z  5
2 x  3 y  5z  2
5 x  2 y  6 z  1
The system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B ,where
 5 1 4   x 5
A   2 3 5  , X  y  and B   2  .
   
 3 2 6   z   1
Now,
A  5 18  10  112  25  4  4 15
 5  28 1 13  4  19
 140  13  76
 51  0
Question 7:
Solve system of linear equations, using matrix method.
5x  2 y  4
7x  3y  5
Solution 7:
The given system of equation can be written in the form of AX  B , where
5 2 x 4
A  , X    and B    .
7 3  y 5
Now A =15-14=1  0
Thus, A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
Now,
1
A1   adjA
A
 3 2 
 A1   
 7 5 
 3 2   4 
 X  A1 B    
 7 5   5 
 x   12  10   2 
   
 y   28  25  3
Hence, x  2 and y  3 .
Question 8:
2 x  y  2
3x  4 y  3
Solution 8:
 2 1  x  2 
A  , X    and B    .
3 4   y 3
Now,
Now A =8+3=11  0
Now,
1 1  4 1
A1   adjA   
A 11  3 2 
1  4 1   2 
 X  A1 B  
11  3 2   3 
 5

 x  1  8  3 1  5  11
      
 y  11  6  6  11 12   12 
 11 
5 12
Hence, x  and y  .
11 11
Question 9:
4x  3y  3
3x  5 y  7
Solution 9:
 4 3   x 3
A  , X    and B   
 3 5   y 7 
Now,
A  20  9  11  0
Now,
1 1 5 3 1 5 3
A1   adjA    
A 11  3 4 11 3 4
1 5 3  3 
 X  A1 B 
11 3 4  7 
 x  1 5 3  3 
    
 y  11 3 4  7 
1 15  21
 
11  9  28 
1  6 
 
11  19 
 6
  11 
 
  19 
 11 
6 19
Hence, x  and y 
11 11
Question 10:
5x  2 y  3
3x  2 y  5
Solution 10:
5 2   x 3
A , X  y  and B  5  .
3 2     
Now,
A  10  6  4  0
Thus A is non-singular, Therefore, its inverse exists.
Question 11:
2x  y  z  1
3
x  2y  z 
2
3 y  5z  9
Solution 11:
1
2 1 1   x 3
A  1 2 1 , X   y  and B    .
2
 0 3 5  z  9
 
Now,
A  2 10  3 1 5  3  0  2 13 1 8  26  8  34  0
Thus A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
Now,
A11  13, A12  5, A13  3
A21  8, A22  10, A23  6
A31  1, A32  3, A33  5
13 8 1
1 1
 A1   adjA   5 10 3 
A 34
 3 16 5
1
13 8 1  
1   3
 X  A1 B  5 10 3
34   2
 3 6 5  
9
 x 13  12  9 
1 
  y   5  15  27 
 
34
 z   3  9  45 
 
 1 
 34   
1 1
  17    
34    2 
 51  
3
 
 2 
1 3
Hence, x  1 , y  , and z   .
2 2
Question 12:
x yz 4
2 x  y  3z  0
x yz 2
Solution 12:
1 1 1   x 4
A   2 1 3 , X   y  and B   0  .
   
1 1 1   z   2 
Now,
A  11  3 1 2  3 1 2 1  4  5 1  10  0
Thus A is non-singular. Therefore, its inverse exists.
Now,
A11  4, A12  5, A13  1
A21  2, A22  0, A23  2
A31  2, A32  5, A33  3
4 2 2
1 1 
 A   adjA    5
1
0 5 
A 10
 1 2 3 
4 2 2 4
1 
1
 X  A B   5 0 5   0 
10
 1 2 3   2 
 x  16  0  4 
1 
  y    20  0  10 
 
10
 z   4  0  6 
 20 
1 
  10 
10
 10 
2
  1
 1 
Hence, x  2 , y  1 and z  1 .
Question 13:
2 x  3 y  3z  5
x  2 y  z  4
3x  y  2 z  3
Solution 13:
A  2  4  1  3  2  3  3  1  6 
 2  5   3  5   3  5 
 10  15  15  40  0
Now,
A11  5, A12  5, A13  5

