Original தொல்காப்பியம் - எழுத்து PDF

MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY
DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

TIRUNELVELI 627012, TAMIL NADU
M.A. TAMIL - I YEAR
DKT13 - ,yf;fzk; vOj;J (njhy;fhg;gpak;)

(From the academic year 2016-17)
Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel
For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;J
vk;.V. (jkpo;) Kjyhkhz;L

DKT13 : ,yf;fzk; - njhy;fhg;gpak; - vOj;jjpfhuk;
cs;Siw
t.v. ,ay; gf;fk;
1. E}d;kuG 1-11
2. nkhopkuG 12-29
3. gpwg;gpay; 30-38
4. Gzhpay; 39-55
5. njhifkuG 56-71
6. cUgpay; 72-83
7. caph; kaq;fpay;
84-115
8. 116-148
Gs;spkaq;fpay;
9. 149-176
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay;
10. 177-192
njhy;fhg;gpak; - ed;D}y; - xg;gL
P
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

1
Kd;Diu
jkpopy; KOikahff; fpilf;Fk; Kjy; ,yf;fzE}y; njhy;fhg;gpak;.
,J njhy;fhg;gpah; ,aw;wpa njhd;ikkpf;f E}yhFk;. jkpo; nkhopapd;
njhd;ikiaAk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gioikiaAk; xUq;Nf vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

rhd;whfj; jpfo;tJ ,j;njhy;fhg;gpaNk. njhy;fhg;gpah; jk; E}iy
epye;jUjpUtpw; ghz;bad; mitapy; muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. vdNt njhy;fhg;gpahpd;
fhyk; fp.K.5-Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gjid czuyhk;.
Fiwapyh epiwT mwpTrhy; nrwpT> epuk;G tsk; tuk;Ggpwohky;>

tiuaWj;jtbj;j Kid tdg;G> nkhoptsh;r;rpf;nfd;Wk; jsh;r;rpjuh
fl;likg;Gfshy; xg;Gah;tw;w rpwg;G tha;e;j ,yf;fz E}y; njhy;fhg;gpah;
ngauhy; toq;FfpwJ. jkpopy; kl;Lkd;W; „cyfpy; epyTk; gynkhopfspYk;
cs;sgpw ,yf;fzq;fSf;F ,y;yhj vopYk; gaDk; tha;e;jJ njhy;fhg; gpak;.
goikAk; ngUikAk; moFk; mUikAk; tha;e;jJ‟ vd ehtyh;
NrhkRe;jughujpahh; njhy;fhg;gpaj;ijg; ghuhl;Lfpwhh;.
vs;spypUe;J vz;nza; vLg;gJNghy> ,e;E}y; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ng
,yf;fpaq;fs; gy ,Ue;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Mit fhyg;Nghf;fpy;
,we;Jgl;bUf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa E}y;fspd; ngah;fisAk;> gFjpfisAk; gpw;fhy
ciuahrphpah;fs; Nkw;Nfhshff; Fwpg;gpLtJ> Nkw;$wpa fUj;ijNa
typAWj;Jk; rhd;whf csJ vdyhk;. njhy;fhg;gpah; jkJ E}ypy; Vwj;jho 260
,lq;fspy; jkf;F Kd;G ,Ue;j my;yJ jk; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ,yf;fz
Mrphpah;fs; gyiug; gythW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. vdNt gw;gy ,yf;fz E}y;fs;
,Ue;jpUf;fNtz;Lnkdj; Jzpe;Jiuf;fKbfpwJ.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpw;F KOikahf ciufz;lth; ,sk;G+uzh; Mth;.
,tiuj; njhlh;e;Jfy;yhlh;> nja;tr;rpiyahh;> Nrdhtiuah;> er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;
MfpNahUk; ciu vOjpAs;sdh;.

2
njhy;fhg;gpaf; fl;likg;G
njhy;fhg;gpak; ,yf;fz E}NyahapDk; xU ngUq;fhg;gpak; Nghd;w
fl;likg;GilaJ. njhy;fhg;gpak;>
1. vOj;jjpfhuk;
2. nrhy;yfjpfhuk;
3. nghUsjpfhuk;
vDk; %d;W mjpfhuq;fis cilaJ. xt;Nthh; mjpfhuKk; xd;gJ
,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
xt;NthhpaYk; jd;dstpy; epiwTilaJ. ,ay;fs; midj;Jk;
fhuzfhhpa ,iaGilad. ,aYf;Fs; E}w;ghf;fSk; thpirkhw;w ,ayhj
,ay;Gilad. Kjypy; nghJtpjpfisf; $wpg; gpd;dh;r; rpwg;G ,ay;fisg;
Gwdiltpjp vd tFj;Jf; $WtJ njhy;fhg;gpahpd; rpwg;ghFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij KOikahf fw;Nghh;f;Nf> mjd; Xh; ,ay; my;yJ xU
E}w;ghtpd; nghUs; njspthf tpsq;Fk;.

3
1. E}d;kuG
E}y; vd;w nrhy;Yf;F mf;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fzk; vd;Nw nghUs;. #j;jpuk;
E}ypd; ghthjypd; „E}w;gh‟ vdg;gl;lJ. vOj;Jf; FwpaPLfs; caph;> nka;
vd;gdTk; m> f vdTk; njhd;Wnjhl;L tUk; kuG gw;wp czug;gLtd.
vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fzj;jpd; mbg;gil kughjypd; Kjy; ,ay; E}d;kuG
vdg;gl;lJ. E}d;kuG jdpepd;w vOj;Jf;fSf;F ,yf;fzk; $Wtnjd;gJ
,sk;G+uzh; fUj;J.
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; Kg;gJ
vOj;njdg; gLg
mfuKjy; dfu ,Wtha;
Kg;g/J vd;g
rhh;e;Jtuy; kugpd; %d;wyq; filNa. (1)
jkpopy; „vOj;J‟ vdg;gLgit „m‟ Kjy; „d;‟<whfTs;s Kg;gNj MFk;.

,ir KjnyOj;Jf;fs; (mbg;gilahdit) vdg;gLk;. ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;JtUk;
jd;ikAila %d;W rhh;ngOj;Jf;fSk; cs;sd. %d;wyq;fil -
%d;Wky;yhjtplj;J. mtw;iwr; Nrh;j;jhy; Kg;gj;J%d;W vd;gjhk;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; %d;W
mitjhk;
Fw;wpa ypfuk; Fw;wpa Yfuk;
Ma;jk; vd;w
Kg;ghw; Gs;spAk; vOj;Njh ud;d. (2)
mit Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk; vd;w ngaUilad. Ma;jk;
%d;W Gs;sp tbtpdJ. Kd; nrhd;dit Nghy; ,it Kw;w Kbe;j
vOj;Jf;fsy;y thapDk;> KjnyOj;Jf;fis xj;j jd;ikAilad. rhh;e;J
tUjy; - KjnyOj;J> nkhopapilNa rhh;e;J tUk; NghJ NtW nghUs; jhpd;>
mJTk; vOj;Jg; Nghd;wjhfp tpLfpwJ.
caph;f; Fw;nwOj;njy;yhk; mit xypf;Fk; fhy msGk;
mtw;Ws;
m , c
v x vd;Dk; mg;ghy; Ie;Jk;
XusG ,irf;Fk; Fw;nwOj; njd;g. (3)

4
m> ,> c> v> x Ie;Jk; xU khj;jpiu msG xypf;Fk; caph;f;

Fw;nwOj;Jf;fshFk;. mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; - mg;gFjpg;gl;l Ie;J vOj;Jf;fSk;. Xh;
msG – xU khj;jpiu.
caph; nel;nlOj;Jf;fSk; mit xypf;Fk; fhy msGk;

M < C
V I
X xs vd;Dk; mg;ghy; VOk;
<usG ,irf;Fk; nel;nlOj; njd;g. (4)
M><> C> V> I> X> xs VOk; ,uz;L khj;jpiu msG xypf;Fk; caph;
nel;nlOj;Jf;fshfk;. <h; msG - ,uz;L khj;jpiu.
%d;W khj;jpiu xypf;Fk; Xh; vOj;J ,y;iy
%tsG ,irj;jy; XnuOj;J ,d;Nw (5)
jkpoy; Xh; vOj;J %d;W khj;jpiu msG xypj;jy; ,y;iy.
vOj;Jf;fs; msngLf;Fk; Kiw
ePl;ly; Ntz;bd; mt;ts Gila
$l;b v*cjy; vd;kdhh; Gyth; (6)
ePlb
; xypf;f tpUk;gpdhy;> ve;j msG ePlb
; xypf;ff; fUJfpd;wdNuh
me;j msG ,iaGila xypiaf; $l;b xypj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gh; Gyth;.
v*cjy; - xyp vOg;Gf. vOjy; vd;gjpy; „O‟ XusG ,irf;Fk; Fwpy;. mij
<usG ,irf;Fk; „*‟ vd nebyhf;fpAk; NkYk; „*c‟ vd %tsG ,irf;Fk;
msngilahf;fpAk;> ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fhpa vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; cld; je;Js;s
njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpwk; mwpjw;FhpaJ. me;je;j nebYf;Fhpa ,dkhd Fwpy;fNs
milahskhf vOjg;gLk;. mt;thNw xyp msG $l;b xypf;fTk;gLk;.
xU khj;jpiuf;F msG
fz;zpik nehbvd mt;Nt khj;jpiu
Ez;zpjpd; czh;e;Njhh; fz;l thNw. (7)
Ez;zpjhf Muha;e;Jzh;e;jth; fz;lthW> ,ay;ghf vOk; fz;zpikg;
nghOJk; ife;nehbg; nghOJk; xU khj;jpiu msigf; fzf;fpLtjw;Fhpa
fUtpfshFk;.
,ik - ,ay;ghff; fz;zpikj;jy;> nehb – iftpuy;fshy; nehbg;gJ.

mt;Nt – mt;tsgpdNt.
5
caph; gd;dpuz;L
xsfhu ,Wtha;g;
gd;dp nuOj;Jk; capnud nkhopg. (8)
mfuk; Kjy; xsfhuk; <whfg; gd;dpnuz;nlOj;Jk; „caph;‟ vdg;gLk;.

Kd;G Fwpy;> neby; $wg;gl;ld. ,q;F mtw;wpd; nghJg;ngah; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nka; gjpndl;L
dfhu ,Wtha;g;
gjpndz; vOj;Jk; nka;nad nkhopg. (9)
ffuk; Kjy; dfuk; <whfg; gjpndl;nlOj;Jk; nka; vdg;gLk;.
caph;nka;apd; xyp msG
nka;NahL ,iaapDk; caphpay; jphpah. (10)
nka;naOj;Jld; caph;$bg; gpwe;jhYk; mjpYs;s caph; jd; ,ay;ig
,of;fhJ. caphpd; khj;jpiuNa caph;nka;apd; khj;jpiuahk;. m xU khj;jpiu.
f Tk; xU khj;jpiuNa. f; m $bajhy; xd;wiu MfhJ.
nka;naOj;J xypf;Fk; fhy msG
nka;apd; msNg miuvd nkhopg. (11)
nka;naOj;J xypf;Fk; fhymsG miukhj;jpiuahFk;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; xypf;Fk; fhy msG
mt;tpay; epiyAk; Vid %d;Nw (12)
KjnyOj;J Kg;gjpy; mlq;fhj> rhh;e;JtUk; jd;ikAila
Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;. Ma;jk; vd;w Vida %d;Wk; nka; Nghy
miukhj;jpiuNa ngWk;. mt;,ay; - mNj ,ay;G. mNj fhy msG. v.fh.
fhbahJ> fhL> f/R.
kfuf; FWf;fk;
miuasG FWfy; kfuk; cilj;Nj
,irapld; mUFk; njhpAq; fhiy. (13)
kfunka; jdf;Fhpa miukhj;jpiuapy; FWfpf; fhy; khj;jpiuahFkplk;
cz;L. Muhapd; ,J nra;ASs; Xir fUjptUk; xyp neUf;fbapd; NghJ
mhpjhf tUk;. v.fh. Nghd;k;> kUz;k;. ,irapld; - Xir fUjp tUk;
,lr;#oy;.
6
kfuf;FWf;fj;jpd; tbtk;
cl;ngW Gs;sp cUth Fk;Nk. (14)
NkNy Gs;spAila kfunka; FWFk; NghJ mt;tbtpDs;NsAk; xU
Gs;sp mikAk;. (Kw;fhy epiy)
nka;apd; tbtk;
nka;apd; ,aw;if Gs;spnahL epiyay; (15)
NkNy Gs;spAld; miktNj nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; cUtj;ijf; fhl;Lk;
,ay;ghFk;. ,aw;if - ,ay;G. mit f;>q;>r;>Q;>l;>z;>j;>e;>g;>k;>a;>h;>y;>t;>o;>s;>w;>d;.
v>x Gs;spngwy;
vfu xfuj;J ,aw;ifAk; mw;Nw. (16)
caph;fSs; v> x vd;w ,U Fwpy;fs;> mNj ,ay;Gld; Gs;spngw;Nw
epw;Fk;.
caph;nka;fs; xypf;Fk; KiwAk; thptbtKk;
Gs;sp ,y;yh vy;yh nka;Ak;
cUTU thfp mfuNkhL caph;j;jYk;
Vid capNuhL cUTjph;e; Japh;j;jYk;
MaP hpay caph;j;j yhNw. (17)
Gs;sp ePq;fpa nka;fs; vy;yhk; mt;tbNt tbthf (f>q>r>Q vd)
mfuNkwpa caph;nka;fshfp xypf;fg;gLk;. ,g;Gs;spapy;yh tbtNk gpw gjpNdhh;
caph;fNshL NrUk;NghJ NtWNtW tbtq;fisg; ngw;W xypf;fg;gLk;. ,t;tpU
Kiwapy; caph;nka;fspd; tbtKk; xypf;Fk; KiwAk; mikak;. cU
cUthfp – Gs;sp vLj;j gpd;Dk; Gs;spapUe;j mt;tbNt tbtkha;> caph;j;jy;
- xypj;jy;. M <h; ,ay – mfuk; Nrh;e;j Gs;spapy;yh tbtKk; xypg;Gk; xd;W.
gpw gjpNdhh; caph;fs; NrUq;fhy; Vw;gLk; tbtkhw;wq;fSk; xypg;Gk;
gpwpnjhd;W Mf me;j ,uz;L ,ay;Gfis cilad vd;gjhk;. f> fh> fp> fP
vd ,t;thW.
nka; + caph; - caph;nka;
nka;apd; topaJ caph;Njhd;W epiyNa (18)

caph;nka;apy; nka;nahyp Kd;Dk; capnuhyp gpd;dUkhf xypf;Fk;.
nka;apd; topaJ – nka;nahypapd; gpd;tUtJ. caph; - capnuhyp. f; + m = f.
ghYk; ePUk; Nghy; xd;whapd vd;gh; ,sk;G+uzh;.
7
ty;ypdnka;
ty;nyOj;njd;g f r l j g w (19)
f; r; l; j; g; w; MWk; ty;nyOj;J.
nky;ypd nka;
nky;nyOj;njd;g q Q z e k d (20)
q; Q; z; e; k; d; MWk; nky;nyOj;J.
,ilapd nka;
,ilnaOj; njd;g a u y t o s (21)
a; h; y; t; o; s; MWk; ,ilnaOj;J
nka;k;kaf;fk;
Nt;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;> cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
mk;% thWk; toq;fpay; kUq;fpd;
nka;k;kaq; Fldpiy njhpAq; fhiy. (22)
Kw;$wpa gjpndl;L nka;fSk; nkhopg;gLj;jp toq;Fk;NghJ>
Xnuhw;Wldpiyahfj; jk;Ks; kaq;fptUk;. Kd;dk; - nrhy;ypdpilNa d;
nka;apd;gpd; d te;Js;sJ. ,J d;+m vd nka;nahyp Kd;djhjypd;
jd;ndOj;jpd; Kd; jhNd te;jJ. Kd;djhf nka;Ak; njhlh;e;J
caph;nka;Akhf te;J ,iztjhy; ,it Xh;xw;W cldpiy vdg;gLk;. ,jid
cldpiy nka;k;kaf;fk; vd;gh;. Kd;G d;+g;+c. ,jpy; d;> g; vd NtWgl;l
nka;fs; jk;Ks; kaq;fp ,ize;J epd;wd. ,ij Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
vd;gh;. toq;fpay; kUq;fpd; - nkhopg;gLj;jp toq;Fk; kf;fs; tof;fpy;>
nka;kaq;F – nka;fs; kaq;Fjy;> cldpiy vOj;Jj; njhlh;e;J epd;W
kaq;Fjy;. ,d;d nka;fF
; g;gpd; ,d;dpd;d nka; tUnkd;w ,t;tpyf;fzk;
jkpo;r; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhl;Lk;.
Ntw;Wepiy nka;k;kaf;fk;
l; w; y; s; + f; r; g;
l w y s vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dh;f;

f r g vd;Dk; %ntOj; Jhpa. (23)

8
l;> w;> y;> s; ehd;ifAk; mLj;J f;> r;> g; nka;fs; cld; fye;J
epw;ww;Fhpad. nfhl;f> fl;rp ($L)> nfhs;g vd ,t;thW tUk;. Kd;dh; -
mLj;J.
y; s; + a; t;
mtw;Ws;
y s/fhd; Kd;dh; a t Tk; Njhd;Wk; (24)
mtw;Ws; y;> s; ,uz;ilaLj;J a;> t;Tk; ,lk;ngWk;. nfhy;ahid>
nts;tis ,t;thW tUk;. nka;k;kaf;fk; jdpr;nrhy;ypYk; ,q;qdk; xU
nrhd;dPh;ikj;jha; ,ize;J epw;Fk; njhlh;fspYk; mikAk;.
q; Q; z; e; k; d; + f; r; l; j; g; w;
q Q z e k d vYk;Gs;sp Kd;dh;j;
jj;jk; kpirfs; xj;jd epiyNa. (25)
q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d; vd;w nky;ypd vOj;Jf;fSf;F Kd;djhf
neLq;fzf;fpy; epw;Fk; f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w; vd;w ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; nghUe;jp
epw;Fk;. kpirfs; - NkNy Kd;djhf epw;gd. xj;jd epiyNa vd;gjhy; q;f>
Q;r> z;l vd Xirg; nghUj;jKz;ikAk; Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. njq;F> gQ;R> cz;L>
ge;J> fk;G> fd;W vd tUk;.
z; d; f; r; Q; g; k; a; t;
mtw;Ws;
z d/fhd; Kd;dh;f;
f r Q g k a t t; VOk; chpa. (26)
mtw;Ws; z;> d; mLj;J f;> r;> Q;> g;> k;> a;> t; VO nka;fSk;
nghUe;Jjw;Fhpad. ntz;fyk;> Gd;fz;> nghd;Qhz;> ntz; khiy.
Q e k t + a;
Q e k t vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dh;

a/fhd; epw;wy; nka;ngw; wd;Nw. (27)
Q;> e;> k;> t; vd;Dk; nka;fSf;Fg; gpd;dh; a; epw;gJk; tof;fpy;
fhzg;gLtNjahFk;. ,t;tiff;Fhpa jdpr; nrhw;fs; mhpjhf toq;fpapUf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; chpQ;ahJ (chpQ;Rjy; ahJ)> njt;ahJ (gifahJ) vdj;
njhlh;r; nrhw;fisNa vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shh;. nka;ngwy; - tof;fpy;
fhzg;gLjy;.

9
k; + t;
k/fhd; Gs;spKd; tt;Tk; Njhd;Wk; (28)

k; nka;Kd; t; nka;Ak; ,lk;ngWk;. eyk; tsh;f.
a;h;o; nkhop Kjy; vOj;J 9> q.
auo vd;Dk; Gs;sp Kd;dh;
KjyhF vOj;Jk; qfunkhL Njhd;Wk; (29)
a;> h;> o; nka;fspd; gpd;dh; nkhop KjyhFnkd;w xd;gJ f r j g Q e
k t caph;nka; vOj;Jf;fSk; q; vd;w nka;Ak; fye;J tUk;. Kd;dh; vd
Kd;dh;f; $wpaij ,d;W ehk; gpd;dh;> gpwF> mL;j;J vd;Nw $WfpNwhk;.
KjyhFk; vOj;J nkhopkugpy; mLj;Jf; $wg;gLtd. nra;if> nra;jp> Ma;Qh;>
nja;tk;> tha;ik> Mh;tk; vdTk; njhlh;nkhopfspYk; fhzg;gLk;. Nta;q;qdk;>
Nth;qq
; dk; vd Kd;G toq;fpd NghYk; vd;ghh; er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah;.
cldpiy u> o – jk;Kd; jhk;tuh nka;k;kaf;fk;
nka;e;epiy Rl;bd; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

jk;Kd; jhk;t&ck; uomyq; filNa (30)
cyfpy; nkhopg;gLj;jpg; NgRk; tof;F epiyiar; Rl;bf; $wpdhy;> vy;yh
nka;fSNk jk;Kd;jhk; ,ize;JtUk;. u> o ,uz;Lk; jtph;j;J. vdNt h;>o;
,uz;Lk; jk;Kd;jk; tuh vd;gJk; jk;Kd; gpwnka;fNs te;J kaq;Fnkd;gJk;
; f> nka;e;epiy – tof;F epiy.
ngw;whk;. Mh;tk;> tho;fi
f>r>j>g ehd;Fk; jk;Kd; jhk; kl;LNk tUk;. u> o ,uz;Lk; jk;Kd;

gpwNt tUk;. vQ;rpa gd;dpuz;Lk; - q;> Q;> l;> z;> e;> k;> a;> y;> t;> s;> w;> d; -
jk;Kd; jhKk; jk;Kd; gpwTk; vd ,UtifahfTk; tUk;.
m , c Rl;nlOj;J
m , c mk; %d;Wk; Rl;L (31)
m> ,> c %d;W caph;f;Fwpy;fSk; Rl;bf; $Wjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.
mk;%d;Wk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpaNu Rl;bf;$wp tpsf;Fjy; fhz;f.
M V X – tpdhntOj;J
M V X mk; %d;Wk; tpdh (82)

M> V> X %d;Wk; tpdhg; nghUisAk; jUk;. ghh;j;jhah? (M) nrhd;dJ
ePjhNd? (V)> gbj;jhNdh ,y;iyNah? (X) vd tUk;.

10
vOj;njhypfs; ePSjy; ,irg;ghlypy; tUk;

msgpwe;J caph;j;jYk; xw;wpir ePlYk;
csntd nkhopg ,irnahL rptzpa
euk;gpd; kiwa vd;gdhh; Gyth; (33)
caph;> nka; vOj;Jf;fSf;f khj;jpiu msG $wg;gl;ld. %d;W khj;jpiu
xypf;Fk; msngilfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. ,e;j msGfistpl kpf ePl;bj;Jk;
,it ,irj;jkpopy; xypf;Fk; vd;w GweilNa ,jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.
caph; vOj;Jj; jd; khj;jpiu msigf; fle;J xypj;jYk; xw;nwOj;J
,irAld; ePlb
; j;njhypj;jYk;> gz;zpirj;Jg; ghLjw;Fg; nghUe;jpa
,irj;jkpo;E}y; ,yf;fzg;gb miktd cs vd;gh; mwpQh;. msT ,we;J –
khj;jpiu vy;iy fle;J> caph;j;jy; - capnuOj;Jf;fs; xypj;jy;. ,irePly; -
(gz;zpirahk; Msj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ) xw;nwOj;Jf;fs; jk; khj;jpiuia tpl
ePz;L xypj;jy;. ghly;fisg; gz;top ghLk; ,irAld; nghUe;jpa ,irf;fiy
E}y;fis ,irAld; rptzpa euk;gpd; kiw vd;whh;. Kd;G ahNo ,irapd;
mbg;gilahapUe;jJ. jkpoh;f;Nf chpa> mhpa nghUs; nghjpe;j E}y;fs;
kiwfs; vdg;gl;ld. tlnkhop Ntjtopg;gl;l ngaud;W ,J. jkpoh;f;F chpa
kiwfs; gy ,Ue;jd.

11
E}d;kuG fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs;
jkpopy; „vOj;J‟ vd;W nrhy;yg;gLtd mfuk; Kjy; dfuk; <whd

Kg;gJkhFk;. ,tw;iwr; rhh;e;J tUk; vOj;Jf;fs;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Fw;wpaypfuk;>
Ma;jk; vd;gdthk;.
vOj;Jk; xypf;Fk; fhy msTk;
m , c v x vDk; mit Ie;Jk; xU khj;jpiuasG xypf;Fk;

Fw;nwOj;Jf;fshFk;.
M < C V I X xs vDk; VOk; ,uz;L khj;jpiuasG xypf;Fk;

nel;nlOj;Jf;fshFk;.
XnuOj;J %d;W khj;jpiuasG xypj;jy; jkpopy; ,y;iy.
msngil
vOj;Jf;fis msG ePlb

; j;njhypf;f tpUk;gpdhy;> mt;tsGila xypiaf;
$l;b xypj;jpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ez;zpajhf Muha;e;jwpe;jth; fz;lthW> fz;zpikg; nghOJk;

ife;nehbg; nghOJNk xU khj;jpiuf;F msG fUtpahFk;.
KjnyOj;J tif
mfuk; Kjyhf xsfhuk; <whfg; gd;dpnuz;nlOj;Jk; capnuOj;jhk;.
ffuk; Kjyhf dfuk; <whfg; gjpndl;nlOj;Jk; nka;naOj;jhFk;.
caph;nka;> nka;> rhh;G: khj;jpiu msG
nka;Ald; Nrh;e;jhYk; capnuOj;jpd; ,ay;G khwhJ. caphpd;

khj;jpiuasNg caph; nka;f;Fk; msghFk;.
nka;naOj;jpd; khj;jpiu miuahFk;.
KjnyOj;jpylq;fhj Fw;wpaypfuk; Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;jk; vdg;gl;l

Vida %d;Wk; nka;Nghy> mt;miu khj;jpiuNa ngWk;.
kfuf; FWf;fKk;> vOj;J tbtKk;
nra;Ass; Xir fUjptUk; #oypy;> kfu nka; jd;miu khj;jpuNaDk;

Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;.
12
mt;thW Fiwe;njhypf;Fkplj;J mk;kfuf; FWf;fj;jpw;F> kfu

nka;fF
; hpa tbtj;JlNd> cs;NsAk; xU Gs;sp ngWk;.
NkNy Gs;spAld; miktNj nka;apd; tbtj;ijf; fhl;Lk; ,ay;ghFk;.
vfu xfuq;fSk; NkNy Gs;spngWk; mt;tpay;ig cilad. (,it

Kw;fhy vOj;J tbtk;)
caph; nka;fs;
Gs;sp ngwhj vy;yh nka;fSk;> mJNt jd; tbtkhf> mfuk; Vwpa

caph;nka;fshf xypf;fg;gLk;. Vida caph;fs; NrUk;NghJ> mt;TUtKk;
rpwpJrpwpJ khw;wp vOjg;gl;L> cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;. caph;nka;fs; tbtk; ngw;W>
xypf;FkhW mt;tpUjpwj;jdthFk;.
caph; nka;ia xypf;Fk;NghJ nka;nahyp Kd;Dk;> caph; xyp gpd;Dkhf

mikAk;.
nka;fs;
f; r; l; j; g; w; MWk; ty;nyOj;J
q; Q; z; e; k; d; MWk; nky;nyOj;J
a; h; y; t; o; s; MWk; ,ilnaOj;J
nka;k;kaf;fk;
MuhAkplj;J mit gjpndl;lhk; tof;fpd; fz;Nz Xh; xw;W cldpiy

nka;k;kaf;fkha; ,lk;ngWk;.
l w y s nka;f;Fg;gpd; f r g %d;W nka;Ak; caph; nka;aha; te;J

kaq;Fk;.
mtw;Ws; y> s Tf;Fg; gpwF a t Tk; tUk;.
q Q z e k d vDk; nky;ypd nka;f;Fg; gpd;dh;> mt;tk; nka;fspd;

Kd;Ds;s ty;ypd vOj;Jf;fs; (f>r>l>j>g>w) nghUe;jptUk;.
mtw;Ws; z d nka;fF
; g; gpd;dh; f r Q g k a t vd;w VO
caph;nka;fSk; te;J fye;jw;Fhpad.
Q e k t vd;Dk; nka;fF
; g; gpwF afuk; te;J nghUe;Jjy; tof;fhFk;.
kfu nka;f;Fg; gpwF tfuKk; ,lk;ngWk;.

13
a u o nka;fSf;fLj;J nkhopf;F KjyhFnkd;w f r j g Q e k a

t Mfpa caph;nka;fSk; qfu xw;Wk; nghUe;Jk;.
tof;fhw;Wg;gb ghh;j;jhy; u> o nka; jtph;j;j midj;J nka;fSk;

jk;Kd;jhk; - nka;Ak; mLj;J mNj caph;nka;Akha; te;J kaq;Fk;. u> o
,uz;Lk; jk;Kd; gpw caph; nka;fSlNdNd kaq;Fk; vd;gjhFk;.
Rl;Lk; tpdhTk;
m , c vd;w mit %d;Wk; Rl;nlOj;Jf;fs;.
M V X vd;w mit %d;Wk; capnuOj;Jf;fspYs;s tpdhntOj;Jf;fs;.
,irAk; vOj;njhypAk;
gz;zpirNahL ghlg;gLk; ,ay;G nghUe;jpa ,irf;fiyapy;> caph;fs;

jkf;Fhpa khj;jpiuapd; vy;iy fle;J xypj;jYk;> xw;nwOj;Jf;fs; Xir ePz;L
xypj;jYk; csntd;gh;.
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. E}d;kugpd; ngah;f;fhuzk; Fwpj;J Muha;f.

2. vOj;Jf;fspd; tiffshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtd ahit?
3. vOj;Jf;fspd; fhy msT> khj;jpiu Fwpj;J vOJf.
4. Rl;nlOj;J> tpdhntOj;J tpsf;Ff.
5. rhh;e;Jtuy; kugpd; %d;whtd ahit?
6. „Kg;ghw;Gs;spAk; vOj;Njhud;d‟ vd;gjpy; vOj;Njhud;d vd;W $wpaNjd;?
7. vOj;Jf;fspd; gpw kuGfshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtd ahit?
fl;Liu tpdh
1. KjnyOj;Jf;fs;> rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;Jf;fisj;

njhFj;Jiuf;f.
2. vOj;Jf;fspd; tbtk; Fwpj;J njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtd ahit?
3. njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk; nka;k;kaf;fk; gw;wp xU fl;Liu tiuf. (m)
nka;k;kaq;Fjy; vd;why; vd;d? mjd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
4. jdp nka;fSf;Fj; njhy;fhg;gpah; jUk; NtW FwpaPLfs; ahit? (m)
jdp nka;fspd; %tiffis tpsf;Ff.

14
2. nkhopkuG
nkhopapilepd;w vOj;jpw;F ,yf;fzk; $WtJ nkhopkuG. f vdj;
jdpepd;w vOj;Jf;Fk; „flTspy;‟ cs;s f Tf;Fk; jkpopy; NtWghL ,y;iy.
xNu vOj;J ,lk;Nehf;fp xypkhw;wk;> xypj;jphpT ngWjy; Ntw;Wnkhopfspy;
kpFjp. jkpopy; mt;thW nkhopapilg;gLj;Jq;fhy;> NtWgLtd rpy
vOj;Jf;fNs. rhh;ngOj;J vd;Dk;NghJ> jj;jk; KjnyOj;ijr; rhh;e;J epw;gd
vdf; $wpdhYk; nkhopapilr; rhh;e;Jepw;Fk; Kiwikahy; mq;qdk; jdp
,ay;Gilathapd vd;gNj mbg;gil cz;ikahFk;. vOj;Jf;fs; nkhop
MjYk; mtw;wpd; Kjy; ,il ,Wjpepiy mikg;Gk; vOj;Jf;fisf; $l;b
nkhopgLj;jjy; gw;wpadthk;. E}d;kuG vOj;Jg; gw;wpa mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;
vd;why;> nkhopkuG mt;ntOj;jhyhk; nrhy; gw;wpa mbg;gil ,yf;fzk;
vdyhk;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;
xU nkhopf; Fw;wpaypfuk;
Fw;wpa ypfuk; epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

ahntd; rpidkpir ciuairf; fpstpf;F
Mtapd; t&ck; kfuk; Ch;e;Nj. (34)
Ngr;rpilNa xUtiu mioj;Jr; nry;Yk;NghJ Nfz;kpah> nrd;kpah vd

„kpah‟ vd;w mirr;nrhy; Kd;G gad;gl;lJ. ,e;j ciuiar; nrhy;ypy;> ah
vOj;Jf;F Kd; kfu xw;wpYs;s , FWfpa Xir ngWk;. ,t;thW ,ilg;gl;L
epw;Fk; vd;gjhk;. rpid – nrhy;ypd; cWg;ghfpa vOj;J. kfuk; Ch;e;J – kfu
nka;Ald; Nrh;e;J.
Gzh; nkhopf; Fw;wpaypfk;
Gzhpay; epiyapilf; FWfYk; chpj;Nj

czuf; $wpd; Kd;dh;j; Njhd;Wk; (35)
Kd;dh;f; $wpathW jdpnkhopapy; kl;Lkpd;wp> ,Unrhw;Gzh;r;rpf;fz;Zk;

,fuk; FWFjYz;L. mJ gpd;Nd tUk; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpaypy; tpsq;fff;
$wg;gLk; (410). Kd;dh; vd;gij ,d;W gpd;djfh vd;Nghk;. ehL+ahJ=ehbahJ.
fhl;L+ahid=fhl;bahid ehb NtW: ehL – jphpe;j. ehb (ahJ) NtW. Gzh;r;rp
NtWghl;lhy;> nghUs; NtWgly; fhz;f.

15
xUnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
nel;nlOj; jpk;gUk; njhlh;nkhop <w;Wk;

Fw;wpa Yfuk; ty;yh W}h;e;Nj (36)
jdp nel;nlOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;Gk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l gy vOj;Jf;fs;

njhlh;e;j nkhopfspYk; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; MwpidAk; rhh;e;J Fw;wpaYfuk;
tUk;. ,k;gh; - gpd;G. njhlh;nkhop - ,uz;nlOj;Jf;fSf;F Nkw;gl;l
vOj;Jf;fshd nkhop. ty;yhW – ty;ypdk; MW. f;>r;>l;>j;>g;>w;. ty;yhW Ch;e;J
tUk; vd Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. MW> ghf;F> %r;R> ghl;L> fhJ> fhg;G>
fhw;W.
Gzh;r;rpnkhopf; Fw;wpaYfuk;
,ilg;gbw; FWFk; ,lDkh Uz;Nl

flg;gh lwpe;j Gzhpw yhd. (37)
Kd;dh;f; $wpathW jdpnkhopfspd; ,Wjpapy; kl;Lkd;wp> ,Unrhw;

GzUk; Gzh;nkhopfspd; ,ilapYk; cfuk; FWFk;. mJ Kiwg;gb Gzhpaypy;
$wg;gLk; (409). flg;ghL mwpe;j – Kiwahfr; nrhy;y Ntz;ba flg;ghLs;s.
Gzhpayhd – Gzhpaypy; $wg;gLk; vd Kbj;Jf;nfhs;f. ghL+nghUs;
=ghl;Lg;nghUs;. Rf;Fr;rhW.
xUnkhop Ma;jk;
Fwpajd; Kd;dh; Ma;jg; Gs;sp

capnuhL Gzh;e;jty; yhwd; kpirj;Nj. (38)
Ma;jg;Gs;sp Fw;nwOj;jpd; gpd;Dk; caph;nka; ty;nyOj;J MwDf;F

Kd;Dkhf tUk;. v/J> m/J> f/R> kpirj;J – Kd;djhf.
Gzh;nkhop Ma;jk;
<wpay; kUq;fpdk; ,irik Njhd;Wk; (39)
Kd; nrhy;ypathW xUnkhopf; fz;Nzad;wp> nrhy;ypd; <W GzUk;

Gzh;r;rp elf;Fkplj;Jk; Ma;jkhf ,irf;Fk; xypg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. ,ay; -
,aq;Fjy;. Gzh;jy;. ,irik – vOj;Jg; GzUq;fhy; Ma;j Xir Njhd;Wjy;.
my;+jpiz=m/wpiz. gy;+Jsp=g/Wsp.

16
Fwpg;Gnkhop Ma;jk;
cUtpDk; ,irapDk; mUfpj; Njhd;Wk;

nkhopf;Fwpg; ngy;yhk; vOj;jpd; ,ayh
Ma;jk; m/fhf; fhiy ahd (40)
„fd;dq;fNunyd;W‟ vd;gJ Nghy; epwj;ijAk; XiriaAk; Ma;j vOj;Jr;

nrhw;fshy; Fwpg;gJz;L. f/nwd;Dk; fy;yjh; mj;jk; - fUepwkhd fw;fs;
fplf;Fk; ngUtop. f/nwd;Dk; jz;Njhl;Lg; ngz;iz – fy;nyd;Dk; Xir
nghUe;jpa kly;fisAila gidkuk;. ,d;W jhspf;Fk;NghJ f/nwd Xir
vOk;: mjpy; Nghl;l fLF> fwpNtg;gpiy vy;yhk; „f/nwd‟ fUf;Fk;. ,q;F
„f/nwd‟ Ma;jj;ij mOj;jp> msngil Nghy ePl;b xypg;gh;. ,it cU
(epwk;)> ,ir (Xir) iaf; Fwpf;Fk; xypf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;. ,it msngil
Nghy;> FWfhky; ePl;b xypf;Fk; jd;ikathapDk;> mjid vOj;jhy; vOjpf;
fhl;Ltjpy;iy. mUfp toq;Ftd ,it. nkhopf;Fwpg;G – xypf;Fwpg;ghy;
nghUs; jUk; nkhop. vOj;jpd; ,ayh – vOj;jhy; vOjpf;fhl;l ,ayhJ.
Ma;jk; m/fhf; fhiy – Ma;jk; RUq;fhky; ePl;b xypf;Fkplq;fs; ,it.
mq;Fjy; - RUq;Fjy;.
,irepiwtpf;Fk; capusngil
Fd;wpir nkhoptapd; epd;wpir epiwf;Fk;

nel;nlOj; jpk;gh; xj;jFw; nwOj;Nj. (41)
Xir FiwAk; nrhw;fspy;> nel;nlOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;Nd mjw;F ,dnkhj;j

Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; epd;W ,iria epiwtpf;Fk;. „njhohmh;
vdpd;‟>„Nghxk;‟>„M^c‟. Fd;wpir nkhop – Xir FiwAk; nrhw;fs;. xj;j -
,dk; xj;j. nebYf;F mjd; ,dkhd Fwpy;. thmm vd miof;fj;jhd;
Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ,dnkhj;j vOj;Jte;J> Xir ePs;fpwJ. ,d;Nwy; th kl;Lk;
epw;f> ePl;b xypg;gJ ,ayhJ. Mifahy; mJ „Fd;wpirnkhop‟ vdg;gl;lJ.
I>xs msngilahjy;
I xs vd;Dk; MaP nuOj;jpw;F

,fu cfuk; ,irepiw thFk;. (42)

17
I> xs ,uz;L neby;fSk; xj;j ,dkhd Fwpy;fs; ,y;iyahjyhy;>

If;F „,‟Ak; xsTf;F „c‟Tk; njhlh;e;J epd;W ,iria epiwtpf;Fk;: fid,>
nts cT. I,> xsc.
nkhopahf;fk;
nel;nlOj;NjOk; XnuOj; njhUnkhopahFk;
nel;nlOj; NjNo XnuOj; njhUnkhop (43)
nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk;> gpwpnjhU nghUisj; je;J jdpvOj;Nj

nrhw;fshfTk; toq;Fk;. M-gR><-nfhL> xs-kl;Lk; nfs> nts vd
caph;nka;aha; tUk;.
Fwpy; Ie;Jk; mt;th thuh
Fw;nwOj; ije;Jk; nkhopepiw gpyNt. (44)
Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; Ie;Jk; XnuOj;njhU nkhopfshf epiwTngw

tUtjpy;iy. (rpy tUk;) neh-nehe;JNgh. J-cz;> (Jg;G – czT Fws;>12)
nkhop tif
XnuOj; njhUnkhop <nuOj; njhUnkhop

,uz;bwe;J ,irf;Fk; njhlh;nkhop csg;gl
%d;Nw nkhopepiy Njhd;wpa newpNa. (45)
jkpopy; nrhw;fs; %tifg;gLk;. 1. XnuOj;J nkhop 2. <nuOj;njhU

nkhop 3. njhlh;nkhop. ,uz;Lf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;ld
njhlh;nkhop vdg;gLk;. fh> fhR> fLF> fyg;ig> fyq;fy;> fyq;fpdhd;.
jdpnka;ia xypf;Fk;; Kiw
nka;apd; ,af;fk; mfunkhL rptZk; (46)
nka;fis „mfu‟ capnuhL Nrh;j;Nj xypf;ff;$Lk;. rptZk;-nghUe;Jk;.

f>q>r>Q vd;W nka;fis xypj;Jf; $Wjy; ,ay;G. ffu nka; vd;gJz;L.
nka;k;kaf;fg; Gwdil
jk;kpay; fpsg;gpd; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

nka;e;epiy kaf;fk; khdk; ,y;iy. (47)

18
jdp vOj;jhfpa jdJ epiyiaf; $wtUk; NghJ> nka;k;kaf;f

epiyapy; khwp tUjy; Fw;wkpy;iy. (lfhuk;> k/fhd;).
<nuhw;Wldpiy
a u o vd;Dk; %d;WKd; xw;wf;

f r j g q Q e k <nuhw; whFk; (48)
fl;L> ntl;Fjy; vd;gd nkhopapilNa Xnuhw;Wldpiy vdg;gLk;. Vd;?

„l;‟ vd;w xU nka;fF
; mLj;J L (l;+c)> F (f;+c) caph;nka;aha;
nka;naOj;Nj ,ize;J tUjypd;> mt;thW $Wth;. tha;f;fhy;> fho;gG
; -
,tw;wpy; ,uz;L xw;Wf;fs; mLj;jLj;J epw;gjhy; ,it <nuhw;Wldpiy
vdg;gLk;. a u o %d;Wk; Kjypy; xw;whf epw;f. mtw;iw aLj;J f r j g q
Q e k vd;Dk; vl;Lk; <h; xw;wha; tUk;. fha;f;Fk;> gha;r;R> tha;j;jJ> tha;g;G>
Mh;g;G> jho;gg
; hs;> fha;q;fdp> Nja;Q;rJ> fha;e;jJ> fha;k;Gwk;. ,it rpy Kd;G
toq;fpait vd ,t;thW tUtd fhz;f.
jdpf; Fwpw;fPo; u> o xw;Wf;fshf tuh
mtw;Ws;
ufhu ofhuk; Fw;nwho; whfh. (49)
u> o nka;fs; jdpf;FwpYf;Fg;gpd; xw;whf tUk; nrhy; jkpopy; ,y;iy.

xh; vd tuhJ: Xh; vd tUk;. vo; - vd tuhJ. Vo; midtUk; my;yJ vO
vd cfuk; ngw;W caph;nka;aha; tUk;. ,jdhy; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis vspjp;
,dk; fhzyhk;. jh;kk;> th;f;fk;> jkpoy;y> jUkk;> tUf;fk; vd;gdNt jkpo;
tbtkhFk;.
Kjypy; ,UFwpy; thpd; neby; NghyhFk;
njhlh;nkhop ,ay;G
FWikAk; neLikAk; mstpw; Nfhlypd;

njhlh;nkhop vy;yhk; nel;nlOj; jpay> (50)
caph;Fwpy;> neby; vd;gd xU khj;jpiu. ,uz;L khj;jpiu vd msG

gw;wpad. „Gfo;‟ vd;gjpy; Kjypy; ,uz;L Fwpy; tUjyhy; ,uz;L khj;jpiu
ngWk;. mtw;iw neby;Nghyf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. efh;> jkpo; vdf; Fwypizf;
fPo; ufu> ofuk;-tUk;.

19
nra;ASs; tUk; „Nghd;k;‟
nra;As; ,Wjpg; Nghyp nkhoptapd;

dfhu kfhuk; <nuhw; whFk;. (51)
nra;Aspd; ,Wjpapy; „NghYk;‟ vd;w nrhy; „Nghd;k;‟ vd;W te;J

<nuhw;whtJz;L. „Nghyp‟ nkhop – NghYk; vd;w nrhy;. (kUSk; vd;gJ kUz;k;
vdr; nra;Aspy; tUtijAk; gpw;fhyj;jhh; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;th;.)
mjpy; kfuq;FWFjy;
dfhiu Kd;dh; kfhuk; FWFk; (52)
„Nghd;k;‟ vd;gjpy; cs;s „d;‟– dfhunka;Kd; tUk; „k;‟ xw;Wj;jd; miu

khj;jpiuapw; FWfpf; fhy; khj;jpiuahFk;. ,jid kfuf; FWf;fk; vd;gh;.
jdpahfTk; nkhopapilNaAk; jkpo; vOj;jpd; ,ay;Gepiy
nkhopg;gLj; jpirg;gpDk; njhpe;JNt wpirg;gpDk;

vOj;jpay; jphpah vd;kdhh; Gyth; (53)
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis xU nrhy;ypDs; itj;J xypj;jhYk; (flTs;>

gwit)> ngah; njhpAkhW mt;ntOj;Jf;fisj; jdpNa vLj;J xypj;jhYk;
(f>l>T>s;) me;je;j vOj;Jf;fs; jj;jk; jd;ikapy; jphptjpy;iy. Mq;fpyj;jpy;
A vd;w XnuOj;Nj> nrhw;fspy; mikAk; NghJ nt;NtW xypg;G ngWk;. „at, Cat,
Table‟ vd;gdtw;wpy; xNu „A‟ ntt;Ntwhf xypg;gJNghy; jkpopy;
khWtjpy;iyay;yth?
nkhop,ilNa – I – xypkaf;fk; NghJ ,ay;Gepiy khWkplq;fs;
mfu ,fuk; Ifhu khFk; (54)
m , ,uz;lilAk; Nrh;j;jhy;> I xj;jpirf;Fk; vd;gjhk;. tapuk;-ituk;>

fapiy-ifiy nkhopgLj; njhypf;Fk;NghJ vOj;jpay;G jphpahnjd;whh;. ,q;F
jphpaf;$ba rpytw;iw tpje;J $Wfpwhh;. tap(uk;) vd;w m , I Mfpa
xj;jpirg;gJ fhz;f.

20
nrhy;ypilNa xs xyp kaf;fk;
mfu cfuk; xsfhu khFk; (55)
mJNghy; nrhy;ypilNa m c Nrh;j;njhypj;jhy; xs Nghy;

xj;jpirf;Fk;. fTjkd; - nfsjkd;> fTe;jpabfs; - nfse;jpabfs;> fT-nfs
vd caph; nka;apYs;s caph;fNs ,q;qdk; xj;jpirf;fpd;wd.
nrhy;ypy; ma; vdTk; kaq;fptUjy;
mfuj; jpk;gh; afug; Gs;spAk;

I vd; neLQ;rpid nka;ngwj; Njhd;Wk; (56)
nrhy;ypilNa „ma;‟ vd;W xypj;jhYk; „I‟ ia xj;jpirf;Fk;.
Iah; - ma;ah;. (xsit – mt;it vd tUtJk; ,J Nghd;wNjahFk;.)

,k;gh; - gpd;dhy;> afug; Gs;sp –a;> neLQ;rpid – nel;nlOj;J. nka; ngwj;
Njhd;Wk; - tbt xw;Wik cz;lhFk;. nka; - tbtk;. ,r;#j;jpuq;fs; %d;Wk;
xyp tbt kaf;fk; gw;wpad. „vOj;jpay; jphpah‟ vd;gjd; njhlh;r;rpNa ,J.
nrhy;ypilNa jphptdTk; rpyTs vd;gNj fUj;J.
nrhy;ypil I> xs tUk;NghJ xypg;gsT FWFjYKz;L
xus ghFk; ,lDkh Uz;Nl

NjUq; fhiy nkhoptap dhd (57)
I> xs ,uz;Lk; nebyha; ,uz;L khj;jpiu msG ngWtdNtahapDk;

,q;qdk; xyp kaf;fkha;> xj;jpirg;gjhy; nrhw;fspilNa tUk;NghJ> xU
khj;jpiu kl;LNk ngWkplq;fSs;sd. gioik – goik Nghy xypg;gJ
,jdhNyahk;. nra;Aspy; I> xs ,uz;ilAk; xU khj;jpiuahff; nfhz;L
fzf;fpLtJKz;L> XusT – xUkhj;jpiu. nkhop tapdhd – nrhw;fspilNa
tUk;NghJ> NjUq;fhiy – MuhAkplj;J.
nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; tUk; xyp kaf;fk;
,fu afuk; ,Wjp tpuTk; (58)
,JTk; xyp kaq;fptUk; ,yf;fzk; gw;wpaJ. eha;-ehap> gha;-ghap> Ma;-

Map> vd tUtd fhz;f. ,JTk; caph;nka; gw;wp tUk; tpjpNaahk;.
„eha;>eh,‟ vdf; fhl;Lth;. „Kd;G mfu ,fuk; IfhukhFk; vdTk; afug;Gs;sp
te;J ma; ahFnkdTk; $wpatw;wpd; Gweilaha;> rpy ,lj;J mfu ,fukhAk;
21
rpy ,lj;J mfu afukhAk; nrhy;Yf;Nfw;g khwp ,lk; ngWk;‟. itjhd;

ta;jhd; vd vOjyhk;. mJ tapjhd; vd MfhJ. ike;jd; kape;jd; vd;Nw
tUk;. mJ ka;e;jd; vd MfhJ. ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g ,t;tbT khw;wq;fs; khw;wp
vOjg;gLk; xypf;Fk; vd;gjhk;.
nkhop Kjy; vOj;Jf;fs; - caph;fs; nkhopKjypy; tUjy;
gd;dP UapUk; nkhopKj yhFk; (59)
capnuOj;Jg; gd;dpuz;Lk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;. (mk;kh>ML>,iy…)
jdpnka; jkpopy; nkhopKjypy; tuhJ
caph;nka; my;yd nkhopKj yhfh. (60)
capNuhL $ba nka;fs; my;yhjdthfpa jdpnka;fs; jkpopy; nkhopf;F

Kjyhtjpy;iy. g;hpah> f;hpah jkpoy;y. gphpia> fphpia vdj; jkpopy; tu
Ntz;Lk;. fly;-„f‟ Kjy; vOj;J> ,t;Taph;nka;apy; f;+m vd nka;jhd;
Kjypy; cs;sJ. fly; vd;gjd; Kjy; vOj;J f; vd;w nka;jhd;. vdpDk;
jkpopy; capNuhL $ba nka;jhd; nkhop Kjypy; tUk;. jdpnka; tuhJ.
nka;fspy; gd;dpuz;LapUlDk; nkhopKjypy; tUgit
fje gkvDk; Mitj; njOj;Jk;

vy;yh capnuhLk; nry;Ykhh; KjNy. (61)
f j e g k vd;w Ie;J nka;naOj;Jf;fSk; gd;dpuz;L caph;fNshLk;

nkhop Kjyhjw;Fg; nghUe;Jk;. M-me;j. nry;Ykhh; KjNy – Kjyhjw;Fg;
nghUe;Jk;. fly;> fhL> fpis> fPhp vdr; nrhy;ypg; ghh;f;f.
rfu nka; xd;gJapUld; nkhopKjyhjy;
rfuf; fpsTk; mtw;Nwh uw;Nw

m I xs vDk; %d;wyq; filNa (62)
rfunka; m> I> xs jtph;j;j xd;gJ caph;fNshLk; nkhop Kjypy;

tUk;. %d;W myq;fil- %d;Wk; my;yhjtplj;J. r> ir> nrs %d;Wk; thuh.
rq;f fhyj;Jk; gpwFk; ,itAk; Kjyhapd. rfL> rl;b> rkh; vdf; fhl;Lth;.
irak;> nrshpak; gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;.

22
tfunka; vl;LapUld; nkhopKjyhjy;
c C x X vd;Dk; ehd;Faph;
t vd; vOj;njhL tUjy; ,y;iy (63)
tfu nka;Ald; c> C> x> X ehd;FapUk; thuh. T> T+> nth> Nth
Kjypy; tUk; nrhw;fs; jkpopy; ,y;iy.
Qfunka; %d;WapUld; nkhopKjyhjy;
M v x
vd;Dk; %Taph; Qfhuj; Jhpa (64)
Qfu nka;Ald; M> v> x %TapUNk nkhop KjyhFk;. Qhyk;> nQkpop

(jPf;filNfhy;)> nQhs;fy; (RUq;Fjy;).
afu nka; „M‟Tld; kl;Lk; nkhopKjyhjy;
MNth ly;yJ afuk; KjyhJ (65)
afuk; „M‟Tld; Nrh;e;J kl;Lk; nkhopKjyhFk;. KjyhJ-Kjyhf tuhJ.

ahid> ahkk;> atdh;> A+fk; Nghy;td gpd;G te;jit.
jj;jk; ngah;nrhy;y> vy;yhnka;Ak; nkhop Kjyhjy;
Kjyh Vd jk;ngah; KjYk; (66)
Kjyhfh vdf; $wg;gl;l gpw nka;fs; vy;yhk; jk; ngah; $Wk;NghJ

KjyhFk;. Kjyh – Kjyhfh. Vd-gpw. KjYk; - Kjyhf tUk;. lg;nghpJ>
qg;Nghy; tis> wd;dfukh lz;zfukh? vd tUjy; fhz;f.
nkhopKjy; Fw;wpaYfuk;
Fw;wpa Yfuk; Kiwg;ngah; kUq;fpd;

xw;wpa efuapir efunkhL KjYk; (67)
Ee;ij vd;Dk; Kiwg;ngahplj;Jg; nghUe;jpa „e;‟ vDk; xw;wpd;Nky;

epw;Fk; (nkhop KjypYs;s efuj;Jld; $ba) cfuk; FWFk;. Kiwg;ngah; -
Ee;ij (cd; je;ij). xw;wpa – xw;wha;g; nghUe;jpa> efu kpir – efuj;jpd;
NkNy. Ee;ij nkhop Kjw; Fw;wpaYfuk;.

