PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & SCIENCE INDORE (M.P.

)
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
CONTROL SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Roll No: __________________ Date: _____________

Remarks if any, Signature of lecturer:

EXPERIMENT No. 7

Objective:
Determination of State Space Model for classical transfer function using MATLAB.
Theory:
State Space Analysis:-
The procedure for determining the state of the system is called state variable
analysis. The state of a dynamic system is the smallest set of variables such that the
knowledge these variables at t=t0 with the knowledge of input at tt0 completely
determines the behavior of the system for any time tt0. This set of variables is called as
State variables.
Advantages of State Space system:-
1. This approach can be applied to linear or nonlinear, time variant or time
invariant systems.
2. It is easier to apply where the Laplace Transform cannot be applied.
3. nth order differential equations can be expressed as ‘n’ equations of first order
whose solutions are easier.
4. It is a time domain approach.
5. This method is suitable for digital computer computation because this is a time
domain approach.
6. The system can be designed for optimal conditions w.r.t. given performance
indices.

State Space representation of Systems:-

The nth order differential equation is given as,
dny d n 1 y
 a1  .....  a n y  u (t ) (1)
dt n dt n 1
It is noted that the input u(t) and the initial conditions
dy (0) d n 1 y (0)
y (0), ,..... at t=0 are given.
dt dt n 1
The dynamic behavior of differential equation (1) van be determined completely from
.
the knowledge of u(t), y (t ) , y(t).
.
The terms y(t), y (t ) ,……… y n1 (t ) can be considered as a set of n state variables.

Let, y  x1
.
y  x2 (2)



y n 1  x n

The set of equations (2) can be written as,

.
x1  x 2
.
x 2  x3 (3)



. n 1
x  xn
.
x n   a n x1  a n 1 x 2  .......... ..  a1 x n 1  u
A general representation of set of equations (3) can be expressed in the form of state
equation,
.
x  Ax  Bu
Where,
 x1   0 1 .. 0 0 0 
x   0  0 
 2  0 .. 1 0
 
:  0 0 0 
     
x : ; A  0 0 0 1  ; B  :
:  : : : : :
     
:  : : : : :
x   a  a n 1 0 
a1  1
 n  n  

Where x=state vector (n1) u=control (scalar)

A=Matrix (nn) B=Matrix (n1)
The output equation is given as,
  x1 
x 
 2
y  1 0 0 .. 0  :  (4)
 
 : 
 x n 

Or y=Cx
Where C  1 0 0 .. 0 , y= output (scalar), C=matrix (1n)

MATLAB Problems:-
Q.1) Obtain the state model for the transfer function given below:

Q.2) The transfer function of a system is given below,

Determine the state model

Q.3) Write MATLAB script to determine the state transition matrix for

Note:
 First solve the problem on the paper and attach it with the Practical.