A21  3, A22  13, A23  11
A31  9, A32  1, A33  7
5 3 9
1 1 5 13 1 
 A1   adjA 
A 40  
5 11 7 
5 3 9  5 
1 
X  A B  1
 5 13 1   4
40
5 11 7   3 
 x  25  12  27 
  1 
  y  25  52  3 
40 
 z   25  44  21
 40 
1 
 80 
40 
 40 
1
  2 
 1
Hence, x 1 , y  2 and z  1.
Question 14:
x  y  2z  7
3 x  4 y  5 z  5
2 x  y  3z  12
Solution 14:
1 1 2   x 7
A   3 4 5 , X   y  and B   5 .
   
 2 1 3   z  12 
Now,
A  112  5  19  10  2  3  8  7 19  22  4  0

Now,
A11  7, A12  19, A13  11
A21  1, A22  1, A23  1
A31  3, A32  11, A33  7
 7 1 3
1 1
 A   adjA    19
1
1 11 
A 4
 11 1 7 
 7 1 3  7 
1
1
 X  A B   19 1 11   5
4
 11 1 7  12 
 x  49  5  36 
1
  y    133  5  132
4
 z   77  5  84 
 8   2
1   
  4   1 
4
12   3 
Hence, x  2 , y  1and z  3.
Question 15:
 2 3 5 
If A   3 2 4  , find A1 Using A1 solve the system of equations
1 1 2
2 x  3 y  5 z  11
3 x  2 y  4 z  5
x  y  2 z  3
Solution 15:
 2 3 5 
A   3 2 4 
1 1 2 
| A | 2(4  4)  3(6  4)  5(3  2)  0  6  5  1  0
Now, A11  0, A12  2, A13  1

A31  1, A22  9, A23  5
A31  2, A32  23, A33  13
0 1 2   0 1 2 
1
A  1
(adj A)    2 9 23   2 9 23 ...(1)
| A|
1 5 13   1 5 13
Now, the given system of equations can be written in the form of AX  B, where
 2 3 5  x  11 
A   3 2 4  , X   y  and B   5
   
1 1 2   z   3
The solution of the system of equations is given by X  A1B
 x   0 1 2  11 
 y    2 9 23  5 [Using (1)]
    
 z   1 5 13  3
 0  5  6  1 
  22  45  69    2 
 11  25  39  3 
Hence, x  1, y  2, and z  3
Question 16:
The cost of 4 Kg onion, 3kg wheat and 2kg rice is Rs 60. The cost of 2 kg onion, 4 kg wheat
and 6kg rice is Rs 90. The cost of 6 kg onion 2 kg wheat and 3 kg rice is Rs 70.
Find cost of each item per kg by matrix method
Solution 16:
Let the cost of onions, wheat and rice per kg be Rs X , Rs Y and Rs Z respectively.
Then, the given situation can be represented by a system of equations as:
4 x  3 y  2 z  60
2 x  4 y  6 z  90
6 x  2 y  3z  70
This system of equations can be written in the form of AX  B , where
4 3 2  x 60 
A   2 4 6  , X  y  and B  90  .
   
 6 2 3   z  70 
A  4 12 12  3 6  36  2  4  24  0  90  40  50  0
Now,
A11  0, A12  30, A13  20

A21  5, A22  0, A23  10
A31  10, A32  20, A33  10
 0 5 10 
 adjA   30 0 20
 20 10 10 
 0 5 10 
1 1
 A1  adjA   30 0 20
A 50
 20 10 10 
Now,
X  A1B
 0 5 10  60 
1 
 X   30 0 20  90 
50
 20 10 10  70 
 x  0  450  700 
1 
  y    1800  0  1400 
 