23
mjd; ,ay;G
Kw;wpay YfunkhL nghUs;NtW glhmJ

mg;ngah; kUq;fpd; epiyapa yhd. (68)
Fw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fs; Kw;wpaYfur; nrhw;fSld; nghUs; NtWgLk;.

fl;L> XL vd VTk;NghJ Kw;Wfukha; xU nghUSk; vj;jid fl;L cs> XL
,y;iy vdg; ngauha;f; Fw;WfukhFk; nghOJ xU nghUSk; ngWjy; cz;L.
Ee;ij vDk; Kiwg; ngahplj;J epiyahf tUjyhy; ,q;F Kw;wpaYfuj;njhL
nghUs; NtWgLtjpy;iy. Ee;ij – ia ,jo;Ftpj;Jf; $wpa top FWfhJ:
FtpahJ $wpatop FWFk;. vdpDk; ,uz;blj;Jk; nghUs; NtWglhJ.
nkhopapWjp vOj;Jf;fs;
xs jtph;j;j caph;fs; nkhopaPwhjy; (69)
caph; xs vQ;rpa ,Wjpa ahFk; (69)
xs jtph;j;j 11 caph;fSk; nkhopapWjpapy; tUk;. vQ;rpa-jtph;j;j> M><>

I vd XnuOj;njhU nkhop Nghy;tdtw;wpy; capNu <whk;. nka;fNshL
NrUk;nghOJ ,it <whjYk; ngwg;gLk;. el-mfu <W (l;+m)> flh-Mfhu <W>
eb-,fu <W ,q;qdk; tUk;. xs nkhop Kjyhtjd;wp <w;wpy; tUtjpy;iy.
xs <whFkplq;fs;
f;t;+xs
ftNth biaapd; xsT khFk; (70)
f;>t; ,uz;NlhLk; nghUe;jpd; „xs‟Tk; nkhop <whFk;. nfs> nts

(nfsT> ntsT vd VTjy;). ,iaapd; - nghUe;jpthpd;.
v nka;Ald; <whjy; ,y;iy
v vd tUKaph; nka;aP whfhJ (71)
„v‟ caph;> nka;Ald; $b <whfhJ. Vv> Ngv vd msngilapy; kl;Lk;

,Wjpapy; jdpj;J epw;Fk;.

24
„x‟– et;Tld; kl;Lk; <whFjy;
xt;Tk; mw;Nw et;tyq; filNa (72)
x>„e‟ nka; jtph;j;J vjpYk; <whfhJ. „neh‟ (nehe;J Ngh) vd Xhplj;jpy;

kl;Lk; <whFk;. (e;+x). et;tyq;fil – efu nka; jtph;j;J.
V X vd;Dk; caph; Qfhuj;jpy;iy
Qfhuj;Jld; $b V. X caph;fs;
<whtjpy;iy. chpQ> chpQ, vdf;
fhl;Ltd tof;fpwe;jd. (73)
c C fhuk; etnthL etpyh (74)
cfuk; „e;‟ nka;AlDk; Cfhuk; „t;‟ nka;AlDk; <whFk; nrhw;fs; ,y.

vdNt E> T+ vd;w <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; ,y;iy vd;gjhk;. etpyh-gapd;W tUjy;
,y;iy vd;gh;. nrhy;yg;gLjy; ,y;iy vdTk; nghUe;Jk;. nghUE vd;gj
mUfpa tof;F vd tplg;gl;lJ NghYk;. ,r;#j;jpuk; NkYk; Muhaj;jf;f
njd;gh;.
„R‟ ,Unkhopapy; kl;Lk; <whjy;
cr;r fhuk; ,Unkhopf;F chpj;Nj (75)
„R‟ ,Wjp> ,uz;L nrhw;fSf;F kl;Lk; chpaJ. cr;r fhuk; - R>cR>KR

vd;gh;. cR-cS> KR-Fuq;F> gR-gpw; fhyj;jJ. ,e;E}w;ghitf; Fwpy; njhlh;e;j
<nuOj;njhUnkhop gw;wpajhfNt nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
„G‟ xU nkhopapy; kl;Lk; <whjy;
cg;g fhuk; xd;nwd nkhopg

,Utapd; epiyAk; nghUl;lh Fk;Nk (76)
„G‟ vOj;J><nuOj;J nkhopapy; xNu ,lj;jpy; kl;LNk tUk;. „jG‟ vd;gJ

mJ. jd;tpid> gpwtpid vd;w ,uz;L epiyfspy; nghUs;jUk;. jd;id mop
vd;Wk; gpwiu mopar;nra; vd;Wk; ,UnghUs;jUk; mhpa nrhy; ,J.

25
Gwdil
vQ;rpa nty;yhk; vQ;Rjy; ,yNt (77)
vQ;rpa gpw caph;nka;fs; vy;yhk; <whfhJ xopjy; ,y;iy. m/jhtJ

tpje;J nrhy;yg;glhjd nty;yhk; <whf tUk; vd;gjhk;.
nka;fs; nkhopaPwhFk; Kiw
Qzekd auy tos vd;Dk;

mg;gjp ndhd;Nw Gs;sp ,Wjp (78)
Q>z>e>k>d>a>u>y>t>o>s vd;w gjpndhU nka;Ak; nkhop ,Wjpapy; tUk;.

chpQ;> kz;> nghUe;> kuk; vd ,t;thW tUk;.
„e‟ nka; ,Unkhopapy; <whjy;
cr;r fhunkhL efhuk; rptZk; (79)
R ,Wjp ,uz;Nl nrhw;fspy; <whdNghy;> e; ,WjpAk; ,uz;L nrhw;fspy;

kl;Lk; <whFk;. nghUe; (nghUe;J)> nthpe; (KJF) vd;g.
„Q‟ nka; xU nkhopapy; kl;Lk; <whjy;
cg;g fhunkhL QfhiuAk; mw;Nw

mg;nghUs; ,ul;lhJ ,tiz ahd (80)
Qfu ,Wjp „G‟ ,Wjp Nghy xNu nrhy;ypy; <whFk;. Mapd; mJNghy;
nghUs; ,ul;bj;J ,q;F tuhJ. chpQ;-chpQ;Rjy;> ,tizahd-
,t;tplj;jpd;ffz;.
„t‟nka; ehd;F nkhopfspy; <whjy;
tfuf; fpstp ehd;nkhop <w;wJ (81)
tfuk; ehd;F nrhw;fspy; kl;Lk; <whFk;. mt;> ,t;> ct; (,it Rl;L)>
njt; (gif).

26
mwd;> mwk; vd;gJ Nghy
xyp kaq;fhj dfuj; njhlh;nkhopfs; xd;gJ
kfuj; njhlh;nkhop kaq;Fjy; tiue;j

dfuj; njhlh;nkhop xd;g/J vd;g
Gfuwf; fpse;j m/wpiz Nkd. (82)
k;> d; vd;gd Nghypahf khwptUk;. mwk;-mwd;> kwk;-kwd; vdf;

$wYz;L. kfu <whf khw;wpf; $wg;glhj duf <w;Wnkhopfs; jkpopy; xd;gJ
cs. mit Fw;wkwr; nrhy;yg;gl;l m/wpiz ,lj;jd. Gfh; mw – Fw;wkpd;wp.
fpse;j - $wg;gl;l. vfpd;-md;dk;> gapd;-gprpd;> mod;-gpzk;> Fapd;-Nkfk;>
,tw;Wld; nghUs; njhpahj nrfpd;> tpod;> God;> tahd;> flhd; vd;gdTk;
fhl;Lth;.

27
nkhopkuG fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs;
Fw;wpaypfuk;
kpah vd;Dk; ciuairr; nrhy;ypy;> ah vOj;Jf;F Kd;Ds;s kfu

xw;wpw; fhzg;gLk; ,fuk; FWfp xypf;Fk;.
,q;qdk; jdpnkhopapy; kl;Lkpd;wp> ,Unrhw; Gzh;r;rpapYk; ,fuk;

FWFjYz;L. mjd; gpd;dh; Gzhpaypy; tpsq;ff; $wg;gLk;.
(ehL+ahJ=ehbahJ.)
Fw;wpaYfuk;
jdp nel;nlOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;Gk; gy vOj;Jf;fs; njhlh;e;j njhlh;

nkhopfspd; <w;wpYk;> ty;ypdk; MwpidAk; rhh;e;J Fw;wpaYfuk; tUk;.
,q;qdk; jdpnkhopfspy; kl;Lkpd;wp> ,U nrhw; GzUk;

Gzh;nkhopfspilNaAk; cufk; FWFk;. mJ Kiwg;gb Gzhpaypy; gpd;G
$wg;gLk;. (Njf;Ff;fjT)
Ma;jk;
Ma;jg;Gs;sp Fw;nwOj;jpd; gpd;Dk; caph;nka; ty;nyOj;J MwDf;F

Kd;Dkhf tUk;. (f/R)
,q;qdk; xUnkhopf; fz;Nzad;wp> nrhw;fspd; <W GzUkplq;fspYk;

Ma;jkhf ,irf;Fk; xypg;Gj; Njhd;Wk;. (fy;+jPJ=f/wPJ)
xypf;Fwpg;ghf tUk; Ma;jk; epwj;ijAk; XiriaAk; Fwpf;f mUfpj;

Njhd;Wk;. mg;NghJ mt;tha;j xyp RUq;fhky; msngilNghy
ePz;nlhypj;jhYk;> mjid vOj;jhy; vOjpf; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
msngilfs;
Xir FiwAk; nrhw;fspy;> nel;nlOj;Jf;Fg; gpd;Nd mjw;F ,dnkhj;j

Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; epd;W Xiria epiwtpf;Fk;.
I> xs ,uz;lDf;Fk; ,dnkhj;j Fw;nwOj;J ,d;ikahy;> KiwNa

,fuKk; cfuKk; ,iria epiwtpf;f tUk;.

28
jkpo;r;nrhy; mbg;giltif
nel;nlOj;Jf;fs; VOk; (gpwpnjhU nghUs; jUk;NghJ) XnuOj;njhU

nkhopfs; MFk;.
Fw;nwOj;Jf;fs; Ie;Jk; mq;qdk; XnuOj;njhU nkhopfshf> epiwTngw

tUtjpy;iy. rpw;rpy tUnkd;gjhk;.
jkpopy; nrhw;fs; mikAk; tpjk; XnuOj;njhU nkhopAk; <nuOj;njhU

nkhopAk; ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l gyntOj;jj; njhlh;e;j njhlh;nkhopAk; vd
%d;whFk;.
nka;fs; xypg;G Kiw
nka;fs; mfu capNuhL Nrh;j;Nj cr;rhpf;fg;gLk;. (f>q)
mtw;iw Qfhuk;> lfhunkdj; jdpnaOj;jhfpa epiyiaf; $Wk;nghOJ>

vy;yh vOj;Jk; nka;k; kaf;f epiyfspy; khwptUk;. mjpy; Fw;wkpy;iy.
nka;k; kaf;fk; - <nuhw;Wldpiy
a u o vDk; %d;W xw;Wf;fspd; gpd; f r j g q Q e k vd;w vl;L

nka;fSk; te;J <nuhw;Wldpiy ahFk;.
mtw;Ws; u> o ,uz;Lk; Fwpw;fo

P ; xw;whf thuh.
Fwpy;> neby; vd;w NtWghL. khj;jpiu msthw; nfhs;sg;gLjypd;>

,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fs; njhlUk; njhlh;nkhopfs; vy;yhk;
nel;nlOj;Jg; NghYk; ,ay;Giladthk;. Fwpw;fPo; thuh vdg;gl;l ufu> ofuk;
Fwpypid Kjypatw;wpd; gpd; tUnkd;gjhk;. (gh; vd tuhJ> gfh; vd tUk;.
Go; vd tuhjJ Gfo; vd;gjpy; tUk;.)
<nuhw;wha; epd;W kfuk; FWFjy;
nra;Aspd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; „NghYk;‟ vDk; nrhy; Xirr;#oy; fUjp

Nghd;k; vdj; jphpe;J><nuhw;Wldpiyaha; epw;Fk;.
,e;jr; #oypy; dfuj;jpd; gpd;Nd epw;Fk; kfu xw;Wf; FWFk;.
nrhy;ypilg;gLk; vOj;njhyp khw;wq;fs;
nrhy;ypilg; gLj;j xypj;jhYk; jdp vOj;jha;g; gphpj;J xypj;jhYk;

vOj;jpd; ,ay;G khWtjpy;iy. (rpw;rpy khWk; vd;gJ kl;Lk; gpd;Nd
$wg;gLfpd;wd.)
29
nrhy;ypiltUk; mfu ,fuk; I Nghy xypf;Fk;.(tapuk;-ituk;)
nrhy;ypiltUk; mfu cfuk; xs Nghy xypf;Fk;. (fTjkd;-nfhsjkd;)
nrhy;ypilna mfuj;jpd; gpd; afu xw;iw vOjpdhYk; I vDk;

nel;nlOj;Jg;Nghy xyp xw;Wik cz;lhFk;. (Iah; - ma;ah;)
I> xs ,uz;Lk; MuhAq;fhy; nkhopapilNa xU khj;jpiu kl;LNk

ngWkplKk; cz;L.
Kd;G vOj;J kaf;fkha; tUnkdg;gl;l ,fuKk;> afuKk; nrhy;

,Wjpapy; kaq;fp tuf;$Lk;. rpy nrhy;ypy; , MfTk; rpy nrhy;ypy; „a;‟
MfTk; tputptUk; vdf; fhl;Lth;. Ma; - Map. gha;-ghap.
nkhop KjnyOj;Jf;fs;
gd;dpuz;L caph;fSk; nkhop Kjyhf tUk;.
capUld; $ba nka;ay;yhjd (jdp nka;fs;) jkpopy; nkhopKjyhfh.
f j e g k vd;Dk; Ie;J nka;fSk; vy;yh capUlDk; $b

nkhopKjyhFk;.
„r‟fu nka; m I xs %d;W caph; jtph;j;j gpw xd;gJaph;fNshLk;

nkhopKjyhFk;.
„t‟fu nka; c C x X vDk; ehd;Faph; jtph;j;j gpw vl;Laph;fSld;

kl;Lk; nkhopKjyhFk;.
„Q‟fu nka; „M‟> v> x vd;w %d;Waph;fNshL kl;Lk; nkhop KjyhFk;.
„a‟fu nka M
; Tld; kl;LNk nkhopKjyhFk;.
nkhopKjyhfh vdf; $wg;gl;l gpw nka;fs; vy;yhk;> jk;ngah; $Wq;fhy;

nkhopKjyhFk;.
Ee;ij vd;w Kiwg;ngahpYs;s „e‟fuj;jpd; Nky; nghUe;jpa efu

nka;apYs;s cfuk; FWFk;. ,J nkhopKjy; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;.
mg;ngaiu ,jo;Ftpj;Jf; $wpdhy; Kw;wpaYfuk;> FtpahJ $wpdhy;

Fw;wpaYfuk;. vg;gbf; $wpDk; ,f;Fw;wpaYfuk; Kw;wpaYfuj;Jld; nghUs;
NtWgLtjpy;iy

30
nkhopapWjp vOj;Jf;fs;
capnuOj;Jf;fspy; xs jtph;j;jit nkhopapWjpapy; tUk;.
f> t nka;fSld; ,ize;J xsTk; nkhopaPwhFk;.
„v‟ vDk; caph;nka;Ald; $b <whfhJ. msngilfspy; jdpj;Jepd;W

<whFk;.
x vDk; capUk; „e‟ nka; jtph;j;J> vk; nka;Ald; <whfhJ.
Q nka;Ald; ,ize;J> V> X ,uz;LapUk; <whfh.
efu nka;Ald; „c‟fuKk; tfu nka;Ald; CfhuKk; ,WjpahFk;

nrhw;fs; ,y.
„R‟ ,Wjp ,Unkhopfspy; kl;Lk; tUk;. (cR> KR)
„G‟ ,Wjp xNu nrhy;ypy; kl;Lk; <whFk; (jG). mJ ,U tifahd

nghUs; jUk; (jd;tpidAk; gpwtpidAk;).
vQ;rpa caph;nka;fs; vy;yhk; <whFk;.
Q z e k d a u y t o s vd;Dk; gjpndhd;Wk; Gs;spaPwha; tUk;.
„R‟ ,WjpNghy efu nka;apWjpAk; ,uz;Nl nrhw;fspy; tUk;. (nghUe;>

nthpe;)
„G‟fuk; Nghy Qfu nka;apWjpAk; xNu nrhy;ypy; tUk;. MapDk;

mq;FNghy ,q;F nghUs; ,ul;lhJ. (chpQ;)
kfu <whf khwhj dfu <w;Wnkhopfs;
kfu <whf khw;wpf; $wg;glhj> dfu <w;Wnkhopfs; jkpopy; xd;gJ cs.

mit jpl;ltl;lkhff; $wg;gl;l m/wpizr; nrhw;fNsahFk;. (mod;> God;
Kjypad)

31
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. nkhopkuG ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.
2. Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; tifg;ghL Fwpj;J vOJf.
3. Fw;wpaypfuj;jpw;F ,lDk; gw;Wf;NfhLk; ahit?
4. Ma;jk; nkhopapy; ngWk; ,lk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
5. nkhop vj;jid tifg;gLk;? tpsf;Ff.
6. rhh;ngOj;jpd; epiyfshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; nkhopkugpy; $Wtd ahit?
7. msngilahkhw;iw tpsf;Ff. (m) „ePl;lk; Ntz;Lk; vOj;Jf;fspd;
thptbt epiy ahJ?
8. <nuhw;Wldpiyahf tUtd ahit?
9. „nka;apd; ,af;fk; mfunkhL rptZk;‟ ,e;E}w;ghtpd; nghUis
tpsf;Ff.
10. Nghyp vOj;Jf;fshfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtd ahit?
fl;Liu tpdh
1. nkhopKjy; vOj;Jf;fs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gaph; fUj;Jf;fisf; $Wf.
2. nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fs; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah; ciug;gd ahit?
3. vOj;Jf;fspd; ,af;fk; Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtdtw;iwj;
njhFf;f.

32
3. gpwg;gpay;
jdp vOj;J> nrhy;ypil tUk; vOj;J - ,tw;Wf;F ,yf;fzk; $wpagpd;
mj;jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplk; gw;wpf; $Wfpwhh;. jkpopy; xypg;G KiwNa
kpf mOj;jkhff; fw;f Ntz;baJ. ,g;gpwg;gpay; nra;jpfs; nghpJk; ,d;iwa
mwptpaYf;F xj;J tUjiy vLj;Jf;fhl;b nkhopapayhh; Nghw;Wth;.
vOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkplj;ij xl;ba thpirahfNth my;yJ mt;thpiria
,izapizahfNth jkpo; neLq;fzf;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vOj;Jf;fspd; nghJg;gpwg;G
xypf;Fk; Kiwfs;
ce;jp Kjyh Ke;Jtsp Njhd;wpj;

jiyapDk; kplw;wpDk; neQ;rpDk; epiy,g;
gy;Yk; ,jOk; ehTk; %f;Fk;
md;dKk; csg;gl vd;Kiw epiyahd;
cWg;Gw;W mika newpg;gl ehb
vy;yh vOj;Jk; nrhy;Yq; fhiyg;
gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; NtWNtW ,ay
jpwg;glj; njhpAk fhl;rp ahd. (88)
nfhg;G+o; mbapypUe;J NkNy fpsh;e;J vOfpd;w cjhdd; vd;Dk;

xirf;fhw;W> jiy kplW neQ;R Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jq;fp> gy; ,jo; eh %f;F
mz;zk; MfpadTl;gl;l vl;L tif epiyf;fsd;fspd;top Kiwahf
mt;TWg;Gf;fspy; nghUe;jpaika> jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; xUtd;
Kiwg;gb Muha;e;J nrhy;Yk;NghJ> mit ntt;NtW jd;ikAiladtha;g;
gpwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,J $Wgl MuhAk; mwpTf;Fj; njspTglj; Njhd;Wk;
nra;jpahFk;. Ke;Jtsp – ntspg;gLk; Xirf;fhw;W. mij cjhdd; vd;gh;.
epiy,-jq;fp> cWg;Gw;W mika – cWg;Gf;fspy; Xirf;fhw;W nghUe;jpaika>
gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk; - gpwg;gpdJ nraw;ghL> ntspg;gl;L xypj;jy;> fhl;rp – mwpT.
capnuOj;Jf;fis xypf;Fk; Kiw
mt;topg;
gd;dp UapUk; je;epiy jphpah
aplw;Wg; gpwe;j tspapd; ,irf;Fk; (84)

33
mt;thW gpwf;Fkplj;J> gd;dpuz;L capUk; jj;jk; epiyapy; jphpahtha;>

kplw;wpd;fz; gpwe;j Xirf;fhw;wphy; xypf;Fk;. mit jj;jk; khj;jpiuasT
jphpah vd;gjhk;. ,> c kl;Lk; rhh;ngOj;jhFk;NghJ je;jpiy jphpAk;.
Fw;wpaypfuKk; Fw;wpaYfuKk; MFk;. jk;epiy-je;epiy.
m M gpwj;jy;
mtw;Ws;
m M Mapuz; lq;fhe;J ,aYk; (85)
mt;Taph;fSs; (m> M ,uz;Lk; thia mq;fhj;jyhy; gpwf;Fk;.

mq;fhj;J – thia Mntdj; jpwe;J.
, Kjypad gpwj;jy;
, < v V I vd ,irf;Fk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; mtw;Nwh ud;d:
mitjhk;
mz;gy; Kjy;eh tpspk;Gwy; cila (86)
, < v V I vd xypf;Fk; mg;gFjpg;gl;l Ie;Jk;> Kw;$wpa m M Nghy

tha; mq;fhj;jyhy; Njhd;Wk;. NkYk; mit Nkw;;gy;ypd; mbia> ehtpdJ
mbtpspk;G nrd;W nghUe;jg; gpwf;Fk;. ghy;-gFjp. mtw;Nwhh; md;d –m Mg;
Nghy thia Mntdj; jpwj;jyhy; gpwf;Fk;. mz;gy; Kjy; - Nkw;gy;ypd;
mbia. ehtpspk;G – mb eh Xuk;.
c Kjypad gpwj;jy;
c C x X xs vd ,irf;Fk;
mg;ghy; Ie;Jk; ,jo;Ftpe;J ,aYk; (87)
c C x X xs vd xypf;Fk; mg;gFjpg;gl;l Ie;Jk;> ,jo;Ftpj;Jr;

nrhy;yg; gpwf;Fk;.
njhFj;Jf;$wpDk; xypg;gjpy; ,it rpWrpW NtWghLilad.
jj;jk; jphpNg rpwpa vd;g (88)
mit ,q;qdk; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk;> mtw;Ws;

xt;nthd;wDf;Fk; rpW rpW xypg;G NtWghLz;L vd;gh; E}Nyhh;.

34
nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G
ffhu qfhuk; Kjy; eh mz;zk; (89)
Kjy;eh – mbeh. Kjy; mz;zk; - mbaz;zk;. Nky;thapd; mbg;gFjp.

Nky;tha; mbia ehtpdJ mbnghUe;j f> q ,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
r;> Q;
rfhu Qfhuk; ,ileh mz;zk; (90)
mz;zj;jpdJ ,ilg;gFjpia ehtpdJ ,ilg;gFjp nghUe;j r> Q

,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. ,ileh ,il mz;zk; vdr; Nrh;j;Jf;nfhs;f.
l;> z;
lfhu zfhuk; Edpeh mz;zk; (91)
mz;zj;jpdJ Edpg;gFjpia (Nky;tha; Kd;gFjpia) ehtpdJ

Edpg;gFjp nghUe;j l>z ,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. caph; nka;ahff; $wpapUg;gpDk;
nka;ahf cr;rhpj;Jg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.
Iak; jPh;j;jy;
mt;th nwOj;Jk; %tifg; gpwg;gpd (92)
NkNy $wpa mt;MW vOj;Jf;fSk; ffhuk; Kjy;eh> qfhuk; mz;zk;

vd;gJNghy; mWtifg; gpwg;gpd my;y: ,jid ,izahf %tifg; gpwg;gpd.
,J Fog;gk; jtph;j;jy;.
mbeh> mb mz;zk; - f;> q;
,ileh> ,il mz;zk; - r;> Q;
Edpeh> Edp mz;zk; - l;> z;
j;> e;
mz;zk; Ez;zpa gy;Kjy; kUq;fpd;

ehEdp gue;J nka;Aw xw;wj;
jhk;,dpJ gpwf;Fk; jfhu efhuk; (93)
mz;zj;jpw;F mUfpYs;s Nkw;gy;ypd; mbg;gf;fj;jpy; ehtpdJ Edpgue;J>

ed;F mOe;jg; nghUe;j j> e ,uz;Lk; ,dpNj gpwf;Fk;. nka; cw xw;w –
tbT mOe;jg; nghUe;j. ,dpJ gpwf;Fk; - vy;yh vOj;Jk; eh gpw
35
cWg;Gf;fspy; mOe;jg; nghUe;Jtjhy;jhd; ,dpjhfg; gpwf;Fk; vd;gjhk;.

gy;Kjy; kUq;F – Nkw;gy;ypd; mbg;gf;fk;. ,Jtiu neLq;fzf;F
thpirg;gbAk; ehtpdJ Kaw;rp thpirg;gbAk; gpwg;Gf; $wg;gl;lJ.
w;> d;
mzhp Edpeh mz;zk; xw;w

w/fhd; d/fhd; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk; (94)
,dp neLq;fzf;Fg;gb g;>k; vdf; $wpr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. mq;qdk;

$whky; ,jpypUe;J eh> ,jo;> gy; vd;W gpwg;gpl thpir Nehf;fpg; gpwg;Gf;
$wg;gLfpwJ. Edpeh mz;zhe;J mz;zj;ijr; nrd;W xw;w w d Mfpa
,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk. mzhp-mzh;e;J> mz;zhe;J> NkNdhf;fpr; nrd;W. xw;w-
nghUe;j.
h;>o;
Edpeh mzhp mz;zk; tUl

ufhuk; ofhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk; (95)
Edpeh mz;zhe;J mz;zj;ijj; jlt u> o ,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;. tUl-

jlt.
xw;wg; gpwg;gJ (mOj;Jk;) - w> d
tUlg; gpwg;gJ - u> o
y;> s;
ehtpspk;G tPq;fp mz;gy; KjYw

Mtapd; mz;zk; xw;wTk; tUlTk;
yfhuk; sfhuk; Mapuz;Lk; gpwf;Fk; (96)
ehtpdJ tpspk;G jbj;J Nkw;gy;ypd; mbiag; nghUe;Jq;fhy;>

mt;tplj;Nj mz;zj;ij xw;w yTk;> tUl s Tk; gpwf;Fk;. tpspk;G -EdpapYk;
Kd;gFjp. mz;gy; - Nkw;gy;. Kjy;cw – mbiag; nghUe;j. xw;Wjy; tULjy;
NtWghlwpf.
mz;zj;ij xw;wg; gpwg;gJ - y
mz;zj;ij tUlg; gpwg;gJ - s

36
g;> k;
,jopiae;J gpwf;Fk; gfhu kfhuk; (97)
g> k ,uz;Lk; ,jopuz;Lk; Nrug; gpwf;Fk;. Nky; ,jOk; fPo; ,jOk;

nghUe;Jjiy „,jo; ,iae;J‟ vd;whh;.
t;
gy;ypjo; ,iaa tfhuk; gpwf;Fk; (98)
Nkw;gy;Yk; fPo; ,jOk; ,iaa „t‟ gpwf;Fk;
a;
mz;zk; Nrh;e;j kplw;now tspapir

fz;Zw; wila afhuk; gpwf;Fk; (99)
mz;zj;ijr; Nrh;e;J. kplw;Ws;spUe;Jte;j Xirf;fhw;W mk;Nky;thia

ed;F mize;J nghUe;j „a‟ gpwf;Fk;. kplW – Fuy;tis.
nky;ypdk; %f;Ftspapw; gpwj;jy;
nky;nyOj;J MWk; gpwg;gpd; Mf;fk;

nrhy;ypa gs;sp epiyapd thapDk;
%f;fpd; tspapir ahg;Gwj; Njhd;Wk; (100)
nky;nyOj;J MWk;> Kd; nrhy;ypa ,lq;fspy; nghUe;jpg;

gpwf;FkhapDk;> %f;fpd;top ntspg;gLk; tspaJ ,irahy; nghUj;jKwg;
gpwf;Fk;. gs;sp - ,lk;. ahg;Gw – nghUj;jKw. ,jdhy; ,ilnaOj;jpw;F
kplw;WtspAk;> ty;nyOj;jpw;Fj; jiytspAk; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gh;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G
rhh;e;Jthpd; my;yJ jkf;fpay; gpyntdj;

Njh;e;Jntspg; gLj;j Vid %d;Wk;
jj;jk; rhh;gpy; gpwg;nghL rptzp
xj;j fhl;rpapy; jk;kpay;G ,aYk; (101)
nrhy;iyr; rhh;e;Jthpd; my;yhky; jkf;nfd;W jdp ,ay;G

ciladty;y vd> Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;jpa gpw %d;nwOj;Jf;fSk;
(Fw;wpaypfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;jk;) jj;jkf;Fr; rhh;ghfpa Kjy;
vOj;Jf;fsJ gpwg;gplNk jkf;Fk; gpwg;gplkhfg; nghUe;jp> xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;f;Fk;
37
epiyapy; jkf;Fhpa jdpapay;GlDk; elf;Fk;. Fwpa ,fuk; ,fuj;ijg;

NghyTk; Fwpa cfuk; cfuj;ijg; NghyTk; gpwf;Fk;. Ma;jk; capnuhL$ba
ty;nyOj;ijr; rhh;e;J gpwj;jyhy; (f/R> m/J)> mt;ty;nyOj;Jg; Nghyg;
gpwf;Fk;. ,itNghy; caph;nka;> msngil FWf;fk; NghYk; rhh;ngOj;jhfg;
gpwF tphpe;jd vy;yhk;> jj;jk; KjnyOj;ijg; NghyNt gpwf;Fnkd
ciuahrphpah;fs; tpsf;fpAs;sdh;. xj;j fhl;rp – xg;gPl;Lgg; ghh;it.
vOj;Jg;gpwg;Gk; khj;jpiuf; fzf;Fk;
tlnkhop kuGk; jkpo; kuGk;
vy;yh vOj;Jk; ntspg;glf; fpse;J

nrhy;ypa gs;sp vOjU tspapd;
gpwg;nghL tpLtop cwo;r;rp thuj;J
mfj;njO tspapir mhpy;jg ehb
msgpw; Nfhly; me;jzh; kiwj;Nj:
m/J,td; EtyhJ vOe;JGwj; jpirf;Fk;
nka;njhp tspapir msGEtd; wprpNd (102)
vy;yh vOj;Jf;fSk;> Kd; nrhy;ypa gpwg;gplq;fspypUe;J> NknyOk;

Xirf;fhw;wpdhy;> ntspg;glf; Nfl;FkhW nrhy;Yk;NghJ> mit gpwg;ngLj;J
ntsptplg;gLk;. mq;qdk; xypf;Fq;fhy;> cs;Ns cWg;Gf;fspy; jq;fpr;Rod;W
vOk; tspapirf;Fk;> Fw;wkw ehb khj;jpiu msG $Wjy;> me;jzh;jk;
,yf;fz E}y;fspy; fhzg;gLk; nra;jpahFk;. ahd; mjid ,q;Ff; $whky;>
vOj;J Xir> thapypUe;J ntspg;gl;Lg; Gwj;Nj Nfl;FkhW mikAk; tbT
njhpe;j tspapirf;Nf khj;jpiu msG $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. gs;sp-,lk;. tsp-
xypf;fhw;W. gpwg;nghL tpLtop-vOj;ijg; gpwg;gpj;J ntsptpLifapy;> cwo;r;rp
thuj;J mfj;J vO tsp ,ir – cs;SWg;Gf;fspy; Rod;W cs;spUe;njOk;
Xirf;fhw;W. mhpy;jgehb – Fw;wkw Muha;e;J. me;jzh; kiwj;J –
me;jzh;fspd; ,yf;fz E}y;fsplj;J. EtyhJ – nrhy;yhJ. nka;njhp
tspapir – vOj;J tbtk; Gyg;gLk; Xirf;fhw;W. msG – khj;jpiu.

38
gpwg;gpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

nghJg;gpwg;G Kiw
ce;jp vdg;gLk; nfhg;G+o; mbapypUe;J NknyOk; fhw;W jiy> kplW>

neQ;R Mfpa ,lq;fspy; jq;fp> mtw;Wld; gy;> ,jo;> eh> %f;F> mz;zk;
cl;gl vl;Ltif epiyf;fsd;fspd; top> mt;TWg;Gf;fspy; Kiwg;gb nghUe;jp>
xUtd; Kiwg;gl Muha;e;J vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; nrhy;yp xypf;Fk;NghJ
vOj;Jf;fs; NtWNtwhfj; Njhd;Wk;. ,J njspthf mwpag;gLk; gpwg;gpay;ghFk;.
caph; vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G Kiw
mt;thW gpwf;Fkplj;Jg; gd;dpuz;L capnuOj;Jf;fSk; jk; epiy

jphpahky;> kplw;wpy; gpwe;j Xirf; fhw;why; xypf;Fk;.
mtw;Ws; m> M ,uz;Lk; thia mq;fhj;jyhy; gpwf;Fk;.
, < v V I vd xypf;Fk; Ie;Jk; Kw;$wpait Nghy> thia

mq;fhj;jyhy; Njhd;wp> Nkw;gy;ypd; mbia> ehtpdJ mbtpsk;G nghUe;jg;
gpwf;Fk;.
c C x X xs vd xypf;Fk; Ie;Jk; ,jo;Ftpj;Jr; nrhy;yg; gpwf;Fk;.
,q;qdk; njhFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lhYk; ,it xt;nthd;Wk; rpWrpW xyp

NtWghLiladthFk;.
nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G Kiw
mz;zk; vd;Dk; Nky;thapd; mbia ehtpdJ mbnghUe;j f> q

,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
mz;zj;jpdJ ,ilg;gFjpia ehtpdJ ,ilg;gFjp nghUe;j r> Q

,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
mz;zj;jpdJ Edpg;gFjpia ehtpdJ Edpg;gFjp nghUe;j l> z

,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
Kw;$wpa MnwOj;Jk; ,iz,izahf %tifg; gpwg;gplq;fisAilad.

(ffhuk; Kjy; eh> qfhuk; mz;zk; vd;gJNghy; jdpj;jdpg; gpwg;Gilad vdf;
fUjp tpLjy; $lhJ vd;gjhk;)
mz;zj;jpw;F mUNfAs;s Nkw;gy;ypd; mbg;gf;fj;jpy;> ehEdp gue;J>

ed;F mOe;jg; nghUe;j j> e ,uz;Lk; ,dpNj gpwf;Fk;.

39
Edpeh mz;zhe;J mz;zj;ijr; nrd;W xw;w w> d Mfpa ,uz;Lk;

gpwf;Fk;.
Edpeh mz;zhe;J mz;zj;ij tUl u> o ,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
ehtpdJ tpspk;G jbj;J> Nkw;gy;ypd; mbiag; nghUe;Jq;fhy;>

mt;tplj;Nj mz;zj;ij xw;w „y‟Tk;> tUl „s‟Tk; gpwf;Fk;.
,jopuz;Lk; nghUe;j g> k ,uz;Lk; gpwf;Fk;.
Nkw;gy;Yk; fPOjLk; nghUe;j „t‟fuk; gpwf;Fk;.
kplw;wpypUe;J vOk; Xirf;fhw;W> mz;zj;ijr; Nrh;e;J mOe;jg;

nghUe;j „a‟fuk; gpwf;Fk;.
nky;nyOj;jhWk; Kd; nrhy;ypa ,lq;fspy; nghUe;jpg; gpwf;FkhapDk;>

%f;fpd;top ntspg;gLk; tspaJ Xirahy; nghUj;jKwg; gpwf;Fk;.
rhh;ngOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;G Kiw
nrhy;iyr; rhh;e;Jthpdy;yhky;> jkf;nfd;W jdp ,ay;Gilait my;y

vd Muha;e;J ntspg;gLj;jpa gpw %d;nwOj;Jf;fSk; jj;jkf;Fr; rhh;ghd
KjnyOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;gplNk jkf;Fg; gpwg;gplkha;j; Njhd;Wk;. xg;gpl;Lg;
ghh;f;Fk; epiyapy; jkf;Fhpa jdpapay;GlDk; elf;Fk;.
vOj;Jf;fSf;F khj;jpiu msgpLk; Kiw
vy;yh vOj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;nrhy;ypa gpwg;gplq;fspypUe;J NknyOk;

Xirf;fhw;wpdhy;> ntspg;glr; nrhy;Yk;NghJ> mit gpwg;ngLj;J
ntsptplg;gLk;. mq;qdk; vOj;Jf;fisg; gpwg;gpj;J> ntspapLk;NghJ>
cs;SWg;gf;fspy; jq;fpr;Rod;W vOk; Xirf;fhw;Wk;> Fw;wkw Muha;e;J
khj;jpiu msG nfhs;Sjy; me;jzh;jk; ,yf;fz E}y;fspy; fz;ljhFk;. ahd;
mjid ,q;Ff;$whJ> thapypUe;J Gwj;Nj ntspg;gl;nlhypf;Fk; tbT njhpe;j
tspapirf;Nf khj;jpiuasT $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

40
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. vOj;Jg;gpwg;gpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ahJ?

2. Edpeh mz;zk; xw;wg; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; ahit?
3. capnuOj;Jf;fs; gpwf;Fkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
4. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; vt;thW gpwf;Fk;?
5. vOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gf;Fg; Gwdilahf njhy;fhg;gpah; ciug;gd ahit?
6. „jj;jk; jphpNg rpwpa vd;g‟– tpsf;Ff.
7. „mt; MW vOj;Jk; %tifg; gpwg;gpd‟– tpsf;Ff.
fl;Liu tpdh
1. nka;naOj;Jf;fspd; gpwg;Gg; gw;wp tpthpf;f.

2. xyp cWg;Gfis tpsf;fp> capnuOj;Jf;fSf;Fk;>
nka;naOj;Jf;fSf;Fk; cs;s NtWghl;il czh;j;Jf.

41
4. Gzhpay;
Kjy; %d;W ,ay;fs; vOj;Jg; gw;wpad. ,dp Gzhpay; njhlq;fp MW
,ay;fSk; Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; $Wfpd;wd. nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epd;W nghUs;
jUk;. nrhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk; re;jpf;Fk;NghJ> jkpopy; vOj;J khw;wq;fs;
tpisfpd;wd. kuk; Nth; vd;W ahUk; nrhy;tjpy;iy. kuNth; vd;Nw
nkhopfpd;wdh;. kuf;fil vd;W Nrh;j;Jr; nrhy;tJk; juq;nfl;ltd; vd;W k;> q;
MtJk; glNfhl;b vd ,izj;Jg; NgRtJk; $yp Ms; vd;W gphpf;fhky;
$ypahs; vd $WtJ jkpopd; ,ay;ghFk;. jkpopy; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs;
,d;wpaikahjd Mfpd;wd. Gzhpay; Gzh;r;rpahfpa nra;iff;F mbg;gilaha;
cjTk; fUtpfis Kd; Maj;jkhf tphpj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
nrhw;fspy; caph; KjYk; <Wk; nka; KjYk; <Wk; $Ljy;
%d;Wjiy apl;l Kg;gjpw;W vOj;jpd;

,uz;Ljiy apl;l KjyhF ,Ug/J
mWehd;F <w;nwhL newpepd;W ,aYk;
vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; ,WjpAk; KjYk;
nka;Na capnud;W MaP hpay. (103)
%d;W jiyapl;l Kg;gJ -33. ,uz;L jiyapl;l ,UgJ – 22>

mWehd;F-24> jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; Kg;gj;J %d;wpy;> nrhy;ypd; Kjyhf tUk;
,Ugj;J ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fs;> nrhy;ypd; <whf tUk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F
vOj;Jf;fSld; ,Utif tof;fpYk; nghUe;jp elf;Fk;. nkhopapWjp vOj;J 24
+ nkhop Kjy; vOj;J 22. ,it Gzh;tNj> Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk;.
vy;yhr;nrhw;fSf;Fk; nka;apWjp caph; ,Wjp> nka; Kjy; caph; Kjy; vd;W
mt;tpuz;L ,ay;GfNs cs. newpepd;W ,aYk; - cyf tof;F> nra;As;
tof;F ,uz;bYk; nghUe;jp elf;Fk;.
nka; <W milahsk;
mtw;Ws;
nka;aP nwy;yhk; Gs;spnahL epiyay; (104)
nka;aPW> caphPW vd;wtw;Ws; nka;aPW vd;gd vy;yhk; Gs;sp ngw;W

epw;Fk;. Gs;spapd;Nwy; caphPwhfp tpLk;. (nka; Kjyha vy;yhk; Gs;sp ,d;wp
epw;Fk;.) epiyay; - epw;f Ntz;Lk;.

42
Fw;wpaYfuKk; nka;aPW xj;jy;
Fw;wpa YfuKk; mw;nwd nkhopg. (105)
nkhopapWjpf; Fw;wpaYfuKk; nka;apd; jd;ikia cilajhFk;.

mjhtJ Gs;sp ngw;W epw;Fk;. mjdhy; tUnkhop KjypYs;s capNuw
,lq;nfhLf;Fnkd;gJk; ngw;whk;. ehF+mhpJ=ehfhpJ.
caph;nka; <W vd;gJ caph;<Wfs;
caph;nka; <Wk; caphPw;W ,aw;Nw (106)
caph;nka; <Wk; caphPw;wpd; jd;ikAilajhFk;. ,ilapy; tUk;

caph;nka;Ak; caphpd; ,ay;igAilajhFk;. gy-mfu <whff; fUjg;gLk;. glF-
caph;j;njhlh;f;Fw;wfukhFk;. caph;nka; vdj; jdp vOj;Jg; Nghyf; $wpdhYk;
nkhopapWjpapy; mJ capuhfTk; nkhop Kjypy; nka;ahfTk; nkhopapilapy;
nka;ahfTk; capuhfTk; fUjg;gLk; vd;gjhk;. Rf;F-cldpiy nka;k;
kaf;fkhjy;> F tpYs;s nka;iaf; fUjpNaahk;.
nrhw;fs; NrUk;NghJ vOj;Jf;fs; jk;Ks; GzUkhW
caphpW nrhy;Kd; caph;tU topAk;

caphpW nrhy;Kd; nka;tU topAk;
nka;apW nrhy;Kd; caph;tU topAk;
nka;apW nrhy;Kd; nka;tU topAnkd;W
,t;ntd mwpaf; fpsf;Fq; fhiy
epWj;j nrhy;Ny Fwpj;jtU fpstpnad;W
MaP hpay Gzh;epiyr; Rl;Nl. (107)
nrhw;fs; jk;Ks; GzUq;fhyj;J> caphpy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld;

caph;Kjypy; tUk; nkhopAk;> caphpy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; nka;Kjypy; tUk;
nkhopAk;> nka;apy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; caph; Kjypy; tUk; nkhopAk; nka;apy;
KbAk; nrhy;Yld; nka;Kjypy; tUk; nkhopAk; vdg; GzUk;. Gzh;epiyr;Rl;L
– Gzh;r;rp ngWk; nrhw;fisr; Rl;LQ;nrhy;. epWj;j nrhy; - xd;iwf; Fwpf;ff;
fUjp Kd;Nd epWj;jpa nrhy;. Fwpj;J tU fpstp – fUjpa nghUis Kbf;ff;
fUjp te;J NrUk; nrhy;. ,t; vd mwpa - ,it vdj; njspTgl
fpsf;Fq;fhiy – nrhy;Ykplj;J.
(v.fh.) M+ cz;L = MTz;L

43
M+ epiw = Mepiw
My;+ ,iy = Mypiy
ney;+ tpij = ney;tpij
nrhw;fs; jk;Kd; GzUk; newpKiwfs;
mtw;Ws;
epWj;j nrhy;ypd; ehd;F vOj;njhL
Fwpj;jtU fpstp KjnyO;jJ ,iaag;
nganuhL ngaiug; Gzh;fF
; q; fhYk;
nganuhL njhopiyg; Gzh;fF
; q; fhYk;
njhopnyhL ngaiug; Gzh;fF
; q; fhYk;
njhopnyhL njhopiyg; Gzh;f;Fq; fhYk;
%d;Nw jphpT,ld; xd;Nw ,ay;ngd
Mq;fe; ehd;Nf nkhopGzh; ,ay;Ng. (108)
mtw;Ws; epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <whf tUk; vOj;Jld; Fwpj;JtU fpstpapd;

KjnyOj;J ,iatNj Gzh;r;rpahk;.
Kd;ida #j;jpuj;jpy; Gzh;r;rp vOj;Jtifahy; ehd;Ftif vd;whh;.

,q;F nrhy;tifapYk; ehd;fhFk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ngah;r;nrhy;NyhL
ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; ngah;r;nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;NyhL
ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Ynkd ,it Gzh;f;fg;gLk;.
mq;qdk; Gzh;f;Fq;fhy; vOj;Jf;fspy; Vw;gLk; jphpG %d;W. ,ay;G

xd;W> mit ehd;FNk nrhw;fs; GzUk; jd;ikfshFk;.
,iaa – nghUe;j> Gzu> njhopy; - tpidr;nrhy;. Gzh; ,ay;G –

Gzh;;r;rp NtWghLfs;.
ngah; + ngah; (nfhw;wd; + epyk;)

ngah; + tpid (ney; + tpw;whd;)
tpid + ngah; (thq;fpa + rhj;jd;)
tpid + tpid (thq;fp + tpw;whd;)
jphpG: Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy;.

44
%tifj; jphpGfs;
mitjhk;
nka;gpwp jhjy;kpFjy; Fd;wnyd;W
,t;ntd nkhopg jphpA khNw (109)
mq;qdk; $wpa Gzh;r;rp NtWghLfs;: nka; gpwpjhjy; - nka; Ntwhfj;

jphpjy;: fly;+fiu=flw;fiu. kpFjy;-Gjpa vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wjy;:
vOj;J+gjpT=vOj;Jg;gjpT. Fd;wy;-Kd;dpUe;j vOj;Jf; nfLjy;:
kuk;+Nth;=kuNth;: jphpAkhW – NtWgLk; tpjk;. ,t; vd - ,it vd. ,it
xd;ww;F Nkw;gl;Lk; tUk;. kuk;+fpis=kuf;fpis. k;-nfl;lJ> f;-kpFe;jJ.
jhkiu kyh; vd;gJ ,ay;G.
epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk;
epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;JtU fpstpAk;

milnahL Njhd;wpDk; Gzh;epiyf; Fhpa. (110)
epWj;j nrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstpfs; milnkhopAld; thpDk; ,Unkhopj;

jd;ikatha;g; Gzh;r;rpf;Fhpadthk;. gidkuk;+fpis=gidkuf;fpis.
gjpdhapuj;njhUg/J. gjpdhapuj;J+xUg/J. milAld; NrhpDk; xU
nrhd;dPh;ikj;jha; epd;W GzUk;. tpidj;njhif (nfhy; fspW) gz;Gj;njhif
(nre;jkpo;) vd tUtd gyTk; milngw;wpUg;gpDk; xU nrhy; ePh;ikapd vd;gh;.
k&c nkhopfspd; Gzh;r;rp
kUtpd; njhFjp kaq;fpay; nkhopAk;

chpait csNt Gzh;epiyr; Rl;Nl (111)
cyfpd;fz; k&c nkhopfsha;j; jphpe;J toq;Fk; nrhw;fs gyTs.

mq;qdk; jiyjLkhwpf; fplf;Fk; nrhw;fSs;Sk; ,q;Ff; $wpa epWj;j nrhy;>
Fwpj;JtU fpstpnad;w Gzh;r;rpaikg;gpw;F chpad cs. Me;ij vDk; k&c
nkhop> Mjd;+je;ij vdg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp Rl;Ljw;Fhpajhjy; fhz;f.
vd;+je;ij=ve;ij.cd;+je;ij=Ee;;ij.

45
nghUsbg;gilapy; GzUkhW Ntw;Wik my;topg; Gzh;r;rpfs;
Ntw;Wik Fwpj;j Gzh;nkhop epiyAk;

Ntw;Wik my;topg; Gzh;nkhop epiyAk;
vOj;Nj rhhpia MapU gz;gpd;
xOf;fy; typa GzUq; fhiy. (112)
nghUsbg;gilapy; Gzh;r;rp fUjpa nkhopepiyfs; Ntw;Wik fUjpj;

njhlh;e;J epw;gdTk; Ntw;Wik my;yhjtopapy; njhlh;e;J epw;gdTnkd
,Ujpwg;gLk;. ,it GzUkplj;J> vOj;J kpFjYk; rhhpia kpFjYk; vd
mt;tpuz;L jd;ikapdhy; elj;jiyj; jkf;F typikahf cila.
Gzh;nkhopepiy – Gzh;e;J epw;Fk; njhlh;nkhop epiy. xOf;fy; typa –
nghUe;jp elj;jiyj; jkf;F typikahfTila. gyh+gok;=gyhg;gok;> gyhtpd;
gok;. (g;-vOj;J> ,d; rhhpia). kapypidg; ghh; - ,d; rhhpia g; -vOj;JkpFjy;.
rhiug;ghk;G (g;-kpf;fJ) - ,J my;top.
Gzh;r;rpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs;
I xLF ,d; mJ fz; vd;Dk;

mt;th nwd;g Ntw;Wik cUNg. (113)
Gzh;r;rpapy; Ntw;WikAUGfNs Kf;fpakhjypd; mtw;iw Kw;$Wfpwhh;.

I xL F ,d; mJ fz; vd;gd KiwNa ,uz;L Kjy; VO tiuapyhd MW
Ntw;WikAUGfs;. Kjy; vOtha; Ntw;WikAk; vl;lhk; tpsp Ntw;WikAk;
cUG ngwhikahy; my;topapy; NrUk;.
F> fz; ty;YUGg; Gzh;r;rp
ty;nyOj;J Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F

xy;top xw;wpil kpFjy; Ntz;Lk; (114)
ty;nyOj;ij KjyhfTila Ntw;Wik cUGfl;F (F> fz;).

nghUe;Jkplq;fspy; ,ilNa xw;WkpFk;. kzp+F=kzpf;F> kzp+fz;=kzpf;fz;.
„mJ‟ cUgpd; mfuq;nfly;
Mwd; cUgpd; mfuf; fpstp

<whF mfuKidf; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; (115)
Mwhk; Ntw;WikAUG „mJ‟. mjpYs;s „m‟ vjpNu <whf epw;Fk;

mfuj;jpd; Kd; nfLk;. mfuKid – mfuj;jpd; Kd;.
46
ngaUf;Fg; gpd; Ntw;WikAUG tUjy;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ngaUld; $Lq;fhyj;J> mg;ngaUf;Fg; gpd;

tUtdthk;. Ntw;Wik ngah; topa vdf; $l;Lf. topa-gpd;tUtd.
KUfd;+I=KUfid.
cUG ngWk; ngah; tiffs;
cah;jpizg; ngau m/wpizg; nganud;W

Mapuz; nld;g ngah;epiyr; Rl;Nl. (117)
mq;qdk; cUGNrUk; ngah;fs; cah;jpizg;ngah;> m/wpizg;

nganud;W ,Utifg;gLk;. ngah; epiyr; Rl;L – ngah;fnsd;W Rl;lg;gLtd.
rhhpiafs; tUkplk;
mtw;Wtop kUq;fpd; rhhpia tUNk (118)
mg;ngah;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNghL nghUe;Jq;fhy; ngah;f;Fk; Ntw;Wik

cUgpw;FkpilNa rhhpia tUk;. topkUq;F – gpd;dplj;jpy;. tz;bdJ –
tz;L+,d;+mJ. ,d; -rhhpia ,ilNa te;jJ. Flj;ij=Flk;+mj;J+I.
mj;Jr; rhhpia ,ilNa te;jJ.
rhhpiafspd; ngaUk; njhifAk;
mitjhk;
,d;Nd tw;Nw mj;Nj mk;Nk
xd;Nd MNd mf;Nf ,f;Nf
md;ndd; fpstp csg;glg; gpwTk;
md;d vd;g rhhpia nkhopNa. (119)
mr;rhhpiafshtd: ,d;> tw;W> mj;J> mk;> xd;> Md;> mf;F> ,f;F> md;
,it xd;gJk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; rhhpiar; nrhw;fshFk;. rhhpiafs;
,ilr; nrhw;fs;. mtw;Wf;Fj; jdpg; nghUspy;iy. mit ngah;fisr; rhh;e;J
tUjy; ,q;Ff; $wg;gLfpwJ. jk;> ek;> Ek;> nfO> V> I vdg; gyTs.

47
rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rpfs;
„,d;‟dpy; „,‟ nfLjy;
mtw;Ws;
,d;dpd; ,fuk; Mtpd; ,Wjp
Kd;dh;f; nfLjy; chpj;J khFk;. (120)
,d; rhhpiaaJ ,fuk; M vDk; nrhy;ypd; Kd; nfLjYk; chpj;J:

nflhJ epw;wYk; chpj;J: Mid> Mtpid.
,d;> ,w; Mjy;
msthF nkhopKjy; epiy,a caph;kpir

d/fhd; w/fhd; Mfpa epiyj;Nj (121)
msitf; Fwpf;Fk; cof;F Kjypa nrhy;ypd; Kd;Ds;s caph;

vOj;Jf;Fs NkNy epw;Fk; „,d;‟ rhhpiaapYs;s dfuk;> wfukhjYz;L>
(gj;J+,d;+cof;F=gjpw;Wof;F. ,d;- ,w; MdJ. gj;J+gj;J=gjpw;Wg;gj;J)
tw;W> mw;W Mjy;
t/fhd; nka;nflr; Rl;LKjy; Ik;Kd;

m/fhd; epw;wy; Mfpa gz;Ng. (122)
Rl;L Kjyhfpa „I‟ Kd;dh; (mit)>„tw;W‟ Kjy; nka; nfl;L mw;W

Mjy; mjd; ,ay;ghFk;. mitaw;iw> ,d;W mtw;iw vd;Nghk;.
,d; ,w; Mjy;
d/fhd; w/fhd; ehd;fd; cUgpw;F (123)
ehd;fd; cUG „F‟ tUkplj;J> dfhu <w;Wr; rhhpia wfhukhFk;.

kuj;jpw;F (,d; ,w; MdJ). mjw;F> mJ+md;> mw;+F ,r;#j;jpuj;jpy;
cUG+,d;+F vd;gjpy; cUgpw;F vd te;jpUg;gJ. ,t;tpjp gw;wpaNjahk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; ,yf;fzj;ij vspikg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpfspy;>„clk;nghL
Gzh;j;jyhfpa‟ ,JTk; xd;W.
Md; Mw; Mjy;
Mdpd; dfuKk; mjNdh uw;Nw

ehs;Kd; t&ck; td;Kjy; njhopw;Nf. (124)

48
guzp vd;w ehs; (el;rj;jpuk;) Kd; tUk;. ty;nyOj;ij KjyhfTila

tpidr;nrhy;Yf;F ,ilNa tUk; Md; rhhpiaaJ dfuKk; ,d; rhhpiaaJ
dfuk; Nghy; wfukhjw;FhpaJ. guzpahw; nfhz;lhd;. fhyj;jhw; nra;jhd;>
gpwe;j ehshw; ngw;wdd; vdf; fhl;lyhk;.
mj;J j;J Mjy;
mj;jpd; mfuk; mfuKid ,y;iy (125)
mj;Jr; rhhpiaaJ mfuk; mfutPw;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ,y;iyahk;.

kfk;+mj;J+if=kfj;Jf;if. mfuKid – mfu<W.
,f;F f;F Mjy;
,f;fpd; ,fuk; ,fuKid mw;Nw (126)
,f;Fr; rhhpiaaJ ,fuKk; ,fu <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; ,y;iyahk;.