50
 z   1200  900  700 
 250 
1 
  400 
50
 400 
5 
 8
8
 x  5, y  8, and z  8
Hence, the cost of onions is Rs 5 per kg, the cost of wheat is Rs 8 per kg, and the cost of rice is
Rs 8 per kg.
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
x sin  cos 
Prove that the determinant  sin  x 1 is independent of  .
cos  1 x
Solution 1:
x sin  cos 
   sin  x 1
cos  1 x
 x  x 2  1  sin    x sin   cos    cos    sin   x cos  
 x3  x  x sin 2   sin  cos  sin  cos  x cos2 
 x3  x  x  sin 2   cos2  
 x3  x  x
 x3  Independent of  
Hence,  is independent of  .
Question 2:
Without expanding the determinant, prove that
a a 2 bc 1 a 2 a 3
b b 2 ca  1 b 2 b3
c c 2 ab 1 c 2 c 3
Solution 2:
a a2 bc
L.H .S .  b b 2 ca
c c2 ab
a2 a3 abc
1 2
 b
abc 2
b3 abc  R1  aR1, R2  bR2 ,andR3  cR3 
c c3 abc
a2 a3 1
1

abc
.abc b 2 b3 1 Taking out factor abc from C3 
c2 c 3
1
a2 a3 1
 b2 b3 1
c2 c3 1
1 a2 a3
 1 b2 b3  Applying C1  C3and C2  C3 
2 3
1 c c
=R.H.S.
Question 3:
cos  cos  cos  csin   sin 
Evaluate  sin  cos  0
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 
Solution 3:
cos  cos  cos  csin   sin 
  sin  cos  0
sin  cos  sin  sin  cos 
   sin    sin  sin 2   cos 2  sin a   cos   cos  cos 2   cos  sin 2  
 sin 2   sin 2   cos 2    cos 2   cos 2   sin 2  
 sin 2  1  cos 2  1
1
Question 4:
bc ca ab
If a, b and c are real numbers, and   c  a a  b b  c  0
ab bc ca
Show that either a  b  c  0 or a  b  c.
Solution 4:
bc ca ab
  ca ab bc  0
ab bc ca
2a  b  c 2a  b  c 2a  b  c
 ca ab bc
ab bc ca
1 1 1
 2a  b  c c  a a  b b  c
ab bc ca
1 0 0
  2a  b  c c  a b  c b  a
a b c a c b
  2  a  b  c 1  b  c  c  b    b  a  c  a  
 2  a  b  c   b 2  c 2  2bc  bc  ba  ac  a 2 
 2  a  b  c   ab  bc  ca  a 2  b 2  c 2 
It is given that   0.
 a  b  c  ab  bc  ca  a 2  b2  c 2   0
 Either a  b  c  0 ,or ab  bc  ca  a2  b2  c2  0 .
Now,
ab  bc  ca  a2  b2  c2  0
 2ab  2bc  2ca  2a3  2b3  2c3  0
  a  b  b  c    c  a   0
2 2 2
  a  b  b  c    c  a   0
2 2
 a  b 2 ,  b  c 2 ,  c  a 2 are non-negative
 
  a  b  b  c    c  a   0
abc
Hence, if   0 , then either a  b  c  0 or a  b  c.
Question 5:
xa x x
Solve the equations x xa x  0, a  0
x x xa
Solution 5:
xa x x
x xa x 0
x x xa
Applying R1  R1  R2  R3 , we get:
3x  a 3x  a 3x  a
x xa x 0
x x xa
1 1 1
  3x  a  x x  a x 0
x x xa
1 1 1
  3x  a  x a x  0
x x a
 3x  a  1xa2   0
 a2  3x  a   0
But a  0 .
Therefore, we have:
3x  a  0
a
x
3
Question 6:
a2 bc ac  c 2
Prove that a 2  ab b2 ac  4a 2b 2 c 2
ab b 2  bc c2
Solution 6:
a2 bc ac  c 2
  a 2  ab b2 ac
ab b 2  bc c2
Taking out common factors a, b and c from C1 , C2 ,and C3 , we have:
a c ac
  abc a  b b a
b bc c
a c ac
  abc b b  c c
ba b a
a c ac
b  a b a
a c ac
2b 2b 0
a c ac
 2ab c a  b b
2
a
1 1 0
Applying C2  C2  C1 , we have:
a ca ac
  2ab c a  b a
2
a
1 0 0
  2ab2c  a  c  a   a  a  c  
 2ab2 c  ac  a 2  a 2  ac 
 2ab2 c  2ac 
 4a 2 b 2 c 2
Question 7:
 1 2 1 
Let A   2 3 1 verify that
 1 1 5
(i)  adjA  adj  A1 