Mb+,f;F+nfhz;lhd;=Mbf;Ff;nfhz;lhd;.
I Kd;dUk; „f;F‟ vd Mjy;
Iapd; Kd;dUk; mt;tpay; epiyAk; (127)
Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd;dUk; ,f;F> f;F MFk;: rpj;jpuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;>

kzp gj;jiuf;Fj; je;jhd;.
„mf;F‟tpy; „m‟ kl;Lk; epw;wy;
vg;ngah; Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J tUtop

mf;fpd; ,Wjpnka; kpirnahLq; nfLNk
Fw;wpa Yfuk; Kw;wj; Njhd;whJ (126)
vt;tifahd ngah; Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J tUkplj;J „mf;F‟ vd;w

rhhpiaahdJ Fw;wpaYfuk; KOikahf kiwe;JtpLk;. mJ Kd;Ds;s
nka;NahLk; nfLk;. „mf;F‟tpy; m kl;Lk; epw;Fk;. „f;F‟ Ngha;tpLk;.
Fd;W+mf;F+Fb=Fd;wf;Fb. kpir-NkYs;s vOj;J. Kw;wj;Njhd;whJ –
KotJk; nfLk;. kd;wf; $l;lk;. jkpof;$j;J.
mk; rhhpia jphpjy;
mk;kpd; ,Wjp f r jf; fhiyj;

jd;nka; jphpe;J q Q e MFk; (129)

49
„mk;‟ vd;w rhhpiaaJ ,Wjpnka;> tUnkhop Kjypy; f> r> j vd

tUkplj;jpy;> jd; tbT jphpe;J q> Q> e MFk;. Gsp+mk;+fpis=Gspaq;fpis>
GspaQ;NrhW> Ntg;ge;jio.
mk; rhhpia <W nfLjy;
nkd;ikAk; ,ilikAk; t&cq; fhiy

,d;ik Ntz;Lk; vd;kdhh; Gyth; (130)
„mk;‟ vd;w mr;rhhpiaaJ ,Wjp „k;‟> nky;nyOj;Jk; ,ilnaOj;Jk;

tUnkhopKjyha; tUk;NghJ> nfl;Lg;Ngha; tpLk; vd;W Gyth; nrhy;Yth;.
Gsp+mk;+Edp=GspaEdp.
,d;cUG Kd; ,d; rhhpia Njitad;W
,d;vd t&ck; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F

,d;ndd; rhhpia ,d;ik Ntz;Lk; (131)
„,d;‟ vd;w Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUGf;F „,d;‟ vd;Dk ;rhhpia

Ntz;bajpy;iy. tPl;bd; njd;Gwk;. „ghk;gpdpw; fbJ Njs;‟ (ghk;G+,d;+,d;)
vdr; rpWghd;ik ,d; cUGf;F ,d; rhhpia tUtJk; cz;nldf; fhl;Lth;
,sk;G+uzh;.
nrhw;fis xUq;fpizf;f tUk; rhhpia ,ay;G
ngaUk; njhopYk; gphpe;J xUq;fpirg;g

Ntw;Wik cUG epiyngW topAk;
Njhw;wk; Ntz;lhj; njhFjpf; fz;Zk;
xl;Ljw;F xOfpa tof;nfhL rptzpr;
nrhw;rpjh; kUq;fpd; topte;J tpsq;fhJ
,ilepd;W ,aYk; rhhpia ,aw;if
cilikAk; ,d;ikAk; xLtapd; xf;Fk; (132)
ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; gphpe;J epd;Wk; gpwF jk;Ks; ,ize;J

epd;Wk;> xUq;fpizj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLkplj;J> Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;L
epw;gJk; cz;L. ntspg;glj; Njhd;whJ kiwe;J epw;gJk; cz;L. mr;nrhw;fs;
xd;Wld; xd;W xl;Ljw;F Vw;g> cyfpilf; $wg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; nghUe;jpr;
rhhpiafs; ,ilapy; tUk;. nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jf; fhZkplj;J> mtw;wpd;
topj;Njhd;wpg; nghUnsJTk; juhJ mtw;wpdpilNa elg;gJjhd; rhhpiaaJ

50
,ay;ghFk;. „xL‟ cUgpd;top rhhpia tUjiyAk; thuhikiaAk; mwpayhk;.

gpwtw;Wf;Fk; ,/J xf;Fk;. njhopy;-tpidr;nrhy;> Njhw;wk; Ntz;lhj; njhFjp-
Ntw;Wikj;njhif. nrhw;rpjh; kUq;fpd; - rhhpiatUk; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jg;
ghh;f;Fkplj;J> tpsq;fhJ – rhhpia jdf;nfdg; nghUs;juh> (ghl;bndhL
nghUe;jpa ,ir: ghl;nlhL nghUe;jpa ,ir.) ,d; nrhy;yhf;fj;jpw;Fg;
gad;gl;lJ: nghUs; jutpy;iy. kyhpndhL Nrh;e;j kzk;: kynuhL Nrh;e;j
kzk;.
mj;J> tw;Wr; rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rp
mj;Nj tw;Nw MapU nkhopNky;

xw;Wnka; nfLjy; njw;nwd; ww;Nw
mtw;WKd; t&ck; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (133)
mj;J> tw;Wr; rhhpia nkhopfs; tUkplj;J> mtw;Wf;F Kd;Ds;s

nkhopfspYs;s xw;Wj;jd; tbtk; nfLjy; cWjp. mt;tpU rhhpia Kd;dh;
tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;. njw;nwd;ww;Nw-cWjp. klk;+mj;J+Nfzp
=klj;Jf;Nfzp. ntapyj;Jg;Nghdhd;> gdpaj;Jr; nrd;whd; vd> xw;Wf;nflhJk;
tUk;. ,d;Wk; „kiyahsj;jpy;‟ ,t;tof;Fz;L vd;gh;.
vOj;Jr; rhhpiafs;
fhuKk; fuKk; fhndhL rptzp

Neuj; Njhd;Wk; vOj;jpd; rhhpia (134)
vOj;Jf;Fr; rhhpia Nrh;j;Jf; $WtJ xU jkpo; kuG. mfuk;> gfhuk;>

m/hd;> vd tUk;. fhuk;> fuk;> fhd; vd;gd vOj;njhL nghUe;jpr; rhhpiafshf
,ire;njhypf;Fk;.
nel;nlOj;Jr; rhhpia
mtw;Ws;
fuKk; fhDk; nel;nlOj;J ,yNt (135)
mtw;Ws; fuk;> fhd; ,uz;Lk; nel;nlOj;NjhL ,ire;J thuh. fhuk;

kl;LNk nebYf;F cz;L: <fhuk;> Cfhuk;.

51
Fw;nwOj;Jr; rhhpia (135)
tud;Kiw %d;Wk; Fw;nwOj;J cila (136)
tud;Kiwg; gLj;jg;gl;l fhuk;> fuk;> fhd; %d;Wk; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fl;Fg;

nghUe;jptUk;. mfhuk;> mfuk;> m/fhd;>„Neuj;Njhd;Wk;‟>„tud;Kiw %d;Wk;‟
vd;nwy;yhk; $Wtjdhy;> tud; Kiwg;gLj;jg;glhky; gy vOj;Jr; rhhpiafs;
toq;fp te;Js;sd vd mwpayhk;. Mdh> Mtd;dh Nghy;td gy Ngr;R
tof;fpd.
I> xs rhhpia ngWk; Kiw
(Ifhu xsfhuk; fhndhLk; Njhd;Wk; (137)
I> xs ,uz;Lk; „fhd;‟ rhhpiaAk; ngWk;. Ifhd;> xsfhd;> Ifhuk;

vdf; fhuk; ngWjy; #j;jpuj;jpNyNa csJ.
Gs;sp <w;wpd;Kd; caph;tUk; Gzh;r;rp
Gs;sp <w;WKd; caph;jdpj; jpayhJ

nka;nahLk; rptZk; mt;tpay; nfLj;Nj (138)
Gs;sp <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; caph; Kjd;nkhop te;jhy;> caph; mq;qdk;

jdpj;Jg; gphpe;J epy;yhJ> Kd;ds;s nka;nahLq;$b elf;Fk;.
fly;+miy=flyiy. My;+,iy=Mypiy.
caph; gphpe;j nka;apd; epiy tbtk;
nka;caph; ePq;fpd; jd;DU thFk; (139)
NkNy fhl;ba Gzh;r;rpapy;> nrhw;fisg; gphpf;Fk;NghJ> capnuOj;J

ePq;fpaJk; nka; jdf;Fhpa Gs;sp tbitg;ngWk;. Mypiy=My;+,iy.
thnswpjy;=ths;+vwpjy;. jhyhl;L=jhy;+Ml;L.
caphPw;WKd; caph;tUk; Gzh;r;rp clk;gLnka; tUkplk;
vy;yh nkhopf;Fk; caph;tU topNa

clk;gL nka;apd; cUTnfhsy; tiuahh; (140)
vy;yhr; nrhw;fSf;Fk; caphPWKd; caph;Kjd;nkhop tUkplj;J> ,ilNa

mtw;iw clk;gLj;Jk; nka;ahf> nka;naOj;J tbnthd;W Njhd;Wjiyf;
fw;wwpe;Njhh; ePf;f khl;lhh;fs;. nghpJk; tUk; vd;gjhk;. a> t vd;gd clk;gL
nka;fs;. $ypahs; ($yp+a;+Ms;.) khtpiy (kh+t;+,iy). Nfhtpy;> Nfhapy;
52
vd khwp tUtdTk; cs. tpiy vd;d> mofpa Ml;lk; vd clk;gLnka;

ngwhJk; tUk;.
xypg;G Ntw;Wikahy; njhlh;fs; nghUs; NtWgLjy;
vOj;Njh ud;d nghUs;njhp Gzh;r;rp

,irapy; jphpjy; epiy,a gz;Ng (141)
vOj;Jf;fshy; xUjd;ikg;gl;l nghUs; tpsq;fp epw;Fk; Gzh;nkhopfs;>

nrhy;YthdJ nrhy;Yk; Xir Ntw;Wikahy; nghUs; NtWgLjy; epiyahd
gz;ghFk;. Xud;d – xUjd;ikg;gl;l. ,irapy; - mOj;je;jUk; Xirahy;.
jphpjy; - nghUs; NtWgLjy;. mg;gh – mg; gh. vLj;jy;> gLj;jy; mida Xir
NtWgl;lhy;> Gzh;r;rp NtWglYk; nghUs; NtWglYk; fhzyhk;. vOe;jpUe;jhd;
NtW: vOe;J ,Ue;jhd; NtW vd XiraOj;jj;ij itj;J
czh;fpNwhky;yth?
vOj;jhyd;wpf; Fwpg;ghy; nghUSzh;jy;
mitjhk;
Kd;dg; nghUs Gzh;r;rp thapd;
,d;d vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fld; ,yNt (142)
mg;Gzh;nkhopfs;> Gzh;r;rpaplj;J ,d;d jd;ikathapd; vd vz;Zk;

vOj;J KiwikiaAiladty;y: Fwpg;gpdhy; czuNtz;ba
nghUz;ikAilad. Kd;dk;-Fwpg;G. Gzh;rpthapd;-Gzh;r;rpaplj;J.
tPl;by; „mg;ghitg;ghh;‟ vd;gJk; ghl;by; „mg; ghitg; ghh;‟ vd;gJk;>

,lk;Nehf;fpf; Fwpg;ghy; czuNtz;bad: vOj;J NtWghby;iy. mg;ghit ghh;
vd;W Gzh;r;rp NtWgl;Ltpl;lhy; ntspg;gilahfNt nghUs; tpsq;fptpLk;.

53
Gzhpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

vOj;Jf;fs; ,izAk; Gzh;r;rp
jkpo; vOj;J Kg;gj;J%d;wpy; nkhop Kjyhf tUk; ,Ugj;J ,uz;L

vOj;Jf;fSk; <whf tUk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F vOj;Jf;fSlDk;> tof;fpd;fz;
nrhw;fs; NrUq;fhy; xd;WnghUe;jp elf;Fk;. ,g;Gzh;r;rpapy;>
nrhw;fsidj;jpw;Fk; nkhopapWjp> nkhop Kjnyd;g nka; my;yJ caph; vd
mt;tpuz;lhfNt mikAk;. mtw;Ws; nka;aPW vd;gd vy;yhk; nkhopapWjpapy;
Gs;spAld; epiyngw;wpUf;Fk;.
Fw;wpaYfuKk; mt;tpay;Gg;gb nkhopapWjpapy; Gs;sp ngw;W epw;Fk;.
caph;nka; ,Wjpapy; epw;gpd; mJTk; caph; <w;wpd; ,ay;ig

cilajhFk;.
vOj;Jf;fs; epd;W ,izjy;
nrhw;fs; jk;Ks; GzUkplj;J caphpy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; capiu

KjyhfTila nkhopAk; caphpy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; nka;ia KjyhfTila
nkhopAk; nka;apy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; capiu KjyhfTila nkhopAk;
nka;apy; KbAk; nrhy;Yld; nka;ia KjyhfTila nkhopAk; vd ,t;thW
GzUk;. ,tw;iwj; njspTglf; $Wkplj;J epWj;j nrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstp vd
mt;tpUtifapy; tUk;.
nrhw;fs; epd;W ,izjy;
mtw;Ws; epWj;j nrhy;ypd; <w;nwOj;Jld; Fwpj;J tUfpstpapd;

KjnyOj;Jg; nghUe;JtNj Gzh;r;rpahFk;. ,J ngah;r;nrhy;Yld; ngaiuAk;
ngah;r;nrhy;Yld; tpidiaAk; tpidr;nrhy;Yld; ngaiuAk;
tpidr;nrhy;Yld; tpidaAk; Gzh;f;Fkplj;J elg;gjhFk;. mg;NghJ nkhopfs;
GzUk;epiy jphpT %d;Wk; ,ay;G xd;Wkhf> ehd;F tifaha; mikAk;.
%tifj; jphpGfs;
nka; Ntwhfj; jphpjy;> Gjpa vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wjy;> Kd;dpUe;j

vOj;Jf;nfLjy; (nka; gpwpjhjy;> kpFjy;> nfLjy;) vd;gd %d;Wk;
jphpGfshFk;.

54
milnkhop rhh;e;jit Gzh;jy;
epWj;j nrhy;Yk; Fwpj;J tUfpstpAk; jdpj;J kl;Lky;yhky;>

milnkhopfSld; thpDk; ,Unkhopj; jd;ikatha; Kw;$wpa Gzh;r;rp
epiyfl;F chpadthFk;.
k&cr;nrhy; Gzh;r;rp
k&c nkhopfsha; kaq;fpf;fplf;Fk; nrhw;fNsahapDk;> epWj;jnrhy;

Fwpj;J tUfpstpnad epWj;jpg; Gzh;jw;Fhpa nrhw;fSk; cs;sd.
nghUsbg;gilg; Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; Fwpj;j Gzh;nkhopfSk; Ntw;Wikay;yhj my;topg;

nghUs; Fwpj;j Gzh;nkhopfSnkdg; nghUs;topg; Gzh;r;rpfs; ,uz;L
tifg;gLk;. mg;nghUSzh;r;rpf;fhf> vOj;J kpFjYk; rhhpia Njhd;WjYkhfpa
mt;tpU gz;gpdbg;gilapy; Gzh;r;rp elf;Fkplj;Jr; nrwpthf ,izj;Jr;
nrhy;yg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp newpKiwfs;
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; ,lk;ngWk; Ntw;Wik AUGfs; I xL F ,d;

mJ fz; vd;Dk; ,it MWkhFk;.
F> fz; vd;w ty;nyOj;ij KjyhfTila Ntw;Wik cUgpw;Fg;

nghUe;Jkplq;fspy;> ,ilNa xw;W kpFjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nkhopapWjpapy; mfuk; epw;Fkplj;J> mjw;F vjpNu tUk; „mJ‟ vDk;

Mwhk; Ntw;WikAUgpYs;s „mfu‟ vOj;J nfLk;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ngaUld; $Lq;fhyj;J> mg;ngah;fspd; gpd;dh; tUk;.
mq;qdk; cUNgw;Fk; ngah;fs; cah;jpizg; ngah;> m/wpizg;

nganud;W ,UtifapdthFk;.
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; rhhpiafs; ,lk;ngWjy;
mg;ngah;fSk; Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; NrUq;fhy; mtw;wpdpilNa rhhpia

tUk;.
,d;> tw;W> mj;J> mk;> xd;> Md;> mf;F> ,f;F> md; vd;Dk;
nrhy;Yld; ,ilr;nrhw;fSl;gl ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; mq;qdk; tUk; rhhpia
nkhopfshk;.

55
,d; rhhpiaapYs;s Kjy; „,‟>„M‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;Yld; NrUk;NghJ>

nfl;Lg;NghjYKz;L nflhJ epw;wYKz;L.
msitf; Fwpf;Fk; cof;F Kjypa nrhw;fspd; Kjypy; epw;Fk;

capnuOj;Jf;F Kd;djhf tUk; „,d;‟ rhhpiaaJ dfuk; wfukha;j; jphpAk;.
„mit‟ vd;Dk; Rl;L Kjyhfpa I Kd;dh;> tw;W Kjy; nka;ahfpa „t‟

nfl;L mw;W Mfp epw;wy; mjdpay;ghFk;.
ehd;fd; cUghfpa „F‟tUkplj;J> ,d;dpYs;s dfhuk; wfhukhFk;.
guzp vd;w ehs; Kd;tUk; ty;nyOj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;l tpidr;

nrhy;Yf;F> ,ilNa tUk; „Md;‟ rhhpiaaJ dfuKk; „,‟d;dpdJ dfuk;Nghy>
wfukhjw;Fhpj;J.
„mj;J‟r; rhhpiaapYs;s Kjy; „mfuk;‟> mfu <w;Wr;nrhy; Kd;

kiwe;JtpLk;.
„,‟f;Fr; rhhpiaapYs;s Kjy; „,fuKk;‟> ,fu <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd;

mJNghy; kiwe;JtpLk;.
Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhy; Kd;dUk; „,f;F‟tpy;> , kiwe;J Nkw;nrhd;d

mt;tpay;ghy; epiyngWk;.
vt;tifg;gl;l ngah; Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J Kjy; nkhop

tUkplj;J>„mf;F‟r; rhhpiaapYs;s ,Wjp nka;Ak; mjd; Kd;Ds;s nka;Ak;
,Wjp nka;A+h;e;j Fw;WfuKk; kiwe;J „mf;F‟>„m‟ MfptpLk;.
„mk;‟ rhhpiaaJ ,Wjp nka;> tUnkhop Kjypy; frj tUkplj;Jj; jd;

tbtk; jphpe;J KiwNa q Q e vd MFk;.
Kw;$wpa „mk;‟ rhhpiaaJ ,Wjp nka;> nky;ypdKk; ,ilapdKk;

tUnkhop Kjypy; tUk;NghJ> nfl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;.
„,d;‟ vDk; Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F> ,d; vDk; rhhpia tuhJ.
rhhpiaapd; ,ay;G
ngah;r;nrhy;yhfTk; tpidr;nrhy;yhfTk; jdpj;J epw;gd> jk;Ks;

,ize;J> xUq;fpizj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLq;fhyj;J Ntw;Wik cUG ntspg;gl;Lj;
Njhd;wp epw;Fkplj;Jk; ntspg;glhJ kiwe;J epw;Fkplj;Jk; mr;nrhw;fs;
56
xd;Wld; xd;W ,iztjw;Ff; fhuzkhd tof;fpdplj;J mit nrwpTwg;

nghUe;j ,ilNa te;J miktNj rhhpiaaJ ,aw;ifahFk;. nrhw;fisg;
gphpj;Jf; fhZkplj;J mit jkf;nfdg; nghUs; vJTk; jUtjpy;iy. ,t;thW
rhhpia ngWjyhYk; ngwhikahYk; nghUs; NtWglhikia xL cUgpd; top
mwpayhk;. gpw cUGfl;Fk; ,J nghUe;Jk;.
mj;J> tw;Wr; rhhpiafs; tUk;NghJ> mtw;Wf;F Kd;Ds;s nkhopfspd;

,WjpapYs;s xw;Wf;nfLjy; cWjp. rhhpiafl;Fg; gpd;tUk; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
vOj;Jr; rhhpiafs;
vOj;Jf;fspd; rhhpiafshf fhuk;> fuk;> fhd; vDk; %d;Wk;

nghUj;jKwj; Njhd;Wk;.
mtw;Ws; fuk;> fhd; ,uz;Lk; nel;nlOj;Jld; ,ize;J thuh. fhuk;

kl;LNk tUk; vd;gjhk;.
tud;Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhuk; fuk; „fhd;‟ %d;Wk; Fw;nwOj;Jf;fSf;Fr;

rhhpiafshf tUk;.
Ifhu xsfhuk; ,uz;Lk; fhd; rhhpianahLk; nghUe;Jk;.
Gs;spaPWk; caph; KjYk; nghJg;Gzh;r;rp
Gs;sp <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; caph; Kjd;nkhop te;jhy;> caph; mq;F

jdpj;Jepy;yhJ> nka;Ald; $b epw;Fk;.
mq;qdk; caph;nka;aha;f; $bepw;Fk; nrhw;fisg; gphpf;Fk;NghJ

nka;iaatpl;L caph; ePq;fpdhy;> mJ kPz;Lk; jd; gioa nka; tbtj;ijg;
ngWk;.
caphPWk; caph;KjYk; nghJg;Gzh;r;rp
vy;yhr; nrhw;fSf;Fk; caphPw;WKd; caph; Kjd;nkhop te;jhy;> mt;thW

tUkplj;J clk;gL nka;ahf xU tbT nfhs;Sjiy ePff
; khl;lhh;fs;.
rpyNghJ clk;gLj;Jk; nka; thuhikAk; cz;L.
Xir mOj;jj;jhy; njhlh;fs; nghUs; NtWgLjy;
vOj;Jf;fnsy;yhk; xU jd;ikatha;> nghUs; tpsq;fpepw;Fk;

njhlh;nkhopfs;> nrhy;YthdJ nrhy;Yk; Xir Ntw;Wikahy; nghUs;
NtWgLjy; epiyngw;w nkhopg;gz;ghFk;.

57
mit Gzh;r;rp topahf ,d;d jd;ikathapd vd;W nrhy;Yk;gbahd

vOj;J Ntw;WikAiladty;y: nrhy;yhdJ Fwpg;gpdhy; nghUis Azu
Ntz;badthFk;.
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. Gzhpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.
2. „Fw;wpaYfuKk; mw;W vd nkhopg‟– tpsf;Ff.
3. „caph;nka; <Wk; caph; <w;W ,aw;Nw‟– tpsf;Ff.
4. ,Unkhopg;Gzh;r;rp> vOj;J tifahy; ehd;fhjy; vt;thW? (m) „MaPh;
,ay – Gzh;epiyr; Rl;Nl‟– tpsf;Ff. (m) Gzh;r;rpapy; epiynkhop
tUnkhopfs; vt;thW tUk;?
5. Gzh;r;rpapd; %tifj; jphpGfs; ahit?
6. „vOj;Jr;rhhpia‟ tpsf;fk; jUf.
7. rhhpiaapd; ,ay;G Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
8. vOj;Jg;Gzh;r;rp> rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rp – tpsf;Ff.
9. „milnahL Njhd;wpDk;> Gzh;epiyf;F chpa‟– tpsf;Ff.
10. nkhopGzh; ,ay;G vj;jid tifg;gLk;? tpsf;Ff.
11. „xy;top xw;W,il kpFjy; Ntz;Lk;‟– tpsf;Ff.
12. capnuOj;jpd; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gfisf; $Wf.
13. Gzh;r;rpapy; nghUs; NtWgLk; ,lj;ij Muha;f. (m) „vOj;Njhud;d
nghUs; njhpGzh;r;rp‟ vd;why; vd;d?
fl;Liu tpdh
1. Gzh;r;rpapd; ,ay;G Fwpj;Jj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $wpadtw;iwj; njhFf;f.
2. Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy; rhhpiafs; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;Jf;fis
$Wf.
3. cUG Gzh;r;rp Fwpj;J Gzhpaypy; $wpatw;iwj; njhFf;f.
4. rhhpiafs; nkhopapy; ,lk;ngWk; ghq;fpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.

58
5. njhifkuG
vOj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp jkpopy; Xh; ,d;wpaikahg; gz;G. Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nrhw;fs; jdpj;jdpNa njhlh;e;J epw;fpd;wd. kh gok; vd;gijj; jkpopy;
khk;gok; vdy; Ntz;Lk;. Mango Fruit vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; mJ jdpj;jdpNa
epw;Fk;. fw;rpiy vd;dhky; fy;rpiy vd;gNjh> kuNth; vd;dhky; kuk;Nth;
vd;gNjh jkpopy; ,ay;ghfTkpy;iy: nghUs;NtWgLtJk; cz;L. Mq;fpynkhop
nry;thf;fhYk; fhy khWjyhYk; nrhw;fisg; Gzh;r;rpg;gLj;jhJ. jdpj;jdpNa
nrhy;y goFfpNwhk;. vd;whYk; jkpopd; ,t;tpay;G mbg;gilg; nghUe;jpaJ.
jkpopd; cs;shh;e;j gz;G ,J. glF Xl;b> Ntiy Ms;> fly;fiu vd;wh
NgRfpNwhk;? ek;ikawpahky; glNfhl;b> Ntiyahs;> flw;fiu vd;WjhNd
nrhy;fpNwhk;. ,g;Gzh;r;rpfspy; tiuaiwAl;glhJ> nghJthfNt $wpj;
jPuNtz;ba gy tpjpfisj; njhFj;Jf; $Wjyhy; ,J njhifkuG vdg;gl;lJ.
frjg Kd; mtw;wpd; ,dkhd qQek Njhd;Wjy;
f r j g Kjypa nkhopNky; Njhd;Wk;

nky;nyOj; jpaw;if nrhy;ypa Kiwahd;
q Q e k vd;Dk; xw;wh Fk;Nk
md;d kugpd; nkhoptap dhd. (143)
caphPW nka;aPwhf tUk; nrhw;fSf;F vjpuhf f> r> j> g ty;nyOj;J

Kjd;nkhopfs; tUkplj;J mtw;Wf;F Kd; KiwNa q> Q> e> k vd;Dk;
nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; epuy; epiwNa kpFk;. mt;thW tUtd ,dvOj;Jf;fs;
MFk;. Kjypa nkhop-KjyhfTila nrhw;fs;. nky;nyOj;J ,aw;if –
ty;ypdf; f r j g Tf;F ,dkhd nky;ypd q Q e k. mj;jd;ikay;yhj
nrhw;fspy; ty;nyOj;Nj kpFe;J tUk;. jl+Njhs;=jle;Njhs;>
fL(ik)+#y;=fLQ;#o;> goFe;jkpo;> tpshk;gok;> eyk;+Fiw=eyf;Fiw.
24 vOj;jPWfs; Kd; capnuOj;J> Q e k a t

Kjd;nkhopthpd; ,ay;ghFk;.
Q e k a tntDk; KjyhF nkhopAk;

caph;Kj yhfpa nkhopAk; csg;gl
md;wp midj;Jk; vy;yh topAk;
epd;w nrhy;Kd; ,ay;gh Fk;Nk (144)

59
,Ugj;J ehd;F ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fisAk; cila epd;w nrhy;Kd;>

tUnkhopahf caph; vOj;J Kjd;nkhopfSk; Q e k a t vd;w nka;
Kjy;nkhopfSk; Ntw;Wik my;top ,uz;blj;Jk; ,ay;ghf tUk;. KUfd;
te;jhd;> eyk; epiwe;jJ> tay; tpise;jJ> kidkhl;rp> fsk; Gfy;.
mtw;Ws; Q e k Kjd;nkhopfs; cwo;e;Jtuy;
mtw;Ws;
nky;nyOj; jpaw;if cwopDk; tiuahh;
nrhy;ypa njhlh;nkhop ,Wjp ahd (145)
Q e k vDk; nky;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhopfs; ,ay;ghjNyad;wp> cwo;e;J

KbapDk; ePf;fkhl;lhh;. cwopDk; - ,ay;ghAk; kpFe;Jk;. fj;jp Edp> jha;nkhop>
nka;Qhdk;> nka;Q;Qhdk;> fiyQhdk; - fiyQ;Qhdk;.
z;> d; Kd; ah> Qh (Nghypahf tUjy;)
z d ntd; Gs;spKd; ahTk; QhTk;

tpidNah uida vd;kdhh; Gyth; (146)
z> d Gs;sp <whf KbAk; nrhw;fspy; (kz;> nghd;)> tUnkhopahf tUk;

ah> Qh Kjd;nkhopr; nrhw;fs; (ahj;j> Qhj;j) tpidr; nrhy;yhf epw;Fkplj;J
,ay;ghf xUjd;ikadthk;. kz; ahj;j> kz; Qhj;j> nghd; ahj;j> nghd;
Qhj;j.
my;topapy; z;> d; ,uz;Lk; tUnkhopKd; ,ay;ghf epw;Fk;
nkhopKj yhFk; vy;yh vOj;Jk;

tUtop epd;w MapU Gs;spAk;
Ntw;Wik my;topj; jphpGld; ,yNt (147)
jkpopy; nkhopKjyhf tUnkd;w ,Ugj;J ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fis

Kjyhff; nfhz;l nrhw;fs; tUnkhopahf epw;f> epiynkhop ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk;
Kw;$wpa mt;,U nka;fSk; (z;>d;) Ntw;Wikay;yhj my;top ,lj;Jj;
jphpahky; ,ay;ghf epw;Fk;. kz; fbJ> kz; typJ> nghd; rpwpJ> nghd; typJ.
z;> d; <w;Wr;nrhy; - Ntw;Wikapy; tUk; tpjk;
Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; ty;nyOj;J my;top

Nkw;$ wpaw;if Mtap dhd (148)

60
Kw;$wpa z;> d; ,uz;Lk; Ntw;WikapYk; tUnkhop Kjy;

ty;nyOj;jy;yhj ,lj;J Nkw;$wpathW ,ay;ghf tUk;. ty;nyOj;Jthpd;
jphpAk;. kz; Qhyk;> nghd; tpiy> (kz; Flk;) kl;FlkhfptpLk;> Ntw;Wikapy;
ty;ypdk; thpd;)
y> d Kd;tUk; j> e –w d MFk;

y d vd t&ck; Gs;sp Kd;dh;j;
j e vdthpd; w d th Fk;Nk (149)
y> d Kd; j> e thpd; mit w> d MfptpLk;. fy;+jiu=fw;wiu>

Kd;+epiy=Kd;dpiy> nghd;+jhyp=nghw;whyp> jd;+eyk;=jd;dyk;.
z> d Kd;tUk; j> e-l> z MFk;.
z sntd; Gs;spKd; l zntdj; Njhd;Wk; (150)
z> s Gs;spaPw;Wf;FKd;> j> e thpd; Kd;dpd;w z> s ,uz;Lk;

KiwNa l> z MfptpLk;. kz;+jPJ=kz;BJ> kz;+ed;W=kz;zd;W>
fs;+jPJ=fl;BJ> cs;+epidT=cz;zpidT.
Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy; Gzh;r;rp
caphP whfpa Kd;dpiyf; fpstpAk;

Gs;sp ,Wjp Kd;dpiyf; fpstpAk;
,ay;gh FeTk; cwoh FeTnkd;W
MaP hpay ty;nyOj;J thpNd (151)
caph; <whfpa Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;fSk; nka; <whfpa Kd;dpiy

tpidr;nrhw;fSk; (el> th> nry;tha;> tUjp) ty;nyOj;J Kjy; nkhopthpd;
ngUk;ghYk; ,ay;ghf tUk;. rpWghd;ik cwo;e;J tUk;.
,t;tpuz;bay;GKilad mit. el igah> nry;tha; fz;Nz.
J+nfhw;wh=Jf;nfhw;wh vd XnuOj;njhU nkhopfspy; kpFjYk; cz;nld;gh;.
(J-cz;)
mjw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp
xsntd t&ck; caphpW nrhy;Yk;

Q e k t vd;Dk; Gs;sp apWjpAk;
Fw;wpa Yfuj;J ,WjpAk; csg;gl
Kw;wj; Njhd;wh Kd;dpiy nkhopj;Nj (152)
61
xs caph;<w;W Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk; (nfs)> Q e k t nka; <w;W

Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk; Fw;wpaYfu <w;W Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk;
Kw;$wpa ,ay;G KOikngwj; Njhd;wh: khwpAk; tUk;. ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk;
cz;L vd;gjhk;. nfsT> chpQc> nghUJ vd cfuk; ngw;W> nfsTf;Fkuh>
nfsTf;Fkuh vd cwo;e;J tUk;. jhT jk;gp> $l;L ngz;Nz vd; ,ay;gha;
tUjNy kpFjp.
cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; gw;wpait ,ay;Gg;Gzh;r;rpahjy;
caphP whfpa cah;jpizg; ngaUk;

Gs;sp ,Wjp cah;jpizg; ngaUk;
vy;yh topAk; ,ay;ngd nkhopg (153)
caph; <whfpa cah;jpizg; ngah;fSk; Gs;sp <whfpa cah;jpizg;

ngah;fSk; ehd;F fzKk; (caph;> typ> nkyp> ,il vOj;Jf;fs;) thpd;>
my;topAk; Ntw;WikAkhfpa vy;yh ,lj;Jk; ,ay;ghk; vd;W $Wth;. ghhp> Ma;
vd epWj;jp Fl;ilahdtd;> nebatd;> Ngrpdhd;> rphpj;jhd;> if> jiy vd;gd
xt;nthd;iwAk; mtw;nwhL Gzh;j;jpr; nrhy;ypg; ghUq;fs;.
mjw;Fr; rpwg;Gtpjp
mtw;Ws;
,fu ,Wngah; jphpgpld; cilj;Nj (154)
Nkw;$wpa cah;jpizg; nghUs; „,‟fu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; ,ay;ghfhky;

jphpe;J KbAk; ,lq;fSk; cz;L. fz;zfp Nfhapy; - fz;zfpf; Nfhapy;>
nrl;bFsk; - nrl;bf;Fsk;.
tpuTg;ngahpy; ,ay;ghjy;
m/wpiz tpuTg;ngah; ,ay;Gkh UsNt (155)
cah;jpizNahL m/wpiz tpuTk; „tpuTg;ngah;fs;‟ ,ay;gha;

KbtdTk; cs. ghz;b nghpad; (kdpjd;)> ghz;b nghpJ (NgUe;J).
tpuTg;ngah;-nghJg;ngah;. cah;jpizf;Fk; m/wpizf;Fk; nghJ.
%d;whk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Gs;sp ,WjpAk; caph;,W fpstpAk;

ty;nyOj;J kpFjp nrhy;ypa Kiwahy;
jk;kp dhfpa njhopw;nrhy; Kd;thpd;

62
nka;k;ik ahfYk; cwoj; Njhd;wYk;

mk;Kiw ,uz;Lk; chpait csNt
Ntw;Wik kUq;fpy; Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk; (156)
Gs;spapWjpr; nrhy;Yk; caphpWjpr; nrhy;Yk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;

ty;nyOj;J kpFk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gLk;. vdpDk; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikg;
nghUshfpa tpidKjw; nghUSila tpidr;nrhw;fs; mr;nrhw;fSf;F
Kd;thpd; ,ay;ghfYk; cwoj;Njhd;wYk; Mfpa mk;Kiw ,uz;Lk;
chpadthFk;. rpiw nfhsg;gl;lhd; - rpiwf;nfhsg;gl;;lhd;. jk;kpdhfpa
njhopw;nrhy; - tpidKjw; nghUs;jUk; tpidr;nrhy;. nka;k;ik Mfy; -
,ay;ghf tUjy;. Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk; - fUj;NjhL mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
eha;Nfhl;gl;lhd;> GypNfhl;gl;lhd; vdf; fhl;Lth;. eha;fN

; fhl;gl;lhd;
vdYkhk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
nky;nyOj;J kpFtop typg;nghL Njhd;wYk;

ty;nyOj;J kpFtop nkypg;nghL Njhd;wYk;
,aw;if kUq;fpd; kpfw;if Njhd;wYk;
caph;kpf tUtop caph;nfl tUjYk;
rhhpia cs;topr; rhhpia nfLjYk;
rhhpia cs;topj; jd;DUG epiyaYk;
cah;jpiz kUq;fpd; xopahJ tUjYk;
m/wpiz tpuTg;ngah;fF
; mt;tpay; epiyaYk;
nka;gpwp jhfplj;J ,aw;if ahjYk;
md;d gpwTk; jd;dpay; kUq;fpd;
nka;ngwf; fpse;J nghUs;tpiue;J ,irf;Fk;
Ifhu Ntw;Wikj; jphpngd nkhopg (157)
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpfs;> gpw Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs;

ngUk;ghd;ikahdtw;Wf;F NtWgl tUk;.„I‟fhu Ntw;Wikj; jphpGfs;> jdJ
,ay;ghd jd;ikia vLj;J tpsf;Fk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;F NtWgl;L
mikAk;. m/jhtJ nky;nyOj;J kpf Ntz;ba ,lj;J ty;nyOj;Jj;
Njhd;Wk;. ty;nyOj;J kpf Ntz;ba ,lj;J nky;nyOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;.
,ay;ghf Ntz;ba ,lj;J vOj;J kpFk;. caph; Njhd;w Ntz;ba ,lj;Jf;
nfLk;. rhhpia csjhf Ntz;ba ,lj;J mJ nfLk;. rhhpia cs;s ,lj;jpy;

63
mjndhL cUG Njhd;Wk;. rhhpia ngwhjtplj;J tUnkhop ty;ypdk; cwoj;

Njhd;WjYk; cah;jpizg; ngahplj;Jj; jd;DUG tphpe;Nj tUjYk; m/wpiz
tpuTg; ngah;f;Fk; mNj ,ay;G nghUe;jp tUjYk; nka; jphpa Ntz;ba ,lj;J
,ay;ghjYk; mj;jd;ika gpwTk; mikAk;. typg;G-ty;nyOj;J> nkypg;G-
nky;nyOj;J> kpfw;if-vOj;J kpFjy;> jd; cUG – I vd;gJ> kuf;Fiw-
kuj;jpdJ Fiw. kuq;Fiwj;jhd; - kuj;ijf; Fiwj;jhd;. Kd;G f; te;jJ:
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikapy; mJ q; vd nky;ypdkhfpwJ. tz;ilg;ghh;>
tz;bidg;ghh;> jphpahj epw;wNy kpFjp.
,> I <w;Wg;ngah;fspd; my;topg; Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wik ay;top , I vd;Dk;

<w;Wg;ngah;f; fpstp %tif epiya:
mitjhk;
,ay;gh FeTk; ty;nyOj;J kpFeTk;
cwoh FeTk; vd;kdhh; Gyth; (158)
my;topapy; ,> I <w;iwAila ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ,ay;G> ty;nyOj;J

kpFjy;> cwo;r;rpaha; Kbtd vd %d;W tifg; Gzh;epiyfis cila>
gUj;jp rpwpJ> gUj;jpr;nrb> kJiu fpsh;e;jJ> jiy Fdpe;jdd;. Ntw;Wik
my;top – my;top (Ntw;Wik my;yhj nghUs;jhd; „my;top‟ vdg; ngah;
ngw;wJ)
,> I <w;W Vohk; Ntw;Wikr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
Rl;LKj yhfpa ,fu ,WjpAk;

vfuKjy; tpdhtpd; ,fu ,WjpAk;
Rl;Lr;rpid ePba Ivd; ,WjpAk;
ahvd; tpdhtpd; Ivd; ,WjpAk;
ty;nyOj;J kpFeTk; cwoh FeTk;
nrhy;ypay; kUq;fpd; csntd nkhopg (159)
m , c vd;Dk; Rl;nlOj;J Kjyhfpa ,fu ,Wjp ,ilr;nrhw;fSk;

(mNjhsp> ,Njhsp)> vfutpdh Kjyhfpa ,fu ,WjpAs;s ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;
(vNjhsp)> Rl;nlOj;J ePz;L I vd; ,Wjp ngw;w nrhy;Yk; (Mz;il><z;il)>
ah vd;w tpdh Ifhu ,Wjp ngw;w nrhy;Yk; (ghz;il) Kw;$wpa ,fu Ifhu
<w;Wg;Gzh;r;rpg;gb ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; cwo;e;Jk; KbAkplq;fs; cs.

64
mNjhspf; nfhz;lhd;> ahz;ilf; fz;lhd; vdf; fhl;Lth;. ,it Vohk;

Ntw;Wik ,lg;nghUs; czh;j;jpa goQ;nrhw;fs;.
neby;Kd; xw;Wk; Fwpy;Kd; xw;Wk;
nebajd; Kd;dh; xw;Wnka; nfLjYk;

Fwpajd; Kd;dh;j; jd;DU ,ul;lYk;
mwpaj; Njhd;wpa newpapy; vd;g (160)
nel;nlOj;jpd; Kd;tUk; xw;Wj; jd;tbT nfLjYk; Fw;nwOj;jpd; Kd;

epd;w nka; ,ul;bj;jYk; ed;F mwpAk;gb Njhd;wpa nkhopaJ ,aw;if vd;gh;.
cU-nka;ahfpa tbtk;. newp ,ay;-nkhopaJ newpg;gl;l ,ay;G.
My;+,iy=Mypiy. ghy;+Flk;=ghw;Flk;. xw;W caph;nka;ahfpNah> jphpe;Njh
khWtijNah xw;W nka; nfly; vd;whh;. ciuahrphpah; NfhwPJ> Nfhdd;W vdf;
fhl;LtdTk; jphpGfNs. kz;+mfy;=kz;zfy;. ,e;E}w;ghtpy; jd;+cU=jd;DU
vd ,yf;fzj;jpw;Fs;NsNa ,yf;fpak; mike;jpUj;jy; fhz;f.
Fwpy;Kd; xw;W ,ul;lhj ,lk;
Mwd;; cUgpDk; ehd;fd; cUgpDk;

$wpa Fw;nwhw;W ,ul;ly; ,y;iy
<whF Gs;sp mfunkhL epiyAk;
neLKjy; FWFk; nkhopKd; dhd (161)
nel;nlOj;Jf; FWfp epw;Fk; nrhw;fspd; ,WjpapYs;s nka;> mfuk;

ngw;W epw;Fk;. (jhk;-jk> ehk;-ek> ahd;-vd) ,tw;nwhL ,izAk; Mwhk;
Ntw;Wik cUgpw;Fk; ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;Fk; Kd;Nd> Kw;$wpa Fwpy;
xw;W ,ul;Ltjpy;iy. Kd;+Md;+m. Md;> m mir epiyfs;. jhk;-
jk;+mJ=jkJ. jhk;-jk;+F=jkf;F. ,ul;bj;jpUe;jhy; jk;kJ. jk;kf;F
vd;whfpapUf;Fk;.
„Ek;‟ Kf;Fk; mt;tpjpNa
Ek;vd; ,WjpAk; me;epiy jphpahJ (162)
Ek; vd;w kfutpWjpAk; Kw;$wpa mfuk; ngWjy;> Fw;nwhw;wpul;lhik

vd;w epiyfis tpl;L khwhJ. Ek;+mJ=EkJ> Ek;+F=Ekf;F.

65
chpQ> chpQc Gzh;r;rp
cfunkhL GzUk; Gs;sp ,Wjp

afuKk; capUk; tUtop ,aw;if (163)
rpy Gs;spaPWfs; cfuk; ngWk;. chpQ;-chpQc (,d;W chpQ;R)> (nghUe;-

nghUE) mg;Gs;sp aPWfs; afuKk; capnuOj;Jf;fsk; tUnkhop Kjypy;
tUk;NghJ cfuk; ngwhJ ,ay;ghFk;. chpQ; ahJ> chpQ; md;Ng. ,aw;if-
,ay;ghFk;.
Kfj;jyit epWj;jysit vz;zysitg; ngah;fs;

jkf;Fs; Gzh;jy;
capUk; Gs;spAk; ,Wjp ahfp

msTfk; epiwAk; vz;Zk; Rl;b
csntdg; gl;l vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk;
jj;jq; fpstp jk;kfg; gl;l
Kj;ij t&ck; fhyk; Njhd;wpd;
xj;j njd;g Vvd; rhhpia (164)
msTg; ngah;fs;> epiwg;ngah;> vz;Zg;ngah; gyTs jkpopy;. ,it

xd;Wk; miuAk; fhYk; vd ,t;thW jk;Kd; GzUkhW $WfpwJ.
,e;E}w;gh>„capUk; nka;Ak; <whfp mikAk; Kfj;jy;> epWj;jy;> vz;zy;
msitr;Rl;Lk; vy;yhr; nrhw;fSk; jkf;F ,dkhfpa nrhw;fsha;j; jk;ikNa
czh;j;JkhW jk;Kd; jhk; tUk; #oy; Njhd;Wkhdhy;>„V‟ vd; rhhpia
Nrh;j;Jr; nrhy;tNj nghUj;jkhFk;. jj;jk; fpstp – jkJ msTg;ngaNu. jk;
mfg;gl;l-jkf;Fl;gl;l> xd;NwhL Kf;fhYk; miuAk; vdj; jkf;Ff; fPo;g;gl;l
msTg; ngah;fs; ,izjy;. Kj;ij-Kd;Nd. xd;Nwfy; gb> ,uz;Nl
Kf;fhy;kPl;lh;. ,uz;L fhy; fpNyh nfhL vd;gjw;Fk; ,uz;Nlfhy; fpNyh nfhL
vd;gjw;Fk; NtWghbUg;gij vz;zpg;ghh;ff
; . ,yf;fzk; Ntz;lhkh?
mit> miu vd;gjNdhL Gzh;jy;
miuvd t&ck; ghy;tiu fpstpf;Fg;

Giut jd;whw; rhhpia ,aw;if (165)
„miu‟ vd;W nrhy;ytUk;> ghjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;Yf;F V vd;

rhhpia nghUe;Jtjd;W. xd;wiu> Voiug;gb. ghy;-gFjp> ghjp. Giutjd;W-
nghUe;Jtjd;W.
66
mit „Fiw‟ vd;gjNdhL Gzh;jy;
Fiwvd; fpstp Kd;tU fhiy

epiwaj; Njhd;Wk; Ntw;Wik ,aw;if (166)
„Fiw‟ vd;gJk; Xh; msTg;ngah;. mr;nrhy; tUnkhopaha;

tUq;fhyj;jpy;> Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpf;Ff; $wpa ,yf;fzj;ij
Kw;Wg;ngw;WtUk; (xw;W kpFe;J tUk;). chpf;Fiw> fhzpf;Fiw> chp
mstpw;Ff; nfhQ;rk; Fiwaf; nfhLg;gJ chpf;Fiw.
mtw;Ws;> Fw;wpaYfu nkhopf;Fg; gpd; „,d;‟ rhhpia tUjy;
Fw;wpa Yfuf; fpd;Nd rhhpia (167)
Fw;wpaYfu <w;W msTg;ngah;fSld; Fiwr;nrhy; NrUk;NghJ> ,ilNa

„,d;‟ rhhpia tUk;. cof;fpd; Fiw> xd;wpd; Fiw> Fw;wpaYfuf;F-
Fw;wpaYfuj;jpw;F.
„fyk;‟ mj;Jr;rhhpia ngWjy;
mj;jpil t&ck; fynkd; msNt (168)
fyk; vDk; Kfj;jy; msTg;ngah;. „Fiw‟nahL GzUkplj;jpy; ,ilNa

„mj;J‟r; rhhpia tUk;. fyj;Jf;Fiw.
„gid‟Ak; „fh‟Tk; „,d;‟ rhhpia ngWjy;
gidvd; msTk; fhvd; epiwAk;

epidAq; fhiy ,d;ndhL rptZk; (169)
„gid‟ vd;Dk; Kfj;jpy; msTg;ngaUk; „fh‟ vd;Dk; epWj;jy;

msTg;ngaUk; „Fiw‟r; nrhy;nyhL GzUkplj;J> MuhAq;fhy; „,d;‟
rhhpiaAld; Nrh;e;J tUk;. gidapd; Fiw> fhtpd; Fiw.
jkpopy; Kfj;jysit> epWj;jysitg; ngah;fspd;

nkhopKjy; vOj;Jf;fs;
mstpw;Fk; epiwapw;Fk; nkhopKj yhfp

csntdg; gl;l xd;gjpw;W vOj;Nj:
mitjhk;

67
f r j g vd;wh e k t vd;wh
mfu cfuNkhL mitvd nkhopg (170)
Kfj;jysit epWj;jyitg; ngah;fl;F> nkhop Kjyhf tUk;

vOj;Jf;fs; xd;gJ. mit f r j g e k t m c. fyk;> rhb> J}ij>
ghid> ehop> kz;il> tl;by;> mfy;> cof;F – Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;fs;>
foQ;rp> rPufk;> njhb> gyk;> epiw> kh> tiu> me;ij> ,k;kp> xnuil vd;gd
epWj;jysitg; ngah;fs;. gpwTk; fhl;Lth;. msTf;Fk; epiwf;Fk; vd;gJ
nra;As; Xirapdpik fUjp ,d; rhhpiaAld; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gwdil
,JfhWk; nrhy;ypagb> cyf tof;ifg; ghh;j;Jg; Gzh;r;rp

,yf;fzk; nfhs;Sf
<wpay; kUq;fpd; ,ir,tw; wpay;ngdf;

$wpa fpstpg; gy;yh nwy;yhk;
nka;j;jiyg; gl;l tof;nfhL rptzp
xj;jit chpa Gzh;nkhop epiyNa (171)
,q;Ff; $wg;glhjdtw;Wf;Fk; tof;fpd;fz; fhzg;gLtd nfhz;L

,yf;fzk; tFj;Jf;nfhs;f vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpa newp. caph;> nka; <Wfs;
tUnkhopnahL GzUk;NghJ> mt;tt;tplq;fspy; ,t;tpt;thW elg;gJ
mt;ttw;wpd; ,ay;G vd;W> ,Jtiu gw;gy newpKiwfs; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.
me;newpKiwfisf; nfhz;L> cyfpy; ,ay;ghfg; nghUe;jp elf;Fk;
tof;FfNshL rhh;j;jp> vitnad vt;ntt;ntw;wpw;F xj;JtUNkh> mitait
Gzh;r;rpngWk; nkhopepiyfl;F Vw;gg; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;sw;Fhpadthk;. <W ,ay;
kUq;F - <Wk; KjYk; GzUkplk;. $wpa fpstpg; gy;MW-$wg;gl;l gytif
newpKiwfs;. nka;j;jiyg;gl;l tof;F-,ay;ghfg; nghUe;jp elf;Fk; cyf
toq;Fk; nraw;ifahdtw;iwAk; rpije;jtw;iwAk; nfhs;Sjy; $lhJ. epiy-
nkhop Gzh;epiy> Gzh;r;rp epiy.
ahh;> ahtJ vd;Dk; k&cr; nrhw;fSf;F ,yf;fzk;
gyuwp nrhy;Kd; ahth; vd;Dk;

ngahpil tfuk; nfLjYk; Vid
xd;wwp nrhy;Kd; ahnjd; tpdhtpil
xd;wpa tfuk; tUjYk; ,uz;Lk;
kUtpd; ghj;jpapd; jphpAkd; gapd;Nw (172)
68
cah;jpizapy;> gyiu tpdtp mwpAk; nrhy; Kd;dh; tUk; „ahth;‟

vd;Dk; ngahpilna tUfpd;w „t‟ nfLk;. m/wpizapy;> xd;wid tpdtp
mwpAk; nrhy; Kd;dh; tUk; „ahJ‟ vd;Dk; tpdhg; ngahpdpilNa tof;fhw;wpy;
,t;thW jphpe;J gapd;W toq;Fk;. mth; ahh;> me;jzh; ahh;> mJ ahtJ> ngah;-
tpdhg;ngah;> gyuwpnrhy;-cah;jpizg; gyh;ghw;nrhy;. xd;wwpnrhy;-m/wpiz
xd;wd;ghw; nrhy;. kUtpd; ghj;jp – cyfpy; kUtp toq;Fk; tof;fhWfs;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpy; kUtpd; ghj;jp kpfkpff; FiwT. mtw;wpYk;
Vw;Giladtw;iw kl;Lk; njhy;fhg;gpah; Vw;Wf;nfhz;likia ,r;#j;jpuk;
tpsf;Fk;. ,d;W „k&c tof;Ffs;‟ vy;iyaw;wd. ,e;newpKiw ,d;W
,yf;fznkOJthh;f;F topfhl;Lk;. ,aYf;fhd Gwdilf;Fk; gpwFjhd; k&c
nkhopfSf;fhd ,yf;fzk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.

69
njhif kuG fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

caphPW> nka;aPw;Wg; nghJg; Gzh;r;rpfs;
caphPW> nka;aPwhf epw;Fk; nrhw;fSf;F vjpNu f r j g vDk;

ty;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhopfs; tUkplj;J> mtw;Wf;F Kd;KiwNa q Q e k
vDk; nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; kpFk;. ,t;tpay;Gila nrhw;fspnyy;yhk; ,t;thW
jpfOk;.
,Ugj;J ehd;F ,Wjp vOj;Jf;fisAKila epd;w nrhy;Kd;>

tUnkhopahf capnuOj;J Kjd;nkhopfSk; Q e k a t vDk; nka;
Kjd;nkhopfSk; tUkhapd; mitahTk; Ntw;Wik> my;top ,uz;blj;Jk;
,ay;ghf tUk;.
Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; Q e k vDk; nky;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhopfs;

,ay;ghjNyad;wp> cwo;e;J KbjYKz;L.
z d <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rpfs;
z> d vdg; Gs;sp <whf KbAk; nrhw;fSld; ,izAk; ah> Qh

Kjyhf tUk; tpidr;nrhw;fs; xU jd;ikAiladthFk;. mit xd;ww;nfhd;W
Nghypahf tUnkd;gjhk;.
jkpopy; ,Ugj;J ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fs; KjyhftUk; vdr; nrhy;yg;gl;l

midj;Jr; nrhw;fSk; tUnkhopahf epw;f> epiynkhopaPwhf epd;w mt;tpU
nka;fSk; (z;> d;) Ntw;Wikay;yhj mt;topaplj;Jj; jphpahky; ,ay;ghf
epw;Fk;.
Kw;$wpa z;> d; ,uz;Lk; Ntw;WikapYk; tUnkhop Kjy;

ty;nyOj;jy;yhjtplj;J> Nkw;nrhy;ypagb ,ay;ghf tUk;. ty;nyOj;J thpd;
jphpAnkd;gjhk;.
y d> z s <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rpfs;
y Gs;sp Kd; j> e thpd; mit KiwNa w> d MFk;. d Gs;sp Kd;
j> e thpd; mitAk; KiwNa w> d thFk;.
z Gs;sp Kd; j> e thpd; mit KiwNa l> z thFk;. s Gs;spKd;

j> e thpd; mitAk; KiwNa l> z thFk;.

70
Kd;dpiy tpidr; nrhw; Gzh;r;rpfs;
caph; <whfpa Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;fSk; nka;aPwhfpa Kd;dpiy

tpidr;nrhw;fSk; ty;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhopthpd; ,ay;ghfTk; cwo;e;Jk; tUk;.
xs vd KbAk; caphPw;W Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> Q e k t

vd;Dk; Gs;sp <w;W Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Fw;wpaYfu <w;W Kd;dpiy
tpidr;nrhy;Yk; Kw;$wpa ,ay;ig KOikahfg; ngwhky;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;.
,Ujpizg; ngah;fs; epd;W GzUkhW
caph; <whf tUk; cah;jpizg; ngah;fSk; nka; <whf tUk;

cah;jpizg; ngah;fSk; epw;f> tUnkhopaha; caph; typ nkyp ,il vd
ehd;F fzKk; tUk;NghJ> my;top Ntw;Wik ,uz;blj;Jk; ,ay;gha; KbAk;.
mtw;Ws; ,fu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; kl;Lk; ,ay;ghfhky; jphpe;J

KbAk; ,lq;fSKz;L.
m/wpizahfTk; tUk; tpuTg;ngah;fs; ,ay;ghf KbtdTKs.
nka;aPW> caphPWfspd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Gs;spapWjpr; nrhy;Yk; caphpWjpr; nrhy;Yk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;

ty;nyOj;J kpFk;. vdpDk; mtw;wpd; Kd; %d;whk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUshfpa
tpidKjw; nghUSila tpidr;nrhw;fs; tUkhapd; ,ay;ghjYk;
cwo;jYnkd ,uz;L KiwfSk; csthFk;.
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; jdpj;jd;ikfs;
Ifhu Ntw;Wikapy; nky;nyOj;J kpFnkd;wtplj;J ty;nyOj;Jj;

Njhd;Wk;. ty;nyOj;J kpFnkd;w tplj;J nky;nyOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;. ,ay;ghF
nkd;wtplj;J vOj;JkpFk;. caph; kpFnkd;wtplj;:J mJ nfLk;. rhhpia
tUnkd;wtplj;J mJ nfLk;. rhhpia csjhFkplj;J mjDld; Ntw;Wik
cUGk; tUk;. rhhpia ngwhjtplj;J tUnkhop ty;ypdk; cwo;e;J tUk;.
cah;jpizg; ngahplj;J cUG tphpe;Nj tUk;. m/wpiz tpuTg;ngah;f;Fk; mNj
,ay;G nghUe;jp tUk;. nka; jphpa Ntz;ba ,lj;J ,ay;ghf tUk;.
mj;jd;ikad gpwTk;> jdf;Fhpa ,ay;gpd;fz; mike;J Ntw;Wikg; nghUis
NtWgLj;jpf; $Wk; njhlh;fspd; fz;Nz> I Ntw;Wikf;Fg; nghUe;jpa Gzh;r;rp
NtWghLfshFk;.

71
my;topapy; rpy ngah;r;nrhw;fs; GzUkhW
my;topapy; ,> I <w;iwAila ngah;r;nrhw;fs; ,ay;G. ty;nyOj;J

kpFjy;> cwo;jy; vd %tifg; Gzh;r;rpfisAiladthk;.
goq;fhyr; Rl;L> tpdhr;nrhw; Gzh;r;rpfs;
m> ,> c vDk; Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila ,fu ,Wjp

,ilr;nrhw;fSk; (mNjhsp> ,Njhsp)> vfu tpdhit KjyhfTila ,fu ,Wjp
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; (vNjhsp)> Rl;nlOj;J ePz;L I ,Wjp ngw;w nrhy;Yk;
(Mz;il><z;il) Kw;$wpa Gzh;r;rp tpjpg;gb ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; cwo;e;Jk;
KbAkplq;fs; vd;gh;.
rpy <nuOj;J nkhopfspd; Gzh;r;rpfs;
<nuOj;Jr; nrhw;fspy; nel;nlOj;jpd; Kd; tUk; xw;W jphpAk;.

Fw;nwOj;jpd; Kd; tUk; xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk;.
nel;nlOj;Jf; FWfp> ,Wjpapy; mfuk; ngw;W epw;Fk; (jk> ek)

nrhw;fspd; Kd;Nd mJ vDk; Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUGk; F vDk; ehd;fhk;
Ntw;Wik cUGk; tUkplj;J> Kw;$wpa Fwpnyhw;W ,ul;bg;gjpy;iy.
Ek; vDk; kfu ,WjpAk; Kw;$wpathW mfuk; ngWjy;> Fw;nwhw;W

,ul;lhik vDk; mj;jd;ikfspdpd;Wk; khwhJ.
cfunkhL Nrh;e;J chpQc> nghUE vd tUk; Gs;sp ,Wjpr;nrhw;fs;

(chpQ;> nghUe;) tUnkhop Kjypy; afuKk; capUk; tUkplj;J> mt;Tfuk;
ngwhJ ,ay;ghFk;.
msitg; ngah;fs; jk;Kd;jhk; Gzh;jy;
Kfj;jysitiaAk; epWj;jysitiaAk; vz;zysitiaAk; Fwpj;J>

capUk; nka;Ak; <whftUk; nrhw;fs; vj;jidAz;Nlh> mj;jidAk; jj;jkf;Ff;
fPo;g;gl;l msitg; ngah;fs;. jk;Kd;jhk; tUk; fhyk; Njhd;Wkhdhy; V vd;
rhhpia ,ilNa tUtJ nghUj;jkhFk;. (xd;Nwfhy;)
„miu‟ vd tUk; ghjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;> nrhy;Yf;F V vDk; mr;rhhpia

Njhd;Wkpay;G nghUe;Jtjd;W. (xd;wiu)
„Fiw‟ vDk; msTg;ngah; tUnkhopaha; Kd;Ndthpd;> msitg;

ngah;fspdpWjpapy;> Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpf;Ff; $wpa ,ay;G KOtJk; nghUe;jp
tUk;. mjhtJ xw;W kpFk; vd;gjhk;.

72
Fw;wpaYfu <w;W msTg;ngah;fSld;>„Fiw‟r; nrhy; te;J GzUk;NghJ>

,ilNa ,d; rhhpia ,lk;ngWk;.
fyk; vDk; Kfj;jyitg; ngah; „Fiw‟nahL GzUkplj;jpy;> ,ilNa

„mj;Jr;‟ rhhpia tUk;.
„gid‟ vd;Dk; Kfj;jysitg; ngaUk; fh vd;Dk; epWj;jysitg;

ngaUk; „Fiw‟r; nrhy;NyhL GzUkplj;J> MuhAq;fhy; „,d;‟ rhhpia nghUe;jp
tUk;.
Kfj;jysit> epWj;jysit ngah;fl;F>nkhop Kjyhf tUk;

vOj;Jf;fs; vdg;gLtd xd;gJ. mit f r j g vd;Wk; e k t vd;Wk; mfu
cfu nkdTk; Fwpf;fg;gLtdthFk;.
Gwdil
<Wk; KjYkha;g; Gzh;e;J ,aYkplq;fs;> ,it vdTk; ,tw;wpay;G

,JntdTk; ,JfhWk; $wpa gy;NtW newpKiwfsidj;ijAk;> cyfpil
,ay;ghfg; nghUe;jp elf;Fk; tof;FfNshL nghUj;jpg; ghh;j;J> ,dpAk;
elg;gdtw;Wf;F xj;jdtw;iwf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rpy k&c nkhopg; Gzh;r;rpfs;
cah;jpizapy; gyiu tpdtpawpAk; nrhy;Kd; tUk; „ahth;‟ vd;gjd;

,il tfu; nfLjYk;: m/wpizapy; xd;wid tpdtpawpAk; nrhy;Kd; tUk;
ahJ vd;gjdpilNa caph; nka; tfuk; tUjYk; cyfpy; kUtp toq;Fk;
tof;fhw;wpy; gapd;W tUtdthk;. (mth; ahh;> mJ ahtJ)
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. njhifkuG-ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.
2. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; jdpj;jd;ikfs; ahit?
3. ,fu Ifhu <Wfs; my;topapy; vt;thW KbAk;?
4. %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; jphpgpidg; Gyg;gLj;Jf.
5. k&cr;nrhy; Fwpj;J vOJf.
6. tpuTg;ngah; vt;thW KbAk;?
7. njhifkugpy; epiynkhopf;fUtp> epiynkhopr; nra;iffshff;
$wg;gLtdtw;iw vOJf.

73
fl;Liu tpdh
1. Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhw;Fhpa rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisf; $Wf.
2. msitg; ngah;fs; jk;Kd; jhk; Gzh;jy; - tpsf;Ff.
3. caphPW nka;aPWfspd; nghJg;Gzh;r;rpia tpthp.
4. cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; ehw;fzj;jpYk; vt;thW GzUk;?
5. Gzh;r;rpapy; Ifhu Ntw;Wik jphpAk; ,lq;fisf; $Wf. (m) „Ifhu
Ntw;Wik jphpngd nkhopg‟– tpsf;Ff.

74
6. cUgpay;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ngah;fNshL nghUe;Jjy; gw;wpa Kiwikia
czh;j;Jtjhy; ,J cUgpay; vdg;gl;lJ. ngaUf;Fk;
Ntw;WikAUgpw;FkpilNa tUk; rhhpiafs; gw;wpAk; Ntw;WikAUgpid
Vw;Fk;NghJ ngah;fs; ngWk; khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; cUgpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.
m Kjypa <Wfl;Fg;gpd; ,d; rhhpia tUjy;
mM cC Vxs vd;Dk;
mg;ghy; Mwd; epiynkhop Kd;dh;
Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F ,d;Nd rhhpia (173)
m M c C V xs vd;Dk; MwidAk; <whfTila epiynkhop Kd;dh;

tUk; Ntw;Wik cUGfl;F „,d;‟ rhhpia ,ilte;J mikAk;. gyhtpid>
fjtpDf;F #j;jpuj;jpy; „cUgpw;F‟ vd;gjpy; ,d; rhhpia te;Js;sJ.
tw;Wr;rhhpia – cz;gtw;iw> fz;ltw;w
gy;yit Ejypa mfu ,Wngah;

tw;nwhL rptzy; vr;r kpd;Nw (174)
gy;y> rpy;y vdg; gd;ikg; nghUspidf; fUjpa ngah;fspd; ,Wjp mfuk;>

tw;Wr; rhhpiaNahL nghUe;Jjy; jtwhJ. gytw;iw> cz;gw;iw> fz;ltw;iw>
rptzy; - nghUe;Jjy;. vr;rk; ,d;W – jtWtJ ,y;iy.
ah> ahtw;iw Mjy;
ahvd; tpdhTk; Mapay; jphpahJ (175)
ah vd;Dk; XnuOj;njhUnkhopahfpa> Mfhu <w;W tpdhg; ngaUk;

Nkw;$wpa „tw;W‟r; rhhpia ngWk; mt;tpay;gpy; jphpahJ> ahtw;iw.
mJ> ,J – mjid> ,jid (md; rhhpia) vd Mjy;
Rl;LKjy; cfuk; md;ndhL rptzp

xl;ba nka;nkhopj;J cfuk; nfLNk (176)
Rl;nlOj;jpid KjyhfTila cfu <w;Wr;nrhy; (mJ) „md;‟ rhhpia

nahLnghUe;jp jhd; nghUe;jp nka;ia tpLj;J cfuk; nfLk;.

75
mJ+md;+I=mjid. nka; xopj;J –nka;ia tpLj;J mjhtJ nka; nflhJ

epw;ftpl;L.
mtw;iw> ,tw;iw (tw;W)
Rl;LKj yhfpa Ivd; ,Wjp

tw;nwhL rptzp epw;wYk; chpj;Nj (177)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhy; (mit)> (cUG

NrUq;fhy;)> tw;Wr; rhhpianahL nghUe;jp> mt;tpWjp Ifhuk; epw;wYk; chpj;J:
epy;yhikAk; chpj;J. Ifhuk; epd;wtop mit+tw;W+I=mitaw;iw (tw;wpd;
tfuk; nfLnkd;gJ GzhpaDs; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ-122) Ifhuk; nfl;l top>
mtw;iw> ,tw;iw vd MFk;.
ahit ahtw;iw Mjy;
ahntd; tpdhtpd; Ivd; ,WjpAk;

Mapay; jphpahJ vd;kdhh; Gyth;
Mtapd; tfuk; InahLq; nfLNk (178)
ah vd;Dk; tpdhit KjyhfTila ahit vd;gjd; Ifhu ,WjpAk;

Nkw;$wpa ,ay;gpy; jphpahJ vd;gh; E}w;Gyth;. m/jhtJ „tw;W‟r; rhhpia
ngWk;. mg;NghJ tfuk; Ifhuj;NjhLk; nfLk;. ah+tw;W+I=ahtw;iw.
fhpait+tw;W+I=fhpatw;iw.
eP-epd; Mfp cUGngwy;
ePvd; xUngah; neLKjy; FWFk;

Mtapd; dfuk; xw;wh Fk;Nk (179)
eP vd;Dk; XnuOj;Jg; ngahpy;> me;neby; FWFk;. mt;tplj;jpy; dfu

xw;W ,lk;ngWk;. eP-epd;id> epdf;F vd MFk;. ,q;F d; vd;gJ vOj;Jg;NgW
vdg;gLk;. neLKjy; - KjypYs;s nel;nlOj;J> dfuk; xw;whFk; - xw;W
dfuk; tUk;.
Nfh-Nfhxd; Mjy;
Xfhu ,Wjpf;F xd;Nd rhhpia (180)
Xfhu ,Wjp ngw;w nkhopfSf;F xd; rhhpia tUk;. Nfhxid>

NfhxndhL.

76
; „mj;J‟r; rhhpia
m> M <w;W kug;ngah;fF
m M vd;Dk; kug;ngah;f; fpstpf;F

mj;njhLk; rptZk; Vod; cUNg (181)
m M vd;Dk; <w;iwAila kug;ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;F (tps> gyh) Vohk;

cUG NrUk;NghJ> Kw;$wpa ,d; NdhL kl;Lky;yhky; (173) mj;Jk; nghUe;Jk;.
tpstj;Jf;fz;> gyhtj;Jf;fz;.
Q> e <w;Wf;F „,d;‟ rhhpia
Q e vd; Gs;spf;F ,d;Nd rhhpia (182)
Q e vd;Dk; Gs;sp <Wfl;F ,d; rhhpia tUk;. chpQ,id>

nghUepndhL.
„mt;‟-tw;Wr; rhhpia ngWjy;
Rl;LKjy; tfuk;> IAk; nka;Ak;

nfl;l ,Wjp ,ay;jphp gpd;Nw (183)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila tfu <w;Wr; nrhy; (mt;> ,t;) nka; nfl;L>

tw;Wg;ngw;W KbAk;. mt;thW Kbe;jgpd; ahit vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Xjpa
,yf;fzj;jpy; jphpgpd;wp tUk; vd;gjhk;. Kd;G „tfuk; InahLk; nfLk;‟ vd
„ahit‟ vd;w tpdhTf;F Xjpa ,yf;fzj;ij (178) „IAk; nka;Ak; nfl;l
,Wjpapd; ,ay;‟ vd;W Fwpg;ghf khl;Nlw;wpf; $wpAs;shh;. jkJ E}iy kpf;f
fUj;jhfg; gbf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; fUJfpwhh;. mtw;iw> mtw;nwhL
vd tUk;.
„njt;‟ ,d; rhhpia ngWjy;
Vid tfuk; ,d;ndhL rptZk; (184)
Vida tfu <W (njt;) ,d; rhhpia nghUe;Jk;. njt;tpid>

njt;tpndhL.
kfu <W mj;Jr;rhhpia ngWjy;
k/fhd; Gs;spKd; mj;Nj rhhpia (185)
kfukhfpa Gw;wp <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; „mj;J‟r; rhhpia tUk;. kuj;ij.

77
rpy kfu <W ,d; rhhpia ngWjy;
,d;dpil t&ck; nkhopAkhh; csNt (186)
kfu <w;wpy; mj;Jr;rhhpia jtpu> ,d; rhhpia ngWk; nrhw;fSk; cs.

cUkpid-(cUK-,b)> kuj;jpid vd ,uz;L rhhpia ngWjYKz;L.
Ek; - rhhpia ngwhik
Ek;vd; ,Wjp ,aw;if MFk; (187)
„Ek;‟kpy; cs;s kfu <W Nkw;$wpa mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ. ,ay;gha;

KbAk;. Ek;ik> Ek;nkhL.
jhk; ehk; ahk; cUGld; Gzh;jy;
jhk; ehk; vd;Dk; kfu ,WjpAk;

ahk; vd; ,WjpAk; mjNdh ud;d:
Mv MFk; ahk;vd; ,Wjp
Mtapd; afunka; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk;
Vid ,uz;Lk; neLKjy; FWFk; (188)
jhk;> ehk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wk; ahk; vd;Dk; kfu ,WjpAk; Kw;$wpa kfu
<WNghy mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ KbAk;. „ahk;‟ vd;Dk; nkhopapy; Mfhuk;
vfukhFk;. mjpy; afu nka; nfl;Lk; vk; vd epw;Fk;. Vida ,uz;Lk; neby;
Kjy; ,Wfpj; jk;> ek; vd MFk;. jk;ik> ek;ik> vk;ik.
vy;yhk; vd;w kfu<W tw;Wk; ck;Kk; ngWjy;
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ,Wjp Kd;dh;

tw;nwd; rhhpia Kw;wj; Njhd;Wk;
ck;ik epiyAk; ,Wjp ahd (189)
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; kfutPw;Wr; nrhy;ypd; Kd;G> tw;W vd;Dk; rhhpia

Kbaj; Njhd;Wk;. ,Wjpapy; ck; rhhpia epiyngWk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk;.
„vy;yhk;‟ caph;jpizapy; „ek;‟rhhpia ngWjy;
cah;jpiz ahapd; ek;kpil tUNk (190)
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah;> cah;jpiziaf; Fwpf;Fkplj;J> ek; vd;Dk;

rhhpia ,ilte;J NrUk;. vy;yhek;ikAk;.

78
vy;yhUk; vy;yPUk; cUGk; rhhpiaAk; ngWjy;
vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glh;fi

; f ,WjpAk;
vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy ,WjpAk;
xw;Wk; cfuKk; nfLnkd nkhopg
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; ufug; Gs;sp
ck;ik epiyAk; ,Wjp ahd
jk;,il t&ck; glh;f;if Nkd
Ek;,il t&ck; Kd;dpiy nkhopf;Nf (191)
cUG NrUk;NghJ vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glh;f;ifaplj;J kfu ,WjpAk;>

vy;yPUk; vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyaplj;J kfu ,WjpAk; jk; Kd;Ds;s cfuj;NjhLk;
nfLk;. mjdhy; Cug;gl;l ufug;Gs;sp nflhJ epw;Fk;. mt;tpuz;L nkhopf;Fk;>
ck; rhhpia ,Wjpapy; epiyngWk;. glh;f;ifaplj;Jk; jk; rhhpia ,ilapy;
tUk;. Kd;dpiy nkhopf;F Ek;Kr; rhhpia ,ilapy; tUk;. vy;yhh; jk;ikAk;>
vy;yPh; Ek;ikAk;.
jhd;> ahd; -jd;> vd; Mjy;
jhd;ahd; vd;Dk; MaP hpWjpAk;

Nky;Kg; nganuhLk; NtWgh byNt (192)
jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; mt;tpuz;L „dfu‟<Wk; Nky; kfutPw;Wl; nrhy;yg;gl;l

%d;W ngaNuhLk; NtWghbd;wpj; jhd; vd;gJ jd; vd neLKjy; FWfpAk;
ahd; vd;gjpy; Mfhuk; vfukha; afuq; nfl;Lk; KbAk;. jd;id> vd;id>
Nky;Kg; nganuhLk; - NkNy $wg;gl;l jhk; ehk; ahk; vd;gd.
mod;> God; - mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngWjy;
moNd GoNd MapU nkhopf;Fk;

mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; cwoj; Njhd;wy;
xj;j njd;g czU NkhNu (193)
mod;> God; Mfpa ,Unkhopf;Fk; mj;Jr; rhhpiaAk; ,d; rhhpiaAk;

cwo;e;J Njhd;Wk;. mJNt nghUj;jKilanjd> czh;TilNahh; $Wth;.
moj;ij> modpid cwoj;Njhd;wy; - khwptUjy;.

79
„VO‟f;F md; rhhpia
md;vd; rhhpia Vod; ,Wjp

Kd;dh;j; Njhd;Wk; ,aw;ifj;J vd;g (194)
md; vd;Dk; rhhpia „VO‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp Kw;Wfuj;jpyd;

Kd;dh; Njhd;Wk; ,ay;gpidAilaJ. Void> ,r;#j;jpuj;jpNyNa „Vod; ,Wjp‟
vd; md;rhhpia tuf; fhzyhk;. (VO+md;+I=Void)
Fw;Wfuj;jpw;F ,d; rhhpia
Fw;wpa Yfuj;J ,Wjp Kd;dh;

Kw;wj; Njhd;Wk; ,d;vd; rhhpia (195)
Fw;wpaYfj;J ,wjpf;F Kd;dh; ,d; rhhpia Kbaj; Njhd;Wk;. glfpid>

fOfpndhL.
FW-Fw;Wfu <Wfs; ,ul;bf;Fkplq;fs;
nel;nlOj; jpk;gh; xw;Wkpfj; Njhd;Wk;

mg;ghy; nkhopfs; my;top ahd (196)
L> W <w;W neby; njhlh;f; Fw;Wfuq;fs; xw;W ,ul;bj;J Ntw;Wik

cUNgw;Fk;. mt;tifg;gl;l nkhopfs; my;yhjit F R J G. <w;Wf;
Fw;Wfuq;fs;. mit cUNgw;Fq;fhy; ,ul;bg;gjpy;iy. vdNt mitay;yhj L>
W><w;Wf; Fw;Wfuq;fNs> cUNgw;Fq;fhy; ,ul;bg;gdthk;. ahl;il> Mw;nwhL.
mt;thW ,ul;bg;gd rhhpia ngwhik
mitjhk;
,aw;ifa thFk; nraw;ifa vd;g (197)
mit rhhpia ngwhJ ,ay;ghf KbAk; nra;ifia cila. ahl;il

vdr; rhhpia ngwtpy;iy. ghl;bid vdr; rpWghd;ik tUjYz;L.
,aw;ifathFk; - ,ay;ghFk;. nraw;ifa – Gzh;r;rpahk; nra;ifiaAila.
Fw;Wfu vz;Zg;ngah;fF
; md; rhhpia
xd;W> ,uz;L> ehd;F Kjypa tUk;
vz;zpd; ,Wjp md;ndhL rptZk; (198)

80
vz;Zg; ngah;fsJ Fw;Wfu <W md;rhhpianahL nghUe;Jk;. xd;wid>

,uz;lid> (xd;wpid> ,uz;bid vdYkhk;).
xU+g/J xU+gj;J Kjypa vz;Zg; ngahPWfs; Md;

rhhpiaAk; ngWjy;
xd;WKj yhfg; gj;J}h;e;J t&ck;

vy;yh vz;Zk; nrhy;Yq; fhiy
Md; ,il thpDk; khdk; ,y;iy
m/Jvd; fpstp Mtapd; nfLNk
ca;jy; Ntz;Lk; g/fhd; nka;Na (199)
xd;W Kjyhf vl;L tiuAs;s vz;Zg;ngah;fis> gj;J vd;Dk; nrhy;

njhlh;e;J tUk;NghJ (xU+g/J)> cUG NrUq;fhy; „Md;‟ rhhpia thpDk;
Fw;wkpy;iy. mg;NghJ g/J vd;gjpy; cs;s m/J vd;Dk; nrhy; nfl;L>
gfunka; jg;gpj;J epw;Fk;. xU g/jpid> xU ghid vd;gJ Kd;ida tof;F.
,d;W xU gj;J> ,U gj;J> Kg;gj;J vd;gd ,UgJ Kg;gJ vd mikfpd;wd.
xd;nwhLgj;Jr; NrUk; ,t;thwhd vy;yh vz;Zk; vd;gJ Kjy; ,uz;bfspd;
nghUs;. khdk; ,y;iy – Fw;wkpy;iy. g/fhd; nka;-g;> ca;jy; Ntz;Lk;
nflhJ epw;f Ntz;Lk;.
ahJ> m/J – Fw;Wfu <Wfs; md; rhhpia ngWjy;
ahnjd; ,WjpAk; Rl;LKj yhfpa

Ma;j ,WjpAk; md;ndhL rptZk;
Ma;jq; nfLjy; Mtap dhd (200)
ahJ vd;Dk; Fw;Wfu <Wk;> Rl;nlOj;jpid KjyhfTila

Ma;jj;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfu ,WjpAk; (m/J vd;gJ) md; rhhpianahL nghUe;Jk;.
mt;thW tUkplj;J Ma;jk; nfLk;. ahJ+md;+I=ahjid>
m/J+md;+I=mjid.
Fw;Wfuj; jpirg;ngah;fs; VoDUgpw;Fr;

rhhpia ngw;Wk; ngwhkYk; tUjy;
Vod; cUgpw;Fj; jpirg;ngah; Kd;dh;r;

rhhpiaf; fpstp ,aw;ifA khFk;
Mtapd; ,Wjp nka;nahLq; nfLNk (201)

81
Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F> jpirg;ngah;fspd; Kd;dh;> ,t;tPw;Wf;F

Kw;$wpa „,d;‟ rhhpiaapd;wp ,ay;ghAk; epw;Fk;. ,ay;gha top> jpirg;ngah;
,Wjpf; Fw;Wfuk; nka;nahLk; nfLk;. tlf;F+,d;+fz;=tlf;fpd;fz;.
tlf;F+fz;=tlf;fz;. njw;F+fz;=njw;fz;.
Gwdil
Gs;sp ,WjpAk; caphpW fpstpAk;

nrhy;ypa my;y Vida vy;yhk;
NjUq; fhiy cUnghL rptzpr;
rhhpia epiyAk; flg;gh byNt (202)
Gs;sp <W> caph;<W ngw;w nrhw;fSs;>Kd;G tbT nrhy;ypait my;yhj

Vida vy;yhk;> MuhAq;fhyj;J> Ntw;Wik cUGfSld; nghUe;jp tUk;NghJ>
rhhpia ngw;Nw tuNtz;Lnkd;w flg;ghLiladty;y. ngw;WtUk;; ngwhJk;
tUk;.
$whj Gs;sp <Wfs; Ie;J: z> a> u> y> s;; caphPW xd;W ,. kz;iz>
kz;zpid vd ,itAk; rhhpia ngwhJk; ngw;Wk; tUk;.

82
cUgpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

caphPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wik cUNgw;Fk; NghJ rhhpia ngWjy;
m M c C V xs vd;Dk; MwidAk; <whfTila nrhw;fSf;F

Kd;tUk; Ntw;WikAUGfSf;fpilNa „,d;‟ rhhpia tUk;.
gy;y> rpy;y vdg; gd;ik czh;j;Jk; mfu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; tw;Wr;

rhhpiaNahL nghUe;Jjy; jtwhJ.
ah vDk; tpdhTk; mt;tpay; jphpahJ. „tw;W‟r; rhhpia ngWnkd;gjhk;.
Rl;nlOj;jpid KjyhfTila cfu <w;Wr;nrhy;>„md;‟ rhhpianahL

nghUe;jp> jhd; Vwpa nka; epw;f cfuk; nfLk;. (mjid)
Rl;nlOj;jpid KjyhfTila I fhu <w;Wr;nrhy; tw;Wr;rhhpia ngw;W>

mt;tpWjp Ifhuk; nflhky; epw;wYk; chpj;J. nfl;Lg;NghjYk; cz;L.
(mitaw;iw> mtw;iw)
ah vd;Dk; tpdhntOj;ij KjyhfTila Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhy;Yk;

Nkw;$wpa ,ay;gpy; jphpahJ. tw;Wr;rhhpia ngWnkd;gjhk;. ,q;Fk; epiynkhop
tfuk; Ifhuj;NjhLk; nfLk;. (ahtw;iw)
eP vDk; XnuOj;J> Kd;dpiyg; ngahpd;> neby; FWFk;. mt;tplj;Nj

dfu xw;W ,lk; ngWk;. (epd;id)
Xfhu ,Wjp ngw;w ngah;fs; xd; rhhpia ngWk;.
m M vd;Dk; <w;iwAila kug;ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;F Vohk; cUG

NrUk;NghJ mj;Jr; rhhpiaAk; tUk;. Kw;$wpa „,d;‟Dk; tUk;.
nka;aPWfs; cUNgw;Fk;NghJ rhhpia ngWjy;
Q> e vd;Dk; nka;aPWfl;F „,d;‟ rhhpiaNa tUk;.
t nka;aPWfs;
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila tfu <w;Wr; nrhy; (mt;> ,t;)>„ahit‟

vd;gjd; ,Wjp IAk; m/Njwpa nka;Ak; nfl;l ,ay;gpy; jphpahJ. mJNghw;
nfl;L tw;Wg;ngw;W KbAk;.
Vida tfu <w;Wr;nrhy; (njt;) ,d; rhhpianahL nghUe;Jk;.

(njt;tpid)

83
k; nka;aPWfs;
kfukhfpa Gs;sp <w;Wr; nrhy;Kd; mj;Jr;rhhpia tUk;. (kuj;ij)
mtw;Ws; „,d;‟ rhhpia ngWk; nrhw;fSk; cs. (cUkpid)
„Ek;‟ kpYs;s kfu <W mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;.

(ek;ik)
jhk; ehk; vd;Dk; kfu <Wk; ahk; vDk; kfu ,WjpAk; Kw;$wpaJ Nghy;
mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngwhJ KbAk;. ahk; vd;w kfu <w;Wr; nrhy;ypy;> KjypYs;s
M v MFk;. mjpYs;s afunka;Ak; nfLk;. Vida jhk; ehk; ,uz;Lk;
Kd;Ds;s nel;nlOj;Jf; FWfpj; jk; ek; vd MFk;. (jk;ik> ek;ik> vk;ik)
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;Wr;nrhy; Kd;dh;> tw;Wr;rhhpia Kbaj;

Njhd;Wk;. ,Wjpapy; ck; nghUe;jp epw;Fk;. (vy;yhtw;iwAk;)
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah; cah;jpiziaf; Fwpf;Fkplj;J>„ek;‟

rhhpia> ,ilapy; tUk; (vy;yh ek;ikAk;)
vy;yhUk; vdg; glh;f;ifiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kfu ,WjpAk; ty;yPUk; vd

Kd;dpiyiaf; Fwpf;Fk; kfu ,WjpAk;> cUG NrUk;NghJ>„jk;‟ Kd;Ds;s
cfuj;NjhLk; nfLk;. ufug;Gs;sp nflhJ epw;Fk;. ,Wjpapy; ck; te;J NrUk;.
glh;fi
; faplj;Jj; jk; rhhpiaAk; Kd;dpiyf;F „Ek;‟ rhhpiaAk; ,ilapy;
te;jikAk;> (vy;yhh; jk;ikAk;> vy;yPh; Ek;ikAk;)
d; nka;aPWfs;
jhd; ahd; vDk; mt;tpuz;L dfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSk; NkNy kfutPw;Wr;

nrhy;yg;gl;l %d;W ngah;fNshLk; (jhk;> ehk;> ahk;-188) NtWghbd;wp mikAk;>
jhd; vd;gJ neLKjy; FWFk;. ahd; vd;gjpy; Mfhuk; vfukhfp> Kd;Ds;s
afu nka; nfl;L KbAk;. (jd;id> vd;id)
mod;> God; ,uz;lDf;F mj;Jr;rhhpiaAk; ,d; rhhpiaAk; cwo;e;J

tUk;.
Kw;Wfu <W rhhpia ngWjy;
VO vd;Dk; Kw;Wfu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yf;F md; rhhpia te;J NrUk;.

84
Fw;Wfu <W rhhpia ngWjy;
Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSf;F Kd;ghf ,d; rhhpia Kbaj; Njhd;Wk;.

(glfpid)
nel;nlOj;Jf; Fw;wfuq;fspy; cUNgw;Fq;fhy; xw;W ,ul;bf;Fk; nrhw;fs;

cs. mit L> W <Wfs;. (mt;tifg;gl;l nkhopfsy;yhjit F> R> J> G
<Wfs;) vdNt L> W <Wfs; xw;W ,ul;bj;Nj cUNgw;F nkd;gjhk;.
ML+I=Ml;il. NrhW+F=Nrhw;Wf;F.
mt;tpuz;L <WfSk; ,d; ngwhky; ,aw;ifahf epw;Fk;

Gzh;r;rpiaAilad. gpw Fw;Wfu <Wfs; ,d; rhhpia ngWnkd;gjhk;. fhrpid>
ghk;gpid. (,d;-te;jJ)
Fw;Wfu vz;Zg;ngah;fs;
vz;Zg; ngah;fsJ Fw;Wfu <W md; rhhpiaNahL nghUe;Jk;.

(xd;wpid> vl;bid).
xd;W Kjyhf vl;L tiuAs;s vz;Zg;ngah;fspd; Kd;Nd> gj;J vDk;

nrhy; tUk;NghJ> cUG tUq;fhy; „Md;‟ rhhpia ,ilNa tUtjpy;
jtwpy;iy. g/J vd;gjpy; m/J nfl;L gfunka; kl;Lk; gpioj;J epw;Fk;.
Fw;Wfu tpdh> Rl;Lg; ngah;fs;
ahJ vd;Dk; Fw;Wfu <Wk; Rl;nlOj;jpid KjyhfTila

Ma;jj;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfu <Wk; (m/J)> md; rhhpianahL nghUe;Jk;. mt;tplj;J
Ma;jk; nfLk;. (ahjid> m/J+md;+I=mjid)
Fw;Wfuj; jpirg;ngah;fs;
Vohk; Ntw;WikAUG Fw;Wfuj; jpirg;ngah;fspd; gpd;dh; tUk;NghJ>

,ilNa Kw;$wpa „,d;‟ rhhpia ,d;wpAk; tUk;. mg;NghJ mj;jpirg;ngah;
,Wjpf; Fw;Wfuk; nka;NahLk; nfLk;. (tlf;fz;)
Gwdil
Gs;sp <W> caphPW ngw;w nrhw;fSs;> Kd;G tpjp tFj;jit my;yhj

Vidanty;yhk;> MuhAq;fhyj;J Ntw;Wik cUGld; nghUe;Jk;NghJ rhhpia
ngw;Nw tuNtz;LnkDk; vd;wy;y. ngwhkYk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.

85
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. cUgpay; ngah;ff
; huzk; jUf.
2. cUG Gzh;r;rpapy; gad;gLk; rhhpia ahit?
3. rhhpiafis tFg;gjpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;J ahJ?
4. cUgpaypd; Gweilr; nra;jpfis tpthpf;f.
fl;Liu tpdh
1. cUG Gzh;r;rpf;fhfj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Gzhpay;> cUgpay; vd ,U

,ay;fs; mikj;jd; Nehf;fk; vd;d? tpsf;Ff.
2. caphPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; cUGfNshL GzUk;NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafs; Fwpj;J
vOJf.
3. nka;aPWfs; cUgfNshL GzUk;NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
4. kfutPw;Wr; nrhw;fs; cUgfNshL GzUk; NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafisf;
$wp tpsf;Ff.
5. Kw;Wfu Fw;Wfu <Wfs; cUGfNshL GzUk;NghJ ngWk; rhhpiafs;
Fwpj;J vOJf.

86
7. Gs;sp kaq;fpay;
caphPW vjpNu tUk; td;fzj;NjhLk; rpWghd;ik Vidf;fzq;fNshLk;
GzUk; Kiwia Gs;sp kaq;fpay; tpsf;FfpwJ. kaq;FyhtJ fyj;jy;>
,t;tpaypy; mfu<W njhlq;fp xsfhu <Wtiu neLq;fzf;F thpirapy;
itj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzk; $wg;gLfpwJ. my;top> Ntw;Wikg;
nghUl;Gzh;r;rpfspy; ngah;> tpid vd tUk; nrhw;fs; njhlh;e;J epw;Fq;fhy;
Vw;gLk; vOj;njhyp khw;wq;fs; thpir tud;Kiwg;gb tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
(caph;f;fzk;> nka;naOj;Jf;fspy; td;fzk;> nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk; vd;gJ
xU tof;fhW)
mfu <W
my;topapy; mfu <w;Wg; ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
mfu ,Wjpg; ngah;epiy Kd;dh;

Ntw;Wik ay;topf; f r j g j; Njhd;wpd;
jj;jk; xj;j xw;wpil kpFNk (203)
mfuj;ij ,WjpahfTila ngah;fs; epiynkhopaha; epw;f. mtw;wpd;

Kd;dh;> my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy;> f r j g KjnyOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;
tUnkhopaha;j; Njhd;wpd;> jj;jkf;Fg; nghUe;jpd; mf; f r j g f;fshfpa
xw;W ,ilapy; kpFk;. „jj;jkf;F xj;j xw;W‟ vd;wjdhy; nghUe;Jkplq;fspy;
nky;ypdk; kpFjYk; cz;L. tpsf;FwpJ> jlQ;nrtp. (tps-xUkuk;> jl-mfd;w)
mfu <w;W tpidr;nrhy;Yk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;
tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk; ctkf; fpstpAk;

vdntd; vr;rKk; Rl;bd; ,WjpAk;
Mq;f vd;Dk; ciuairf; fpstpAk;
Qhq;fh;f; fpse;j ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (204)
mfutPw;Wr; nrhw;fshfpa tpidnar;rr; nrhy;Yk; ctkr;nrhy;Yk; „vd‟

vd;W nrhy;Yk; vr;rr;nrhy;Yk; Rl;lhfpa mfu <Wk; ciuairf; fpstpahfpa
Mq;f vd;gJk; Mfpa ,lq;fspy; Kw;$wpa ty;nyOj;J kpFk;. gLf;fg;Nghdhd;>
G+g;Nghirr; rphpj;jhs;> mKnjdg; Ngrpdhs;> mj;jpiu. tpid vQ;R fpstp –
tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk; mjhtJ tpid vQ;rpepw;fpw nrhy;> ciuair-
ciuahlypd; ,ilNa jdpg;nghUs; vJTkpd;wp> mirepiyahfg; gad;gLj;Jk;
nrhy;. Qhq;fh;-Kd;G> Kd;ida E}w;ghtpy;.

87
mfur;Rl;bd; Kd; Q e k nka;
Rl;bd; Kd;dh; Q e k j; Njhd;wpd;

xl;ba xw;wpil kpFjy; Ntz;Lk; (205)
Rl;nlOj;jhfpa mfuj;jpd; Kd;dh; Q e k tUnkhop Kjyhf te;jhy;>

mt;tw;wpw;Fg; nghUe;jpa xw;W ,ilNa kpFjy; Ntz;Lk;. me;E}y;> mk;klk;.
mfur;Rl;bd; Kd; a t nka;
atKd; thpNd tfuk; xw;Wk; (206)
mfur;Rl;L epw;f> tUnkhop Kjypy; a t thpd; ,ilNa tfu xw;W

kpFk;. xw;Wk;-xw;whf tUk;. mt;aho;> mt;tis.
mfur;Rl;bd; Kd; caph;
caph;Kd; thpDk; Mapay; jphpahJ (207)
mfur;Rl;bd; Kd; a> t kl;Lkpd;wp capnuOj;J tUnkhop Kjy;

te;jhYk; Kw;$wpa tfu xw;W kpFjyhfpa ,yf;fzj;jpy; khwhJ. M ,ay; -
Kw;$wpa mt;tpyf;fzk;. m+mzp=mt;tzp.
mfur;Rl;L nra;ASs; ePSjy;
ePl tUjy; nra;ASs; chpj;Nj (208)
mfur;Rl;L (vjpNu td;fzk; xope;j vOj;Jf;fs; Kjyhf tUkplj;J)

„M‟ vd ePSk;. ,J nra;Ass; kl;LNk tUk;. Mapil> Mtapd;.
rht vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhy;
rht vd;Dk; nrantd; vr;rj;J

,Wjp tfuk; nfLjYk; chpj;Nj (209)
„rht‟ vd;Dk; nra tha;ghl;L tpid vr;rj;jpd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s tfuk;

nfl;Lg;NghjYk; cz;L. rhf;Fj;jpdhd;> rhtf; Fj;jpdhd; (,d;W rhf mbj;jhd;
- rhfbj;jhd; vd toq;fg;gLfpwJ)
,ay;ghf KbAk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
md;d vd;Dk; ctkf; fpstpAk;

mz;ik Rl;ba tpspepiyf; fpstpAk;
nra;k;kd vd;De; njhopypW nrhy;Yk;
88
Vty; fz;zpa tpsq;Nfhl; fpstpAk;

nra;j vd;Dk; nganuQ;R fpstpAk;
nra;apa vd;Dk; tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk;
mk;k vd;Dk; ciug; nghUl;fpstpAk;
gytw; epWjpg; ngah;f;nfhil csg;gl
md;wp midj;Jk; ,ay;ngd nkhopg (210)
md;d vd;Dk; ctkr;nrhy;Yk;> mzpikapy; cs;shiuf; $g;gpLk;

ngah;r;nrhy;Yk; nra;k;kd vDk; tha;gg
; hL tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;Yk; Vtiyf;
fUjpa tpaq;Nfhl; nrhy;Yk; nra;j vDk; tha;gg
; hl;lhd; tUk; nganur;rr;
nrhy;Yk; nra;apa vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;lhd; tUk; tpidnar;rr;nrhy;Yk; „mk;k‟
vd ciuahlypy; xUtiu mioj;Jg; NgRk; nghUz;ikiaAila
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; gytw;iw czh;j;Jk; mfu <w;Wg; gy vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yk;
Mfpait csg;gl ,it Nghy;td midj;Jk;> vjpNu f r j g f;fs; thpd;
,ay;ghfg; GzUk;. tpspepiyf; fpstp- tpspr;nrhy;. njhopy; ,W nrhy;-
tpidKw;Wr;nrhy;. fz;zpa – fUjpa. nganuQ;R fpstp> tpidnaQ;R fpstp
KiwNa nganur;rk; tpidnar;rj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk;. ciug;nghUl; fpstp
„,ijf;Nfsg;gh‟ vd;w xU igadplk; xU jftiyr; nrhy;yj;
njhlq;FfpNwhky;yth? ,jpYs;s mg;gh Nghd;wNj> mk;k vd> ciuahlypy;
xUtiuj; jd; Kfkhf miof;Fk; nrhy;Yk;. ,jw;Fj; jdpg;nghUs; ,d;ikapd;
ciuairf; fpstp vdf;$Wth;. fayd;d fz;> ez;g ghh;> nry;f Njh;> mk;k
Nfspij.
thopa vd;Dk; mfu <W
thopa vd;Dk; nravd; fpstp

,Wjp afuk; nfLjYk; chpj;Nj (211)
nra vd;Dk; tha;ghl;L thopa vd;Dk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W. ,Wjp

afuk; nfl;L KjYk; cz;L>(nflhJ KbjYk; cz;L) thop jkpo;> thopa
jkpo;.
mk;k vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F NkYk; xU tpjp
ciug;nghUl; fpstp ePl;lKk; tiuahh; (212)

89
ciuairg; nghUSila „mk;k‟ vDk; nrhy;>„mk;kh‟ vd Mfhukha;

ePSjiyAk; ePf;fkhl;lhh;fs;. „mk;k Nfs;‟ vd;gjd;wp>„mk;kh Nfsha;‟ vd ePl;b
ciug;gJk; Ngr;rpYz;L.
gy vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
gttw; wpWjp ePLnkhop csNt

nra;As; fz;zpa njhlh;nkhop ahd (213)
„gy‟ vd;Dk; nrhw;fspdpWjp> nra;Ass; tUk; Xir fUjpa

njhlh;nkhopfSs;> ePz;L epw;wYk; cz;L. gyhmk;> rpyhmk; vdf; fhl;Lth;.
gy rpy vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
njhluy; ,Wjp jk;Kd; jhk;thpd;

yfuk; wfunthw; whfYk; chpj;Nj (214)
njhlh;nkhop my;yhj <nuOj;njhU nkhopahfpa gy rpy vd;Dk; mfu

<w;Wr; nrhw;fs; jk;Kd;Nd jhk; thpd;> yfuk; wfunthw;whjYk; chpj;J.
gy+gy=gw;gy. rpy+rpy=rpw;rpy.
mr;nrhw;fSf;F NkYk; xU KbG
ty;nyOj; jpaw;if cwoj; Njhd;Wk; (215)
mfu <w;Wg; nghJtpjpapy;> tUnkhop ty;nyOj;J kpFnkd;gJ

$wg;gl;lJ. Nkw;$wpa gy> rpy vd;Dk; ,uz;bw;Fk; mt;thW ty;nyOj;J
kpFnkd;w ,ay;G> kpFjYk; kpfhikAk; vd cwo;r;rpahfj; Njhd;Wk;. gyg;gy>
gygy> ,aw;if-,ay;G.
mfu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw (216)
Kd;G my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; mfutPw;Wr; nrhw;fs;> vjpNu f r j g thpd;

xw;WkpFk; vdf; $wg;gl;lJ. ,q;F Ntw;WikapYk; mt;thNw xw;WkpFk; vd;gJ
$wg;gLfpwJ. mjNdhuw;W – mt;tpay;igNa cilajhFk;.
mfu <w;W kug;ngah;fF

; NtnwhU tpjp
kug;ngah;f; fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpFNk (217)
mfu <w;W kug;ngah;r; nrhy;Yf;F nky;nyOj;J kpFk;. tpsq;nfhL.

90
kf vd;Dk; ngah; „,d;‟ ngWjy;
kfg;ngah;f; fpstpf;F ,d;Nd rhhpia (218)
mfu <w;W kf vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;F Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;fz; ,d; rhhpia tUk;. kftpd; if.
mJ „mj;J‟g; ngWjy;
mj;Jmtd; thpDk; tiuepiy ,d;Nw (219)
mk; kf vd;Dk; nrhy;ypdplj;J> Nkw;$wpa ,d;Ndad;wp> mj;J thpDk;

ePf;Fk; epiyik ,d;W. kf+mj;J+if=kfj;Jf;if.
gy czh;j;Jk; nrhy; tw;Wg;ngWjy;
gytw; wpWjp cUgpay; epiyAk; (220)
gy vd;Dk; mfu <w;Wr;nrhy; f r j g f;fNshL NrUk;NghJ cUnghL

GzUk; Kiwg;gb ,ilNa tw;Wg; ngw;Wg; GzUk;. gytw;Wf;NfhL.
Mfhu <W
my;topapy; Mfhu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp
Mfhu ,Wjp mfu ,aw;Nw (221)
Mfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fs;> mfu <w;Wf;Ff; $wpa Gzh;r;rp ,yf;fzg;gb

GzUk;. mjhtJ my;topf;fz; f r j g thpd; ty;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W KbAk;.
jhuhf;fbJ.
nra;ah vd;Dk; Mfhu <w;W tpidnar;rk;
nra;ah vd;Dk; tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk;

mt;tpay; jphpahJ vd;kdhh; Gyth; (222)
ngaNuad;wp nra;ah vd;Dk; tha;g;ghl;L> Mfhu <w;W tpid vr;rr;

nrhy;Yk;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk; mt;tpay;gpy; khwhJ> mjhtJ f r j g
f;fs; thpd; kpf;F KbAk;. cz;zhf; nfhz;lhd;.
Mfhu <w;W ck;ikj; njhifg;Gzh;r;rp
ck;ik vQ;rpa ,Ungah;j; njhifnkhop

nka;k;ik ahf mfuk; kpFNk (223)

91
ck;ik njhf;F> ,Ungah; njhlh;e;j njhifr; nrhw;fspy;>

nghUz;ikAilajhf Xh; mfuk; epiynkhop <w;wpy; kpf;F KbAk;.
nka;k;ikahf-nghUSzh;r;rp jUkhW. ,uhmg; gfy;. ,uhg;gfy; vdpy; ,y;yhj
gfnydTk; nghUs;gl;L tpLk;. Mjyhy; ,e;ePl;rp Vw;gl;lJ.
,ay;ghf KbAk; Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
MTk; khTk; tpspg;ngah;f; fpstpAk;

ahntd; tpdhTk; gytw; wpWjpAk;
Vty; Fwpj;j ciuair kpahTk;
jd;njhopy; ciuf;Fk; tpdhtpd; fpstpnahL
md;wp midj;Jk; ,ay;ngd nkhopg (224)
M> kh vd;Dk; ngah;fSk; tpspj;jiyAila cah;jpizg; ngaUk; ah

vd;Dk; tpdhg;ngaUk; m/wpizg; gd;ikg; nghUis czh;j;Jk; Mfhu <w;W
tpidKw;Wk; Vtiyf; Fwpf;Fk; ciuairahfpa kpah vd;w Mfhu <w;W
,ilr;nrhy;Yk; jdJ nraiyf; Fwpf;Fk; Mfhu <w;W tpdhtpidAila
tpidr;nrhy;Yk; Mfpa mit midj;Jk; ,ay;gha; KbAk;. gytw;W ,Wjp –
vjph;kiw tpidKw;Wf;fs; m/wpizg; gd;ikapy; Mfhu <w;Wld; tUk;.
mitNa ,q;F gytw;W Mfhu ,Wjp vdg;gl;ld. (cz;zh Fjpiufs;-
Fjpiufs; cz;zh – cz;z khl;lh) jd; njhopy; ciuf;Fk; tpdhtpd; fpstp
– Kd;G cz;fh fz;zh vd;why;>„fz;zh ahd; cz;zl;Lkh‟ vd
tpdTtjhFk;. jd;ik ,lj;J tpidiaf; Fwpf;Fk; tpdhtbtr; nrhy; ,J.
Mfhu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp
Mfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fs;> my;topapy; kl;Lky;yhky;> Ntw;WikapYk;

ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; te;jtop> mfu <w;W my;topNghy xUjd;ikj;jha;
ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. jhuhf;fhy; (jhuhtpd; fhy;). ,q;qdk; khl;Nlw;wpf;
$WtJ. njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhd newpahFk;. Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;ij
kl;Lkd;wp> kpf Kw;gl;ltw;iwAk; njhy;fhg;gpah; khl;Nlw;wp epidT$ur;
nra;thh;. ,q;qdk; mth; khl;Nlw;Wk; newpfs; gythFk;. njhy;fhg;gpak;
KOikAk; jdpnahUth; gilg;ngd;gjw;F ,/njhU rhd;whFk;. njhy;fhg;gpah;
jkJ E}y; KOikAk; xUth;f;F epidtpypUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;thW gapy
Ntz;Lnkd ,jd;top tw;GWj;Jfpwhh; vdyhk;.

92
Fwpw;fo
P ; MfhuKk; jdp MfhuKk;
Fwpajd; Kd;tUk; XnuOj;J nkhopf;Fk;

mwpaj; Njhd;Wk; mfuf; fpstp (226)
Fw;nwOj;jpd; Kd;dpw;Fk; Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; XnuOj;J

xUnkhopaha; epw;Fk; Mfhu <w;Wr;nrhy;Yf;Fk; mtw;iw ed;fwpAkhW ,ilNa
mfu vOj;Jj; Njhd;Wk;. gymf;NfhL> fhmf;Fiw (fh-fhtb)
,uh vd;Dk; Mfhu <W
,uhntd; fpstpf;F mfu kpy;iy (227)
,uh vd;Dk; Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yf;F> Kw;$wpa mfug;NgW ,y;iy.