1
 
1
(ii) A1 A
Solution 7:
 1 2 1 
A   2 3 1
 1 1 5
 A  115 1  2  10 1 1 2  3  14  22  5  13
A11  14, A12  11, A13  5

Now, A21  11, A22  4, A23  3
A31  5, A32  3, A33  1
14 11 5
 adjA   11 4 3
 5 3 1
1
 A1   adjA
A
14 11 5  14 11 5

1  1 
   11 4 3   11 4 3

13 13
 5 3 1  5 3 1
(i)
adjA  14  4  9   11 11  15   5  33  20 

 14  13  11 26   5  13
 182  286  65  169
We have,
 13 26 13
adj  adjA   26 39 13
 13 13 65
1
 adjA 
1
adjA
 adj  adjA 
 13 26 13
1 
  26 39 13
169
 13 13 65 
 1 2 1
1 
  2 3 1
13
 1 1 5
 14 11 5 
  13  13 13 
 14 11 5  
1 1    11 4 3
Now, A   11 4 3   
13  3 13 13 
 5 3 1   
 5 3 1
 13 13 3 
 4 9  11 15  33 20 
  169  169  
169 169 
  
169 169 
  
  11 15  14 25  42 55 
 adj  A1             
  169 169  169 169  169 169  
 33 20  42 55  56 121 
       
 169 169  169 169  169 169 
 13 26 13  1 2 1

1  1 
  26 39 13   2 3 1

169 13
 13 13 65  1 1 5
Hence,  adjA  adj  A1  .

1
(ii) We have shown that:
 14 11 5
1 
A   11 4 3
1
13
 5 3 1
 1 2 1
1
And adjA1   2 3 1
13
 1 1 5
Now,
3
1
A1     14   -13  11  -26   5   -13 
 13 
3
1 1
     -169   
 13  13
 1 2 1
adjA1 1 1 
 A  
1
   2 3 1
A 1
 1  13
   1 1 5
 13 
 1 2 1
  2 3 1  A
 1 1 5
  A1   A
1
Question 8:
x y x y
Evaluate y x y x
x y x y
Solution 8:
x y x y
 y x y x
x y x y
2 x  y 2 x  y 2 x  y
 y x y x
x y x y
1 1 1
 2 x  y y x y x
x y x y
1 0 0
  2 x  y y x x y
x  y y x
  2  x  y    x 2  y  x  y  
 2  x  y   x 2  y 2  yx 
 2  x3  y 3 
Question 9:
1 x y
Evaluate 1 x  y y
1 x x y
Solution 9:
1 x y
  1 x y y
1 x x y
1 x y
 0 y 0
0 0 x
  1 xy  0  xy
Question 10:
Using properties of determinants, prove that:
 2  
  2                    
 2  
Solution 10:
 2  
    2  
 2  
 2  
     2  2   
   2  2   
 2  
          1   1
1   1
 2  
           1   1
0   0
                        
                  
                 