,uhf;nfhz;lhd; (,utpy; nfhz;lhd;)
epyh vd;Dk; Mfhu <W
epyhntd; fpstp mj;njhL rptZk; (228)
epyh vd;Dk; nrhy; mj;Jr; rhhpianahL nghUe;Jk;. epyhj;Jf;

nfhz;lhd;.
Mfhu <w;W kug;ngah;fs;
ahkuf; fpstpAk; gplhTe; jshTk;

MKg; ngUk; nky;nyOj;J kpFNk (229)
ah> gplh> jsh Mfpa Mfhu <w;W %d;W kug;ngah;fSk;

nky;nyOj;Jkpf;F KbAk;. ahmq;NfhL (kuf;fpis)
mtw;Wf;F NkYk; xU KbG
ty;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khd kpy;iy (230)
Nkw;Rl;ba %d;W kug;ngah;fspYk; nky;nyOj;Njad;wp> ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F KbapDk; Fw;wkpy;iy. ahmf;NfhL. khdk; ,y;iy – Fw;wkpy;iy.
kh vd;Dk; kug;ngaUk; M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;fpd; ngah;fSk;
khkuf; fpstpAk; MTk; khTk;

MKg; ngaUk; mtw;Nwh ud;d
mfuk; ty;nyOj;J mitmtz; epiyah
dfuk; xw;Wk; MTk; khTk; (231)

93
kh vDk; kug;ngah;r; nrhy;Yk; M> kh vd;Dk; tpyq;ifAzh;j;Jk;

ngah;fSk; Mfpa %d;Wk; Kw;$wpa XnuOj;J nkhop ah kur;nrhy;
Kjypatw;NwhL xj;j jd;ikAiladthFk;. M> kh vd;gd ,uz;Lk; mfuKk;
nky;nyOj;Jkhfpa mit mt;tplj;J epiyngwhtha; dfu xw;Wg; ngw;W
epw;Fk;. xw;Wk;-xw;whfg; nghUe;Jk;. khmq;fpis> Md;nfhk;G-ty;nyOj;J
,lk;ngwhJ.
Mg;ngah;g;Gg; Gzh;r;rp NkYk; xUtpjp
Md;xw;W mfunkhL epiyapld; cilj;Nj (232)
M vd;Dk; nrhy; ngw;W epd;w dfu xw;whfpa rhhpiaAld;> Xh; mfuk;

Nrh;e;J epw;Fk; ,lKk; cz;L. Md; vd;gJ „Md‟ Mfp „Md nea;‟ vdg;gLk;.
Md;nea; vd;gNj kpFjp.
mjDld; gfu <fhuk; Gzh;jy;
Md;Kd; t&ck; <fhu gfuk;

jhd;kpfj; Njhd;wpf; FWfYk; chpj;Nj (233)
„Md;‟ vd;w dfur; rhhpia ngw;w nrhy;Kd; tUk; gfu <fhukhfpa

,lf;fh;r;nrhy;> jhd; jd; xw;W kpFe;J> mjpYs;s <fhuk; ,fukhjYKz;L
(FWfhJ epw;wYKz;L). Mg;gp> Mg;gP.
Mfhu <W rpytw;Wf;F cfug;NgW
Fwpajd; ,Wjpr; rpidnfl cfuk;

mwpa tUjy; nra;Ass; chpj;Nj. (234)
Fwpajd; ,Wjp „M‟ xU khj;jpiu nfl;L> cfuk; ngw;W tpsq;Fjy;>

nra;ASf;FhpajhFk;. rpid-xU khj;jpiu msG. Fwpajd; ,Wjp MTs;s
nrhw;fs;. ,uh> gyh> ,wh> jlh> Gwh Kjypad. xU khj;jpiu Fiwe;jhy;
,it ,u> gy> ,w> jl> Gw vd epw;Fk;. cfuk; ngw;why; ,uT> gyT> ,wT
(kPd;)> jlT (kuk;)> GwT vd MFk;.
,fu <W
,fu <w;Wg; ngah;fspd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
,fu ,Wjpg; ngah;epiy Kd;dh;

Ntw;Wik khapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (235)

94
,fu <w;Wg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; Kd;ghf> f r j g thpd;>Ntw;Wikahapd;

ty;nyOj;J kpFk;. fpspr;rpwF> ,jw;F my;top KbG njhif kugpw;
$wg;gl;lJ.
,fu <w;W tpidr;nrhy;Yk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;
,dpmzp vd;Dq; fhiyAk; ,lDk;

tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk; Rl;Lk; md;d (236)
,dp> mzp vd;Dk; fhyKk; ,lKk; czh;j;Jk; nrhw;fSk; ,fu <w;W

tpidnar;rr; nrhy;Yk; ,fur; Rl;bilr; nrhy;Yk; Nkw;$wpathW ty;nyOj;J
kpf;F KbAk;. ,dpg;NgRf> mzpr;nrd;whd;> ghbg;gwe;jJ. ,f;nfhw;whd;.
,d;wp vd;Dk; tpidnar;rk;-nra;As; KbG
,d;wp vd;Dk; tpidnar;r ,Wjp

epd;w ,fuk; cfuk; Mjy;
njhd;wpay; kUq;fpd; nra;ASs; chpj;Nj (237)
,d;wp tiu tpid vr;rr; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; ,fuk;> gioik

njhl;L tUk; kuGtopapNy nra;ASs; cfukhf khWtJz;L. ,d;wp-,d;W.
„cg;gpd;wp cz;f‟ vd;gJ „cg;gpd;W cz;f‟ vd tUjYz;L. md;wp vd;gJk;
nra;ASs; md;W MjYz;L.
,fur;Rl;Lg; Gzh;r;rp
Rl;bd; ,aw;if Kw;fpse; jw;Nw (238)
,fu <w;Wr; Rl;bdJ ,ay;G> Kd; mfutPw;Wr; nrhy;ypw;Ff; $wg;gl;l

jd;ikj;jhk;. 204 Kjy; 208 tiu mfur;Rl;bw;Ff; $wg;gl;lit ,q;F ,fu
<w;Wf;Fk; khl;Nlw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. nky;nyOj;J thpd; kpFk;. ,Q;Qhd;W> ,e;E}y;>
,ilnaOj;Jk; capUk; thpd; tfu xw;W kpFk;. ,t;aho;> ,t;Taph;> nra;ASs;
ePz;birf;Fk;. Mtapd; Nghy <tapd; vd tUk;.
J}zp Kd; gjf;F tUjy;
gjf;F thpNd J}zpf; fpstp

Kjw;fpse; njLj;j Ntw;Wik apaw;Nw (239)
J}zp vd;w nrhy; Kd; gjf;F vd;w nrhy; thpd; Kd;G tpje;J
nrhy;ypa Ntw;Wik Kbgpd; ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. gjf;F>

95
J}zp vd;g Kfj;jsitg; ngah;fs;> Kjw;fpse;J vLj;j-Kjypy; rpwg;ghf

vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypa> J}zpg;gjf;F.
ehop Kd; chp tUjy;
chptU fhiy ehopf; fpstp

,Wjp ,fuk; nka;nahLq; nfLNk
lfhuk; xw;Wk; Mtap dhd (240)
„chp‟ Kfj;jysitg; ngah; tUnkhopahf tUk;NghJ> ehop vDk;

nrhy;ypd; ,fu ,Wjp m/J}h;e;J epd;w nka;NahLk; nfLk;. mq;F lfhu xw;W
tUk;. ehop+chp> ehl;+chp=ehLhp.
gdp vd;Dk; ,futPw;Wr; nrhy;
gdpnad c&cq; fhy Ntw;Wikf;F

mt;tpay; epiyay; nrt;tp njd;g (241)
gdp vd tUfpd;w gUtfhy NtWghl;il czh;j;Jk; nrhy;Yf;F vjpNu

f r j gf;fs; thpd; mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; rhhpiafshf tUk;. gdpaj;Jf;
nfhz;lhd;> gdpapw; nrd;whd;> gdpf;fhyk; - Kd;gdp> gpd;gdpf;fhyq;fs;. fhy
Ntw;Wikf;F – gUt NtWghl;il czh;j;Jk; nrhy;Yf;F.
tsp vd;Dk; ,futPw;Wr; nrhy;
tspnad c&ck; G+jf; fpstpAk;

mt;tpay; epiyay; nrt;tp njd;g (242)
tsp vd;W tUk; Ik;g+jq;fspy; xd;whd fhw;iw czh;j;Jk; nrhy;Yk;

mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; rhhpiaahfg; ngWjy; nrt;tpnjd;W Gyth; nrhy;Yth;.
tspaj;Jf; nfhz;lhd;. tspapw;nfhz;lhd;.
cjp vd;Dk; ,futPw;W kug;ngah;
cjpkuf; fpstp nky;nyOj;J kpFNk (243)
cjp vDk; kug;ngha; Kd; f r j gf;fs; thpd;> mtw;wpw;F ,dkhd

nky;nyOj;Jf;fs; kpFk;. cjpq;NfhL.
Gsp vd;Dk; ,futPw;W kug;ngah;
Gspkuf; fpstpf;F mk;Nk rhhpia (244)

96
Gsp vDk; kug;ngah;r; nrhy;Yf;F mk;Kr; rhhpia tUk;. Gspaq;fpis>

Gspak;gok;.
Gsp vd;Dk; ,futPw;Wr; Ritg;ngah;
Vidg; Gspg;ngah; nky;nyOj;J kpFNk (245)
kuj;ijay;yhky; Ritia czh;j;Jk;„Gsp‟ vDk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;F>

nky;nyOj;J kpFk;. Gspq;$o;.
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
ty;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khdk; ,y;iy

xy;top mwpjy; tof;fj; jhNd (246)
Kw;$wpa RitAzh;j;Jk; „Gsp‟f;F nky;nyOj;Njad;wp> ty;nyOj;J

kpfpDk; Fw;wkpy;iy. tof;fj;jpy; nghUe;Jkpl kwpf. mwpjy;-mwpf. Gspf;$o;>
Gspr;NrhW.
,futPw;W ehl;ngah;Kd; tpidr;nrhy; Gzh;jy;
ehs;Kd; Njhd;Wk; njhopy;epiyf; fpstpf;F

Md;,il tUjy; Iak; ,d;Nw (247)
ehs;ngauhd guzp NghYk; ,futPw;Wr; nrhy;Yf;F kd; tpidr;nrhy;

tUk;Nghj> Md; rhhpia ,ilapy; tUjypy; Iak; ,y;iy. guzpahw;
nfhz;lhd; (guzp ehspy; jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhd;) ehs; -el;rj;jpuk;.
,futPw;Wj; jpq;fl;ngah;Kd; tpidr;nrhy; Gzh;jy;
jpq;fs; Kd;thpd; ,q;Nf rhhpia (248)
jpq;fis czh;j;Jk; ngah;r;nrhy;Kd; tpidr;nrhy; thpd;> ,q;Ff;

rhhpia ,ilapy; tUk;. Mbf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;.
<fhu <W
my;topapy; <w;Wg;ngah;fs
; Gzh;jy;
<fhu ,Wjp Mfhu ,aw;Nw (249)
<fhu <w;Wg;ngah;> Mfhu <W ngw;w Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisNa ngWk;. ,aw;W-

,ay;gpw;W. ,yf;fzKilaJ. my;topapy; f r j g f;fs; vjpNuthpd; kpf;F
KbAk; vd;gjhk;. <f;fbJ. <r;rpwpJ> my;topapy; j r j gf;fs; Kd;thpd;
jj;jkf;F xj;j xw;W ,ilkpFk; vd;gJ mfu <w;W ,yf;fzk;. mJ
97
Mfhuj;jpw;F khl;Nlw;wg;gl;lJ. Mfhu ,Wjp ,q;F <fhu ,Wjpf;F

khl;Nlw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
eP> kP Kjypa <fhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;
ePvd; ngaUk; ,lf;fh;g; ngaUk;

kPvd khP,a ,lk;tiu fpstpAk;
Mtapd; ty;nyOj;Jj; jpaw;if ahFk; (250)
eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngaUk; gfu <fhukhfpa ,lf;fh;g;ngaUk;

kP vd;Dk; Xh; ,lj;jpid tiue;Jzh;j;Jk; kUtp toq;Fk; nrhy;Yk; NkNy
$wpa ty;nyOj;Jg; ngwhJ> my;topapy; ,ay;gha; KbAk;. eP fhz;> kP fz;
(fz;zpd; Nkw;gFjp).
kP vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F NkYk; xU KbG
,lk;tiu fpstpKd; ty;nyOj;J kp$ck;

cldpiy nkhopAk; csntd nkhopg (251)
,lk;tiu fpstp vdg;gl;l> ,lj;ij tiue;Jzh;j;Jk; kP vDk; nrhy;Kd;

ty;nyOj;J kpFfpd;w> xd;wp epw;Fk; nkhopfSk; csntd;W nrhy;thh;fs;.
kPgg
; y;.
<fhu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
<fhu <w;Wg;ngah; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; Kw;$wpa Mfhu <w;W

my;topNahL xUjd;ikj;jha;> ty;nyOj;J thpd; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.
caph;kaq;fpay; Kjy; E}w;gh. ,q;qdk; njhlh;e;J khl;Nlw;wg;gLk; Kiw
rpe;jpj;jw;FhpaJ.
eP vd;Dk; <fhu <w;Wg;ngah;
eP vd; xUngah; cUgpay; epiyAk;

Mtapd; ty;nyOj; jpaw;if ahFk; (253)
eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiy xUikg;ngah;. Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;fz;

cUG Gzh;r;rpf;Ff; $wpathW epiy ngw;W KbAk;. mjhtJ neLKjy; FWfp
dfu xw;Wg;ngWk;. mt;tplj;Nj ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghf epw;Fk;. epd;if.

98
cfu <W
my;topapy; cfu <w;Wg; ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
cfu ,Wjp mfu ,aw;Nw (254)
cfu <w;Wg; ngah;fs; my;topf;fz; mfu <w;W my;topg; Gzh;r;rpf;Ff;

$wpa ,ay;Gg;gb GzUk;. f r j gf;fs; thpd; kpf;F KbAk; vd;gjhk;. ghl;Lg;
nghpJ> gl;Lr; rpwpJ.
cfur;Rl;bd; Kd; td;fzk; Gzh;jy;
Rl;bd; Kd;dUk; mj;njhopw; whFk;. (255)
cfu <w;Wr; Rl;bd; Kd;dUk; ty;nyOj;J tUkplj;J> mfu <w;Wr;

Rl;bw;F my;topapd;fz; epfOk; Gzh;r;rpg;gb ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.
mj;njhopw;whFk;-mg;Gzh;r;rp tpjpg;gb elf;Fk;. cg;gLf;if.
cfur;Rl;bd;Kd; nkd;fzk; Kjypad
Vdit thpNd Nky;epiy apay;Ng (256)
cfu <w;Wr; Rl;bd;Kd; ty;ypdk; my;yhj gpw fzq;fs; thpd;> Kd;G

mfutPw;Wr; Rl;bw;Ff; $wpa ,ay;gpidg; ngWk;. mjhtJ jd; xw;W kpf;F
KbAk;. cQ;Qhd;W> Vdit gpw fzq;fs;. jkpopy; caph;f;fzk;> td;fzk;>
nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk; vd ehd;fhff; $Wth;. ,tw;Ws; td;fzk; gw;wpa
Gzh;r;rp tpjpfNs kpFjp.
cfutPw;Wr; Rl;bd;Kd; typ ,ay;ghjy;
Rl;LKjy; ,Wjp ,ay;gh Fk;Nk (257)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila cfu <w;Wg;ngah;> Nkw;$wpa ty;nyOj;J

kpfhJ> ,ay;gha; KbAk;. mJFwpJ> ,JrpwpJ.
cfutPw;Wr; Rl;Lf;Fr; nra;As; KbG
md;WtU fhiy Mth FjYk;

ItU fhiy nka;tiue;J nfLjYk;
nra;As; kUq;fpd; chpj;njd nkhopg (258)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila ngahpd; cfu <W „md;W‟ tUnkhopaha;

tUk;NghJ „M‟ MFk;. I ,ilapy; tUk;NghJ mt;Tfuk; jd; nka;ia

99
tpl;Ltpl;Lf; nfLk;. mt;tpU KbGk; nra;Al;fz; chpadthFk;.

mJ+md;W=mjhd;W. mJ+I=mij.
cfu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
cfutPw;Wg; ngah; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf; fz;Zk; mfutPw;W

md;nkhopNahL xj;jjhFk;. mjhtJ ty;nyOj;J te;jtop ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;. gl;Lg;GO.
cfu <w;W vU> nrU vd;Dk; nrhw;fs;
vUTk; nrUTk; mk;nkhL rptzpj;

jphpgpld; cila njhpAq; fhiy
mk;kpd; kfuk; nrUtapd; nfLNk
jk;nkhw;W kp$ck; ty;nyOj; jpaw;if (260)
vU> nrU nrhw;fs; mk;Kr; rhhpia nghUe;jp> Kd; nrhd;d Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;Gzh;r;rpapdpd;W NtWgLkplq;fs; cs. „nrU‟r; nrhy;ypy; „mk;‟kpd;
kfuk; nfLk;. nfl;ltplj;J ty;nyOj;jhfpa jk; xw;W kpf;F KbAk;.
vU+Fop=vUtf;Fop> nrU+fsk;=nrUtq;fsk;> vUf;Fop> nrUf;fsk; vd;Wk;
nghJ tpjpg;gb mikAk;.
„O‟ vd;Dk; cfu <W
ofu cfuk; ePbld; cilj;Nj

cfuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd (261)
cfu <w;W nkhopfSs;>„O‟ ,Wjp> Cfhukha; ePz;L KbAk; ,lDz;L.

mt;tplj;Nj „cfuk;‟ te;J Kba Ntz;Lk;. g*cg;gy;> v*cf;fjT> ePbld;
cilj;Nj vd;wjhy;> ,J nra;Asplj;njd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
xL vd;Dk; kug;ngah;
xLkuf; fpstp cjpku ,aw;Nw (262)
„xL‟ kur;nrhy;>„cjp‟ kur;nrhy; Nghy nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W KbAk;.

xLq;fpis.

100
cfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngah; rhhpia ngWjy;
Rl;LKjy; ,Wjp cUgpay; epiyAk;

xw;wpil kpfhm ty;nyOj; jpaw;if (263)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila cfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs;> cUG Gzh;r;rpapy;

nrhd;d ,ay;gpNy epd;W „md;‟ rhhpia ngw;W cfuk; nfl;L KbAk;.
xw;WkpFk; ty;nyOj;jpd; ,aw;ifahd xw;W> ,q;F kpfhJ.
mJ+md;+fpis=mjd;fpis.
Cfhu <W
my;topapy; Cfhu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
Cfhu ,Wjp Mfhu ,aw;Nw (264)
Cfhu <w;Wg;ngah;> Mfhu tPw;W my;topapd; ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J

te;jtop ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. nfhz;%g; nghpJ. nfhz;%-Nkfk;. Cfhu
,Wjp mfutPw;iwg; Nghd;wJ vdf; $whky; Mfhu <w;iw khl;Nlw;wpa jpwd;
mwpjw;ghyJ. nra;As; eak;> epidT Nghw;wy; fUjp> khl;Nlw;wpajd;Nky;
khl;Nlw;Wjy; xU njhy;fhg;gpag; gz;ghFk;.
Cfhu <w;W tpidr;nrhw;fs;
tpidnaQ;R fpstpf;Fk; Kd;dpiy nkhopf;Fk;

epidAq; fhiy mt;tif tiuahh; (265)
Cfhu <w;W tpidnar;rr; nrhy;ypw;Fk; Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yf;Fk;

MuhAq;fhyj;J> mt;thW ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk; ,ay;ig ePff
; khl;lhh;fs;.
cz;Z}r; nrd;whd;> J}f;nfhw;wh. J}-J}Tthahf.
Cfhu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp
Cfhu <w;W Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf; fz;Zk; mt; Mfhu <w;W

my;topNahL xj;j ,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J te;jtplj;J ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;. nfhz;%f; $l;lk; „Ntw;Wikf; fhZk; mjNdhuw;Nw‟ vd;w E}w;gh 216>
225> 252> 259 Mfpa ,lq;fspy; mfu> Mfhu><fhu> cfu <Wfl;Fk; te;Js;sJ.
xNu eilj;jhapDk; ,lk;Nehf;fp mt;ttw;wpf;Fg; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

101
Fwpw;fO
P k; jdpnkhopapYk; tUk; Cfhu <Wfs;
Fw;nwOj; jpk;gUk; XnuOj;J nkhopf;Fk;

epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; cfuf; fpstp (267)
Fw;nwOj;ijr; rhh;e;j Cfhu <w;Wr; nrhy;Yf;Fk; C <w;W XnuOj;Jr;

nrhy;Yf;Fk; ,Wjpapy; Xh; cfu vOj;Jj; Njhd;wp epw;Fk;. c^cf;Fiw>
J}cf;Fiw>cL-tpz;kPd;> J}-typik> fpstp-<z;L vOj;J.
G+ vd;Dk; Cfhu <w;Wg;ngah;
G+vd; xUngah; M,ay; gpd;Nw

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; chpj;Nj (268)
G+ vDk; kyiuf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah;r;nrhy;Yf;F cfug;NgW ,y;iy.

mt;tplj;J ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; rpWghd;ikAz;L. ngUk;ghd;ik
nky;nyOj;J Kf;F KbAk;. M ,ay;G – mt;tpay;G. kpFjYk; vd;w ck;ik
kpfhikiag; nghpJk; Rl;Lk;. G+q;nfhb-G+f;nfhb vd;gJ rpWghd;ik.
C vd;Dk; XnuOj;njhUnkhop
Cvd; xUngah; MnthL rptZk; (269)
C vd;Dk; jiria czh;j;Jk; ngah;r;nrhy;. M vd;Dk; ngaNuhL

xj;j tpjp ngWk;. mjhtJ dfu xw;whfpa rhhpia ngWk;. Cd;Fiw.
mJ mf;Fr; rhhpia ngWjy;
mf;nfd; rhhpia ngWjYk; chpj;Nj

jf;ftop mwpjy; tof;fj; jhd (270)
C vd;Dk; ngah; Nkw;$wpa dfu xw;nwhL> mf;Fr; rhhpia ngw;W

KbjYk; chpj;J. tof;fplj;J mt;thW tUkplk; ahnjd mwpe;Jnfhs;f.
Cdf; Fiw (jirf;Fiw).
MLc kfLc vd;Dk; Cfhu <w;Wg;ngah;fs;
M^c mf^c MapU ngah;f;Fk;

,d;dpil thpDk; khd kpy;iy (271)
M^c> kf^c vd;w cah;jpizg; ngah; ,uz;lDf;Fk;> ty;nyOj;J

kpFjNyad;wp> ,d; rhhpia ,ilthpDk; Fw;wkpy;iy. khdk;-Fw;wk;. M^cf;if
vd;gjd;wp MLctpd; if vdTk; tUnkd;gjhk;.

102
vfu> xfu <W

my;topapy; vfu xfu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
vfu xfuk; ngah;ff

; PW Mfh
Kd;dpiy nkhopa vd;kdhh; Gyth;
Njw;wKQ; rpwg;Gk; my;top ahd. (272)
vfuKk; xfuKk; ngah;r;nrhw;F <W Mfh. tpidr;nrhy;Ys; Kd;dpiy

nkhopaplj;jdtha;> f r j g f;fs; thpd; kpf;Fg; GzUk; vd;gh; GyNthh;.
Njw;wk; Fwpf;Fk; ,ilr;nrhy;yha; tUk; vfuKk; rpwg;Gf; Fwpf;Fk;
,ilr;nrhy;yha; tUk; xfu <Wk; jtph;j;J> NkNy Rl;ba ,lj;jpy; kl;LNK
tUnkd;gjhk;. my;topahd-my;yhj ,lj;jpy;> Vvf;nfhw;wh> Xxf;Fkuh vd
tUk;. ,it VTjw; nghUz;ika> mfu thpirg;gb tpjp $wptUgth;. ,q;F
vfu xfuq;fisr; Nrh;j;Jf; $wpaJ> ,yf;fz tpjp kpfTk; xj;JtUtJ
fUjpNaahFk;.
vfuxfu ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
Njw;w vfuKk; rpwg;gpd; xt;Tk;

Nkw; $wpaw;if ty;nyOj;J kpfh. (273)
Njw;wg; nghUs;jUk; vfu ,ilr;nrhy;Yk;> rpwg;Gg; nghUs;jUk; xfu

,ilr;nrhy;Yk; NkNy $wpa Kd;dpiy tpidr;nrhy;Yf;Fhpa ,ay;ghd
ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;. mtNdv nra;jhd;> mtNdhx
nfhLj;jhd;> msngilaha; epd;W vfuxfuq;fs; <whapd. ,it ,q;qdk;
kl;LNk <whFk; vd;gJ Kd;Ng $wg;gl;lJ.
Vfhu<W
my;topapy; Vfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
Vfhu ,Wjp Cfhu ,aw;Nw (274)
Vfhu <w;Wg; ngah; Cfhu ,Wjpg; ngahpd; ,ay;GilaJ. my;topapy;

ty;nyOj;J te;jtop> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. khl;Nlw;W rq;fpypj;
njhlh;Nghy; mfu <W njhlq;fp elg;gJ fhz;f. Nrf;fbJ.
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhw;fs;
khWnfhs; vr;rKk; tpdhTk; vz;Zk;

$wpa ty;;nyOj;J ,aw;if ahFk; (275)

103
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; vjph;kiw vr;rg; nghUshapDk; tpdhg; nghUspDk;

vz;zg; nghUspYk; tUk;NghJ> Nkw;$wpa ty;nyOj;Jg; ngwhJ> ,ay;gha;
KbAk;. ahNd nra;Njd;> ePNa nra;jha;?.
Vfhu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Vfhu <W> Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf; fz;Zk; Nkw;$wpa my;topNahL

xj;j ,ay;gpw;whFk;. mjhtJ ty;ypdk; te;jtop mt;ty;ypdNk kpf;F KbAk;.
Ntf;flk; (NtjiyAila Flk;)
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
Vnad; ,Wjpf;F vfuk; tUNk (277)
Ntw;Wikf;fz; V vd; ,Wjpf;F vfuk; tUk;. V vd;Dk; ,Wjp> vfuk;

ngw;W Vv vd epw;Fk;. Vvg; Gio (V-mk;G).
Nr vd;Dk; Vfhu <w;W kug;ngah;
Nrvd; kug;ngah; xLku ,aw;Nw (278)
Nr vd;Dk; kuj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; ngah; xLku tpjpiag; ngw;W>

nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. Nrq;NfhL.
Nr vd;Dk; Vfhu <w;W tpyq;fpd; ngah;
ngw;wk; Mapd; Kw;w,d; Ntz;Lk; (279)
Kw;$wpa Nr vd;gJ ngw;wk; (gR) vDk; nghUsjhapd;> ,d;rhhpia

ngw;W epiwTngw Ntz;Lk;. Nrtpd; nfhk;G.
Ifhu <W
Ifhu <w;Wg; ngahpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Ifhu ,Wjpg; ngah;epiy Kd;dh;

Ntw;Wik Mapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (280)
Ifhu <w;Wg; ngah;r;nrhy; Kd;dh;> ty;ypdk; te;jtop> Ntw;Wikg;

Gzh;r;rpahapd;> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. ahidf;NfhL.

104
Ifhu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngah;g;Gzh;r;rp
Rl;LKjy; ,Wjp cUgpay; epiyAk; (281)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila Ifhu <w;Wg;ngah; ,Wjp cUG Gzh;r;rpapy;

$wpa tpjpg;gb elf;Fk;. Ifhuk; nfl;Lk; nflhJk; tw;Wr; rhhpia ngw;W
elf;Fk;. mtw;Wr;nrtp> mitaw;Wr;nrtp> cUgpay; epiyAk; vd cUG
Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs; gy ,lj;Jk; khl;Nlw;wg;gl;Ls;sik fhz;f.
tpir> nQik> eik Ifhu <w;W kug;ngah;fs;
tpirkuf; fpstpAk; nQikAk; eikAk;

mitKg; ngaUk;Nrku ,ay (282)
tpir> nQik> eik vd;w %d;W kug;ngah;fSk; Nrkuj;jpw;F Xjpa

,yf;fzj;ijAilad. ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;.
cjpku ,yf;fzk; 243> xL kuj;jpw;F Vw;wg; ngw;W 262. mJ Nrkuj;jpw;F
Vw;wg;ngw;W 278> m/J ,q;F Ifhu <w;W kug;ngaUf;F khl;Nlw;wg;gl;Ls;s
rq;fpypj;njhlh; Nghd;w khl;Nlw;woF rpe;jpf;fj;jf;fJ. tpirq;fpis>
eikQ;nrjps;.
gid> miu> Mtpiu Ifhu <w;W kug;ngah;fs;
gidAk; miuAk; Mtpiuf; fpstpAk;

epidAq; fhiy mk;nkhL rptZk;
Inad; ,Wjp miutiue;J nfLNk
nka;mtz; xopa vd;kdhh; Gyth; (283)
MuhAkplj;J gid> miu> Mtpiu vd;w Ifhu ,Wjp kug;ngah;fs;

mk;Kr; rhhpia ngw;Wg; GzUk;. I vd;gJ <W miu kuk; jtph;j;J>Vida
,uz;bYk;> jhd; Vwpa nka; epw;fj; jhd;kl;Lk; nfLk;. gid+fha;=gdq;fha;>
miu+fha;=miuaq;fha;> Mtpiu+G+=Mtpuo;G> miu tiue;J – miu vd;Dk;
ngah; jtph;j;J. xopa –epw;f.
gid Kd;d ml;L tUjy;
gidapd; Kd;dh; ml;LtU fhiy

epiyapd; whFk; Ivd; capNu
Mfhuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd (284)

105
gid vd;Dk; nrhy;Kd; ml;L tUnkhopahFk;NghJ> I vDk; caph;

kiwAk;. Mfhuk; te;J mk;nka;k; Nky; Vwp epw;Fk;. gid+ml;L=gdhml;L.
gid Kd; nfhb tUjy;
nfhbKd; thpNd Imtd; epw;gf;

fbepiy ,d;Nw ty;nyOj;J kpFjp (285)
mg;gidr; nrhy;Kd; nfhb te;J Gzhpd; I mq;F epw;f ty;nyOj;J

kpFjy; fbag;glhJ. fbepiy ,d;W – ePf;Fk; epiyik ,y;iy. gidf;nfhb.
Ifhu <w;Wj; jpq;fl;ngaUk; ehl;ngaUk;
jpq;fSk; ehSk; Ke;Jfpse; jd;d (286)
Ifhu <w;Wj; jpq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk; ngaUk; ehis czh;j; J; ngaUk;

Kd;G ,futPw;Wj; jpq;fSk; ehSk; ngw;w tpjpiag; ngWk;. mjhtJ KiwNa
,f;Fk; MDk; Mfpa rhhpiafisg; ngWk;. rpj;jpiuf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;>
Mjpiuahw; nfhz;lhd;.
kio vd;Dk; Ifhu <w;Wr;nrhy;
kionad; fpstp tspapay; epiyAk; (287)
kio vd;Dk; Ifhu ,Wjpr;nrhy;Yk; ,fu ,Wjpr; nrhy;yhfpa „tsp‟

vd;gjw;Fr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,yf;fzg;gb elf;Fk;. ,ay;-,ay;G> ,yf;fzk;.
mjhtJ mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; ngw;Wk; KbAk;. kioaj;Jf; fz;lhd;.
Ntl;if Kd; mth tUjy;: nra;As; KbG
nra;As; kUq;fpd; Ntl;if vd;Dk;

Inad; ,Wjp mthKd; thpNd
nka;nahLq; nfLjy; vd;kdhh; Gyth;
lfhuk; zfhuk; Mjy; Ntz;Lk; (288)
nra;Aspy; my;topapy; Ntl;if vd;Dk; I <w;Wr;nrhy;Yf;F mth vDk;

nrhy; tUnkhopaha; Kd;Nd thpd;> mt; Ifhuk; jhD}h;e;j nka;nahLk; nfLk;
vdg; Gyth; $Wth;. mt;tplj;J lfhunthw;W> zfhu xw;whjy; Ntz;Lk;.
Ntl;if+mth> Ntl;+mth> Ntz;+mth> Ntzth. Ntzth Ngr;rpNyw;gl;l
k&c thjy; $Lk;. mjw;Fr; Rw;wp tisj;J ,yf;fzk; tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

106
Xfhu <W
my;topapy; Xfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
Xfhu ,Wjp Vfhu ,aw;Nw (289)
Xfhu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; my;topf;fz; Vfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fspd; ,ay;gpw;wha;

KbAk;. ty;nyOj;J tUtop ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. Xr;rpwpJ (X-kjFePh;
jhq;Fk; gyif)
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy; Gzh;r;rp
khWnfhs; vr;rKk; tpdhTk; IaKk;

$wpa ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if ahFk; (290)
vjph;kiwahk; vr;rg; nghUs;jUk; XfhuKk; tpdhTk; IaKkhfpa

nghUz;ikAila Xfhuq;fSk;> Kd;G ngah;f;Ff; $wpa ty;nyOj;J kpfhky;>
,ay;ghf KbAk;. ty;nyOj;J ,aw;ifahFk; - ty;nyOj;J ,d;wp (kpfhky;)
,ay;ghFk;. khWnfhs; vr;rk; - vjph;kiw vr;rg;nghUs;. ahNdh nfhz;Nld;.
ePNah nghpatd;.
xopapir Xfhuk;
xope;jjd; epiyAk; nkhope;jtw;W ,aw;Nw (291)
Xfhu <w;Wg;ngah; Ntw;Wikf;fz;Zk;> my;topNahL xj;J ty;nyOj;J

kpf;F KbAk;. mt;tplj;J xfuk; tUk;. Xxf;nfhLik.
Xfhu <w;Wg; ngah;fspd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; mjNdh uw;Nw

xfuk; tUjy; Mtap dhd (292)
Xfhu <w;Wg;ngah; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;> my;topNahL xj;J ty;n

; yOj;J
kpf;F KbAk;. mt;tplj;J xfuk; tUk;. Xxf;nfhLik.
Nfh Kd; ,y; tUjy;
,y;nyhL fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if ahFk; (293)
Xfhu <w;wjhfpa Nfh vDk; nrhy;iy „,y;‟nyDk; nrhy;NyhL $l;br;

nrhd;dhy; xfue; Njhd;whJ> ,ay;ghf cs;sgb GzUk;. Nfhapy;> Nfh vDk;
vOtha; tUtpf;fg;ngw;wJ.

107
rpy Xfhu <Wfs; rhhpia ngWjy;
cUgpay; epiyAk; nkhopAkh UsNt

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if ahFk;. (294)
Xfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSld; cUG Gzh;r;rpf;F Xjpa ,yf;fzg;gb

KbtdTKs. mt;tplj;J ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghfg; GzUk;.
xsfhu <W
my;top Ntw;Wik ,uz;bYk; xsfhu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
xsfhu ,Wjpg; ngah;epiy Kd;dh;

my;top ahDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;
ty;nyOj;J kpFjy; tiuepiy ,d;Nw
mt;tpU <w;Wk; cfuk; tUjy;
nrt;tp njd;g rpwe;jprp NdhNu (295)
xsfhu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah; Kd;dh;> ty;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhop thpd;

my;topapDk; Ntw;WikapYk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbjy; ePf;Fk;
epiyikapd;W. mt;tpUtopg;gl;l nrhw;fspdplj;Jk; Xh; cfuk; tUjy;
nrt;tpjhFk; vd;W rpwe;Njhh; gfh;th;. rpwe;jprpNdhh; - rpwg;Gila ,yf;fzg;
Gyth;fs;. mt;tpU <w;Wk; - my;top Ntw;Wik vd;w <hplj;J tUk; <WfspYk;.
nfsTf;fbJ> nfsTf;nfhLik.

108
caph; kaq;fpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

t.v epiynkhop tUnkhop Ntw;Wik/ Gzh;r;rp tpjp vLj;Jf;fhl;L
. <W Kjy; my;top
tpsf;FwpJ>
f r j g
m frjg jtr;rpwpJ
1. (tUnkhop my;top
(<w;nwOj;J) xw;W kpFk; jlQ;nrtp vd;W
KjnyOj;J)
nkd;ikAk; kpFk;.
tpidnar;rr; gbf;fr; nrd;whd;
nrhy; fLF Nghyr; rpwpJ
ctkr;nrhy; ed;nwdr;
2. Nkw;gb my;top Nkw;gb
Nghy vd m nrhd;dhd;.
(Rl;L) mj;jirapy;
Mq;f vOe;jhq;f
mt;ttw;Wf;F mQ;Qhd;W
3. m (Rl;L) Q e k nghUe;jpa me;epyj;jpd;fz;
xw;W kpFk;. mk;khl;ilg; gpb
tfu xw;W
4. m (Rl;L) a t mt; aho;> mt; tPL
kpFk;
m+mzp=mt;tzp
tfu xw;W
5. m (Rl;L) m+cil=mt;Til
kpFk;
nra;ASs;
6. m (Rl;L) td;fzk; M-vd ePSk; Mapil> Mtapd;
kl;Lk;
t- rhf;Fj;jpdhd;>
7. rht
nfLjYKz;L rhtf;Fj;jpdhd;
md;d Fapyd;d Fuy;>
(ctkk;) md;g Nfs;>
mz;ik tpsp cz;kd $o;
„nra;k;kd‟ tpiuf Njh;
,ay;ghfg;
8. f r j g nfhs;jpd;w Fjpiu
tpsq;Nfhs; GzUk;
vz;zpa nra;jhd;
„nra;j‟
mk;k Nfspij
„nra;apa‟
gy Fuypir
„mk;k‟ gy gy nrhy; NgRf.
thop> thopa
nfLjYk;
9. thopa
,ay;Gk;

109
„M‟fhukhf mk;kh Nfs;

10. mk;k
ePSk; mk;k Nfs;
nra;ASs;
11. gy Xir ePsYKz;L gyhmk;> rpyhmk;
fUjp
y;> w; gygy> gw;gy
12. gy> rpy gy> rpy
MfYKz;L rpyrpy> rpw;rpy
cwo;rr
; p gygy> gyg;gy
13. gy> rpy gy rpy
(,UtpjKk;) rpyrpy> rpyr;rpy
frjg-
14. m (<W) f r j g Ntw;Wik tpsf;Fiw> tpskuk;
xw;WkpFk;
nky;nyOj;J
15. tps f r j g Ntw;Wik tpsq;NfhL
kpFk;
„,d;‟ rhhpia
16. kf f r j g Ntw;Wik kftpd;if
tUk;
„mj;J‟k; kf+mj;J+if=
17. kf f r j g Ntw;Wik
tUk; kfj;Jf;if
,ilNa
18. gy f r j g Ntw;Wik gytw;Wf;fpis
tw;Wg;ngWk;
f r j g
ty;nyhw;W
kpFk; Myhg; gwe;jhd;>
1. M (<W) f r j g my;top
(mfu <w;iwg; Rwhf;fbJ.
Nghyg;
GzUk;)
f r j g
ty;nyhw;W
kpFk; thohf; fple;jhd;>
2. „nra;ah‟ f r j g my;top
(mfu <w;iwg; jtwhr; nra;jhd;
Nghyg;
GzUk;)
ck;ikj;njhi ,uhTld; Xh;
3. ,uh+gfy; my;top ,uhmg; gfy;
f „m‟ kpFk;
M kh M fhpJ> kh
KUfh ah ,ay;ghfg; nfhbJ KUfh ghh;>
4. f r j g my;top
thuh kpah GzUk; ah nghpa> cz;fh
cz;fh NjhoNd

110
„M‟<w;Wg;ng ty;nyOj;J Gwhr;rpwF>

5. f r j g Ntw;Wik
ah;fs; kpf;F KbAk; gyhg;gok;
,ilNa m gyhmf; fpis>
6. gyh> fh
Njhd;Wk; fhmf; $l;lk;
mfuk; -
7. ,uh f r j g Ntw;Wik ,uhf;nfhz;lhd;
NruhJ
mj;Jr;rhhpia epyhj;Jf;
8. epyh f r j g Ntw;Wik
tUk; nfhz;lhd;
ah> gplh> ahmq;fpis>
nky;nyOj;J
9. jsh f r j g Ntw;Wik gplhme;jio>
kpf;F KbAk;
(kuq;fs;) jshmk;G+
ah> gplh>
ty;nyOj;Jk;
10. jsh ahmf;fpis
kpfyhk;
(kuq;fs;)
khmq;fpid>
M> kh khmk;G+>
kh(kuk;)> M> ,uz;Lk; ,J khq;fpis>
11. f r j g Ntw;Wik
kh (tpyq;F) mfukpd;wp> d; khk;G+ vd;Wk; tUk;.
ngWk; Md; nfhk;G>
khd;fhy;.
Md;
mfuk;
12. vd;gjpYs;s f r j g Ntw;Wik Md nea;
ngWjYKz;L
d;
jd;xw;W
13. Md; gP Ntw;Wik kpFe;J <-I Mg;gp
MjYKz;L
xU khj;jpiu
,uh> gyh> ,u> ,uT> gy>
Fiwe;Jk;
14. ,wh> jlh> f r j g Ntw;Wik gyT> ,w> ,wT>
cfuk;
Gwh jl> jlT> Gw> GwT
ngw;Wk; tUk;
,
jkf;Fg; fpspf;fhy;>
,fu <w;Wg;
nghUe;jpa fpspr;rpwF>
1. ngah;fs; f r j g Ntw;Wik
ty;nyOj;J FUtpj;jiy>
fpsp> FUtp>
kpFk; vypg;nghwp
vyp
,dpg;NgRf>
,dp (fhyk;)>
2. f r j g Ntw;Wik Nkw;gb mzpr;nrd;whd;>
mzp (,lk;)
Xbg;Nghdhd;>
111
ghbg;ghh;j;jhd;
„,d;wp‟apYs; cg;gpd;wp cz;f>
,d;wp nra;ASs; , - cg;gpd;W cz;f.
3.
tpidnar;rk; tUk; cfukhjYz; ehsd;wp Nghfp –
L. ehsd;W Nghfp.
nky;nyOj;J thpd;
kpFk; -,Q;Qhd;W
„m‟-Rl;Lf;Ff;
,e;epyk;. „,il‟Ak;
$wpa>
4. , (Rl;L) capUk; thpd; t;
midj;Jk;
kpFk;. ,t;aho;
,jw;F tUk;
<tapd; nra;ASs;
<tapd;.
ty;nyhw;W
5. J}zp gjf;F Ntw;Wik J}zpg;gjf;F
kpFk;.
ehopapy; „op‟
nfLk;
6. ehop chp ehLhp
l; xw;W tUk;
+ chp NrUk;
mj;J ,d; -
7. gdp f r j g gdpapw; fple;jhd;
rhhpia
tspapw; gwe;jJ>
8. tsp f r j g Nkw;gb
tspaj;Jr; nrd;whd;
cjpq;NfhL>
,d
cjpe;Njhy;>
9. cjp f r j g nky;nyOj;J
cjpQ;nrjpd;>
tUk;
cjpk;gl;il
mk; - rhhpia Gspaq;fha;
10. Gsp (kuk;) f r j g
tUk; Gspak;gok;
nky;nyOj;J Gspaq;$o;>
11. Gsp (Rit) f r j g
kpFk; Gspak;gl;il
ty;nyOj;J
12. Gsp (Rit) f r j g Gspf;$o;> Gspr;NrhW
kpfyhk;
guzpahw;
Md; - rhhpia
13. guzp (ehs;) tpidr;nrhy; nfhz;lhd;
tUk;
(jpUkzk;)
,f;F –
14. Mb (jpq;fs;) tpidr;nrhy; Mbf;Fg; Nghfyhk;
rhhpia tUk;

112
mfu
< ,ay;gpw;F M
1. f j r g my;top <g; gwe;jJ><r;rpwpJ
(<w;nwOj;J) Mfhu
,ay;gpw;W <
eP> gP> kP ,ay;gha; eP ghh;> gP fple;jJ>
2. f j r g my;top
(NkNy) KbAk; kP fz;
ty;nyOj;J kPg;gy;> kPf;$L>
3. kP (,lk;) f j r g
kpFk; kPg;gLf;if
Mfhu <w;W
my;top Nghy; <f;fhy;><r;rpwF>
4. <fhu <W f j r g Ntw;Wik
ty;nyhw;W jPf;nfhLik
kpFk;
neLKjy;
5. eP Ntw;Wik FWfp (eP) d; epd; if> epd; jhd;
tUk;
mfu
c xw;Wf;Ff; ghl;Lr; rpwe;jJ
1. f j r g my;top
(cfu <W) $wpagb xw;W gl;Lg; nghpJ
kpf;F KbAk;
mfu <w;Wr;
cf;fUtp>
2. c (Rl;L) f j r g my;top Rl;bw;Wf;
cg;gLf;if
$wpagb tUk;
gpw caph;>
ct;Tly;>
3. c (Rl;L) nkd;> Nkw;gb
cQ;Qhd;W
,ilf;fzq;fs;
ty;nyOjJ
mJ rpwpJ
4. mJ> ,J my;top kpfhJ
,J nghpJ
,ay;ghFk;
md;W> Md;W
mJ+md;W
MFk;
5. mJ md;W> I =mjhd;W
I-thpd; c
mJ+I=mij
nfLk;
mfu <w;W
„c‟<w;Wg;ng my;top Nghy; gl;Lg;GO>
6. Ntw;Wik
ah; ty;nyOj;J fl;Lr;NrhW
kpFk;.
mk;-NrUk; vUtq;Fop> vUf;Fop>
7. vU> nrU my;top
„nrU‟ nrUf;fsk; vd;gNj
113
tpy; mk; nghJtpjp.

vd;gjd; k;
nfLk;.
Ntw;Wikg;
Gzh;r;rp
NghyhJ
NtWgLjYz;
L xw;W kpFk;.
O-* Mf
cfu nra;As; ePSk; g*cg;gy;>
8. f j r g
<w;Wnkhop tof;F cfuk; te;J v*cf;fjT
NrUk;
cjp-kur;nrhy;
Nghy;
9. xL kuk; xLq;fpis> xLk;G+
nky;nyOj;J
kpFk;
cU
Gzh;r;rpapy;
nrhd;dgb> mJ+mjd;+fpis
10. mJ> ,J
md; ngWk;. =mjd;fpis
c-nfLk;.
xw;W kpfhJ.
Mfhu <w;W –
C nfhz;%g; nghpJ
1. f r j g my;top my;top Nghy;>
(C fhu <W) (Nkfk;)
xw;W kpFk;.
C-<W tpid
epidA+r; nra;jhd;
vr;rr;nrhy; ty;nyOj;J
2. f r j g J}f;nfhw;wh
Kd;dpiy kpf;F KbAk;
(J}-J}Tf)
tpid
Mfhu <w;W
3. Nkw;gb f r j g Ntw;Wik my;top Nghy; nfhz;%f;$l;lk;
xw;W kpFk;
c^cf;Fiw>
,Wjpapy; „c‟ J}cf;Fiw
4. cL
Njhd;Wk; (cL-thd;kPd;>
J}-typik)
cfuk; NruhJ>
5. G+ G+f;nfhb> G+q;nfhb
rpWghd;ik
114
typ kpFk;.
ngUk;ghd;ik
nky;nyOj;J
kpFk;.
„M‟-vDk;
ngah; Cd; Fiw
6. C (jir)
Nghy „d;‟ Cd; Giu
ngWk;
d; -cld;
mf;Fr;
7. C Cdf;Fiw
rhhpiaAk;
ngWjYz;L
ty;nyOj;J
kpFjNyad;wp
M^c>
8. „,d;‟ M^ctpd;if
kf^c
rhhpiaAk;
tUk;
ngah;f;fW
P
v> x Mfh.
vfu xfuk; Kd;dpiy Vvf;Fapyp!
1. f r j g
Kd;dpiy nkhopfspy; Xxf;FkuNd!
tpid ty;nyhw;W
kpFk;.
v> x
ty;nyhw;W mtNdh nra;jtd;
(Njw;wk;>
2. f r j g kpfhJ mtNdh x
rpwg;Gg;
,ay;ghFk; nfhilahsp!
nghUspy;)
Cfhu
V <w;Wf;Ff;
Nrf;fbJ (Nr-tUJ)
1. (Vfhu ,Wjp f r j g my;top $wpagb tUk;
Ngf;nfhbJ (Nga;)
ngah;fs;) ty;nyhw;W
kpFk;
V
ahNd Fbj;Njd;?
,ilr;nrhy;
(vjph;kiw)
2. vjph;kiw> f r j g my;top ,ay;ghFk;
ePNa nfhLj;jha;?
vr;rk;> tpdh>
gz;Nz gz;jpwNd.
vz;Zg;ngah;

115
Ntf;Flk;
my;top Nghy;
3. V-<W f r j g Ntw;Wik (NtjiyAila
tUk;
Flk;)
mLj;J „v‟ Vv> Vvg; Gio
4. V-,Wjp
tUk; (V-mk;G)
xL-ku
tpjpiag;
5. Nr (kuk;) ngWk;> nrq;Nfhl> Nrk;G+
nky;nyOj;J
kpFk;.
,d; - rhhpia
6. Nr (gR) Nrtpd; nfhk;G
ngWk;
I ty;nyhw;W ghidr;NrhW
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik
Ifhu <W kpFk; ahidf;nfhk;G
cU
Gzh;r;rpapy;
$wpagb tUk;
I-nfl;Lk; mtw;Wr;nrtp>
2. mit
nflhJk; mitaw;Wr; nrtp
tw;W
rhhpiag;
ngWk;.
Nr-ku –
tpir> Gzh;r;rp tpirq;fpis>
3. nQik> eik Nghy nQike;Njhy;>
(kuk;) nky;nyOj;J eikQ;nrjpd;
kpFk;
mk;-rhhpia
ngWk;
gid> miu> gid> miuaq;fha;>
4.
Mtpiu Mtpiuapy; gdk;G+> Mtpuk;G+
nka; epw;f I
nfLk;
I-nfLk;> M-
5. gid ml;L gdhl;L
NrUk;
I-epw;f
6. gid nfhb gidf;nfhb
ty;nyhw;W

116
kpFk;
Kd;G
Mbkhjk;
guzp rpj;jpiuf;Fr; nra;J
rpj;jpiu>Mjp ehSf;Ff; nfhz;lhd;
7. tpidr;nrhy;
iu $wpaJ Nghy Mjpiuahw;
KiwNa nfhz;lhbdhd;
,f;Fk; MDk;
ngWk;
tsp- kioaj;Jg;
8. kio tpidr;nrhy; nrhy;Yf;Fhpa Nghdhd;
gb tUk; kioapw; fple;jhd;
Ntl;if+mth
mj;Jk;
Ntl;+mth>
9. Ntl;if mth nra;Aspy; ,d;Dk;
ngWk; Ntz;+mth=
Ntzth
„V‟ fhu <w;Wg;
ngah;fs; Xr;rpwpJ (kjF
x
1. f r j g my;top Nghy; ePh;g;gyif)
Xfhu ,Wjp
ty;nyhw;W
kpFk;.
ahNdh jpUbNdd;-
vjph;kiw
vjph;kiw „X‟
ePNah jpUbatd;-
2. tpdh „X‟ f r j g ,ay;ghFk;
tpdh
Ia „X‟
ed;Nwh? jPNjh? –
Iak;
3. xopapir x f r j g ,ay;ghFk; gbf;fNth Nghdhd;
ty;nyhw;W
4. X (ngah;) Ntw;Wik kpFk; Xxg; ngUik
x NrUk;
5. Nfh ,y; x-Njhd;whJ Nfhapy;> Nfhtpy;
cUG
rpy Gzh;r;rpNghy;
6. „x‟<w;Wr;nrh tUk;. xd;- Nfhxd; if
w;fs; rhhpia ngw;W
,ay;gha;

117
tUk;
ty;nyOj;J
kpFk;
my;top nfsTf; fbJ
1. xs f r j g ,Wjpapy; „c‟
Ntw;Wik nfsTf; fLik
tUjy;
rpwg;G
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. caph;kaq;fpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; $Wf.

2. „ePl tUjy; nra;ASs;s chpj;Nj‟ - tpsf;Ff.
3. ,ay;ghf KbAk; mfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; - tpsf;Ff.
4. njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpa msT> fhyg;ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfisr; Rl;Lf.
5. gdq;fha;> gdhml;L> gidf;nfhb vd;gdtw;iwg; gphpj;J Gzh;r;rp tpjp
jUf.
6. „xfhu ,Wjp Vfhu ,aw;Nw‟ tpsf;Ff.
fl;Liu tpdh
1. Ifhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah; fUj;Jf;fis

tpthpf;f.
2. my;topapy; mfu <w;Wg;ngah;;g; Gzh;r;rp – tpsf;Ff.
3. gy rpy Mfpatw;Wf;F chpa rpwg;Gg; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs; ahit?
4. mfu <w;Wg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFj;J vOJf.
5. Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; my;topapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
6. Mfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
7. ,fu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
8. <fhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
9. cfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; my;topapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
10. cfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iwj; njhFf;f.
11. Cfhu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
12. VfhutPw;Wr; nrhw;fSf;Ff; $wg;gl;l Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
13. Ifhu tPw;Wr; nrhw;fSf;Ff; $wg;gl;l Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
14. xfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
15. Xsfhu tPW my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; vt;thW KbAk;?

118
8. Gs;spkaq;fpay;
Gs;spAs;sNj nka;aPwhFk; kuk; Gs;sp <W> gy vd caph;nka;aPwhf
epd;why; (y;+m). mJ caphPwhfptpLk;. ,jid Kd;Ng>“mtw;Ws;> nka;aPnwy;yhk;
Gs;spnahL epiyay;” vd tpsf;fpa njhy;fhg;gpah;> Gs;sp kaq;fpay; vdg;
ngahpl;L> mg;Gs;spaPW ehd;F fzq;fNshLk; fye;J kaq;Fkhw;iw ,t;tpaypy;
tpsf;Ffpwhh;. nkhopaPwhFk; nka;fs; Q z e k d: a u y t o s vd;Dk;
gjpndhd;W vd $wpa njhy;fhg;gpah;> mNj mbg;gilapy; nka;apd; Gzh;r;rp
epiyfis tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
jkpopy; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs; nkhop <whtjpy;iy. gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fs;

ty;nyOj;jpy; Kbtd jkpopw; fye;jhy;> mit Fw;Wfuk; ngw;W epw;Fk;.
ghf;nfl;-ghf;nfl;L vd khWk;. jdpnka; nkhopKjypy; tuhikAk;>
nkhopapWjpapy; ty;ypdk; ,lk;ngwhikAk; jkpio ,dpikahfTk;
vspikAila nkhop Mf;Ffpd;wd vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. ty;nyOj;J
nkhop <whf tUk;NghJ Fw;Wfukhfp tpLtjhdy;jhd;> Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay;
jdpNa mikfpwJ. ,t;tpapy; td;fzj;NjhLk; gpw fzq;fNshLk; ngah;
tpidr;nrhw;fsha; epd;W my;top Ntw;Wikapy; Gs;sp <Wfs; Gzh;tij
tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.
nky;nyhw;W <Wfspd; Gzh;r;rp

Qfu <W
Qfu <w;Wk; njhopw;ngah; ty;nyOj;Jld; Gzh;jy;
Qfhiu xw;wpa njhopw;ngah; Kd;dh;

my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk;
ty;nyOj; jpiaapd; mt;ntOj;J kpFNk
Qfhuk; xw;whf <w;wpy; epw;Fk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; Kd;dh;> f r j

g vd;Dk; ty;nyOj;Jf;fs;> my;topf; fz;Zk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; tUnkhop
KjnyOj;Jf;fshf te;J Gzhpd;> mt;nty;nyOj;Nj kpf;F KbAk;. mq;F
epiynkhopf;fz; cfuk; tu Ntz;Lk;. xw;wpa-xw;whf epd;w> my;yJ fpsg;gpDk;
- my;topapy; nrhd;dhYk;> chpQcf; fbJ.

119
mJ Qekt Tld; Gzh;jy;
Q e k t ,iaapDk; cfuk; epiyAk; (297)
tUnkhop Kjypy; Q e k t vOj;Jf;fs; thpDk; epiynkhopapd;fz;

cfuk; epiyngWk;. chpQc Qhd;wJ.
efu <W
my;topapy; efu <W Gzh;jy;
efu ,WjpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw (298)
efutPw;Wg; ngaUk; Nkw;$wpa QfutPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rpAld; xj;JKbAk;.

mjhtJ cfuk; ngWjy;> f r j gf;fs; thpd; kpFjy;> Q e k tf;fs; thpd;
,ay;ghjy; vd;gdthk;. nghUEf; fbJ.
Ntw;Wikapy; efu <W Gzh;jy;
Ntw;Wikf;(F) cf;nfl mfuk; epiyAk; (299)
efutPW Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpf;fz; va;jpa cfuk; nfl mfuk; te;J

epiyngWk;. nghUer; rhjp.
nthpe; vd;Dk; efu <W
nthpe;vd; ,Wjp KOJq; nfLtop

tUkpld; cilj;Nj nky;nyOj; jpaw;if (300)
nthpe; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypdpWjpahdJ Kw;$wpa rhhpiaAld; KOtJk;

nfl;L epw;Fkplj;J> nky;nyOj;J kpFjyhfpa ,ay;G Njhd;WkplKk; cz;L.
nthpq;Fiw (nthpe;-KJF)
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; chpj;Nj (301)
nthpe; vd;Dk; nrhy;> mt;thW <Wnfl;L epd;wtplj;J>

nky;nyOj;Njad;wp ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbjYk; cz;L. nthpf;Fiw.
zfu <W
Ntw;Wikapy; zfu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp
zfhu ,Wjp ty;nyOj; jpiaapd;

lfhu khFk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Nl (302)

120
zfhu <w;Wg;ngah; ty;nyOj;J Kjy;nkhop thpd;> Ntw;Wikg;

nghUl;Gzh;r;rp lfhukha; KbAk;. kz;+Flk;=kl;Flk;.
Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah;fs;
MZk; ngz;Zk; m/wpiz ,aw;if (303)
Mz;> ngz; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah;fs; Kd;G m/wpiz tpuTg;ngah;f;Ff;

$wpa ,yf;fzg;gb mikAk;. Kd;G njhifkugpy; „m/wpiz tpuTg;ngah;
,ay;GkhUsNt‟ vd;W $wpaJ ,q;F khl;Nlw;wg;gl;lJ. Mz;> ngz; vd;gd
,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJ. Mz; if> ngz; fOj;J> ,tw;wpd; my;top KbG Kd;G
$wg;gl;lJ.
Mz; vd;Dk; kug;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
Mz;kuf; fpstp miuku ,aw;Nw (304)
Mz; vd;Dk; kug;ngah;r;nrhy;> miu vd;Dk; kug;ngah; ,ay;gpw;wha;

KbAk;. mjhtJ „mk;‟ rhhpia ngWk;. Mzq;NfhL.
tpz; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp: nra;As; kuG
tpz;vd t&ck; fhag; ngah;thpd;

cz;ikAk; chpj;Nj mj;njd; rhhpia
nra;As; kUq;fpd; njhopy;tU fhiy (305)
nra;Aspy; tpidr;nrhy; vjpNu tUk;NghJ> epiynkhopahf epw;Fk; tpz;

vd;Dk; Mfhaj;ij czh;j;Jk; ngah;f;fz; mj;Jr; rhhpia cz;lhjYk;
chpj;J. ,y;iyahjk; chpj;J. tpz;zj;Jf; nfhl;Fk;. „tpz;Fj;Jk; ePs;tiu‟.
fhag;ngah;-Mfhaj;ij czh;j;Jk; ngah;. njhopy;-tpidr;nrhy;
zfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
njhopw;ngah; vy;yhk; njhopw;ngah; ,ay (306)
zfutPw;Wj; njhopw;nganuy;yhk; my;top> Ntw;Wik ,uz;bYk; Qfu

<w;Wj; njhopy;ngah; Nghyg; GzUk;. mjhtJ vjpNu ty;nyOj;J te;jhy;
ty;nyOj;Jk; cfuKk; Njhd;Wk;. nky;nyOj;Jk; ,ilnaOj;jpy; tfuKk;
thpd; cfuk; ngWk;. kz;Zf;fbJ> kz;Z typJ.

121
zuf <w;Wf; fpisg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
fpisg;ngah; vy;yhk; nfhsj;jphp gpyNt (307)
zfutPw;W ,dg;ngah;fs; vy;yhk; nfhs;Sjw;fhd jphpGfs; vjidAk;

ciladty;y. ,ay;ghfg; GzUk;. ckz;Fb> ghz;Nrhp.
my;topapy; vz; (vs;) vd;Dk; czTg;ngah;
Ntw;Wik ay;top vz;vd; czTg;ngah;

Ntw;Wik ,aw;if epiyaYk; chpj;Nj (308)
Ntw;Wikay;yh my;topg; Gzh;r;rpapy; vz; (vs;) vd;Dk; czTg;ngah;>

Ntw;Wikf;Fhpa ,yf;fzj;jpy; epiyngWjYk; cz;L. Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp
Kd;G $wg;gl;lJ. vl;rpwpJ> ck;ikahy; vz;rpwpJ vdTk; tUnkd;gjhk;.
,UtopapYk; Kuz; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah;
Kuz;vd; njhopw;ngah; Kjypay; epiyAk; (309)
„Kuz;‟ vd;Dk; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah;> Kd;dh;f; $wpa ,yf;fzj;jpy;

epiyngWk;. mjhtJ my;topapy; ,ay;ghfTk; Ntw;Wikapy; lfukhfj;
jphpe;Jk; epw;Fk;. Kuz; nghpJ> Kul;fLik.
kfu <W
Ntw;Wikapy; kfu <w;wpd; Gzh;r;rp
kfu ,Wjp Ntw;Wik ahapd;

Jtuf; nfl;L ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (310)
kfutPw;Wg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs;> Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;> mk;kfuk;

Kw;wf;nfl;L> te;j ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. Jtu-KOtJk;> kug;ngl;lfk;.
mjw;F NkYk; ,uz;L KbGfs;
mfu Mfhuk; t&ck; fhiy

<w;Wkpir mfuk; ePlYk; chpj;Nj (311)
xUrpy kfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fs; m> M it KjyhfTila nrhw;fs; vjpNu

tUk;nghOJ><w;W kfuk; nfl> epd;w mfuk; ePSjYk; cz;L. ePlhJ
epw;wYKz;L. kuk;+mb=kuhmb> kutb.

122
nky;nyOj;J cwOk; nkhopAkh UsNt
nry;top mwpjy; tof;fj; jhd (312)
mk;kfu <w;Wr;nrhw;fSs; nky;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W KbtdTk; cs;.

mq;qdkhfhJ ty;ypdk; ngWJYKz;L. tof;fpy;> mit toq;Fkplk; mwpf.
Fsq;fiu> Fsf;fiu.
„,y;yk;‟ kuGg;ngah;g;Gzh;r;rp
,y;y kug;ngah; tpirku ,aw;Nw (313)
,y;yk; vd;Dk; kug;ngah; tpir vd;Dk; kug;ngahpd; ,ay;gpw;wha;

KbAk;. mjhtJ nky;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. ,y;yq;fl;il> #.282>278.
njhlh;e;J tUk; khl;Nlw;W ,J.
my;topapy; kfu<w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp
my;top vy;yhk; nky;nyOj; jhFk; (314)
kfu <W my;topg; Gzh;r;rp midj;jpYk; nky;nyOj;jha;j; jphpe;J

KbAk;. kfu <W jphpe;J nky;nyOj;jhFk;. ,q;qdk; caj;Jzuf; $ba
,lq;fspy;> fw;ghh;f;F Ntiy je;J> RUq;ff;$WtJ xU njhy; eil ,ijg;
gy ,lj;Jk; fhzyhk;. kuq;Fl;ilahdJ.
mfk;+if=mq;if
mfnkd; fpstpf;Ff; ifKd; thpNd

Kjdpiy xopa Kd;dit nfLjYk;
tiuepiy ,d;Nw Mrphp ah;f;f
nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; Mtap dhd (315)
mfk; vd;w nrhy;Kd; if vd;w nrhy; te;J Gzhpd;>„m‟ vd;w Kjdpiy

kl;Lk; ,Uf;f> mjd; Kd;dpd;wit nfLk;. ,/J Mrphpah;f;F ePf;Fk; epiyik
,d;W. mt;tplj;Nj tUnkhopf; if vd;gjw;F ,dkhd nky;nyOj;J kpFk;.
mfk;+if=mq;if.
,yk;+gL=,yk;gL
,yk;vd; fpstpf;Fg; gLtU fhiy

epiyaYk; chpj;Nj nra;A shd (316)

123
,yk; vd;w nrhy;Kd; gL vd;w Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; tUk;NghJ>

kfu <W Kw;$wpahq;Ff; nflhJ epw;wYk; chpj;J. nra;Al;fz;> ,yk;gL.
Mapuk; vd;Dk; kfu <w;W vz;Zg;ngah;
mj;njhL rptZk; Mapuj;J ,Wjp

xj;j vz;Z Kd;tU fhiy (317)
Mapuk; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp ,iatjw;Fg; nghUe;jpd vz;Zg;ngah;

tUnkhopaha;j; jd;Kd; tUk;NghJ> mj;Jr;rhhpia nghUe;Jk;. xj;j vz;Z-
jdf;F mfg;gL nkhopaha;g; nghUe;jpd vz;Zg;ngah; vd;gh;. mjhtJ
Mapuj;jpw;Fl;gl;l vz;fs;. Mapuj;JE}W.
milaLj;j Mapuk; Gzh;jy;
milnahL Njhd;wpDk; mjNdh uw;Nw (318)
Mapuk; vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; gjpdhapuk;> %thapu; vd milaLj;J

te;jhYk; Nkw;nrhd;dNjhL xU jd;ikaj;jha; KbAk;. mjhtJ mj;Jg;ngWk;.
%thapuj;J ,uz;L.
Mapuj;jpd; Kd; Kfj;jysit epWj;jysitg; ngah;fs;
msTk;epiwAk; Ntw;Wik ,ay (319)
Mapuk; vd;w vz;Zg; ngah;Kd; Kfj;jy; msitg; ngaUk;

epWj;jysitg; ngaUk; te;J Gzh;e;jhy; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; ,ay;g ha;
kfuk; nfl;L> ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. Mapuf;fyk;> Mapuf;foQ;R.
Ntw;Wikapy; kfu <w;W cah;jpizg; ngaUk; tpuTg;ngaUk;
glh;fi
; fg; ngaUk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaUk;
njhlf;fk; FWFk; ngah;epiyf; fpstpAk;
Ntw;Wik ahapd; cUgpay; epiyAk;
nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; Mtap dhd (320)
vy;yhUk; vd;Dk; glh;f;ifg; ngaUk; vy;yPUk; vd;Dk;

Kd;dpiyg;ngaUk; neLKjy; FWfp KbAk; jhk; ehk; ahk; vd;Dk; ngah;fSk;
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpahapd;> cUG Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gg;gb KbAk;. mjhtJ rhhpia
ngWtd <Wnfl;L> ,ilAk; <Wk; rhhpia ngw;Wk;> neLKjy; FWFtd
FWfpAk; KbAk;. me;neLKjy; FWFk; nkhopfspy; ty;nyOj;J kpFk;.
vy;yhUk;+if=vy;yhh;jq;ifAk;.
124
my;topapy; mit GzUk; newp
my;yJ fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if ahFk; (321)
my;topapy; $wpdhy; mit ,ay;ghfg; GzUk;. mjhtJ rhhpia ngwh.

vy;yhUk; nghpah;.
vy;yhk; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp

vy;yhk; vDk;ngah; cUgpay; epiyAk;
Ntw;Wik ay;topr; rhhpia epiyahJ (322)
my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; vy;yhk; vDk; tpuTg;ngha; cUgpaypNy

$wpa tpjpg;gb KbAk;. mjhtJ ,ilapy; tw;Wr; rhhpiaAk; ,Wjpapy; ck;Kr;
rhhpiaAk; ngWk;. my;topapy; rhhpia epiyngwhJ. vy;yhtw;Wf;nfhk;Gk;>
vy;yhf; filapYk;>„cUgpay; epiyAk;‟ vd xNu njhluhy;> cUgpay; tpjpfs;
khl;Nlw;wg;gLk; ,lq;fs; gyTs vd;gij epidT nfhs;f.
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
nky;nyOj;J apfpDk; khd kpy;iy (323)
Kw;$wpa „vy;yhk;‟ vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngah;r;nrhy;> tUnkhop td;fzk; thpd;

,dnky;nyOj;J kpFk;. mjpy; jtwpy;iy. vy;yhq;FwpaTk;.
mjw;F cah;jpiz KbG
cah;jpiz ahapd; cUgpay; epiyAk; (324)
vy;yhk; vd;gJ m/wpizg; ngauhf my;yhky; cah;jpizia czh;j;jp

tUkhapd; cUG Gzh;r;rpf;F Xjpa ,ay;gpw;wha; KbAk;. mjhtJ „ek;‟ rhhpia
,iltUjy;. vy;yheq; iffSk;.
Ek; vd;Dk; ngahpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
Ek;vd; xUngah; nky;nyOj;J kpFNk (325)
rhhpia my;yhj „Ek;‟ vd;Dk; ngah; nky;nyOj;J kpf;Fg; GzUk;.

Eq;if> EQ;nrtp.

125
Ek; vd;Dk; ngahpd; my;topg; Gzh;r;rp
my;yjd; kUq;fpw; nrhy;Yq; fhiy

cf;nfl epd;w nka;thpd; <tu
,,il epiy, <Wnfl ufuk;
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; Gs;spnahL Gzh;e;Nj
mg;ghd nkhoptapd; ,aw;if ahFk; (326)
me; „Ek;‟ vd;Dk; ngaiu> my;topapw; nrhy;Ykplj;J cfuk; nfLk;.

cfuk; nfl;lgpd; epd;w efunka;apd; Nky; <fhuk; Ch;e;J „eP‟ vd MFk;.
,ilNa Xh; ,fuk; epiyngw;W> Kd;dpd;w kfu<W nfl> ufug;Gs;sp Nrh;e;J
epw;f Ntz;Lk;. mt;tpjp <whf epw;Fk; nkhopaplj;J tUnkhop ,ay;ghfg;
GzUk;. my;yjd; kUq;fpy; - my;topapy; ufuk; Gs;spnahL Gzh;e;J epw;wy;
Ntz;Lk;. tpjpaPW vd;gJ> ,ay;ghf epw;wypd;wpg; Gzh;r;rpahy; NtWgl;lgpd;
Vw;gLk; <W. kuk; vd;gjpy; „k;‟ ,ay;gW
P > ku vd kfuk; nfl;l gpd;>
tUnkhopAld; GzUk;NghJ> mij „mfu‟<whff; nfhs;tJ tpjpaPwhFk;. ePaph;
nra;jJ.
kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
njhopw;ngah; vy;yhe; njhopw;ngah; ,ay (327)
kfu <w;Wj; njhopw;nganuy;yhk; Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;

,ay;gpdthFk;. mjhtJ cfuk; ngw;W> ty;nyOj;J thpd; mt;ntOj;Nj
kpf;Fk; Q e k t thpd; ,ay;ghAk; Gzh;jy;. ntk;Kf; fbJ. Jk;K ePh;ik.
<k; fk; cUk; vd;Dk; ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
<Kk; fk;Kk; cUk;vd; fpstpAk;

MKg; ngaUk; mtw;Nwh ud;d (328)
<k;> fk;> cUk; vd;w mk;%d;W ngaUk; my;topf;fz;Zk; Ntw;Wikf;

fz;Zk; mj; njhopw;ngaNuhL xUjd;ikathk;. mjhtJ td;fzk; te;jtop
cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngw;Wk;. ,ay;G fzj;J cfuk; ngw;Wk; Kbjy;>
cUKf; fbJ> cUKf;fLik> fk;K ed;W><Kf;fhL><K typJ. (<k;-,LfhL>
fk;-fk;kpauJ njhopy;> cUk;-,b)

126
<k; fk; ngah;fSf;Fr; rhhpia tUjy;
Ntw;Wik ahapd; Vid ,uz;Lk;

Njhw;wk; Ntz;Lk; mf;nfd; rhhpia (329)
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpahapd;> ,Wjp „cUk;‟ xope;j Kd;ida ,z;Lk;

mf;Fr; rhhpia Njhd;wg; ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. <k;+Flk;=<kf;Flk;> fk;kf;Fb.
tfhuj;jpd;Kd; kfhuk; FWFjy;
tfhu kpirAk; kfhuk; FWFk; (330)
tfhuj;jpd; Nky;epw;Fk; kfhuk; jdJ khj;jpiuapy; FWFk;. kpirAk;-Nky;

epw;Fk;. mjhtJ kfuj;jpd; Kd; tfuk; tUk;NghJ vd;gjhk;. epyk; typJ.
kfu <w;W ehl;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
ehl;ngah;f; fpstp Nkw;fpse; jd;d

mj;Jk; Md;kpir tiuepiy apd;Nw
xw;Wnka; nfLjy; vd;kdhh; Gyth; (331)
kfu <w;W ehl;ngah;r; nrhy; Nky; ,futPw;W ehl;ngah;f;Ff; $wpa

mj;jd;ikaj;jhk;. Md; rhhpiaf;F Nky; mj;Jr; rhhpiaAk; tUjy; ePf;Fk;
jd;ikAila jd;W. mj;J tUk;NghJ xw;whfpa nka; nfLk; vd;gh;. ,fu <w;W
ehl;ngahpyf;fzk; Md; rhhpia tUjy; gw;wpaJ. kfj;jhw; nfhz;lhd;.
dfu <W
dfu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
dfhu ,Wjp ty;nyOj;J ,iaapd;

wfhu khFk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Nf (332)
ngah; ,Wjpapy; tUk; dfhu <W> ty;nyOj;J te;J Gzhpd; wfhukha;j;

jphpAk;. Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;fz; vd;gjhk;. nghd;+Flk;=nghw;Flk;.
kd; rpd; Kjypa dfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; GzUkhW
kd;Dk; rpd;Dk; MDk; <Dk;

gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; tpidnaQ;R fpstpAk;
md;d ,ay vd;kdhh; Gyth; (333)
kd; rpd; Md; <d; Kd; vd;Dk; nrhy;yPWfSk;> dfu <w;W tpidnar;rr;
nrhy;Yk; Nkw;$wpa ,ay;gpdtha; dfuk; wfukha; KbAk; vd;ghh; E}w;Gyth;.
127
kd;> rpd;-mirr;nrhw;fs;. Md;><d;-Rl;Lr; nrhw;fs;. gpd;> Kd; - Vohk; Ntw;Wik

,lg;nghUs; czh;j;Jk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;> tpidnar;rk; thpd;> vOjpd; Nghy;td.
tapd; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
Rl;LKjy; tapDk; vfuKjy; tapDk;

mg;gz;G epiyAk; ,aw;ifa vd;g (334)
Rl;il KjyhfTila tapDk;> vfuj;ij Kjyhff; nfhz;l tapDk;

vt;tapd; Mfpa nrhw;fs; Nky; wfukha; KbAnkd;w mg;gz;G epiyngw;W
KbAk; ,aw;ifiaAila vd;gh;. mt;tapw; fz;Nld;> vt;tapw; nrd;wdd;.
Fapd; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
Fapd;vd; fpstp ,aw;if ahFk;. (335)
Fapd; vDk; nrhy; jphpahJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;. Fapd; Fohk;. Fapd; -

Nkfk;.
vfpd; vd;Dk; kug;ngah;g;Gzh;r;rp
Vid vfpNd mfuk; tUNk

ty;nyOj; jpaw;if kpFjy; Ntz;Lk; (337)
kuky;yhj vfpd; vdpy;> epiynkhop <W mfur; rhhpia ngWk;>

ty;nyOj;J kpFtJ mjd; ,yf;fzkhFk;. ,aw;if-,ay;G. ,yf;fzk;>
vfpdf;fhy;> vfpd;-md;dg;gwit.
dfu <w;Wf; fpisg;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
fpisg;nganuy;yhk; fpisg;ngah; ,ay (338)
dfu <w;W ,dg;nganuy;yhk; zfutPw;W ,dg;ngah; Nghy KbAk;.

mjhtJ ,ay;ghFk;. fpisg;ngah; - ,dk;> rhjpg;ngah;> vapd;Fb. (vapdh;-
Ntl;Lth;)
kPd; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
kPd;vd; fpstp ty;nyOj;J cwo;Nt (339)
kPd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;Jthpd; ,ay;Gk; jphpGkhf cwo;e;J tUk;.

cwo;jy; -,uz;L tpjkhfTk; tUjy;> kPd;fz;> kPw;fz;.

128
Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; GzUk; tpjk;
Njd;vd; fpstp vy;nyOj; jpiagpd;

Nkdpiy xj;jYk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk;
MKiw ,uz;Lk; chpikA Kilj;Nj
ty;nyOj;J kpFtop ,Wjp apy;iy (340)
Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhop te;J Gzhpd;> Nkw;$wpa

cwo;jYk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; mk;Kiw ,uz;Lk; chpikAilajhFk;.
mt;thW ty;nyOj;J kpFk;NghJ ,Wjp dfuk; nfLk;. Njd;Flk;> Njw;Flk;>
Njf;Flk;.
mjw;F NkYk; rpy KbGfs;
nky;nyOj;J kpfpDk; khd kpy;iy (341)
mt;tplj;Nj> ty;nyOj;jd;wp nky;nyOj;J kpfpDk; Fw;wkpy;iy.
Njq;Flk;.
nky;nyOj; jpiaapd; ,WjpNahL cwOk;. (342)
mj;Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F Kd;Nd nky;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhop te;J
Gzhpd;> ,Wjp dfhu xw;Wf; nfLjYk; nflhikAkha; cwo;e;J KbAk;.
Njd;nkhop> Njnkhop.
Njd; Kd; ,why; tUjy;
,whmy; Njhw;wk; ,aw;if ahFk; (343)
Njd; nrhy; Kd;dh; „,whmy;‟ vDk; nrhy; Njhd;WNky;> epiynkhopp <W

nflhJ ,ay;gha; KbAk;. Njd;+,why;=Njdpwhy;
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

xw;WkpF jfunkhL epw;wYk; chpj;Nj (344)
mj;Njd; vd;gJ ,why; vd;Dk; tUnkhopnahL NrUk;NghJ> gpwpJNkhh;
jfu xw;W> Kd;Ng kpFe;j jfu xw;nwhL epd;W KbjYk; cz;L. ,ul;bj;j jfu
xw;W tUk;. Njd;+,why;=Njj;jpwhy;.
kpd; gpd; gd; fd; nrhw;fs; Gzh;jy;

kpd;Dk; gpd;Dk; gd;Dk; fd;Dk;
me;ehw; nrhy;Yk; njhopw;ngah; ,ay (345)

129
kpd; gpd; gd; fd; vd;Dk; ehd;F nrhw;fSk; Ntw;WikapYk;

my;topapdpDk; QfutPw;Wj; njhopw;ngah;Nghy> td;fzk; te;jtop cfuKk;
ty;nyOj;Jk; ngWk;: nkd;fzKk; ,ilf;fzKk; te;j top cfuk; ngWk;.
kpd;-kpd;dy;> gpd;-$e;jy;> gd;-gUj;jp> fd;-Jyhj;jl;L> fd;dhd; vd;Dk; Mk;.
kpd;Df;nfhbJ.
fd; vDk; nrhy;Yf;F NkYk; xU KbG
Ntw;Wik ahapd; Vid vfpNdhL
Njhw;wk; xf;Fk; fd;vd; fpstp (346)
Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapy;> fd; vd;Dk; nrhy; kuky;yhj Vid vfpNdhL
xj;J KbAk;. mjhtJ mfuk; ngw;W> ty;nyOj;J thpd; kpf;Fk; Vida
fzq;fs; thpd; ,ay;ghAk; GzUk;. fd;df;Flk;.
dfu xw;W ,aw;ngaUld; je;ij vDk; nrhy; Nrh;e;J tUjy;
,aw;ngah; Kd;dh; je;ij Kiwthpd;
Kjw;fz; nka;nfl mfuk; epiyAk;
nka;nahopj;J md;nfLk; mt;tpaw; ngaNu (347)
dfu <w;W ,aw;ngah; Kd;dh;> je;ij vd;W Kiwg;ngah; thpd;>
tUnkhopapy; Kjw;fz;Zs;s nka; nfl> mjd;Nky; Vwpepd;w mfuk; nflhJ
epiyngWk;. epiynkhopahfpa mt; ,aw;ngahpy; jhd; Vwpepd;w nka;ia
tpl;Ltpl;L ,Wjp md; nfLk;. ,aw;ngah;-rhj;jd;> nfhw;wd; Nghy;td: rhj;jd;
vd;gjpy; rhj;j vd;gd epw;Fk;. je;ijapy; me;ij epiyngWk;.
rhj;j;+me;ij=rhj;je;ij vdg; GzUk;.
Mjd; G+jd; vDk; ngah;fSld; je;ij Nrh;e;J tUjy;

MjDk; G+jDq; $wpa ,ay;nghL
nganuhw;W mfuk; Jtuf; nfLNk (348)
Mjd;> G+jd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngah;fs;> je;ij vd;w Kiwg;ngah;
tUnkhopaha; thpd;> Kw;$wpa ,ay;GfSld; epiynkhopg; ngha; ,WjpapYs;s
xw;Wk;> tUnkhop Kjypy; jphpe;J epd;w mfuKk; nfLk;. ngah; xw;Wk; mfuKk;
nfLk;. Mjd;+je;ij, Mj;+me;;ij> Me;ij> Me;ijahh; vd;why; Mjd;
je;ijahh; vd;gJ nghUs;. G+jd;+je;ij=Ge;ij.

130
mjw;F NtnwhU KbG
rpwg;nghL tUtop ,aw;if ahFk; (349)
mg;ngah;fs; rpwg;ig czh;j;Jk; milnkhopfSld; tUk;NghJ

,ay;ghFk;. ngUQ;rhj;jd; je;ij.
duf <w;Wg; ngah; Kd; kfd;ngah; tUjy;
mg;ngah; nka;nahopj;J md;nfL topAk;
epw;wYk; chpj;Nj mk;nkd; rhhpia
kf;fs; Kiwnjh$ck; kUq;fp dhd (350)
mt;tpah; ngah;fs; kf;fs; vd;Dk; Kiw Njhd;w tUk; ngah;fs; te;J
$Lk; ,lj;jpd;fz;> epiynkhopapy;> nka; epw;f md; kl;Lk; nfLk;. mt;thW
nfl;ltplj;J> mk;nkd; rhhpia te;J epiyngWk;. njh$ck;-njhFk;-te;J
NrUk;. cUj;jpud;+fz;zd;=cUj;jph;+mk;+fz;zd;. cUj;jpuq;fz;zd;.
cUj;jpud; kfd; fz;zd; vd;gJ nghUs;.
jhd; Ngd; Nfhd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngah;fs;
jhDk; NgDk; NfhDk; vd;Dk;
MKiw ,aw;ngah; jphpgpld; ,yNt (351)
jhd;> Ngd;> Nfhd; vd;Dk; ,aw;ngah;fs;> je;ij kf;fs; vd;Dk;
Kiwg;ngah;fNshL GzUk;NghJ> Nkw;$wpa jphpGfs; ,d;wp> ,ay;gha; KbAk;.
jhd; je;ij.
jhd; ahd; vd;Dk; ngah;fs;
jhd;ahd; vDk;ngah; cUgpay; epiyAk; (352)
jhd; vd;Dk; tpuTg;ngaUk; ahd; vd;Dk; cah;jpizg; ngaUk; cUG
Gzh;r;rpapy; $wpa ,ay;gpd; fz;Nz epiyngWk;. mjhtJ jhd; vd;gJ
neLKjy; FWfp jd; MFk;. ahd; vd;gJ afuk; nfl;L> Mfhuk; vfukha; vd;
vd KbAk;. jd;if> vd;Njhs;.
mr;nrhw;fspd; my;topg; Gzh;r;rp
Ntw;Wik ay;topf; FWfYk; jphpjYk;
Njhw;wk; ,y;iy vd;kdhh; Gyth; (353)
Kw;$wpa jhd;> ahd; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp my;yhj
my;topapy; jhd; vd;gJ neLKjy; FWfYk; ahd; vd;gJ vd; vdj; jphpjYk;
,y;iy> ,ay;gha; KbAk;. jhd; rpwpad;. ahd; nghpatd;.
131
mod; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp

mod; vd; ,Wjpnfl ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (354)
mod; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp dfu xw;Wf;nfl> tUnkhop ty;nyOj;J
kpFk;. mod;+Flk;=mof;Flk;.
Kd; vd;gjd;Kd; ,y;: Kd;wpy;

Kd;vd; fpstp Kd;dh;j; Njhd;Wk;
,y;vd; fpstpkpir wfuk; xw;wy;
njhy;ypad; kUq;fpd; khP,a kuNg (355)
,y;Kd; - tPl;bd; Kd;Gs;s Kw;wk;> ,ij Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wp Kd;wpy;
vd;gJ gok; tof;F. Kd; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd;dh; tUk; ,y; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;
NkNy xU wfu xw;Wj; Njhd;wp epw;wy; kpfj; njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fp te;j
,ay;gpidAila mbg;gl;l kughFk;. khP,a-mbg;gl;l> ed;F mOe;jpa.
nghd; Gzh;r;rpapy; nghyk; Mjy;: nra;As; KbG
nghd;vd; fpstp <Wnfl;l Kiwapd;
Kd;dh;j; Njhd;Wk; yfhu kfhuk;
nra;As; kUq;fpd; njhlhpa yhd (356)
nghd; vd;Dk; nrhy;> nra;Asplj;Jr; nrhw;fs; jk;Kd; njhlh;r;rpg;gLk;
,ay;gpd;fz;> dfu ,Wjp nfl mjd; Kd;dh; KiwNa yfuKk; kfunthw;Wk;
Njhd;Wk;. nghd; vd;gJ nghyk; Mfpg; nghye;njhb MFk;.
afu <W
,ilxw;W <Wfspd; Gzh;r;rp afu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
afu ,Wjp Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;tapd;
ty;nyOj; jpiaapd; mt;ntOj;J kpFNk (357)
afu <w;Wg;ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;;r;rpapy;> ty;nyOj;J te;J
Gzhpd;> mt;ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk; eha;ff
; hy;.
jha; vd;Dk; nrhy;
jha;vd; fpstp ,aw;if ahFk;. (358)
jha; vd;Dk; nrhy; mt;thW ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,ay;ghFk;. jha; if.
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
kfd;tpid fpsg;gpd; Kjdpiy ,aw;Nw (359)

132
jha; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yld; kfd; gw;wpa tpidiar; Nrh;j;Jr; nrhd;dhy;

afutPw;Wf;F Kjw;fz; $wpa jd;ikj;J> mjhtJ ty;nyOj;J thpd;
ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. ,r;#j;jpuk; NkYk; Muha;jw;f;FhpaJ. Kjy; epiy
– afu tPw;Wg; Gzh;r;rpf;F Kjypw; $wpa epiy> kfd; jha;f;fyhk; vd
ciuahrphpah; fhl;Lth;. jha;g;ghy;> jha;f;Fzk;.
afu tPw;Wf;F NtnwhU KbG
nky;;nyOj;J cwOk; nkhopAkh UsNt (360)
afu tPw;Wr; nrhw;fSs; ty;nyOj;jpNdhL nky;nyOj;J cwo;e;J
KbAk; nkhopfSk; cs. Nta;q;Fiw> Nta;f;Fiw
afu <w;wpd; my;topg; Gzh;r;rp
my;top vy;yhk; ,ay;ngd nkhopg (361)
afutPw;Wg; ngah;r;nrhw;fs; vy;yhk; my;topf;fz; ,ay;ghFk; vd;gh;.
eha;fbJ> gha; nghpJ.
ufu <W
ufu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
ufhu ,Wjp afhu ,aw;Nw (362)
ufu tPw;Wg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;fz; afu tPw;W
,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J te;jtop kpf;F KbAk;. Njh;f;fhy;.
Mh; ntjph; rhh; gPh; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; Gzh;jy;
MFk; ntjpUk; rhUk; gPUk;
nky;nyOj;J kpFjy; nka;ngwj; Njhd;Wk; (363)
Mh;> ntjph;> rhh;> gPh; vd;Dk; ngah;fs; nky;nyOj;J kpf;F Kbjy;
nka;k;ik ngwj; Njhd;Wk;. ntjph;q;NfhL (ntjph;-%q;fpy;) ,it kug;ngah;fs;
rhh; kug;ngah;Kd; fho; tUjy;
rhh;vd; fpstp fho;tapd; typf;Fk; (364)
rhh; kug;ngah; Kd; „fho;‟ te;J Gzhpd; typ kpFk;. rhh;f;fho;> fho;-
tpij.
gPh; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F NkYk; xU KbG
gPh;vd; fpstp mk;nkhLk; rptZk; (365)

133
gPh; vd;Dk; nrhy; nky;nyOj;J kpFjNyad;wp> mk;Kr; rhhpiaAk;

nghUe;Jk;. gPue;Njhy;.
yfu <W
yfu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
yfhu ,Wjp dfhu ,aw;Nw (366)
yfu tPw;Wg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpf;fz; ty;nyOj;J
Kjd;nkhopfs; thpd;> dfhu <w;wpd; ,ay;gpw;wha; yfhuk; wfhukha;j; jphpe;J
KbAk;. fy;+rpiw=fw;rpiy. (fy;yiz)
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; dfhu khFk; (367)
mt; <W nkd;fzk; te;J Gzhpd; yfhuk; dfhukha;j; jphpAk;.
fy;+Kid=fd;Kid> Kjy;+nkhop=Kjd;nkhop.
yfu <w;W my;topg; Gzh;r;rp

my;top vy;yhk; cwnod nkhopg (368)
me;j yfu <W midj;Jk; my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;Jthpd; jphpGk;
,ay;Gkhf cwo;e;J KbAk;. fy;FwpJ> fw;FwpJ.
yfu nka; Ma;jkhjy;
jfuk; tUk;nkhop Ma;jk; epiyaYk;
Gfhpd;W vd;kdhh; Gyik NahNu (369)
mt;thW wfukha;j; jphpe;j yfuk;> jfu Kjd;nkhop tUnkhopaha;
te;jtplj;J> mt;thW wfukha;j; jphpjNyad;wp Ma;jkhfj; jphpe;J epw;wYk;
Fw;wkpd;W vd;W ngUk; GyikAilNahh; $Wth;. f/wPJ> fw;wPJ.
yfu <w;wpw;F NtW xU KbG
nebajd; ,Wjp ,ay;Gkh UsNt (370)
nebajd; ,Wjpapy; epd;w yfutPWfSs; Fwpajd; ,Wjpf;fz; epd;w
yfuk; Nghyj; jphpe;J cwo;jNyad;wp ,ay;gha; KbtdTk; cs. fhy;FwpJ>
fhw;FwpJ vdYkhk;.
ney; nry; nfhy; nrhy; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rpfs;
ney;Yk; nry;Yk; nfhy;Yk; nrhy;Yk;
my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wik ,ay (371)
134
ney;> nry;> nfhy;> nrhy; vd;Dk; ehd;F ngah;fSk;> my;topapYk;

Ntw;Wik ,ay;gpdtha; yfuk; wfukha;j; jphpAk;. new;Ftpe;jJ. nfhw;fbJ.
nry;-Nkfk;. nfhy;-nfhy;Yj;njhopy;.
,d;ikiaf; Fwpf;Fk; ,y; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
,y;vd; fpstp ,d;ik nrg;gpd;
ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; I,il tUjYk;
,aw;if ahjYk; Mfhuk; tUjYk;
nfhsj;jF kugpd; Mfpl Dilj;Nj (372)
„,y;‟ vDk; nrhy; tPl;ilf; Fwpf;fhky;> ,y;yhikia czh;j;Jk;

NghJ>my;topapy; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; Ifhuk; ,ilapy; tUjYk;
,ay;ghjYk; Mfhuk; kpf;F KbjYk; Mfpa ehd;Fk; nfhs;sj;jFk;. kugwpe;J
tUkplq;fs; cs. ,y;iyg;nghUs;> ,y;nghUs;> ,y;yhg;nghUs;.
ty; vd;Dk; nrhy; Gzh;jy;
ty;vd; fpstp njhopw;ngah; ,aw;Nw (373)
ty; vd;Dk; #jhL fUtpia czh;j;Jk; nrhy; njhopw;ngah;f;F xjpa
,ay;gpw;wha; ,UtopAk; GzUk;. mjhtJ cfuk; ngw;W> ty;nyOj;J thpd;
kpf;F Q e k thpd; ,ay;ghAk; GzUk; vd;gjhk;. ty;Yf;fbJ> ty;Yj;jPik>
ty;Y eha;.
mjw;F NtnwhU KbG
ehAk; gifAk; t&cq; fhiy
Mtapd; cfuk; nfLjYk; chpj;Nj
cfuk; nfLtop mfuk; epiyAk; (374)
ty; vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;Kd; ehAk; gyifAk; tUnkhopaha; tUk;NghJ>
mq;F cfuk; nflhJ epw;wNyad;wp> nfl;L KbjYk; cz;L. cfuk;
nfLkplj;J> mfuk; te;J epiyngWk;. ty;Yg;gyif> ty;y eha;.
G+y; Nty; My; nrhw;Gzh;r;rpfs;
G+y;Nty; vd;wh My;vd; fpstpnahL
MKg; ngah;f;Fk; mk;,il tUNk (375)
G+y; Nty; My; vd;w ngah;fNshL> Ntw;Wikf;fz; mk;Kr; rhhpia
,ilapy; tUk;. G+yq;fhL> Ntyq;fhL> G+y;-xU G+L. Nty;> My;-kuq;fs;.

135
yfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp

yfu <w;Wj; njhopw;nganuy;yhk; Qfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngahpd;
,ay;gpdthk;. m/jhtJ my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; ty;nyOj;J thpd;
cfuKk; ty;nyOj;Jk; ngWk;. nkd;fzKk; ,ilf;fzKk; thpd; cfuk;
ngWk;. fy;Yf;fbJ> fy;Yf;fUik> fy;Y ePz;lJ.
ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; Gzh;jy;
ntapy;vd; fpstp kioapay; epiyAk; (377)
ntapy; vd;Dk; nrhy; kiof;F Xjpa ,ay;gpw;wha; KbAk;. ,ay;-,ay;G>
,yf;fzk;> mj;Jr;rhhpiaAk; ,d; rhhpiaAk; ngWk; vd;gjhk;. ntapyj;Jg;
gphpe;jhd;. ntapypw; Nghdhd;.
tfu <W
tfu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp mt; vd;gjd; Gzh;r;rp
Rl;LKj yhfpa tfu ,Wjp
Kw;glf; fpse;j cUgpay; epiyAk; (378)
Rl;nlOj;ij KjyhfTila tfu <w;Wr; nrhy;> Ntw;Wikf;fz; Kw;glr;
nrhd;d cUG Gzh;r;rpaJ ,yf;fzg;gb epiyngWk;. tw;Wr;rhhpia ngWk;
vd;gjhk;. mtw;Wf;nfhk;G> mtw;wpd; nfhk;G vdYkhk;.
mjw;F my;top KbG
Ntw;Wik ay;top Ma;j khFk;. (379)
mr;Rl;Lg;ngahpd; tfu <W my;topf;fz; ty;nyOj;NjhL GzUkplj;J
tfuk; jphpe;J Ma;jk; MFk;. mt;+fba=m/fba.
mjw;F NtW KbGfs;

nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; mt;ntOj; jhFk; (380)
mr;Rl;Lg; ngahpd; tfu <W> nkd;fzk; te;J ,iae;jtplj;J mk;
nky;nyOj;jha;j; jphpe;J KbAk;. mt;+Qhd;W=mQ;Qhd;W.
Vdit Gzhpd; ,ay;ngd nkhopg (381)

mr;Rl;Lg; ngahpd; tfu <W> ty;nyOj;Jk; nky;nyOj;J ky;yhj>
Vida ,ilf;fzj;NjhLk; caph;f;fzj;NjhLk; Gzhpd; mt;tfuk; jphpahJ
,ay;gha; KbAk; vd;gh;. mt;aho;> ,t;Taph;

136
njt; vd;Dk; tfu <w;W chpr;nrhy; GzUkhW

Vid tfuk; njhopw;nga hpaw;Nw (382)
Vida tfu <w;Wj; njt; vd;Dk; nrhy;yPW> Qfhu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;
,ay;gpw;wha; elf;Fk;. cfuk; kl;Lk; ngw;Wk; cfuj;NjhL ty;nyOj;Jk;
ngw;Wk; tUk; vd;gjhk;. nkd;fzk;> ,ilf;fzk; thpd; ,ay;ghFk;.
njt;Tf;fbJ> njt;Tkhl;rp.
ofu <W
ofu <w;wpd; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rp (383)
ofu <w;wpd; ngah;> td;fzk; te;jhy; Ntw;Wikf;fz; ufhu <w;W
,ay;gpw;wha; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F KbAk;. ,aw;W-,ay;gpw;W> G+o;f;fhy;. (G+o;-
fhil)
jho; vd;Dk; nrhy; Gzh;jy;
jho;vd; fpstp NfhnyhL Gzhpd;
mf;F,il tUjy; chpj;J khFk; (384)
jho; vd;Dk; nrhy; Nfhy; vd;Dk; nrhy;NyhL Gzhpd;> ty;nyOj;J
kpFjNyad;wp mf;Fr;rhhpia ,iltUjYk; chpj;jhFk;. jho;fN
; fhy;>
jhof;Nfhy;.
jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
jkpo;vd; fpstpAk; mjNdh uw;Nw (385)
jkpo; vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; mjNdhL xUjd;ikj;jhFk;. Kw;$wpahq;F
ty;nyOj;J kpFjNyad;wp> mf;Fr; rhhpia ngw;Wk; KbAk;. jkpo;f;$j;J>
jkpof;$j;J.
Fkpo; vd;Dk; kug;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
Fkpo;vd; fpstp kug;nga uhapd;
gPh;vd; fpstpnahL Xhpaw; whFk; (386)
„Fkpo;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy; kuj;ij czh;j;Jk; ngauhapd; gPh; vd;Dk;

nrhy;NyhL> Xh; ,ay;gpidAilajha; mikAk;. m/jhtJ nky;nyOj;Jk;
mk;Kr; rhhpiaAk; ngWk;. Fkpoq;fpis.
gho; vd;Dk; nrhy;Gzh;jy;
gho;vd; fpstp nky;nyOj;J cwo;Nt (387)

137
gho; vd;Dk; nrhy; ty;nyOj;NjhL nky;nyOj;Jk; kpf;F cwo;e;J

KbAk;. gho;f;fpzW> gho;qf
; pzW.
Vo; vd;Dk; vz;zg;ngah;g;Gzh;r;rp
Vo;vd; fpstp cUgpay; epiyAk; (388)
Vo; vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngauJ ,Wjp> cUG Gzh;r;rpf;fz; nrhy;ypa
,ay;gpNy epiyngWk;. m/jhtJ md; rhhpia ngWk;. Vod; fzf;F.
Vo; Kd; Kfj;jysit> epWj;jysit>
vz;zysitg; ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;
msTk; epiwAk; vz;Zk; tUtop
neLKjy; FWfYk; cfuk; tUjYk;
fbepiy apd;Nw Mrphp ah;f;f (389)
Nkw;$wpa Vo; vd;Dk; nrhy; Kd; Kfj;jysitg; ngaUk;
epWj;jysitg; ngaUk; vz;Zg;ngaUk; te;J GzUk;nghOJ> nel;nlOj;jhfpa
Kjy; FWfYk; ofuj;jpd; Nky; Xh; cfuk; Nrh;jYk; Mrphpah;f;Fj; jtph;f;Fk;
epiyapdjd;W. vOfyk;.
VOld; NrUk; gj;J g/J Mjy;
gj;njd; fpstp xw;wpil nfLtop
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; Ma;jg;Gs;sp (390)
Vo; vd;gJld; gj;J vd;Dk; vz; te;J GzUkplj;J> mg;gj;J vd;Dk;
vz;zpd; ,ilapYs;s xw;Wf; nfLk;. mt;thW nfl;ltplj;J Ma;jg;Gs;sp
te;J epw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. vOg/J.
VOld; Mapuk; Nrh;e;J epw;wy;
Mapuk; tUtop cfuk; nfLNk (391)
Vo; vd;gjd; Kd; Mapuk; tUk;NghJ> Kd;ngw;w cfuk; nfLk;. Vohapuk;.
VOld; E}whapuk; Nrh;e;J tUjy;
E}WCh;e;J t&ck; Mapuf; fpstpf;Ff;
$wpa neLKjy; FWf;fk; ,d;Nw (392)
Vo;Kd; tUk; E}W vd;Dk; nrhy;iyr; rhh;e;J tUfpw Mapuk; vd;w
nrhy;Yf;F neLKjy; FWFjy; vd;gJ ,y;iy. Vo; E}whapuk;. vOE}whapuk;
vd;Wk; tUnkd;gh; ciuahrphpah;.

138
VOld; I (jhkiu)> mk; (nts;sk;)> gy; (Mk;gy;)>

vd;Dk; Ngnuz;fs; Gzh;jy;
Imk; gy;vd t&ck;
my;ngah; vz;zpDk; Mapay; epiyAk; (393)
Vo; vd;Dk; nrhy; I> mk;> gy; vDk; ,WjpfisAiladthd
nghUl;ngauy;yhj vz;Zg;ngah;fs; tUkplj;J Kw;$wpa mt;tpay;NghL
epw;Fk;. m/jhtJ neLKjy; FWfhkYk; cfuk; ngwhkYk; ,ay;ghf epw;Fk;.
Vo; jhkiu> Vo; nts;sk;> Vo; Mk;gy;> ,it Ngnuz;fs;> my;ngah;-jhkiu
vd;gJ ngaud;W: ,J vz;zpf;if vd;gjhk;.
Vo;Kd; tUk; msitg; ngah;fspd; caph; Kjd;nkhopfs;
caph;Kd; thpDk; Mapay; jphpahJ (394)
Vo; vd;gjd; Kd; caph; Kjd;nkhopfs; thpDk; mg;gz;gpy; khwhJ.
neLKjy; FWfp cfuk; ngwhJ ,ay;gha; epw;wy;> Vofy;> Vopuz;L.
fPo; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
fPo;vd; fpstp cwoj; Njhd;Wk; (395)
fPo; vd;Dk; nrhy; cwo;r;rpaha;j; Njhd;Wk;. fPo;Fsk;> fPo;f;Fsk;
sfu <W
sfu <w;W Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
sfhu ,Wjp zfhu ,aw;Nw (396)
sfhu ,Wjpg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikf;fz; zfhu <w;W ,ay;gpw;wha; KbAk;.
td;fzk; thpd; sfhuk; lfhukhaj; jphpAk; vd;gjhk;. Ks;+nrb=Kl;nrb.
mjw;F NtW KbG

nky;nyOj;J ,iaapd; dfhu khFk; (397)
sfu <w;Wg;ngah; nky;nyOj;J Kjd;nkhop te;J Gzhpd; zfukhfj;
jphpAk;. Ks;+Kid=Kz;Kid.
sfu <w;W my;topg; Gzh;r;rp

my;top nay;yhk; cwo;vd nkhopg (398)
sfu <w;W my;topg; Gzh;r;rpfs; vy;yhk; jphpe;Jk; jphpahJk; cwo;e;J
KbAk; vd;gh;. Ks;fbJ. Kl;fbJ.

139
mjw;F NtW KbG

Ma;jk; epiyaYk; tiuepiy apd;Nw
jfuk; t&cq; fhiy ahd (399)
sfuk; lfukhfj; jphpahJ. Ma;jkha;j; jphpe;J epw;wYk;> jfu Kjd;nkhop
tUk;NghJ ePf;Fk; epiyik ,d;W. Ks;+jPJ=K/BJ. Kl;BJ.
rpy sfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rp

nebajd; ,Wjp ,ay;gh FeTk;
Ntw;Wik ay;top Ntw;Wik epiyaDk;
Nghw;wy; Ntz;Lk; nkhopAkh UsNt (400)
nel;nlOj;jpd; gpd; epw;Fk; rpy sfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fs; jphpahJ
,ay;ghFeTk;> Ntw;Wikay;yhj my;topaplj;J Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpNghy;
jphpe;J KbjYk; Mfpa ,tw;iwg; Nghw;w Ntz;ba nkhopfSk; cs.
ths;$hpJ. ehl;fbJ.
sfu <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
sfhu <w;Wj; njhopw;nganuy;yhk; Ntw;WikapYk; my; topapYk; Qfhu
<w;Wj; njhopw;ngah; ,ay;gpw;wha; KbAk;. td;fzk; te;jtop ty;nyOj;Jk;
cfuKk; ngw;Wk; Qekt te;jtop cfuk; ngw;Wk; KbAk; vd;gjhk;.
Js;Sf;fbJ> Js;S ed;W. „njhopw;nganuy;yhk; njhopw; ngahpay‟ vd
khl;Nlw;Wk; moF vz;zpg; ghh;ff
; j;jf;fJ.
,Us; vd;Dk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
,Us;vd; fpstp ntapypay; epiyAk; (402)
,Us; vd;Dk; nrhy; „ntapy;‟ vd;Dk; nrhy;Nghy ,yf;fzk; ngWk;.

mj;Jk; ,d;Dk; rhhpiafshf tUk;. ,/njhU njhlh; khl;Nlw;W vd;gJ Kd;G
Rl;lg;gl;lJ. ,Usj;Jr; nrd;whd;.
Gs;> ts; vd;gd Gzh;jy;
Gs;Sk; ts;Sk; njhopw;ngah; ,ay (403)
Gs;> ts; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; njhopw;ngah;f;F Xjpa ,ay;gpdtha; tUk;.
ty;nyOj;J thpd; cfuk; ngw;Wk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;Fk; Q e k t thpd;
,ay;ghAk; GzUk; Gs;Sf;fbJ> ts;S ePz;lJ.

140
kf;fs; vd;Dk; nrhy;

kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngah;epiyf; fpstpAk;
jf;ftop mwpe;J typj;jYk; chpj;Nj (404)
kf;fs; vd;Dk; ngah;r;nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp sfuk;. jf;f ,lkwpe;J
ty;nyhw;whfj; jphpjYk; cz;L. kf;fl;NgW> kf;fs; gyh; vd;gJ Nghy; jphpahJ
,ay;ghFkplq;fs; gythFk;.
Gwdil
nrhd;dit nfhz;L cyfpil toq;Ftd gpwtw;wpw;Fk; KbT
fhZjy;
czuf; $Wpa Gzhpay; kUq;fpd;
fz;Lnraw;F chpait fz;zpdh; nfhsNy (405)
Gs;sp <Wfs; epd;W ehd;F fzj;NjhLk; GzUk; tpjk; ,JfhWk; ed;F
kdj;jpy; gjpAkhW $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;qdk; czuf; $wpatw;iw kdq;nfhz;L>
nkhopapdJ ,ay;igAk; tof;fhw;iwAk; fz;L Muha;e;J> Kbj;jw;Fhpa gpw
KbGfisr; rpe;jid nra;J mikj;Jf;nfhs;tPh;fshf. czuf;$ba – kdj;jpy;
gjpAk;gb $wpa> fz;zpdh;-vz;zpg; ghh;j;J> rpe;jpj;J. nfhsy;-nfhs;f.