Question 11:
x x 2 1  px 3
y y 2 1  py 3  1  pxyz  x  y  y  z  z  x 
z z2 1  pz 3
Solution 11:
x x 2 1  px 3
 y y 2 1  py 3
z z2 1  pz 3
x x2 1  px 3
 yx y 2  x2 p  y 3  x3 
zx z 2  x2 p  z 3  x3 
x x2 1  px 3
  y  x  z  x  1 yx p  y 2  x 2  xy 
1 zx p  z 2  x 2  xz 
x x2 1  px 3
   y  x  z  x  1 yx p  y 2  x 2  xy 
0 zy p  z  y  x  y  z 
x x2 1  px 3
  y  x  z  x  z  y  1 yx p  y 2  x 2  xy 
0 1 px  y  z
   x  y  y  z  z  x  [ 1 p   xy 2  x 3  x 2 y 
 1  px 3  p  x  y  z  xy ]
  x  y  y  z  z  x  [ pxy 2  px 3  px 2 y
 1  px3  px 2 y  pxy 2  pxyz ]
  x  y  y  z  z  x 1  pxyz 
Question 12:
3a a  b a  c
b  a 3b b  c  3  a  b  c  ab  ba  ca 
c  a c  b 3c
Solution 12:
3a a  b a  c
  b  a 3b b  c
c  a c  b 3c
Applying C1  C1  C2  C3 . We have:
a  b  c a  b a  c
  abc 3b b  c
a  b  c c  b 3c
1 a  b a  c
 a  b  c 1 3b b  c
1 c  b 3c
Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 ,we have:
1 a  b a  c
   a  b  c  0 2b  a a  b
0 a  c 2c  a
   a  b  c   2b  a  2c  a    a  b  a  c  
  a  b  c   4bc  2ab  2ac  a 2  a 2  ac  ba  bc 
  a  b  c  3ab  3bc  3ac 
 3  a  b  c  ab  bc  ca 
Question 13:
Using properties of determinants, prove this:
1 1 p 1 p  q
2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2q  1
3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
Solution 13:
1 1 p 1 p  q
  2 3  2 p 4  3 p  2q
3 6  3 p 10  6 p  3q
Applying R2  R2  2R1 and R3  R3  3R1 , we have:
1 1 p 1 p  q
 0 1 2 p
0 3 7 3p
Applying R3  R3  3R2 , we have:

1 1 p 1 p  q
 0 1 2 p
0 0 1
1 2 p
 1  11  0   1
0 1
Question 14:
sin  cos  cos    
sin  cos  cos       0
sin  cos  cos     
Solution 14:
sin  cos  cos    
  sin  cos  cos     
sin  cos  cos     
sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
1
 sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
sin  cos 
sin  sin  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
Applying C1  C1  C3 , we have:
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
1
 cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
sin  cos 
cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos   sin  sin 
Here, two columns C1 and C 2 are identical.
  0
Question 15:
Solve the system of the following equations
2 3 10
  4
x y z
4 6 5
  1
x y z
6 9 20
  2
x y z
Solution 15:
1 1 1
Let  p, q,  r.
x y z
Then the given system of equations is as follows:
2 p  3q  10r  4
4 p  6 q  5r  1
6 p  9q  20r  2
This system can be written in the form of AX  B , where
 2 3 10   p 4
A   4 6 5  , X   q  and B  1  .
   
6 9 20   r   2 
Now,
A  2 120  45  3 80  30 10 36  36
 150  330  720
 1200
Now,
A11  75, A12  110, A13  72
A21  150, A22  100, A23  0
A31  75, A32  30, A33  24
1
 A1   adjA
A
 75 150 75 
1 
  110 100 30 
1200
 72 0 24 
Now,
X  A1B
 p  75 150 75   4
  1 
 q  110 100 30  1 
1200 
 r   72 0 24  2
300  150  150 
1 
  440  100  60 
1200
 288  0  48 
1
 
 600   2 
1  1
  400    
1200  3
 240   
1
 5 
1 1 1
p , q  , and r 
2 3 5
Hence, x  2, y  3 and z  5 .
Question 16:
If a, b, c, are in A.P ., then the determinant
x  2 x  3 x  2a
x  3 x  4 x  2b
x  4 x  5 x  2c
A. 0
B. 1
C. x
D. 2x
Solution 16:
Answer: A
x  2 x  3 x  2a
  x  3 x  4 x  2b
x  4 x  5 x  2c
x2 x3 x  2a
 x  3 x  4 x  a  c  2b  a  c as a, b,and c are in A.P 
x4 x5 x  2c
1 1 ac
  x  3 x  4 x  a  c
1 1 ca
0 0 0
  x3 x4 xac
1 1 ca
Here, all the elements of the first row (R1) are zero.
Hence, we have ∆ = 0.
The correct answer is A.
Question 17:
 x 0 0
If X , Y , Z are non-zero real numbers, then the inverse of matrix A   0 y 0  is
 0 0 z 
 x 1 0 0  x 1 0 0
   