141
Gs;sp kaq;fpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

t.v. epiynkhop tUnkhop Ntw;Wik/ Gzh;r;rp tpjp vLj;Jf;fhl;L
<W Kjy; my;top
cfuk; ngw;W
Q; my;top chpQcf; fbJ
1. f r j g mt;ty;nyOj;Nj
chpQ; Ntw;Wik chpQcf; fLik
kpFk;
cfuk; ngw;W
2. chpQ; Q e k t my;top chpQc Qhd;wJ
,ay;ghFk;
e; my;top nghUEf; fbJ
1. Nkw;gb Nkw;gb
<w;Wg;ngah; nghUe; ngUE typJ
e cfuk; nfl;L nghUef;fLik
2. f r j g Ntw;Wik
nghUe; mfuk; tUk; nghUer; rhjp
e;-nfLk; nthpq;Fiw
3. nthpe; f r j g Ntw;Wik
nkyp kpFk; (KJF)
e;-nfl;L typ
4. nthpe; f r j g Ntw;Wik thpf;Fiw
kpFjYKz;L
z; kz;+Flk;=
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik z;-l; MFk;
z;-<w;Wg;ngah; kl;Flk;
Mz;> ngz;
tpuTg;ngah;
Mz;if>
2. m/wpiz> f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;G
ngz; fOj;J
cah;jpizg;
nghJ
„miu‟ kuk; mk;
3. Mz; (kuk;) f r j g Ntw;Wik ngw;wJ Nghy; Mzq;NfhL
KbAk;
mj;Jr;rhhpia
tpz;zj;Jg;
ngWjYk;
gwf;Fk;
4. tpz; tpidr;nrhy; nra;As; cz;L
tpz;
ngwhikAk;
njhl;Lg;gwf;Fk;
cz;L
Qfhu <W
NghyhFk; kz;Zr;rpwpJ
td;fzk;
kz; (Zjy;) my;top td;fzk; thpd; kz;Zf;nfhLik
5. nkd;fzk;
(fOTjy;) Ntw;Wik ty;nyOj;Jk; kz;Z epfo;e;jJ
,ilf;fzk;
nkd;fzj;Jk; kz;Z td;ik
,ilf;fzk;

142
tfuj;Jk;
cfuKk; ngWk;
ckz;Fb>
fpisg;ngah;
6. f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;G ghz;Nrhp ghz;
ckz;> ghz;
fld;
vl;rpwpJ> vz;rpwpJ
7. vz; (vs;) my;top z;-l; MFk;
vdYkhk;
my;topapy;
my;top Kuz; fbJ
8. Kuz; f r j g ,ay;G
Ntw;Wik Kul;fLik
Ntw;Wikapy; l;
k; kfuk; nfLk;>
kuk;+ngl;lfk;=
kfu <w;Wg; te;j
1. Ntw;Wik kug;ngl;lfk;
ngah;r; ty;nyOj;J
kuk;+Nth;=kuNth;
nrhw;fs; kpFk;
m> M
kfuk; nfl>
kfu <w;Wr; Kjyhf kuk;+mb+kuhtb>
2. Ntw;Wik epd;w mfuk;
nrhw;fs; tUk; kutb
ePSjY Kz;L
nrhw;fs;
kfu <w;Wr; nky;nyOj;Jg; Fsq;fiu>
3. Ntw;Wik
nrhw;fs; ngWjYKz;L Fsf;fiu
,ay;gha;
,y;yq;fl;il
4. ,y;yk; (kuk;) Ntw;Wik KbAk;. nkyp
,y;yk; G+
kpFk;.
my;top nky;nyOj;jhf kuk;+jioj;jJ=
5. kfu <W f r j g
midj;Jk; khWk; kue;jioj;jJ
„m‟ kl;Lk;
epw;Fk;. mfk;+if=
6. mfk; if
,dnky;nyOj;J mq;if
kpFk;.
kfu <W nflhJ ,yk;gL
7. ,yk; gL nra;As;
epw;wYKz;L (,yk;ghL-tWik)
Mapuj;jpw;Ff;
„mj;J‟r; rhhpia Mapuj;J E}W>
8. Mapuk; fPNo
tUk; Mapuj;J Ie;E}W
cs;sit
Mapuj;Jf;
Mapuk;+ „mj;J‟r; rhhpia ehd;fhapuj;J
9. fPNo
milAld; tUk; Ke;E}W
cs;sit

143
Kfj;jysit kfuk;
Mapuf;
10. Mapuk; epWj;jysit nfl;L>typ kpf;F
fyk;>Mapuf;foQ;R
ngah;fs; KbAk;
vy;yhUk;+jiy
„ck;‟<Wnfl;L> vy;yhh;je;jiyAk;
vy;yhUk; ,ilAk; <Wk; vy;yPh; EQ;
(glh;f;if) rhhpia ngWk; nrtpAk;
vy;yPUk; neLKjy; jhk;+if=jq;if
11.
(Kd;dpiy) FWFtd FWf
ehk;+nrtp
jhk; (jk;) nky;nyOj;J
=eQ;nrtp
ehk; (ek;) kpFk;.
ahk; (vk;) ahk;+jiy
=ve;jiy
vy;yhUk;
12. Nkw;gb my;top ,ay;ghFk; rhd;Nwhh; vy;yPUk;
jUf
tw;Wr; rhhpia
vy;yhk; vy;yhtw;Wj;
13. ck;Kr; rhhpia
tpuTg;ngah; jiyAk;
ngWk;
my;topapy;
rhhpia tuhJ vy;yhj;jiyapYk;
14. Nkw;gb f r j g
,dnky;nyOj;J vy;yhQ; rpwg;gTk;
kpFk;
vy;yhk;
15 Ek; (cah;jpiz) vy;yhee; jiyAk;
ek;-rhhpia tUk;
nky;nyOj;J
16. Ek; Eq;if> Ee;jiy
kpFk;
c-nfLk;
ePh; (mjhtJ Ek;
e;+<=eP+,
17. Ek; my;top ePh; Mfp – ePaph;
k;-nfl-h;
nra;jPh; vd tUk;.
MFk;
Qfu <w;Wj;
ntk;Kf;fbJ
njhopw;ngah;
ntk;Kf; fLik
ntk; (K) my;top Nghy-td;fzk;
18. Jk;Kr; nrWg;g
Jk; (K) Ntw;Wik „c‟Tk; typAk;
ntk;K ed;W
ngWk;.
ntk;K ePh;ik
,ay;Gfzk;
144
„c‟ ngWk;.
td;fzk; thpd;
cUKf;fbJ>
„c‟fuKk;
fLik>
my;top ty;nyOj;Jk;
19. <k;> fk;> cUk; fk;Kf;fbJ> fk;K
Ntw;Wik ,ay;Gfzk;
ed;W><Kf;fbJ><
thpd; cfuk;
Kf;fhL (RLfhL)
kl;Lk;
mf;F-rhhpia <kf;Flk;>
20. <k;> fk; Ntw;Wik
ngWk; fk;kj;njhopy;
t-tpd; NkYs;s epyk; typJ
21. epyk;> tyk; typ tUjy; my;top
k; -FWFk; tyk; tUjy;
mj;J> Md; kfj;jhw;
22. kfk; f r j g my;top
rhhpiafs; tUk; nfhz;lhd;
d (dfu <W) nghd;+Flk;
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik d;-w; Mfj;jphpAk;
nghd; =nghw;Flk;
kz; (mJ kw;
nfhz;f)>
kd;> rpd;> ,rpd; (fhg;Gk;
Md;><d;> gpd;> G+z;brpd;)>
Kd; dfu <w;W mirr;nrhw;fs;>
2. f r j g Ntw;Wik d;-w; MFk;
tpid nar;rr; gpw;nfhz;lhd;>
nrhy; thpd;> Kw;nfhz;lhd;
vOjpd; (gpw;fhyk;
Kw;fhyk;) ,tz;
thpw; ghh;g;Nghk;.
mt;tapw; nry;f
mt;tapd; vt;tapw;
3. f r j g Ntw;Wik d;-w; MFk;
vt;tapd; ngw;wid?
Fapd; nga;Ak;
my;top
4. Fapd; f r j g Fapd; Njhw;wk;
Ntw;Wik
(Nkfk;)
„Mz;‟
5. vfpd; (kuk;) f r j g Ntw;Wik kuj;jpw;Fhpa vfpdq;fpis
Gzh;r;rp
„m‟ tUk;. typ
6. vfpd; (gwit) f r j g Ntw;Wik vfpdr;rpwF
kpFk;.

145
dfu <w;W zfu <w;W

7. ,dg;ngah; f r j g Ntw;Wik ,dg;ngah; Nghy; vapd;Fb
vapd; ,ay;ghFk;
8. kPd; f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;Gk;> jphpGk; kPd;fz;> kPw;fz;
cwo;rr; p typ Njd;Flk;>
9. Njd; f r j g Ntw;Wik kpFk; NghJ d; Njw;Flk;>
nfLk; Njf;Flk;
nky;nyOj;J
10. Njd; f r j g Ntw;Wik Njq;Flk;
kpFjYk; cz;L
„d;‟ nfLjYk;
nky;ypd Njd;nkhop
11. Njd; nflhikAk;
Kjd; nkhop Njnkhop
cwo;e;J tUk;
Njd;+,why;
12. Njd; ,whmy; ,ay;G
=Njdpwhy;
,ul;bj;j jfu
13. Njd; ,why; Njj;jpwhy;
xw;W tUk;.
td;fzk;thpd;
cfuKk; typAk;
kpd;> gpd;> gd;> Ntw;Wik kpd;Df;nfhbJ
14. nkd;fzKk;
fd; my;top gd;D ed;W
,ilf;fzKk;
thpd; c ngWk;
m-ngw;W>
typathpd;
fd;df;Flk;
15. fd; kpf;Fk; Vida
fd;d epiy
thpd; ,ay;ghAk;
KbAk;
rhj;jd; me;ij> epiy rhj;j+me;ij=
16. je;ij
nfhw;wd; nkhopg;ngah; rhj;je;ij
Mjd;+je;ij
epiynkhop
Mj;+me;ij=
,Wjp „md;‟Dk;
17. Mjd;> G+jd; je;ij Me;ijahh;.
tUnkhop Kjy;
G+jd;+je;ij=
„m‟Tk; nfLk;
G+e;ij.
Mjd;> G+jd; -
ngUQ;rhj;jd;
18. milnkhop je;ij ,ay;ghFk;
je;ij
fSld; tUjy;

146
kf;fs; (kfd; cUj;jph;+mk;+

19. cUj;jpud; cUj;jpuq;fz;zd;
ngah;) fz;zd;
je;ij>
jhd;> Ngd;> jhd; je;ij>
20. kf;fspd; ,ay;G
Nfhd; Nfhd; fe;jd;
,aw;ngah;
jhd; cUG jd;if
neLKjy;
21. tpuTg;ngah; Gzh;r;rp vd;Njhs;
FWFk; ahd;
ahd; NghYk; vd; MFk;
jhd; rpwpad;>
22. jhd;> ahd; my;top ,ay;G
ahd; nghpad;
„d;‟-nfl> tUk; mod;+Flk;
23. mod;
typkpFk; =mof;Flk;
Kd;wpy; (gok;
Kd;+w;+,y;
24. (,y;) Kd; kuG)
nghd;-nghyk;
d;-nfl> yk;-
25. nghd; nghye;njhb
Njhd;Wk;
a (afu <W) ty;nyOj;J
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik eha;fF
; l;b
eha; kpFk;
2. jha; f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;ghFk; jha; if
jha;g;ghy;>
3. jha; f r j g Ntw;Wik typ kpFk;
jha;g;gz;G
typ nkyp
Ntw; afu Nta;q;Fiw
4. f r j g Ntw;Wik cwo;rr
; pahf
tPw;Wr;nrhw;fs; Nta;f;Fiw
tUk;;
eha; Fiuf;Fk;
5. Nkw;gb f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;ghFk;
gha; nghpJ
u ufu <w;Wg;
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik xw;W kpFk; Njh;f;fhy;
ngah;fs;
Mh;> ntjph;>
nky;nyOj;J ntjph;q;NfhL>
2. rhh;> gPh; f r j g Ntw;Wik
kpFk; gPhq
; ;fpis
(kug;ngah;fs;)
3. rhh; fho; typ kpFk; rhh;f;fho;
nkyp kpFk;
4. gPh; f r j g gPue;Njhy;
mk; ngWk;
y yfu
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik y;-w; MFk; fy;+rpiw=fw;rpiw
<w;Wg;ngah;fs;

147
fy;+Kid
nkd;fzk; =fd;Kid
2. yfu <W Ntw;Wik y;-d; MFk;
thpd; gy;+kzpkhiy
=gd;kzpkhiy
nkd;fdk;
3. yfu <W my;top cwo;e;J KbAk; fy;FwpJ> fw;FwpJ
thpd;
w;-md;wp
j-Kjd; fy;+jPJ=f/wPJ>
4. yfu <W my;top Ma;jkhfTk;
nkhop fw;wPJ
KbAk;
yfu <W jphpjYk; fhw;FwpJ>
5. f r j g my;top
nel;nlOj;jpWjp ,ay;Gk; fhy;FwpJ
ney;> nry;>
new;Ftpe;jJ>
6. nfhy;> nrhy;- f r j g my;top y;-w; Mfj;jphpAk;
nfhw;fbJ.
ngah;fs;
typ kpFjYk;>
I ,ilapy; ,y;iyg;nghUs;
7. ,y; (,d;ik) Ntw;Wik tUjYk; ,y;nghUs;
,ay;ghFk; ,y;yhh;f;nfhLik
M kpFjYk;
c-ngw;W>
ty; (#jhL my;top typthpd; kpf;F> ty;Yf;nfhbJ>
8.
fUtp) Ntw;Wik Qekt thpd; ty;Yj;jPik
,ay;ghjy;
c-nfLk;> m
ty;y eha;>
9. ty; eha;> gyif tUk;. c
ty;Yg;gyif
nflhJk; epw;Fk;
mk;-rhhpia G+yq;fhL>
10. G+y;> Nty;> My;
tUk; Ntyq;Fb
typthpd;
cfuKk;
fy;Yf;fbJ>
my;top ty;nyOj;Jk;:
11. fy;(Y) fy;Yf;fLik
Ntw;Wik nkd;fzKk;
fy;Y ePz;lJ
,ilf;fzKk;
thpd; c ngWk;
ntapyj;Jg;
mj;J-rhhpia
12. ntapy; tpidr;nrhy; Nghdhd;
,d;-rhhpia
ntapypw; Nghdhd;

148
t tfu <W tw;Wr; rhhpia

1. f r j g Ntw;Wik mtw;Wf; fpis
mt; ngWk;
mt;+fba
2. mt; f r j g t;-/ MFk;
=m/fba
nky;nyOj;jha; mt;+Qhd;W=
3. mt; nkd;fzk;
jphpAk; mQ;Qhd;W
caph;f;
4. mt; ,ilf;fzk; ,ay;G mt;aho;> ,t;Taph;
fzk;
c-kl;Lk; ngWk;>
c-Tld;
td;fzk; njt;Tf;fbJ>
5. njt; ty;nyhw;W
nkd;fzk; njt;T kPl;rp
ngWk;>
,ay;G
ty;nyOj;J
1. o ofu <W f r j g Ntw;Wik G+o;f;fhy;
kpFk;
typ kpFk;. jho;f;Nfhy;>
2. jho; Nfhy;
mf;Fk; ngWk; jhof;Nfhy;
ty;nyhw;W
kpFjNyad;wp jkpo;f;$j;J
3. jho;
mf;Fr; rhhpia jkpof;$j;J
ngWk;
nky;nyOj;Jk;
mk;Kr;
4. Fkpo; (kuk;) f r j g Fkpok; gok;
rhhpiaAk;
ngWk;
typ> nkyp gho;f;fpzW
5. gho; f r j g
cwo;e;J KbAk; gho;q;fpzW
md;-rhhpia
6. Vo; f r j g Vod;fzf;F
ngWk;
Kfj;jy;
msit
vO fyk;
epWj;jy; neby; FWFk;-
7. Vo; (vO) vOfoQ;R
msit o;+c NrUk;
vOglq;fs;
vz;Zg;
ngah;
8. Vo; (vO) gj;J gj;J-,il vOg/J

149
xw;Wf;nfLk;
mq;F Ma;jk;
tUk;
9. Vo; (vO) Mapuk; c-nfLk; Vohapuk;
10. Vo; (vO) E}whapuk; neby; FWfhJ Vo;E}whapuk;
jhkiu> Vo; jhkiu>
11. Vo; nts;sk;> ,ay;ghFk; Vo; nts;sk;
Mk;gy; Vo; Mk;gy;
12. Vo; caph;f;fzk; ,ay;ghFk; Vofy;> Vopuz;L
fPo;Fsk;>
13. fPo; f r j g cwo;rr
; pahFk;
fPo;f;Fsk;
s sfu <W
1. f r j g Ntw;Wik s;-l; MFk; Kl;nrb
Ks;
Ks;+Kid=
2. s; Ks; nky;ypdk; Ntw;Wik s;-z; MFk;
Kz;Kid
Ks; fbJ>
my;top Kl;fbJ>
3. s; f r j g cwo;rr
; pahFk;
vy;yhk; fs;nfhbJ>
fl;nfhbJ
l;MfhJ>
jfuKjd;
4. Ks; my;top Ma;jkhAk; K/BJ> Kl;BJ
nkhop
tUk;
,ay;ghFk; ths; $hpJ
5. ths; ehs; my;top
jphpgilAk; ehl; fbJ
Ntw;Wik
td;fzk; typAk; cfuKk; Js;Sf;fbJ
6. Js; my;top
nkd;fzk; ngWk; cfuk; Js;S ed;ik
ngWk;
mj;Jk; ,d;Dk;
rhhpiaahf ,Usj;Jr;
7. ,Us; tpidr;nrhy; my;top
tUk; ,Uspw; nrd;whd;
Nghdhd;
typthpd;
td;fzk; cfuKk; Gs;Sf;fbJ
8. Gs;> ts; my;top
nkd;fzk; typAtUk; ts;S ePz;lJ
,ay;Gkha;
ty;nyhw;whFk; kf;fl;NgW kf;fs;
9. kf;fs; f r j g
s;-l; kf;fs; gth;

150
vd;gJk; cz;L
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. Gs;spkaq;fpay; ngah;f;fhuzk; tpsf;Ff.
2. „njhopw;nga nuy;yhe; njhopw;nga hpay‟– tpsf;Ff.
3. <k;> fk;> cUk; vd;Dk; ngah;fs; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
4. njhy;fhg;gpa fhyj;jpa msT> epiwg;ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfs; rpytw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
5. Me;ij> G+e;ij vd;Dk; nrhw;fisg; gphpj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp tpjp $Wf.
6. „a‟fu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
7. „u‟fu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp Fwpj;J vOJf.
8. vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk;> jhk;> ehk;a> ahk;> Ek; Mfpa kfutPw;Wg;
ngah;fSf;F $wg;gl;l Gzh;;r;rp tpjpfisf; $Wf.
9. kfutPw;W ehl;ngah;fs; vt;thW GzUk;?
10. Fapd;> vfpd;> tapd;> kpd;> Njd; Mfpatw;wpw;Fhpa Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs;
ahit?
fl;Liu tpdh
1. „z‟fu „d‟fu my;yJ „y‟fu „s‟fu <w;Wg; Gzh;r;rp Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
2. Njd; vd;Dk; nrhy; GzUk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Ff.
3. njhy;fhg;gpah; Gs;spaPw;Wr; nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfis vt;thW
tifg;gLj;Jfpwhh;?
4. kfutPw;Wg; ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikapy; GzUkhw;iw tpsf;Ff.
5. kfutPw;Wg; ngah;fs; my;topapy; GzUk;NghJ cz;lhFk; khw;wq;fisj;
njhFf;f.
6. kfutPw;W cah;jpiz> tpuTg;ngah;fSf;Fk;> njhopw;ngah;fSf;Fk;
$wg;gl;l rpwg;Gg;Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
7. afutPw;wpy; KbAk; nrhw;fSf;fhd Gzh;r;rp tpjpfis vOJf.
8. yfhutPw;wpy; KbAk; nrhw;fSf;fhd Gzh;r;rp tpjpfis vOJf.
9. tfutPw;wpy; KbAk; nrhw;fSf;fhd Gzh;r;rp tpjpfis vOJf.
10. ofhutPw;Wg; ngah;fs; my;topapy; GzUk;NghJ cz;lhFk; khw;wq;fisj;
njhFf;f.

151
9. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay;
Fw;wpaYfuj;ij capUs; mlf;fp> caph; kaq;fpaypy; $wp ,Uf;fyhk;.
jkpoFFf; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph; Nghd;wJ. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; cfuj;jpy; Kbtd
ngUk;ghd;ika. jkpopYs;s vz;Zg;ngah;fs; ahTk; E}W Kbaf;
Fw;wpaYfuq;fNs. jpirr;nrhw;fs; ahTk; Fw;Wfuj;jpy; KbAk;. jkpo;r;nrhy;iy
,dq;fhl;LtJk; jkpohf;fk; nra;a cjTtJkhfpa Fw;wpaYfuk; ,d;Wk;
rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ. jkpo;r;nrhw;fs; vitAk; ty;ypdj;jpy; Kbtjpy;iy vd;gJ
jkpopd; jdpr;rpwg;Gfspy; xd;whFk;. ghf;> thf;> jhl;> G+l; vd;W nrhy;ypAk;
mtw;iwNa ghf;F> thf;F> jhl;L> G+l;L vd;W nrhy; ypAk; ghUq;fs;.
jkpo;r;nrhy;ypd; ,dpikAk; ePh;ikAk; vspikAk; GdyhFk;. Fw;wpaYfu <W
epd;W tUnkhopNahL Gzh;tij ,t;tpay; tpsf;FfpwJ.
Fw;wpaYfu MW tifAk; ngaUk;
<nuOj; njhUnkhop caph;j;njhlh; ,ilj;njhlh;
Ma;jj; njhlh;nkhop td;njhlh; nkd;njhlh;
MapU %d;Nw cfuk; FWfpld; (406)
neby; Kjyhfpa <nuOj;njhUnkhop> caph;j;njhlh;> ,ilj;njhlh;>
Ma;jj;njhlh;> td;njhlh;> nkd;njhlh; vd <w;way; vOj;ij Nehf;fp cfuk;
FWFkplq;fs; MwhFk;. M,U%d;W – mt;tpU%d;W> MW.
,ilj;njhlhpy; <nuhw;W thuhik

mtw;Ws;
<nuhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhop ,ilj;njhl uhfh (407)
mtw;Ws;><h; xw;whf epd;W njhlUk; nkhopfs; ,ilj;njhluhf mikah.
vdNt rhy;G> nra;J vd;gJ Nghy; mit Xnuhw;WldpahfNt mikAk;.
<nuhw;whfthpd; td;njhluhfNth> nkd; njhluhfNthjhd; tUk;. nkhopia
El;gkha; Muha;e;j $w;W> fho;gG; > nkha;k;G vd;gJNghy; td;njhluhfNt
nkd;njhluhfNt MFk;.
my;topapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; Fw;Wfuk; tUk;
vy;yh ,WjpAk; cfuk; epiyAk; (408)
my;topf;fz;Zk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; Nkw;$wpa MW ,lq;fspYk;
cfuk; FWfpepw;Fk;. my;yJ-my;top. vy;yh ,WjpAk;-MW ,WjpapYk;>
epiyAk; - FWfp epw;Fk;. khR nghpJ> ehl;L tho;j;J.
152
Fw;Wfug; nghJg;Gzh;r;rp td;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfug; Gzh;r;rp

ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhop ty;nyOj;J tUtopj;
njhy;iy ,aw;if epiyaYk; chpj;Nj (409)
ty;nyOj;Jj; njhlUk; td;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfuk; vjpNu ty;nyOj;J
tUnkhop Kjypy; tUkplj;J> Nkw;$wpa ,ay;Gg;gb> Fw;Wfukha; miukhj;jpiu
ngw;W epw;wYKz;L. mijtplf; FWfpf; fhy;khj;jpiu ngWjYKz;L. njhy;iy
,aw;if-Fw;Wfukha; miukhj;jpiu ngWjy;. epiyaYk;-ck;ik vjph;kiwaha;
epiyahJ NkYk; FWFjYk; cz;L. nfhf;Ff;FwpJ> gl;Lg;GO.
Fw;wpaYfuk; Gzh;r;rpapd; Fw;wpaypfukhjy;
afuk; tUtop ,fuk; FWFk;
cfuf; fpstp Jtuj; Njhd;whJ (410)
afu Kjd; nkhop tUnkhopaha; tUk;NghJ epiynkhop ,Wjp cfuk;
KOikngwj; Njhd;whJ. Mz;L mJ ,fukhfj; jphpe;J FWfp xypf;Fk;.
ehL+ahJ=ehbahJ. „cfuf;fpstp‟ vd;gjhy; ,J Fw;wpaYfuk;
gw;wpanjd;gjhFk;. afuk; tUfpstp ,fuk; vd;wjhy; mq;qdk; epd;w cfuk;
,fukhfj; jphpA nkd;gJk; ngw;whk;.
Fw;Wfu <w;W Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
neby;njhlh; caph;j;njhlh;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
<nuOj;J nkhopAk; caph;j;njhlh; nkhopAk;
Ntw;Wik ahapd; xw;wpil ,dkpfj;
Njhw;wk; Ntz;Lk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjp (411)
<nuOj;jhfpa neby;njhlh;f; Fw;wfuKk; caph;j;njhlh; Fw;WfuKk;
Ntw;Wikg; nghUl;Gzh;r;rpapy;> nkhopapilna ,WjpapYs;s xw;wpd; ,dxw;W
kpFk;. mjDld; vjpNu tUk; ty;nyOj;Jkpf;Fj; Njhd;wp KbAk;.
ahL+fhy;=ahl;L vd ,ilNa ,d xw;WkpFe;J>ahl;Lf;fhy; vd ty;nyhw;Wk;
Njhd;wp Kbe;jd. tapW+grp=tapw;Wg;grp. ty;nyOj;ij Vidf;fzk; thpd;
,ay;gha; KbAk;. ehl;L elg;G.

153
mjw;F NtW KbG

xw;wpil ,dkpfh nkhopAkh UsNt
mj;jpwj;J ,y;iy ty;nyOj;J kpfNy (412)
Kw;$wpathW ,d xw;W ,ilapy; kpfhj nkhopfSk; cs;sd. mjpy;
tUnkhop Kjy; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; ,y;iy. mj;jpwj;J-mt;tpjkhd
nkhopfspy;. ghF Rit> tuF fjph;.
,ilj;njhlh; Ma;jj;njhlh;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
,ilnahw;Wj; njhlUk; Ma;jj; njhlUk;
eilM ,ay vd;kdhh; Gyth; (413)
,ilj;njhlUk; Ma;jj; njhlUk;> Ntw;Wikapy; ty;ypdk; tUk;topg;
GzUkplj;J mg;Gzh;r;rpNghy; ,ay;ghf elf;Fk; vd;gh; Gyth;. ,ilj;njhlh;
vd;dhJ ,ilnahw;Wj; njhlnud;wJ tuF vd;gJ caph;j;njhluhFk;. rhh;G vd
Kd;dpw;gJ xw;whFkplj;Njjhd; m/J ,ilj;njhlnudg;gLk; vdj; njhptpj;jw;F>
M> eil ,ay-mt;thW elf;Fk; ,ay;gpd. cy;F fzf;F. v/F fzk;.
td;njhlh; nkd;njhlh;fspd; Gzh;r;rp
td;njhlh; nkhopAk; nkd;njhlh; nkhopAk;
te;j ty;nyOj;J xw;wpil kpFNk
nky;nyhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhop nky;nyhw; nwy;yhk;
ty;nyhw;W ,Wjp fpisnahw; whFk; (414)
td;njhlh;f; Fw;WfuKk; nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;WfuKk;> tUnkhopaha; te;j
ty;nyhw;W kpf;F KbAk;. nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfuj;jpy; ,ilapYs;s nky;nyhw;W
midj;Jk; ,WjpapYs;s ty;nyhw;whfNth my;yJ fpis ty;nyhw;whfNth
khWk;. te;j-tUnkhopaha; te;j. nfhf;Ff;fhy;-td;njhlh; nkhopapy; te;j
ty;nyhw;W kpf;fJ. Fuq;Ff;fhy;-nkd;njhlh; te;j ty;nyhw;W kpf;fJ.
Fuf;Ff;fhy;-nky;nyhw;W ty;nyhw;wha;j; jphpe;J Kbe;jJ.
vz;F+Fl;b=vl;Ff;Fl;b. ,jpy; ,d xw;whf khwpaJ fhz;f.
nkd;njhlh; td;njhlh; kug;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;

kug;ngah;f; fpstpf;F mk;Nk rhhpia (415)
nkd;njhluhfNth td;njhluhfNth tUk; kug;ngah;r; nrhw;fSf;F „mk;‟

rhhpia tUk;. Ntk;G+G+=Ntg;gk;G+. Njf;F+fpis=Njf;fq;fpis.

154
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

nky;nyhw;W typah kug;ngaUk; csNt (416)
nky;nyhw;W ty;nyhw;wha; khwhj kug;ngaUKs.
FUe;J+fpis=FUe;jq;fpis. Gd;F+G+=Gd;fk;G+.
neby;njhlh; td;njhlh; „mk;K‟r; rhhpia ngwy;
<nuOj;J nkhopAk; ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlUk;

mk;,il tuw;Fk; chpait csNt
mk;ku nghOFk; nkhoptap dhd (417)
<nuOj;J neby; njhlUk;>td;njhlUk; mk;Kr;rhhpia tUjw;FhpadTk;
cs;. mt;tpay;Gtop elf;Fk; nrhw;fsplj;J> VW+Nfhs;=Vwq;Nfhs;.
„mf;F‟r; rhhpia ngWk; nkd;njhlh; nkhopfs;
xw;Wepiy jphpahJ mf;nfhL t&ck;

mf;fpis nkhopAk; csntd nkhopg (418)
xw;W Kd;dpd;w epiyapypUe;J jphpahky; mf;Fr; rhhpia ngWk;
mt;tifg;gl;l nkd;njhlh; nkhopfSk; cs. Fd;W+mf;F+$if=Fd;wf;$if.
vz;Zg;ngah;fs; „md;‟ rhhpia ngWjy;
vz;Zg; ngah;f;fpstp cUgpay; epiyAk; (419)

Fw;Wfu <w;W vz;Zg;ngah;fs; cUG Gzh;r;rpay; $wpa ,ay;Gg;gb md;
rhhpia ngw;W epw;Fk;. xd;W+$W=xd;wd;$W.
jdpr;nrhw;fSf;Ff; $Wk; rpwg;Gg;Gzh;r;rp

tz;L ngz;L ,d; rhhpia ngWjy;
tz;Lk; ngz;Zk; ,d;ndhL rptZk; (420)
tz;L> ngz;L vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ,d; rhhpia nghUe;Jk;. tz;bd;fhy;.
ngz;L „md;‟ rhhpiaAk; ngWjy;
ngz;nld; fpstpf;F md;Dk; tiuahh; (421)

ngz;L vDk; nrhy;Yf;F md; rhhpia thpDk; ePf;fhh;. ngz;bd;if>
vd;gNjad;wpg; ngz;ld; if vdYkhk;.

155
Fw;Wfu <w;W tpdh> Rl;Lg;ngah;fs; Gzh;jy;

ahnjd; ,WjpAk; Rl;LKj yhfpa
Ma;j ,WjpAk; cUgpay; epiyAk; (422)
ahJ vd;Dk; tpdhg; ngahpWjpAk; Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ma;jj;njhlh;
nkhop,WjpAk; cUG Gzh;r;rpf;F Xjpa ,ay;gpdtha; KbAk;. m/jhtJ md;
rhhpia ngWk;. Rl;Lg;ngahpWjp rhhpia ngw;wgpd; Ma;jk; nfLk;.
ahJ+gFjp=ahjd;gFjp. m/J+fpis=mjd;fpis.
Fw;Wfu <w;W my;topg; Gzh;r;rp

Fw;Wfu <w;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngah;g; Gzh;r;rp
Kd;caph; tUkplj;J Ma;jg;Gs;sp
kd;dy; Ntz;Lk; my;top ahd. (423)
Rl;LKjyhfpa Ma;jj; njhlhpd; Kd;Nd caph; Kjd;nkhop tUkplj;J>
my;topf;fz;> Majg;Gs;sp nflhJ epiyngw Ntz;Lk;. Kw;$wpa
Ma;jj;njhlh;fspd; Kd;Nd vd;gJ mjpfhuj;jhy; ngw;whk;.
m/J+md;W=m/jd;W.
mjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

VidKd; thpNd jhd;epiy ,d;Nw (424)
mr;Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ma;jj;njhlhpd; Kd; capnuhope;j Vida fzq;fs;
tUkplj;J> mt; Ma;jk; epiyapd;wp KbAk;. m/J+fbJ=mJfbJ.
my;topapy; Fw;Wfu <Wfspd; nghJg;Gzh;r;rp

my;yJ fpsg;gpd; vy;yh nkhopAk;
nrhy;ypa gz;gpd; ,aw;if ahFk; (425)
my;topahfr; nrhy;Ykplj;J> vy;yh <w;Wf; Fw;WfuKk;> GyNthh;
nrhy;ypa gz;gpd;gb ,ay;gha; KbAk; my;yJ –my;top. tuF nghpJ.
td;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfug; Gzh;r;rp

ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhop ty;nyOj;J kpFNk (426)
ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhopf; Fw;Wfuk; my;topapYk; ty;nyOj;J kpf;F
KbAk;. nfhf;Fg;gwe;jJ.

156
Mq;F> ahq;F Kjypa nkd;njhlh; nkhopfs;

Rl;Lr;rpid ePba nkd;njhlh; nkhopAk;
ahtpdh Kjypa nkd;njhlh; nkhopAk;
Mapay; jphpah ty;nyOj; jpaw;if (427)
Rl;nlOj;jpd; khj;jpu ePz;l nkd;njhlh;r; Rl;Lg;ngaUk;> ah vDk;
tpdhit KjyhfTila nkd;njhlh;r; nrhy;Yk; ty;nyOj;Jg; ngWk;
,aw;ifahfpa mt;tpay;gpy; jphpah. Rl;Lr;rpid-Rl;nlOj;J.
ty;nyOj;jpaw;ifahfpa mt;tpay;gpy; jphpah. Mq;Ff;nfhz;lhd;>
ahq;Ff;nfhz;lhd;.
ahq;F vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
ahtpdh nkhopNa ,ay;G ahFk; (428)
Nkw;$wpatw;Ws; ah tpdhnkhop> ty;nyhOj;J kpFjNyad;wp ,ay;ghFk;
KbAk;. ahq;F nfhz;lhd;.
Rl;L> ah Kjyhfpa ehd;F Fw;Wfu <Wfspd; epiynkhopr; nra;if
me;ehd; nkhopAk; je;epiy jphpah (429)
Kw;$wpa Rl;LKjyhfpa mq;F> ,q;F> cq;F KjypadTk; vq;F vd;w
nkhopAkhfpa mit ehd;Fk; jk; nky;nyhw;w epiyjphpe;J ty;nyhw;whfh.
nrk;G+gl;lak;=nrg;Gg;gl;lak; vd nky;nyhw;W ty;nyhw;whFk; ,ay;G
,q;fpy;iy vd;gjhk;. mq;Ff;fz;lhd;. ,J mf;Ff;fz;lhd; vd MfhJ.
cz;ik czh;j;Jk; „cz;L‟ vDk; nrhw;Gzh;r;rp
cz;Lvd; fpstp cz;ik nrg;gpd;

Ke;ij ,Wjp nka;nahLq; nfLjYk;
Nkdpiy xw;Nw sfhuk; MjYk;
MKiw ,uz;Lk; chpikAk; cilj;Nj
ty;nyOj;J t&cq; fhiy ahd (430)
cz;L vDk; nrhy; cz;ik vDk; gz;igAzh;j;jpd;> ty;nyOj;J
tUkplj;J> Mf ,Wjpahf epw;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuk; jhd; Vwp epd;w nka;nahLk;
nfLk;. gpd;dh; mjd; Nky; epd;w zfhu xw;W sfu khfj; jphpAk; ,t;thwhd
,uz;L nra;iffSk; chpj;jhjYk; cz;L. cs;nghUs;> cz;L nghUs;.

157
fpof;F Nkw;F tlf;F njw;F ngUe;jpirfs; Gzh;jy;

,Ujpir Gzhpd; V,il tUNk (431)
,uz;L jpirfs; jk;kpy; Gzhpd; V vd;Dk; rhhpia ,ilapy; tUk;.
tlf;Nf fpof;F> njw;Nf fpof;F.
jpirg; ngah;Kd; jpirg;ngah;fs; Gzh;e;J
Nfhzj;jpirfis czh;j;Jjy;
jphpGNtW fpsg;gpd; xw;Wk; ,WjpAk;
nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;kdhh; Gyth;
xw;Wnka; jphpe;J dfhuk; MFk;
njw;nfhL GzUq; fhiy ahd (432)
,uz;L jpirfs; Gzh;e;J> Nfhzj;jpiriar; nrhy;Ykplj;J> ,ilapy;
epd;w xw;Wk; ,Wjpf; Fw;WfuKk; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gh;. njw;nfhL
GzUkplj;J wfhu xw;Wj; jphpahJ. dfhukhFk;. jphpG NtW fpsg;gpd; -NtW
tifahd jphpGfis mjhtJ Nfhzj;jpirfisr; Rl;Ltij. xw;Wk;-,ilepd;w
xw;Wk;. ,WjpAk;-,WjpapYs;s Fw;WfuKk;. tlfpof;F. njd;Nkw;F.
Fw;Wfu <w;W vz;Zg;ngah;g;Gzh;r;rp gj;jpd;Kd; xd;W Kjy; vl;L
xd;WKj yhf vl;ld; ,Wjp
vy;yh vz;Zk; gj;jd; Kd;thpd;
Fw;wpa Yfuk; nka;nahLk; nfLNk
Kw;w,d; t&ck; ,uz;lyq; filNa (433)
xd;W Kjyhf vl;L <whfTs;s midj;J vz;Zg;ngah;fSk;
tUnkhopahfg; gj;J vd;gjd; Kd; thpd; mr;nrhy;ypYs;s Fw;wpaYfuk;
nka;nahLk; nfLk;. ,d; rhhpia mt;tplj;Nj te;J epiwT nra;Ak;. ,/J
,uz;L vd;w vz; my;yhtplj;jhFk;. gj;J+%d;W=gjpd;%d;W> gjpd;ehd;F.
gj;jpd; Kd; ,uz;L

gj;jd;xw; Wf;nfl dfhuk; ,ul;ly;
xj;j njd;g ,uz;LtU fhiy (434)
,uz;L vd;w vz; tUnkhopahfg; GzUk;NghJ> gj;J vd;gjd;
Fw;wpaYfu <w;Wld; Nky;epd;w jfu xw;Wk; nfl> dfu xw;Wj;Njhd;wp ,ul;bj;J
epw;wy; nghUj;jnkd;gh;. gj;J+,uz;L=gd;dpuz;L.

158
gj;jpd; Kd; Mapuk;

Mapuk; thpd; Mapay; jphpahJ (435)
Kw;$wpa gj;J vd;Dk; vz;Zg; ngah;Kd;> xd;W Kjyhfpa vz;Zg;
ngah;fsNsay;yhky;> Mapuk; vd;w nrhy;thpDk; Nkw;$wpahq;F <W nfl;L>
,d;ngw;w ,ay;gpy; jphpahJ. gjpdhapuk;.
gj;jpd;Kd; epWj;jy;> Kfj;jy; msitg; ngah;fs;
epiwAk; msTk t&cq; fhiyAk;
Fiwah jhFk; ,d;vd; rhhpia (436)
NkNy $wpa gj;J vd;gjd; Kd; epWj;jysitg; ngaUk; Kfj;jyitg;
ngaUk; tUk;NghJk; ,d; rhhpia Fiwtpd;wp tUk;. gjpd;foQ;R> gjpd;fyk;.
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiu epw;f> gj;J te;J Gzh;jy;
xd;WKjy; xd;ghd; ,Wjp Kd;dh;
epd;w gj;jd; xw;Wf;nfl Ma;jk;
te;J,il epiyAk; ,aw;ifj; njd;g
$wpa ,aw;if Fw;wpa Yfuk;
Mwd; ,Wjp my;top ahd (437)
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ <whfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; vz;Zg; ngah;fspd; ,Wjp
Kd;dh;> tUnkhopaha; te;J epd;w gj;J vd;gjd; ,ilepd;w jfu xw;Wf;nfl>
mt;tplj;Nj Ma;jk; te;J epiyngWk; ,aw;ifiaAilanjd;gh;. mtw;Ws;
MW jtph;j;jtw;wpy; Kw;$wpathW epiynkhop <w;Wf; Fw;wpaYfuk; nka;NahLk;
nfLk;. ,Ug/J> Kg;g/J. ,d;W mJ ,UgJ> Kg;gJ vd toq;Fk;.
xd;W ,uz;Lk; Kd; gj;J
KjyPh; vz;zpd;xw;W ufuk; MFk;
Kjy; ,uz;L vz;fspd; xw;W ufu xw;wha; khWk;;. mt;tplj;J cfuk;
tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. xd;W-xd;-xh;-xU epiynkhop <w;Wf; Fw;Wfuk; nfLjy;
nghJtpjp.

159
,uz;L vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG

,ilepiy ufuk; ,uz;nld; vz;zpw;F
eilkUq; fpd;Nw nghUs;tap dhd (439)
,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;zpy; „L‟ nfl;lJ. ,uz;L vd;gjpy;> z;> U vd

khWjy; Kw;#j;jputpjp. u vd;w caph;nka; nfLjiy ,r;#j;jpuk; $WfpwJ.
,uz;L vd;Dk; vz;zpw;F ,ilapYs;s ufuk; nghUs; jUtjw;fhfg; nghUe;jp
elf;Fkplkpy;iy. Vnddpy; zfu xw;W „U‟ vd khwp mg;nghUs; jUkhjypd;
,JNjitg;gLtjpy;iy. vdNt ,uz;L-,U vd MFk;. nghUs; tapdhd –
nghUs; jUkplkhf. eil kUq;F ,d;W – nghUe;jp elf;Fkplkpy;iy.
%d;W MW Kd; gj;J

%d;Wk; MWk; neLKjy; FWFk; (440)
%d;W MW vd;w vz;fs; nebyhfpa Kjy; FWFk;.
%d;W vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
%d;W xw;Nw gfhuk; MFk; (441)
%d;wpy; cs;s dfu xw;W> gfukhFk;. Kg;g/J> mWg/J.
ehd;F Kd; gj;J
ehd;fd; xw;Nw wfhuk; MFk; (442)
ehd;F vd;Dk; vz;zpYs;s dfuxw;W wfukhf khWk;. ehw;g/J.
Ie;J Kd; gj;J
Ie;jd; xw;Nw kfhuk; MFk; (443)
Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;zpYs;s efu xw;W kfukhFk;. Ik;g/J
vl;L Kd; gj;J
vl;ld; xw;Nw zfhuk; MFk; (444)
vl;L vd;Dk; vz;zpYs;s lfuxw;W zfuxw;wha; khWk;. vz;g/J.
xd;g/J Kd; g/J njhz;Z}W Mjy;
xd;ghd; xfukpirj; jfuk; xw;Wk;
Ke;ij xw;Nw zfhuk; ,ul;Lk;
g/njd; fpstp> Ma;j> gf uq;nfl
epw;wy; Ntz;Lk; Cfhuf; fpstp
160
xw;wpa jfuk; wfhuk; MFk; (445)
xd;g/J+gj;J=njhz;Z}W vd khwpajhf ,e;E}w;ghtpy;

tjptFf;fg;gLFpwJ. xd;g/J vd;Dk; epiynkhopapd; xfuj;Jld; „j‟fu
xw;Wr;NrUk;. Kd; nrhd;d xfuj;jpd; Kd;dpUj;j dfuxw;W zfu xw;wha; khwp
,ul;Lk;. g/J vd;Dk; nrhy;Yk; tUnkhopg; g/Jtps;s Ma;jKk; gfuKk;
nfl> C te;J ,Wjpapy; NrUk;. ,Wjpapy; epd;w „J‟tpy; xw;wha; cs;s jfuk;
wfukhf khWk; (njhz;Z}W)> njhz;L (9). njhz;L+gj;J=njhz;gJ (90).
njhz;L+E}W=njhz;Z}W (900). njhz;L+Mapuk;=njhs;shapuk; vd;gNt gioa
tbtq;fnsd;gh; ghthzh;.
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapyhd vz;Zg; ngah;Kd; Kfj;jysit
epWj;jysitg; ngah;fs; te;J Gzh;jy;
mse;jwp fpstpAk; epiwapd; fpstpAk;
fpse;j ,ay Njhd;Wk; fhiy (446)
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuAs;s vz;Zg; ngah;fspd; Kd;dh;
Kfj;jysitg; ngaUk;> epWj;jyitg; ngaUk; tUnkhopahfj; Njhd;Wkplj;J>
Kd;G vz;Zg; ngah;fl;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;ypa ,ay;gpdtha;g; GzUk;. m/jhtJ
MW vd;Dk; vz;jtph;j;j Vida vz;Zg; ngah;fspd; Fw;wpaYfu <W
nka;nahLk; nfLk;. KjyPh; vz;fspd; xw;Wf;fs; ufukhfj; jphpAk;. ,uz;L
vDk; vz;zpd; ufu caph;nka; nfLk;. %d;Wk; MWk; Kjy; FWFk;. %d;wd;
xw;Wg; gfukhFk;. ehd;fd; xw;W ufukhFk;. Ie;jd; xw;W kfukhFk;. vl;ld;
xw;W zfukhFk;. xUfyk;> vz;foQ;R.
%d;Wld; msitg; ngah;fs;
%d;wd; xw;Nw te;j njhf;Fk; (447)
%d;W vDk; vz;zpd; fz; epd;w dfu xw;W> tUnkhop Kjypy; tUk;
msTg;ngah;fsdp; ty;nyhw;Wf;fis xj;Jj; jphpAk;. Kf;fyk;> Kg;ghid.
Ie;Jld; msitg; ngah;fs;
Ie;jd; xw;Nw nky;nyOj; jhFk; (448)
Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;zpd;fz; epd;w efu xw;W> tUnkhop Kjypy;tUk;
ty;nyOj;jpw;F Vw;w nky;nyOj;jha; khWk;. Iq;fyk;.

161
%d;Wk; Ie;Jk; Kw;$wpathW Gzh;jy; f r j g te;jtplj;J

f r j g Kjd;nkhop t&cq; fhiy (449)
%d;wd; xw;W tUnkhop Kjy;Nghy; xg;gJk;> Ie;jd; xw;W nky;nyOj;J
MtJk; msTg;ngah;> epiwg;ngah;fspy; frjg Kjd;nkhopfs; te;jtplj;jhFk;.
t&cq;fhiy-tUkplj;J.
„vl;L‟ vz;zpd;Kd; msitfisf; Fwpf;Fk; e k t>

mfu Kjd;nkhopfs;
ekt vd;Dk; %d;nwhL rptzp
mfuk; thpDk; vl;ld;Kd; ,ay;Ng (450)
ek vd;Dk; %d;nwhL nghUe;jp> mfukhfpa caph;Kjd; nkhop> msitg;
ngah;fshf tUnkhopahfthpd;> vl;L epd;w epiynkhopapd; Kd; ,ay;ghf
KbAk;. vz; ehop> vz; kz;il.
Ie;J %d;W vd;gtw;wpd; Kd; e k Kjd;nkhop msitg; ngah;fs;
Ie;Jk; %d;Wk; ektU fhiy
te;jJ xf;Fk; xw;wpay; epiyNa (451)
Ie;Jk; %d;Wk; Mfpa vz;fs; e> k Kjd;nkhopfs; tUq;fhyj;Jj;
jk;kplKs;s xw;W elf;Fk; epiyiaf; $wpd;> te;j xw;nwhL xj;j xw;whf
KbAk;. xw;W ,aYk; epiy te;jJ xf;Fk; vdf; $l;Lf. Ke;ehop> Ik;kz;il.
%d;wd; Kd; tfu Kjd;nkhop msitg;ngah;
%d;wd; xw;Nw tfuk; tUtopj;
Njhd;wpa tfuj;J cUth Fk;Nk (452)
%d;W vDk; vz;zdp; dfu xw;W> tfu Kjd; nkhop tUkplj;J> te;j
tfuj;JUtha; khWk;. Kt;tl;b.
ehd;fd; Kd; tfuKjd;nkhop msitg;ngah;
ehd;fd; xw;Nw yfhu khFk; (453)
mt;thW tUkplj;J ehd;fhk; vz;zpd;fz; epd;w dfu xw;W yfu
xw;wha;j; jphpAk;. ehy;tl;b.

162
Ie;jd; Kd; tfu Kjd;nkhop msitg;ngah;

Ie;jd; xw;Nw Ke;ijaJ nfLNk (454)
Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;zpd;fz; epd;w efu xw;W> (tfuk; te;jhy;) Kd; epd;w
tbtkha; khwpf;nfLk;. It;tl;b> Itl;b.
xU> ,U vd;gd msitg; ngah;fSs;
caph;Kjd; nkhoptu Xh;><h; Mjy;
KjyPh; vz;zpd;Kd; caph;tU fhiyj;
jtnyd nkhopg cfuf; fpstp
Kjdpiy ePly; Mtap dhd (455)
Kjy; ,uz;L vz;fspd; Kd; caph; Kjd;nkhop tUq;fhyj;J>
cfukhfpa vOj;Jf; nfLkhW nrhy;Yth; Gyth;. mt;ntz;zpd; Kjypy; epd;w
vOj;Jf;fs; mt;tplj;J ePz;L KbAk;. jty; vd-nfly; vd. cfuf;fpstp-cfu
vOj;J. ePly;-ePs;f. Xufy;><Uof;F><h;vz; vdr; #j;jpuj;jpYk; tUjy; fhz;f.
%d;W ehd;F Ie;J Kd; caph;Kjd; nkhop
msitg; ngah;fs; tUjy;
%d;Wk; ehd;Fk; Ie;njd; fpstpAk;
Njhd;wpa tfuj;J ,aw;if ahFk; (456)
%d;W> ehd;F> Ie;J vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah;fs; Nky; Njhd;wp Kbe;j
tfuj;J ,ay;Gld; elf;Fk;. %d;wpy; tfu xw;whAk; ehd;fpy; yfu xw;whAk;
Ie;jpd;fz; xw;Wf; nfl;Lk; KbAk;. Kt;tfy;> ehyfy;> Iafy;.
%d;W vd;gjw;F NkYk; xU KbG
%d;wd; Kjdpiy ePlYk; chpj;Nj
cof;nfd; fpstp tof;fj; jhd (457)
%d;W vd;gjd; Kjy; vOj;J>cof;F vDk; fpstp tUnkhopaha; te;J
toq;Fkplj;J> FWfhJ ePz;L KbjYk; cz;L. tof;fj;jhd –toq;Fkplj;J.
%Tof;F.
MW vd;gjd; Kjy; ePSjy;
MWvd; fpstp Kjy;eP Lk;Nk (458)
MW vd;w nrhy;ypd; KjnyOj;J> caph;Kjd; nkhopte;jhy;> Kd; FWfp
epd;w vOj;J ePz;L KbAk;. Mwfy;.

163
xd;gJ vd;gjd;Kd; msitg; ngah;fs;

xd;ghd; ,Wjp cUGepiy jphpahJ
,d;ngwy; Ntz;Lk; rhhpia nkhopNa (459)
xd;gJ. vd;gjd; ,Wjp jd; tbTepiy jphpahJ> rhhpia nkhopahf ,d;
ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. xd;gjpd; fyk;.
xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; vz;fspd;Kd; E}W tUjy;
E}WKd; thpDk; $wpa ,ay;Ng (460)
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiu Kd;dpw;f> E}W tUnkhopaha; thpDk;> Nky;
gj;njd;gJ GzUk; topgw;wpf; $wpa ,ay;Gg;gb MFk;. xUE}W> ,UE}W.
%d;W Kd; E}WtUjy;
%d;wd; xw;Nw efhuk; MFk; (461)
%d;W vDk; vz;zpd;fz; epd;w dfu xw;W efu xw;whFk;. Ke;E}W.
ehd;F Ie;J Kd; E}W tUjy;
ehd;F Ie;J xw;Wnka; jphpah (462)
ehd;F> Ie;J vz;fspd; xw;Wf;fs; epiyjphpahJ KbAk;. xw;W
nka;jphpah-xw;Wj; jd; tbT jphpahJ. ehD}W> Ie;E}W.
xd;g/J Kd; E}W njhs;shapuk; Mjy;
xd;ghd; Kjdpiy Ke;Jfpse; jw;Nw
Ke;ij xw;Nw sfhuk; ,ul;Lk;
E}nwd; fpstp efhu nka;nfl
CM thFk; ,aw;ifj; njd;g
Mapil tUjy; ,fhu ufhuk;
<Wnka; nfLj;J kfhuk; xw;Wk; (463)
xd;g/J+E}W=njhs;shapuk; vd;gjw;F tpjp> xd;g/J vd;gjd; Kjdpiy.