A.  0 y 1 0  B. xyz  0 y 1 0 
0 0 z 1  0 0 z 1 
 
 x 0 0 1 0 0 
1  1 
C.  0 y 0  D.  0 1 0 
xyz xyz
 0 0 z  0 0 1 
Solution 17:
 x 0 0
A   0 y 0 
 0 0 z 
 A  x  yz  0  xyz  0
Now,
A11  yz, A12  0, A13  0

A21  0, A22  xz, A23  0
A31  0, A32  0, A33  xy
 yz 0 0 
 adjA   0 xz 0 
 0 0 xy 
1
 A1   adjA 
A
 yz 0 0
1 
 0 xz 0 
xyz 
 0 0 xy 
 yz 
 xyz 0 0 
 
 xz 
 0 0 
 xyz 
 xy 
 0 0 
 xyz 
1 
 x 0 0
 x 0
1
 0
 1   
 0 0   0 y 1 0
 y 
   0 0 z 1 
0 0 1
 z 
The correct answer is A .
Question 18:
 1 sin  1 

Let A    sin  1 sin   , where x    2, then
 1  sin  1 
A. Det  A  0
B. Det  A   2, 
C. Det  A   2, 4
D. Det ( A) [2,4]
Solution 18:
 1 sin  1 

A    sin  1 sin  
 1  sin  1 
 A  11  sin 2    sin    sin   sin    1 sin 2   1
 1  sin 2   sin 2   1
 2  2sin 2 
 2 1  sin 2  
Now, 0    2
 0  sin   1
 0  sin 2   1
 1    sin 2   2
 2    sin 2   4
 Det ( A) [2, 4]
Hence, the correct answer is D.
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Hence, the given result is proved.

By expanding along the first row, we have:

By expanding along the first column, we have:

By expanding along the first row, we have:

Expanding along C1 , we have:

Hence, the given result is proved.

Expanding alone C3 , we have:

Hence, the given result is proved.

Hence, the given result is proved.

Hence, the given result is proved.

Applying R2  R2  R1 and R3  R3  R1 , we have:

Applying C1  aC1 , C2  bC2 and C3  cC3 , we have:

 ka1 kb1 kc1 

Thus, the determinant is a number associated to a square matrix.

(i) 1,0  ,  6,0 ,  4,3

It is given that the area of the triangle id 35 .

When 5  k  7, k  5  7  12.

When 5  k  7, k  5  7  2.

The correct answer is D.

A12   1 M 12   1  0   0

A21   1 M 21   1  4   4

A22   1 M 22   1  2   2

A12   1 M 12   1  b   b

A21   1 M 21   1  c   c

A22   1 M 22   1  a   a

Write Minors and Cofactors of the elements of following determinants:

By the definition of minors and cofactors, we have:

A11  cofactor of a11   1

A12  cofactor of a12   1

A13  cofactor of a13   1

A21  cofactor of a21   1

A22  cofactor of a22   1

A23  cofactor of a23   1

A31  cofactor of a31   1

A32  cofactor of a32   1

A33  cofactor of a33   1

By definition of minors and cofactors, we have:

A11  cofactor of a11   1

A12  cofactor of a12   1

A13  cofactor of a13   1

A21  cofactor of a21   1

A22  cofactor of a22   1

A23  cofactor of a23   1

A31  cofactor of a31   1

A32  cofactor of a32   1

A33  cofactor of a33   1

A 23  cofactor of a23   1 M 23    z  x    x  z 

A33  cofactor of a33   1 M33   y  x 

Hence, we have verified that  AB   B ' A' .

Hence, we have verified that  AB   B' A' .

A11  2, A12  3, A21  5, A22  1