Kd;G $wpaJNghy; xfukpirj; jfu xw;Wr; NrUk;. mt;xfuj;jpd; Kd;dpd;w
dfu xw;W> sfu xw;wha; ,ul;Lk;. g/J Kd;G Rl;bathW nfLk;.
tUnkhopahfpa E}W vDk; nrhy; efu nka; nfl> mjd; NkNywpa Cfhuk
Mfhukha; khWk; ,ay;Gilanjd;gh;. mk;nkhopapilNa Xh; ,fuKk; ufhuFk;
tUk;. ,jw;F <whfpa Fw;wpaYfuj;jpidAk; m/J Vwp epd;w xw;wpidAk;
nfLj;J> kfu xw;W te;J KbAk;. njhs;shapuk; vd MFk;. ,it
njhy;fhg;gpah; fhyj;jpNyNa kpfTk; kUtptpl;ld vdj; njhpfpwJ.
164
xd;W ,uz;L Kd; Mapuk; tUjy;

Mapuf;fpstp t&cq; fhiy
KjyP nuz;zpd; cfuk; nfLNk (464)
Mapuk; vDk; nrhy;> xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapyhd vz;fspd; Kd;
tUkplj;J> KjyPh; vz;fs; ngw;W epd;w cfuk; nfLk;. Xuhapuk;> ,uhapuk;.
mtw;wpw;F NkYk; xU KbG
Kjdpiy ePbDk; khd kpy;iy (465)
Kw;$wpa Gzh;r;rpapy;> Kjy; ,uz;L vz;fspd; Kjdpiyahd xfu
,fuq;fs; ePz;L KbapDk; Fw;wkpy;iy. khdk; ,y;iy-jtwpy;iy. Fw;wkpy;iy.
Xuhapuk;><uhapuk;.
%d;W Kd; Mapuk;
%d;wd; xw;Nw tfhuk; MFk; (466)
%d;W vDk; vz;zpd; dfu xw;W tfu xw;wha; KbAk;. Kt;thapuk;
ehd;F Kd; Mapuk;
ehd;fd; xw;Nw yfhuk; MFk; (467)
ehd;F vDk; vz;zpd; dfu cw;W tfu xw;wha; KbAk;. ehyhapuk;.
Ie;J Kd; Mapuk;
Ie;jd; xw;Nw afhuk; MFk; (468)
Ie;J vDk; vz;zpd; efu xw;W afu xw;wha; KbAk;. Iahapuk;.
MW Kd; Mapuk;
Mwd; kUq;fpw; Fw;wpa Yfuk;
<Wnka; xopaf; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; (469)
MW vDk; vz;zpd; Fw;wpaYfuk;> jhd; Vwpa wfu xw;W nflhJ epw;f>
cfu <W nfl;L KbAk;. xopa-nflhJ epw;f. Mwhapuk;.
xd;gJ Kd; Mapuk;
xd;ghd; ,Wjp cUGepiy jphpahJ
,d;ngwy; Ntz;Lk; rhhpia kuNg (470)

165
xd;gJ vDk; vz;Zg;ngah; ,Wjp> Mapuj;njhL GzUq;fhy;> Fw;Wfuk;

jd; tbT epiy jphpahky; rhhpia ngWk; kuGg;gb „,d;‟ ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;.
xd;gjpdhapuk;.
xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapyhd vd;Kd; E}whapuk;
E}wh apuKd; t&cq; fhiy
E}wd; ,aw;if Kjdpiyf; fpstp (471)
E}whapuk; vDk; milaLj;j nrhy; Kd;Nd tUkplj;J> epiynkhopahfpa
xd;W vDk; vz; E}W vd;gjNdhL Gzh;jw;F Xjpa ,ay;Gg;gb KbAk;.
Kjdpiyf; fpstp – Kjypy; epw;Fk; xd;W vDk; nrhy;> m/jhtJ <Wnfl;L>
dfuk; ufukha; cfuk;ngw;Wg; GzUk;. xUE}whapuk;> ,UE}whapuk;.
E}WKd; xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuapyhd vz;fs;
E}Wvd; fpstp xd;WKjy; xd;ghw;(F)
<Wrpid xopa ,dnthw;W kpFNk (472)
E}W vDk; vz;Zg;ngah; Kd; xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiuAs;s
vz;Zg;ngah;fs; tUnkhopaha; te;J GzUkplj;J><whfpa Fw;Wfuk; m/J}h;e;j
wfu nka;Ak; ePqf
; hJ epw;f> mq;F mr;rpid vOj;jhfpa wfu xw;W kpFk;.
<Wrpid-<Wk; rpidAk;><whfpa Fw;WfuKk; m/Njwpa nka;Ak;. rpid-vOj;J.
E}w;nwhd;W> E}w;wpuz;L.
E}W Kd; xUg/J Kjypad
mitCh; gj;jpDk; ,j;njhopw; whFk; (473)
me;E}W vd;gJ> xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; tiuapyhd mit Ch;e;j
gj;Jf;fNshL GzUkplj;Jk; Kw;$wpa nraiy cilajha; KbAk;. <Wrpid
epw;f> ,d xw;W kpFk;. E}w;wpUg/J.
E}WKd; Kfj;jy;> epWj;jy; msitg; ngah;fs;
msTk; epiwAk; Mapay; jphpah
Fw;wpa YfuKk; ty;nyOj; jpaw;ifAk;
Kw;fpse; jd;d vd;kdhh; Gyth; (474)
Kfj;jsyitg; ngaUk; epWj;jysitg; ngaUk; tUkplj;J E}W
vd;gjd; ,d xw;W kpf;F Nkw;$wpa ,yf;fzj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWglh. mt;tplj;Jf;
Fw;wpaYfuk; nflhikAk;> td;njhlh; nkhopaha; epd;wikapd; ty;nyOj;J
kpFk;. ,ay;Gk; Kd;G td;njhlh; nkhopf;Ff; $wpathW mikAk;. E}w;Wf;fyk;>
E}w;Wf;foQ;R.
166
xUg/J Kjypatw;wpd; Kd; xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ vz;fs;

xd;WKj yhfpa gj;J}h; fpstp
xd;WKjy; xd;ghw;F xw;wpil kpFNk
epd;w Ma;jk; nfLjy; Ntz;Lk; (475)
xd;W Kjy; vl;L <whfg; gj;J vd;Dk; vz; Cug;gl;l nrhw;fs;>
tUnkhopahf xd;W Kjy; xd;ghd; tiuapyhd nrhw;fs; te;J GzUkplj;J
,ilepd;w Ma;jk; nfl;L Kbjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;tplj;Nj ,dxw;whf>
xUjfunthw;W kpf;F KbAk;. ,Ugj;njhd;W> ,Ugj;jpuz;L.
xUg/J Kjypatw;wpd; Kd; Mapuk;
Mapuk; thpNd ,d;vd; rhhpia
Mtapd; xw;wpil kpFjy; ,y;iy (476)
Nkw;$wpa> xd;W Kjyhfpa gj;J}h; fpstpKd;> Mapuk;thpd; ,d; rhhpia
,ilapy; tUk;. mt;tplj;J Kw;$wpa xw;W ,ilkpFjy; ,y;iy.
xUgjpdhapuk;.
mtw;wpd;Kd; Kfj;jy;> epWj;jy; msitg; ngah;fs;
msTk; epiwAk; Mapay; jphpah (477)
mt;xd;W Kjyhfpa gj;J}h; fpstpKd;> Kfj;jysitg; ngaUk;
epWj;jysitg; ngaUk; thpd; Kd;G Mapuj;Jld; GzUk; tpo epfo;e;j
,ay;gpy; jphpahJ KbAk;. xUgjpd;fyk;> ,Ugjpd;fyk;> xUgjpd; foQ;R.
xd;W vd;gjd; Kd;nghUl;ngah;fs;
Kjdpiy vz;zpd;Kd; ty;nyOj;J thpDk;
Qekj; Njhd;wpDk; ate; jpiaapDk;
Kjdpiy ,aw;if vd;kdhh; Gyth; (478)
Kjdpiy vz;zhfpa xd;W vd;gjd;Kd; ty;nyOj;J Kjy;
nkhopthpDk Q e k f;fshfpa nky;nyOj;J Kjy;nkhopthpDk; a tf;fshfpa
,ilnaOj;J Kjd; nkhopthpDk; Kd;G va;jpa KbG epiy va;jp KbAk;
vd;W GyNthh; $Wth;. m/jhtJ <Wjphpe;Jk; jphpahJk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
Kjy;epiy vz;-xd;W. Kjy;epiy ,aw;if-Kd;G va;jpa Gzh;r;rp Kbghk;
jd;ik. xUfy;> ,Ufdp> ,uz;Lkzp. xU ahid.
xU Mh; Mjy;
xd;wpd; Kd; caph; Kjy; nkhopAk; afu Kjd;nkhopAk;
mjd;epiy caph;f;Fk; ahtU fhiyAk;
167
Kjdpiy xfuk; Xth Fk;Nk

ufuj;J cfuk; Jtuf; nfLNk (479)
xd;wpd;Kd; caph; Kjd;nkhop thpDk; ah Kjd; nkhop te;j ,lj;Jk;
KjypYs;s xfuk; XfhukhFk;. mt;tplj;J> ufuj;J cfuk; Kw;wf;
nfl;LKbAk;. Xuhil> Xh;ahd;.
,uz;L Kjy; xd;gJ tiu vz;Kd; kh vDk; ePll
; ysitg; ngah;
,uz;L Kjy; xd;ghd; ,Wjp Kd;dh;
toq;fpay; khntd; fpstp Njhd;wpd;
kfu msnthL epfuDk; chpj;Nj (480)
,uz;L Kjy; xd;gJ tiuAs;s vz;Kd;dh;> cyftof;fpy; toq;Ffpd;w
kh vd;Dk; ePl;lyitg; ngah; te;J Gzhpd;> NkNy kz;il vd;Dk;
ePll
; ysitg; ngah; te;J Gzhpd;> NkNy kz;il vd;Dk; msTg;ngaNuhL
xj;J NtWgl KbtdTk; cz;L: ,ay;ghf KbjYk; cz;L> kh-ePl;ly;
msitg;gnah;. kfu msnthL – kfuj;ij KjyhfTila kz;il Kjypa
Kfj;jysitg; ngah;g;Gzh;r;rpNahL epfuYk;-xj;Jj; jphpe;J KbjYk;>
ck;ikahy; jphpahJ KbjYkhk;. ,Ukh> ,uz;Lkh.
Gwdil
Ntw;Wikapy; y d Gs;spKd; rhhpiafs; te;J Gzh;jy; - nra;As; Gzh;r;rp
(Gs;sp kaq;fpaYf;Fg; Gwdil)
ydvd t&ck; Gs;sp ,WjpKd;
ck;Kq; nfOTk; csg;glg; gpwTk;
md;d kugpd; nkhopapilj; Njhd;wpr;
nra;As; njhlh;tapd; nka;ngw epiyAk;
Ntw;Wik Fwpj;j nghUs;tap dhd (481)
y> s vd;W nrhy;Yk; Gs;sp <WKd; ck; vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk; nfO
vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk; mitNghy;td gpwTk;> Ntw;Wik Fwpj;j
nghUl;Gzh;r;rpaplj;J> nra;ASs; tUk; njhlhpd;fz; jhk; tUjw;nfhj;j
nrhw;fspilNa Njhd;wp> Ntw;Wikg; nghUz;ik Njhd;w epiyngWk;.
md;dkugpd; nkhop – tUjw;Nfw;w kugpidAila nrhy;. nra;As; njhlh; -
nra;ASf;Nfw;g tUk; nrwpTs;s njhlh;fs;. khepjpf; fpotDk; Nghd;k;-khepjpf;
fpotidg; NghYk;. fhd;nfO ehld;-fhl;ilAila ehld;> fy;nfOehld;-
kiyehld;.

168
ck;> nfO vd;gd Ntw;Wik cUgpd; nghUisj; je;J epw;Fk;

rhhpiafs;> gpwTk; vd;whh;> ,q;qdk; nra;ASs; ntt;NtW rhhpia ngw;W
tUtdtw;wpw;nfy;yhk; ,JNt tpjpahk; vd;ww;F.
vOj;jjpfhuj;jpw;Fg; Gwdil
kUtpd; ghj;jp vdg;gl;L tof;fpy; jphpe;J fhzg;gLtd
capUk; Gs;spAk; ,Wjp ahfpf;
Fwpg;gpDk; gz;gpDk; ,irapDe; Njhd;wp
nespg;gl thuhf; Fiwr;nrhw; fpstpAk;
cah;jpiz m/wpiz MapU kUq;fpd;
Ik;gh ywpAk; gz;GnjhF nkhopAk;
nra;Ak; nra;j vd;Dq; fpstpAk;
nka;xUq; fpaYk; njhopy;njhF nkhopAk;
jk;kpay; fpsg;gpd; jk;Kd; jhk;t&ck;
vz;zpd; njhFjp csg;glg; gpwTk;
md;dit vy;yhk; kUtpd; ghj;jpa
Gzhpay; epiyapil czuj; Njhd;wh (482)
capUk; Gs;spay; ,Wjpahfp Fwpg;G> gz;G> ,irapd;fz; Njhd;wp> xU
newpg;gl thuhf; Fiwr;nrhw;fshfpa chpr;nrhw;fSk;.
cah;jpiz m/wpizahfpa mt;tpuz;L jpizaplj;Jk; cstha;
Ik;ghypidAk; mwpatUk; gz;Gj;njhifr; nrhw;fSk; nra;Ak; nra;j vd;Dk;
nganur;rr; nrhw;fspilNa xUq;F elj;Jk; tpidr;nrhy; njhf;f
tpidj;njhifAk; (gRk;ghh;gG
; > ntw;wpiy> Mluq;F> nra;Fd;W).
vz;fs; jk;kpay;G $Wkplj;Jj; jk;Kd; jhk; tUk; vz;fspd; njhFjpAk;
cl;glg;gpwTk; mj;jd;ika vy;yhk; cyfpd;fz; kUtp elf;Fk; tof;fplj;jd.
Gzhpayhfpa ,yf;fzj;jpd;fz; mtw;wpd; KbG tpsq;fj; Njhd;wh.
Fiwr;nrhw;fpstp-chpr;nrhy;. jk;Kd;jhk; tUk; vz;zpd; njhFjp-gg;gj;J>
XNuhnthd;W Nghy;td;. ,it epWj;jnrhy;> Fwpj;JtU fpstp vdf; nfhz;L>
Gzhpay; ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb njspaj; njhptd my;y. ,tw;iw ,yf;fz
tifapw; nfhs;shky; k&c tifapw; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

169
nrhd;dit nfhz;L nrhy;yhjdtw;Wf;Fk; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;s

toptFj;jy;
fpse;j my;y nra;ASs; jphpeTk;
toq;fpay; kUq;fpd; kUnthL jphpeTk;
tpsk;gpa ,aw;ifapd; NtWglj; Njhd;wpd;
toq;fpay; kUq;fpd; czh;e;jdh; xOf;fy;
ed;kjp ehl;lj;J vd;kdhh; Gyth; (483)
Kd;G vLj;Jf; $wpad my;yhjit nra;ASs; jphpe;J KbtdTk;
tof;F elf;Fkplj;J k&c nkhopaha;j; jphpe;J toq;FtdTk; Kd;nrhd;d
,yf;fzj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWglj; Njhd;Wkhdhy; ey;y mwptpdJ Muha;r;rpapd;gb
,Utif tof;Fk; elf;Fk; gf;fj;ij mwpe;J> mjd;gb elj;Jf vd;W GyNthh;
$Wth;. ,aw;if-,ay;G> tpjp> ,yf;fzk;. toq;fpay; kUq;F-tof;F kG.
czh;e;jdh; xOf;fy;-mwpe;J mjd;gb elj;Jf. ed;kjp ehl;lj;J-ey;y
$h;ikahd mwptpd; Muha;r;rpahy;.

170
Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay; fUj;Jf;fspd; njhFg;G

1. 1. neby;Kjyhfpa <nuOj;J xU nkhop ehL> fhR> VW
2. caph;j;njhlh;nkhop tuF> tpOJ> cyF
3. ,ilj;njhlh;nkhop va;J> Neh;G> ey;F
4. Ma;jj; njhlh;nkhop v/F> f/R> m/J
5. td;njhlh; nkhop Rf;F> fr;R> fl;L
6. nkd;njhlh; nkhop njq;F> gQ;R> fz;L
FWik+cfuk;=Fw;Wfuk;> Fw;wpaYfuk;-c xU khj;jpiu msT>

Fw;wpaYfuk; miu khj;jpiu msT.
Fw;wpaYfuk; nkhopapWjpapNyNa tUk;.
Fw;wpaYfuk; F> R> L> J> G> W –vd ty;nyOj;jpd; Nky; VwptUk;.
nka;Nghyg; Gzh;r;rpngWk;: cyF+vy;yhk;=cynfy;yhk;.
jkpopy; cfuj;jpy; KbAk; vOj;Jf;fs; kpFjp. mjpYk; Fw;Wfur;

nrhw;fNs $Ljy;. Fw;wpaYfj;jpw;F Kd;G tUk; vOj;ijf; nfhz;L> mJ
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. Fw;Wfuj;jpd; Kd; neby; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mJ neby;
njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: caph;nka; vOj;J ,Ue;jhy; mJ caph;j;njhlh;f;
Fw;wpaYfuk;. ,ilnaOj;jpUe;jhy; mJ ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;> Ma;j
vOj;jpUe;jhy; mJ Ma;jj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: ty;nyOj;jpUe;jhy; mJ
td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk;: nky;nyOj;jpUe;jhy; mJ nkd; njhlh;f;F
Fw;wpaYfuk;.
2. Fw;Wfuj;jpd; Kd; ,uz;L nka;naOj;Jr; Nrh;e;J epw;gJ>„<nuhw;Wldpiy‟

vdg;gLk;. mt;thW te;jhy; mit td;njhlh;f; Fw;WfukhfNth> nkd;njhlh; f;
Fw;WfukhfNthjhd; mikAk;.
rhy;G> nga;J – Xnuhw;Wldpiy> ,J ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfuk;.
fho;g;G> nkha;k;G – td;njhlUk; nkd;njhlUkhFk;. <nuhw;W-

,ilj;njhluhf tuhJ.
3. my;toapYk; Ntw;WikapYk; NtWghbd;wp> Kd;G $wpa ty;nyOj;J MW
(f r l j g w) ,WjpapYk; Fw;Wfuk; ,lk;ngWk;.

171
t. epiynkhop tUnkhop Ntw;Wik/ Gzh;r;rp tpjp vLj;Jf;fhl;L

v. <W Kjy; my;top
td;njhlh;f; my;top „c‟ fuk; Rf;Fr; rpwpJ
4. f r j g
Fw;Wfuk; Ntw;Wik FWFk; gl;Lj;Jzp
afu
Kjd;nkhop „c‟fuk;-
thpd; ,fukhFk;> ehL+ahJ=ehba
5. Fw;wpaYfuk;
Fw;wpaYfuk; ,fuKk; FWfp hJ
Fw;wpaypfukhF xypf;Fk;
k;
,Wjp ,d
ML+fhy;
neby; xw;W kpFk;
=Ml;Lf;fhy;
6. njhlh;f;Fw;Wfu f r j g Ntw;Wik vjpNu
tapW+grp=
k; ty;nyhw;W
kpFk; tapw;Wg;grp
Nkw;gb ,ay;ghfTk; ghF Rit> tuF
7. f r j g Ntw;Wik
Fw;Wfuq;fs; KbAk; fjph;
,il
rhh;G fzf;F>
8. xw;Wj;njhlh; f r j g Ntw;Wik ,ay;G
v/F fk;gp
Ma;jj;njhlh;
te;j typ kpf;Fj; Njhd;Wk;
kpFk; nkd; tpyq;Fg;glk;
td;njhlh;
9. f r j g Ntw;Wik njhlhpy; Fuf;Ff;fhy;
nkd;njhlh;
,ilapy; ,d vz;F+Fl;b=
ty;nyhw;whFk; vl;Ff;Fl;b
Ntk;G+G+=
nkd; njhlh; mk;-rhhpia Ntg;gk;G+
10. f r j g Ntw;Wik
td; njhlh; tUk; Njf;Ffpis
Njf;fq;fpis
FUe;J+fpis=
kug;ngah;fs; nky;nyhw;W
11. f r j g Ntw;Wik FWe;jq;fpis
FUe;J> Gd;F ty;nyhw;whfhJ
Gd;F+G+=Gd;fk;G+
VW+Nfhs; =
<nuOj;J neby; Vwq;Nfhs;
mk;-rhhpia
12. njhlh; f r j g Ntw;Wik Gw;W+NrhW=
Vw;Gopg; ngWk;
td;njhlh; Gw;wQ;NrhW

172
mf;F-rhhpia Fd;W+mf;F+Fb
13. nkd;njhlh; f r j g Ntw;Wik
ngWk; = Fd;wf;Fb
Fw;Wfu
vz;zg; md;-rhhpia xd;W+$W=
14. f r j g Ntw;Wik
ngah;fs; xd;W> ngWk; xd;wd;$W.
,uz;L
,d;-rhhpia tz;bd; fhy;
15. tz;L> ngz;L f r j g Ntw;Wik
ngWk; ngz;bd; jiy
16. ngz;L f r j g Ntw;Wik md;-Dk; tUk; ngz;ld; jiy
ahJ+njhFjp=
md;-rhhpia ahjd;njhFjp
17. ahJ> m/J f r j g Ntw;Wik
ngWk; m/J+nghUs;=
mjd;nghUs;
caph; m/J+vd;d=
18. m/J my;top Ma;jk; nflhJ
Kjd;nkhop m/njd;d
caph; jtpj;j m/J+ed;W=
19. m/J my;top Ma;jk; nfLk;
Vidait mJed;W
Fw;Wfu <W
20. f r j g my;top ,ay;G moF GjpJ
vy;yhk;
ty;nyOj;J
21. td;njhlh; f r j g my;top gl;Lr; rpwe;jJ
kpFk;
Mq;Fr; nrd;whd;
Mq;F ty;nyOj;J
22. f r j g my;top ahq;Fg;
ahq;F kpFk;
ghh;j;jhd;
,ay;ghAk;
23. ahq;F f r j g my;top ahq;F nrd;wha;?
KbAk;
mq;F ghh;j;jhd;
24. mq;F f r j g my;top ,ay;ghFk; ,q;F fple;jhd;
vq;F nrd;whd;
L nfLk;>
cz;L z;-s; MFk;. cs; nghUs;
25. f r j g my;top
(cz;ik) ,ay;ghjYk; cz;LGfo;
cz;L.
fpof;F> Nkw;F ,Ujpir V-rhhpia tlf;Nf fpof;F
26.
tlf;F> njw;F Gzhpd; ,ilapy; tUk; njw;Nf fpof;F
Nkw;gb w;F-nfLk; tl fpof;F
27.
Nfhzj;jpirfs; f;F-nfLk; njd; Nkw;F
173
njw;F njd;
MFk;
gjpd;xd;W
xd;W
gjpd;%d;W
%d;W gj;J-tpy; J
gjpd;ehd;F
ehd;F nfLk;
gjpd;Ie;J
28. gj;J Ie;J gj; vd epw;Fk;
gjpd;Ie;J
MW ,d; rhhpia
gjpd;MW
VO tUk;
gjpd;VO
vl;L
gjpd;vl;L
gj;J-j;J nfLk;
d;-Njhd;Wk;
29. gj;J ,uz;L (gd;) mJ gd;dpuz;L
,ul;bf;Fk;
<W nfl;L> ,d; gjpd;Mapuk;

30. gj;J Mapuk;
ngWk; gjpdhapuk;
epWj;jysitg;
ngah; (foQ;R) ,d;-rhhpia gjpd;foQ;R
31. gj;J
Kfj;jysitg; tUk; gjpd;fyk;
ngah; (fyk;)
j;-nfl> gJ
MFk;
/-,ilapy;
xd;W> ,uz;L> ,Ug/J
tUk;
%d;W> ehd;F> Kg;g/J
MW-
32. Ie;J> MW> gj;J my;top mWg/J
jtph;j;jtw;wpy;
VO> vl;L> ,UgJ> Kg;gJ
<w;Wf;
xd;gJ vdYkhk;
Fw;Wfuk;
nka;Ald;
nfLk;.
Xh;> ,h;> c-
33. xd;W> ,uz;L gj;J xd;W-xd;-xh;-xU
NrUk;
,uz;L-,uz;-
,z;-,U
L-nfl;lJ
34. ,uz;L gj;J RUf;fkhf
u-U MFk;
,uz;L-,U vd
MFk;

174
%-K MFk;>
neL – Kjy; M-m MFk;.
35. %d;W> MW gj;J
FWFk; ,Wjp nfLjy;
nghJtpjp
Kd;-d;> g;
36. %d;W gj;J Kg;g/J
MFk;
37. ehd;F gj;J d;> w; MFk; ehw;g/J
38. Ie;J gj;J e;-k; MFk; Ik;g/J
39. vl;L gj;J l;-z; MFk; vz;g/J
xd;g/J+g/J=
40. xd;g/J gj;J (,U njhz;Z}W
Ma;Tf;FhpaJ)
Kfj;jysitg; Kd;G vz;zg;
xd;W Kjy;
ngah; ngah;fl;Fr; xUfyk;
41. xd;gJ tiu
epWj;jysitg; nrhd;dgb vz;foQ;R
gpw
ngah; GzUk;
msitg; d;-tUnkhop Kf;fyk;
42. %d;W
ngah;fs; ty;nyhw;whFk; Kg;Gfo;
e;-tUnkhopf;F
43. Ie;J Vw;w Iq;fyk;
nky;nyhw;whFk;
f r j g –
44. %d;Wk; Ie;Jk; Kd;fhl;bait
te;jtplj;J
e k t –
Kjypy; ngw;w vz; ehop>
45. vl;L vz; ,ay;G
msitg; vz; kz;il
ngah;fs;
e> k – Ke;ehop
46. Ie;J %d;W te;j xw;whFk;
Kjd;nkhopfs; Ik;kz;il
t-fu te;j „t;‟
47. %d;W Kt;tl;b
Kjd;nkhop MFk;
t-fu
48. ehd;F d;-y; MFk; ehy;tl;b
Kjd;nkhop
e;-t;
49. Ie;J t-thpd; It;tl;b> Itl;b
Mfpf;nfLk;
caph; c-nfLk;
50. xd;W> ,uz;L Xufy;><Uof;F
Kjd;nkhop Kjy;

175
vOj;Jf;fs;
ePSk;
%d;W Kd;G t-fuk; Kt;tfy;
51. ehd;F mfy; te;jJ ehyfy;
Ie;J Nghy; MFk; Iafy;
52. %d;W cof;F ePSk; %Tof;F
caph;
53. MW (mW) ePSk; Mwfy;
Kjd;nkhop
,d;-rhhpia
54. xd;gJ fyk; xd;gjpd; fyk;
tUk;
gj;J-f;Ff;
xd;W Kjy; xUE}W
55. E}W $wpa mNj
xd;gJ tiu ,UE}W
tpjpfs;
56. %d;W E}W d;-e; MFk; Ke;E}W
,Wjpnfly;
ehD}W
57. ehd;F> Ie;J E}W nghJ tpjp
Ie;E}W
xw;Wj;jphpahJ
58. xd;gJ E}W njhs;shapuk;
Kjy; ,uz;L
xd;W Kjy; vz;fs; Xuhapuk;>
59. Mapuk;
xd;gJ tiu ngw;wpUe;j c ,uhapuk;
nfLk;
Kjdpiy Xuhapuk;>
60. Nkw;gb Mapuk;
ePSk; <uhapuk;
61. %d;W Mapuk; d;-t; MFk; Kt;thapuk;
62. ehd;F Mapuk; d;-y; MFk; ehyhapuk;
63. Ie;J Mapuk; e;-a; MFk; Iahapuk;
„c‟ kl;Lk;
64. MW Mapuk; Mwhapuk;
nfLk;
,d;-rhhpia
65. xd;gJ xd;gjpdhapuk;
ngWk;
xd;W E}W-vd;gjw;Ff; xU E}whapuk;
66. E}whapuk;
,uz;L $wpa tpjpNa ,U E}whapuk;
xd;W Kjy; I-epw;Fk;> w;- Ew;nwhd;W
67. E}W
xd;gJ tiu kpFk; Ew;wpuz;L
xd;W Kjy; <W epw;f ,d
68. E}W Ew;wpUg/J
xd;gJ xw;W kpFk;

176
tiuapyhd
gj;J
Kj;jysit ,d xw;W E}w;Wf;fyk;
69. E}W
epWj;jysit kpFk; E}w;Wf;foQ;R
Ma;jk; nfl;L>
xd;W Kjy; xd;W Kjy; ,Ugj;njhd;W
70. ,d xw;W
vl;L-gj;J xd;gJ tiu ,Ugj;jpuz;L
kpFk;
,d;-,ilapy;
71. Nkw;gb Mapuk; xUgjpdhapuk;
tUk;
Kjy; xd;gJ Kfj;jysit Mapuj;jpw;Fhpa xUgjpd; fyk;
72.
gj;J epWj;jysit tpjp xUgjpd; foQ;R
ty;nyOj;J
Kjd;nkhop
Qek- xUfy;> ,Ufdp>
Kd;G $wpa
73. xd;W nky;nyOj;J ,uz;L kzp>
tpjpfs;
Kjd;nkhop> xUahid
,ilnaOj;J
Kjd;nkhop
caph;Kjd;
x-X Mfk;
nkhop Xuhil> Xh;
74. xd;W U-tpy; c
ah Kjd;; ahz;L
nfLk;
nkhop
xd;W Kjy; kh kUz;il –
75. ,Ukh> ,uz;Lkh
xd;gJ tiu (ePl;lysit) Nghy; GzUk;
khepjpf;
ck;>nfO- fpotDk;
rhhpia Nghd;k;-
Ntw;Wik
76. y> d Gs;sp <W (Ntw;Wik fpotidg;
nra;As;
cUgpd; NghYk;.
nghUs;) fy;nfO ehld;-
kiyehld;

177
Gwdil
cyf tof;fpy; kUtp toq;Ftd gy. mit midj;jpw;Fk; Gzh;r;rp tpjp
$w ,ayhJ. Fiwr;nrhw; fpstp xy;nyhypj;jJ. nts;is ntNsnud.
Xnuhd;W> gg;gj;J jk;Kd; jhk; jhk; tUk; vz;. fUk; ghh;g;ghd;> fUq;Fjpiu-
gz;G njhF fpstpfs;. (fhpjhfpa vd tphpj;jy; ,ayhJ). Mluq;F> nra;Fd;W
tpidj;njhifahf tphpj;jy; ,ayhJ. ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ xU Kd;khjhpNaahk;.
xU nkhopf;F> fhye;NjhWk; KOikaha; xNu rkaj;jpy; ,yf;fzk; $wy;
,ayhJ.
tpdhf;fs;
gj;jptpdh
1. cfuk; FWkplq;fs; ahit?
2. Fw;wpaYfuk; Gzh;nkhopAs; vt;thW tUk;?
3. Fw;wpaypfuk; Gzh;nkhopAs; vt;thW tUk;?
4. kug;ngah;> jpirg;ngah; Gzh;r;rpfisr; Rl;Lf.
5. %d;W vd;Dk; vz;Zg;ngah; vt;ntt;thW GzUk;? Ie;J vd;Dk;
vz;Zg;ngah; vt;ntt;thW GzUk;?
6. njhz;Z}W> njhs;shapuk; Mfpa nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpfis tpsf;Ff.
7. tUnkhopapy; Mapuk; te;jhy; xd;W Kjy; xd;gJ tiu cs;s
epiynkhopfNshL vt;ntt;thW GzUk;?
8. „my;yJ fpsg;gpDk; Ntw;Wikf; fz;Zk; vy;yh ,WjpAk; cfuk;
epiyAk;‟–tpsf;Ff.
9. E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngah;> xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL
vt;ntt;thW GzUk;?
10. E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngaNuhL msT> epiwg;ngah;fs; vt;thW GzUk;?
11. xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg; ngah;fNshL nghUl;ngah;fs; GzUk;top epfOk;
khw;wq;fis tiuaWf;f.
12. xUg/J Kjyhdtw;NwhL msT> epiwg;ngah;fspd; Gzh;r;rp ,ay;Gfis
vOJf.
13. y> d vd;Dk; nka;aPWfspd; nra;As; KbG ahJ?
14. ,uz;L Kjyhd vz;fNshL msT kh vd;w nrhy; ngWk; Gzh;;r;rp
epiy vd;d?

178
fl;Liu tpdh
1. vz;Zg;ngah;fs; GzUkhw;iwj; njhy;fhg;gpah; topepd;W tpsf;Ff.
2. Fw;Wfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSf;fhd nghJg;Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
3. Fw;Wfu <w;Wr; nrhw;fSf;fhd rpwg;Gg;Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisj; njhFf;f.
4. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay; vd;Dk; jdp ,ay; tFf;fg;gl Ntz;bajd;
fhuzq;fis Muha;f.
5. gj;J vd;w vz;NzhL gpw vz;Zg;ngah;fs; Gzhpd; epfOk;
khw;wq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jf.
6. gj;J vd;w vz;NzhL epiw msTg; ngah;fs; Gzhpd; cz;lhFk;
epiyfs; ahit?
7. xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL gj;J vd;w vz;Zg;ngah; Gzhpd;
epfOk; khw;wq;fis tpsf;Ff.
8. xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL msT epiwg;ngah; Gzhpd; epfOk;
khw;wq;fis tpsf;Ff.
9. xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL E}W vd;w vz;Zg;ngahpd; Gzh;r;rp
tpfw;gq;fis tpthpf;f.
10. xd;W Kjyhd vz;Zg;ngah;fNshL Mapuk; vd;w vz;Zg;ngahpd;
Gzh;;r;rp tpfw;gq;fis tpthpf;f.

179
10. njhy;fhg;gpak; - ed;D}y; xg;gPL

1. E}d; kuG>2. nkhopkuG
njhy;fhg;gpak; ed;D}y;
1. ----- „nkhopKjw; fhuzk; mZj;jpus; xyp‟

vd;W tpsf;fk; jUthh; ed;D}yhh;.
2. rhh;ngOj;Jf;fs; -3 rhh;ngOj;Jfs; - 10
1. Fw;wpaYfuk; 1. caph;nka;
2. Fw;wpaypfuk; 2. Ma;jk;
3. capusngil
3. Ma;jk;
4. xw;wsngil
5. Fw;wpaypfuk;
6. Fw;wpaYfuk;
7. Ifhuf; FWf;fk;
8. xsfhuf; FWf;fk;
9. kfuf;FWf;fk;
10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk;
3. tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; -3 tpdh vOj;Jf;fs; - 5

M> V> x V> ah> M> V> X.
,irapd;fz; khj;jpiu msT fle;J ,ir> tpsp> gz;lkhw;W Mfpa

xypf;Fk;. %d;wpYk; khj;jpiu msT fle;J
xypf;Fk;.
4. kfuk; cl;ngWGs;sp cUthfp ,J ed;D}ypy; $wg;gltpy;iy.

tUk;.
5. Gzh;nkhopapy; Fw;wpaYfuk; fhy; ,r;nra;jp ed;D}ypy; ,y;iy.

khj;jpiuaha;f; FWfp epw;Fk;.
6. cUtpDk; ,irapDk; ed;D}yhh; ,ijr; Rl;ltpy;iy.

mUfpj;Njhd;Wk; nkhopf;Fwpg;G Ma;jk;
Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

180
7. XnuOj;J xUnkhop><nuOj;J XnuOj;J xUnkhop> gyntOj;J

xUnkhop> njhlh;nkhop vd xUnkhop vd ,Utifahfg; gphpg;ghh;
nkhopepiyia %d;whfg; gFg;gh; ed;D}yhh;.
njhy;fhg;gpah;.
8. nkhopKjy; vOj;J „q‟fuk; nkhop KjyhFk;.
9. r – m>I>xs vd;w %d;WlDk; r - vy;yh capUlDk; KjyhFk;.

KjyhfhJ.
10.Q – M> v> x vd;w %d;WapnuhLk; Q – m> M> v> x vd;w ehd;fDlDk;
KjyhFk;. KjyhFk;.
11. a – Mfhuj;NjhL kl;LNk a – m> M> c> C> x> xs vd;w

nkhopKjyhFk;. MwDlDk; nkhop KjyhFk;.
12. nkhopapd; Ifhuk; FWfp xypf;Fk; nkhopapd; %tplj;jpYk; Ifhuk; FWfp

vd;gh;. xypf;Fk; vd;gh; ed;D}yhh;.
13. xsfhuf; FWf;fk; Rl;lg;gltpy;iy. nkhopapd; Kjyplj;J xsfhuk; FWfp

xypf;Fk; vd;gh; ed;D}yhh;.
14. mfuKk; afuKk; Nrh;j;J mj;Jld;> mfuKk; tfuKk; Nrh;e;J

Ifhukha; xypf;Fk; vd;gh; xsfhukha; xypg;gijAk; ed;D}yhh;
njhy;fhg;gpah;. $Wth;.

181
3. gpwg;gpay;
1. vOj;J xypg;gjw;F mbg;gilahfpa ce;jptspiaj; njhy;fhg;gpah;
ciuf;fpd;whh;. ed;D}yhh;>“cs; tsp Jug;g vOk; mZj;jpus;” vd;W
mZj;jpuisAk; ciug;gh;.
2. njhy;fhg;gpak; fhl;Lk; %d;W. cWg;G Ie;J.
,lk; cWg;G
neQ;R gy;
kplW ,jo;
jiy %f;F
mz;zk;
ed;D}yhh; fhl;Lk; ,lk; ehd;F> cWg;G ehd;F.
,lk; cWg;G
cuk; (neQ;R) gy;
fz;lk; (kplW) ,jo;
cr;rp (jiy) eh
%f;F mz;zk;
njhy;fhg;gpah; %f;fpid cWg;ghff; nfhz;lhh;> ed;D}yhh; mjid
,lkhff; nfhz;lhh;.
3. njhy;fhg;gpah; kplw;Wtspahy; gpwg;gdthfg; gd;dpuz;L caph;fis kl;Lk;
$wpdhh;. ed;D}yhh; capNuad;wp ,ilapdKk; kplw;wpy; gpwg;gd vd;ghh;.
,sk;G+uzh;> ,ilnaOj;J kplw;WtspahYk;> ty;nyOj;J
jiytspahYk; gpwf;Fk; vd ciug;gh;. ed;D}yhh; ty;ypd vOj;J
khh;ig ,lkhff; nfhs;Sk; vd;ghh;.
4. „ce;jpapy; vOe;j fhw;W kplw;wplj;Jr; Nrh;e;j mjdhy; gpwe;j Xir>
mz;zj;ij mize;J nrwpa afuk; gpwf;Fk;‟ vd;gJ njhy;fhg;gpah;
nfhs;if.
„mbehit mb mz;zk; cw;why; afuk; Njhd;Wk;‟ vd;ghh; ed;D}yhh;.
5. „rhh;ngOj;J> jj;jk; Kjy; vOj;ijg; Nghd;w gpwg;Gilad‟ vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpah; $wTk;> ed;D}yhh;>„rhh;ngOj;J jk; Kjy; mida‟ vd;W
ciuj;jhh;.
6. mfj;njOtsp> Ntjj;jpy; $wg;gl;bUg;gijj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Rl;bAs;shh;.
ed;D}yhh;> mijf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.

182
gpwg;G
fhw;wiw xyp vOg;gp
Mf;fk;
njhy;fhg;gpak; jiy> kplW> gy;> ,jo;> Mf;fk;
neQ;R eh> %f;F>
mz;zk;
ed;D}y; cuk;> ,jo;> eh> njhopy;

fz;lk;> gy;>
cr;rp> %f;F mz;zk;

183
4. Gzhpay;
1. Gzh;r;rp gw;wpa nra;jpfisj; njhy;fhg;gpah; gy E}w;ghf;fspy;
mikf;fpd;whh;. ed;D}yhh; mtw;iwj; njhFj;J vspa Kiwapy;
mikf;fpwhh;.
nghJthfg; Gzh;r;rp gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;Fk;NghJ>
<w;nwOj;J + Kjy; vOj;J
nka; + caph;
nka; + nka;
caph; + nka;
caph; + caph;
vd;w tifapy; vOj;Jg; Gzh;r;rp gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;bajhfpwJ.
2. epiynkhop + tUnkhop
ngah; + ngah;
ngah; + tpid
tpid + tpid
tpid + ngah;
vd;w tifapy; nkhopapd; tif my;yJ jd;ik gw;wpr; rpe;jpj;Jg;

Gzh;r;rpia tifg;gLj;j Ntz;LtjhfpwJ.
3. Gzh;nkhopfspd; nghUis Nehf;fp>
1. my;topg; Gzh;r;rp
2. Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rp
vd;W tifg;gLj;Jk; epiy cs;sJ.
4.Gzh;r;rpapd; jd;ikia Neh;ffp> vOj;jpd; ,ay;Gk;> jphpGk;> kiwTk; Nehf;fp>
1. ,ay;G Gzh;r;rp
2. tpfhug; Gzh;r;rp
vd;W tFf;f NehpLfpwJ.
,e;ehd;F epiyfisAk; njhy;fhg;gpah; gy E}w;ghf;fspy; tpsf;fpr;
nry;thh;. ed;D}yhNuh>
“nka; caph; Kjy; <whk; ,U gjq;fSk;

jd;ndhLk; gpwpnjhLk; my;top Ntw;Wikg;
nghUspy; nghUe;Jop epiytUnkhopfs;
184
,ay;nghL tpfhuj;J ,iatJ Gzh;g;Ng”
vd;W midj;ijAk; xNu E}w;ghtpy; RUf;fpj; jUthh;.

5. njhy;fhg;gpah; epWj;j nrhy:> Fwpj;JtU fpstp vd;gij ed;D}yhh;
epiynkhop> tUnkhop vd;W miog;ghh;.
6. njhy;fhg;gpah; Ntw;Wik> my;top vd;W ghFgLj;jpdhYk; my;topg;
Gzh;r;rpahtd ,d;dpd;d vd;W Rl;ltpy;iy. ed;D}yhh;>
1. tpidj;njhif
2. gz;Gj;njhif
3. ctikj;njhif
4. ck;ikj;njhif
5. md;nkhopj;njhif
6. vOtha;j;njhlh;
7. tpspj;njhlh;
8. nganur;rj;njhlh;
9. tpidnar;rj; njhlh;
10. tpidKw;Wj; njhlh;
11. Fwpg;G tpidKw;Wj;njhlh;
12. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlh;
13. chpr;nrhy; njhlh;
14. mLf;Fj;njhlh;
vdg; gjpdhd;fhfg; gFj;J tpsf;Ffpwhh;.
7. tpfhuk; gw;wpf; $Wk; NghJ njhy;fhg;gpah;> nka;gpwpjhjy;> kpFjy;>
Fd;wy; vd;ghh;. ed;D}yhh; Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy; vd;ghh;.
8. rhhpia gw;wpAk; ,UtUf;Fk; NtWghL cz;L. njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wk;
rhhpiafs; 9. ,d;> tw;W> mj;J> mk;> xd;> Md;> mf;F> ,f;F> md;.
ed;D}yhh; $Wk; rhhpiafs; 17. md;> Md;> ,d;> my;> mw;W> ,w;W>
mj;J> mk;> jk;> ek;> Ek;> V> m> c> I> F> d. njhy;fhg;gpah; rhhpiag;
gw;wpa nra;jpfis cUgpaypy; NgRthh;. ed;D}yhh; cUG Gzhpaypy;
NgRthh;.
9. rhhpiag; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> ed;D}yhh; xU gjj;jpd; Kd;
tpFjpNah> gjNkh> cUNgh te;J GzUk; NghJ xd;Nwh gyNth rhhpia
,lk;ngWk; vd;ghh;. gjj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rhhpiafis
tpsf;Fjy; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; ,y;iy.

185
10. vOj;jpd; rhhpia gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Gzhpaypy; Fwpg;gpLthh;.

ed;D}yhh; mtw;iw vOj;jpay; ,Wjpapy; itg;ghh;. nka;naOj;Jf;fs;
mfur;rhhpia ngWjiyAk; ed;D}yhh; Rl;Lth;. nka;apd; ,af;fk;
mfunkhL rptZk;> vd;W njhy;fhg;gpah; mjid E}y; kugpy; Fwpg;ghfr;
Rl;Lthh;.
11. clk;gLnka; gw;wp Gzhpaypy; $Wfpwhh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ed;D}yhh;
caphPw;Wg; Gzhpaypy; $Wfpwhh;. NkYk;> cUG „nfhsy; tiuahh;‟ vd;W
njhy;fhg;gpah; tphpTgLj;jhky; nrd;wij ed;D}yhh;>
“, < I top at;Tk; Vid
caph;top tt;Tk; V Kd; ,t;tpUikAk;
caph;thpd; clk;gLnka; vd;whFk;”
vd;W ghFgLj;jpr; nry;thh;.

12. ,irahy; jphpAk; vOj;Jf;fld; ,y;yhj Gzh;r;rpiaj; njhy;fhg;gpah;
Gzhpaypy; $w> ed;D}yhh; nghJtpaypy; Rl;Lthh;.
13. ed;D}yhh;> tpFjpg;Gzh;r;rp> gjg;Gzh;r;rp> cUGg;Gzh;r;rp> rhhpiag;
Gzh;r;rp vd;w ehd;fhf tFj;Jf;nfhz;lJ Nghy; njhy;fhg;gpah;
tifg;gLj;jtpy;iy.
14. „mj;jpd; mfuk; mfuKid ,y;iy‟ vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;gh>
mt;thNw ed;D}yhuhy; vLj;jhsg;gLtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

186
5. njhifkuG
njhifkugpYs;s rpy E}w;ghf;fs; ed;D}yhh; fUj;NjhL ,ize;J
epw;fpd;wd. mtw;iwf; fhzyhk;.
1. Q> e> k> a> t vd;w tUnkhopfs; ,ay;ghFk;.
2. d> y Kd;tUk; j> e-f;fs; w> d vd;whFk;. z> s Kd; tUk; j>
e-f;fs; l> z vd;whFk;.
3. Kd;dpiy> Vty; tpidfl;F Kd;tUk; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;.
4. cah;jpizg; ngah;fs; Kd;tUk; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;. caphPw;Wg;
ngah; rpy tpfhukhFk;.
5. tpuTg;ngah; Kd;tUk; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;.
6. jk;kpdkhfpa njhopw;nrhy; tUnkhopahf te;jhy;> ty;ypdk;
,ay;ghFk;. tpfw;gKk; MFk;.
7. ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUGhdJ> ,ay;gpNy tpfhukhfTk;> tpfhuj;jpNy
,ay;ghfTk;> cah;jpizapNy tphpe;Jk;> njhf;Fk;> tpuTg;ngahpy;
tphpe;Jk; epw;Fk;.
8. ,> I vd;gtw;wpd; Kd;tUk; ty;ypdk; ,ay;ghFk;. kpFk;. cwOk;.
9. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; xw;W ,ul;Lk;. nebypd; Kd; epw;Fk; xw;W
Gzh;r;rpapy; nfLk;.
10. jhd;> jhk;> ehk; vd;gd neLKjy; FWfp mfuk; ngw;W cUNgw;Fk;.
Nghd;w nra;jpfs; ,UtUf;Fk; nghJthdit.
NtWghL
1. njhlh;nkhopapy; nky;nyOj;J cwoe;J tUk; nra;jpiaj;
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wth;. ,jid ed;D}yhh; $Wtjpy;iy. khwhff;
Fwpy; topNa a> jdp> I> neh> J ,tw;wpd; Kd;dh; nky;ypdk;
kpFk; vd;gh;.
2. jhk;> ahk;> ehk; vd;w nrhw;fs; neLKjy; FWFk;. mit ehd;fd;
cUNghLk;> Mwd; cUNghLk; NrUk;NghJ xd;W ,ul;Ltjpy;iy.
khwhf mfuk; ngw;Wg; gpd; GzUk; vd;gh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.
,t;tpjpia ed;D}yhUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;thh;. Mdhy; mfuk; ngWtJ
ehd;fd; cUgpw;F khj;jpuNk vd;Wk;> Mwhk; Ntw;Wik cUgpw;F
mfuk; Njitapy;iy vd;Wk; ed;D}yhh; fUJth;.
3. msT> epiw Mfpa ngah;fs; jk;kpw; GzUkhW $Wk; gFjp
ed;D}ypy; $wg;gltpy;iy.
4. kUtpd; ghj;jp jphpAk; nra;jpAk; ed;D}ypy; $wg;gltpy;iy.
187
6. cUgpay;
njhy;fhg;gpah; cUGfspd; Gzh;r;rpia cUgpaypy; $wpAs;sik Nghd;W>
ed;D}yhh; „cUG Gzhpay;‟ vd;w jiyg;gpay; cUG Gzh;r;rpfis ciug;ghh;.
Gzh;r;rpiaNa>
1. gjg;Gzh;r;rp
2. tpFjpg; Gzh;r;rp
3. rhhpiag; Gzh;r;rp
4. cUG Gzh;r;rp
vd;W ehd;F tifahf tFj;Jf; nfhs;thh; ed;D}yhh;. cUG
Gzh;r;rpiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s fUj;J
NtWghLfs; rpyNt MFk;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; ed;D}yhh;
1. ,j;jF fUj;ijj; njhy;fhg;gpa cUG Gzh;r;rp $WKd; ed;D}yhh;>

cUgpaypy; fhz;gjw;fpy;iy. xUtd;> xUj;jp> gyh;> xd;w> gy vd
Ie;J ngaUk; vOtha; Kjyhf tpsp
<whf cs;s vl;L cUGfisAk;
Vw;Wtu ,ltifahy; cUGfs;
ehw;gjhFk; vd;ghh;.
2. njhy;fhg;gpah; „tw;W‟r; rhhpiaiaf; ed;D}yhNuh>„tt;tpW Rl;bw;F mw;Wjy;

Fwpg;gpLthh;. topNa‟ vd;Wk;>„mw;NwhL cUgpd;Nky;
ck;cWNk‟ vd;Wk;
mw;Wr;rhhpiaiaNa Fwpg;gpLthh;.
3. vy;yhUk;> vy;yPUk; vd;w nrhw;fspd; „ck;ik‟iaj; js;spg; gpd; ,Wjpapy;

<w;wpy; cs;s ck;ik nfLk;. gpd; mjidr; Nrh;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vy;yhh; +jk; + I> vy;yPh; + Ek; + I ck;ik ,lkhw;Wf; nfhs;ifia
vd;W rhhpiaAk; cUGk; te;J typAWj;Jthh; ed;D}yhh;.
GzUk;NghJ ,Wjpapy; kPz;Lk; ck;ik
Njhd;Wk; vd;ghh; njhy;fhg;gpah;.

188
4. xUg/J> ,Ug/J Nghd;w „xd;gJ‟ vd;w nrhy;Yk; mt;thNw

nrhw;fspy;> Md; rhhpia ngw;W xU GzUk; vd> xd;ghid> xd;ghndhL
ghid> ,Ughid vdg; GzUk; vd;gh; vd;gtw;iwAk; Nrh;j;Jiug;ghh;
njhy;fhg;gpah;. ed;D}yhh;.
5. M+,d;+I vdf; fhl;b> M+,d; +I „MkhNfh dt;tizaTk; ngWNk‟ vd

vd „,d;‟ rhhpiaapd; ,fuk; mr;nrhw;fs; dfur; rhhpia ngWjiy
nfLjiy ciug;ghh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ciug;ghh; ed;D}yhh;.

189
7. caph; kaq;fpay;
1. xfhu ,Wjpr; nrhy;iy „,y;‟ vd;w nrhy;nyhL $wpd; Ntw;Wikf;fz;
Gzh;r;rp ,ay;ghFk;. gtze;jpahh; ,f;fUj;ijf; $wtpy;iy.
(v.fh.) Nfh + ,y; = Nfhapy;.
E}w;gh: „,y;nyhL fpsg;gpd; ,aw;if MFk;‟
2. Xfhu ,Wjpg;nghUs; cUgpay; epiyapYs;s nrhw;fSk; cs. mjhJ

mt;tplj;J ty;nyOj;J kpfhJ ,aw;ifaha; KbAk;. xd; rhhpia ngWk;.
(v.fh.) Nfh + if = Nfhxd;if.
E}w;gh: „cUgpay; epiyA nkhopAkh UsNt

Mtapd; ty;nyOj;J ,aw;if MFk;‟
3. xsfhu ,Wjpg;ngah; epiynkhopaha; ,Uf;f milAk; khWjy;fis

xU E}w;ghtpy; $wp Kbj;Js;shh;.
xsfhu <w;Wg;ngahpy; gpd;dh; f> r> j> g thpd; my;top Ntw;Wik Mfpa
,uz;L ,lj;jpYk; ty;nyOj;J kpFjYk; cfuk; Njhd;WjYk; cz;L.
(v.fh.) nfs + fbJ = nfsTf;fbJ

nfs + fLik = nfsTf;fLik
4. epiynkhop <w;wpd; mbg;gilapy; njhy;fhg;gpah; tpsf;f Kw;gl;ljhy;

rpy fUj;Jf;fs; kPz;Lk; tUfpd;wd. ed;D}yhh; xt;nthU <w;wpYk; ,t;thW
tphpj;Jg; Ngrtpy;iy. ,ay;gpDk; tpjpapDk; epd;w caph; Kd; f> r> j> g
kpFk; vd;W nghJthff; $wptpl;lhh;.
5. Rl;nlOj;Jg; Gzh;r;rpapid Mrphpah; rpy E}w;ghf;fspy; tphpj;Jf;
$wpAs;sij ed;D}ypy;>
„vfu tpdh Kr;Rl;bd; Kd;dh;‟
vdj; njhlq;Fk; xNu E}w;ghtpy; mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthh;.

6. kug;ngah;fis xt;nthU E}w;ghtpd; ,WjpapYk; jdpj;jdpNa
njhy;fhg;gpah; $Wtjid ed;D}yhh;>
„kug;ngah; Kd;dh; ,dnky; vOj;J

tug;ngW dTKs Ntw;Wik topNa‟
vd mikj;Jf; fhl;Lthh;.
190
8. Gs;sp kaq;fpay;
1. z> d vd;w nka;fs; Ntw;Wikg;Gzh;r;rpapy; ty;ypdk; tu l> w vd;W
jphpAk;.
2. fpisg;ngah;fs; Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapYk; jphpjypy;iy.
3. „kPd;‟ vd;gJ ty;nyO;jNjhL cwOk;.
4. Fapd;> kpd;> gpd;> gd;> jhd;> ahd; vd;w dfu tPw;Wg;Gzh;r;rp tpjpfs;.
5. Gs;> ts;> ty;> ney;> nry;> nfhy;> nrhy;> ,y; Mfpatw;wpd; Gzh;r;rp
tpjpfs;.
Nghd;w nra;jpfspy; njhy;fhg;gpah;> ed;D}yhh; ,UtUf;FkpilNa fUj;J
NtWghl ,y;iy.
njhy;fhg;gpah; z> d> a> u> o> y> s Mfpa <Wfisj; jdpj;jdpNa
tpsf;Ftjhy;>„fpisg;nganuy;yhk; fpisg; ngahpay;‟>„njhopw;nganuy;yhk;
njhopw; ngahpay;‟ Nghd;w E}w;ghf;fs; njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk;
,lk;ngwf; fhz;fpNwhk;. ed;D}yhh; njhFj;Jj; jUtjpy; ty;ytuha; ,Uf;fpwhh;.
rpy Gjpa rhd;Wfisj; jUfpwhh;. mt;tifapy; njhy;fhg;gpaUf;Fk;
ed;D}yhUf;Fk; ,ilNa rpy NtWghLfisf; fhzKbfpwJ.
1. ed;D}yhh; rhjpg;ngah;> FOg;ngah;> guz;> ftz;> vz;> rhz;
Mfpatw;iwr; Nrh;j;Jj; njhFj;Jg; NgRfpwhh;. njhy;fhg;gpah; ,jidr;
Rl;ltpy;iy.
2. d/fhd; fpisg;ngah; mfur;rhhpia ngWjiy ed;D}yhh; Rl;bAs;shh;.
3. „Njd;‟ njhlh;ghd Gzh;r;rp tpjpfisf; $Wk; ed;D}yhh;
„Njd;+,whmy; vd;w Gzh;r;rpiaf; $whJ tpLj;jhh;. mJ caph;nka;g;
Gzh;r;rp vd;gjhy; tpl;bUf;ff; $Lk;. „xw;WkpF‟ jfunkhL epd;W
„Njj;jP‟ vd;whtijAk; ed;D}yhh; $wtpy;iy.
4. kuky;yhj gwit Fwpf;Fk; vfpd; nkhopf;F ,ay;Gk; MFk;.
nky;ypdKk; tUk; vd;W ed;D}yhh; Rl;bAs;shh;. njhy;fhg;gpah;
,t;thW Rl;ltpy;iy.
5. „fd;‟ vd;w nrhy;yhdJ mfur;rhhpiag; ngw;W nky;ypdj;NjhL
cwOk; vd;gJk; ed;D}yhh; jUk; nra;jp.
6. <k;> fk; vd;w ,Unrhy;Yk; mf;Fr;rhhpia ngWk; vd;ghh;
njhy;fhg;gpah;. mit ,uz;Lk; mfur;rhhpia ngWk; vd;gh; ed;D}yhh;.

191
7. mfk;+if vd;w nrhw;fspd; Gzh;r;rpapy;> njhy;fhg;gpah; mfuk;

ePq;fyhf midj;Jk; nfLk;. gpd; nky;nyOj;J kpFk; vd;ghh;.
ed;D}hyNuh>„mfk;‟ vd;gjd; eLtzjhfpa f;+m=f nfLk; vd;W
tFg;ghh;. ,q;qdk; xNu nra;jpia tpsf;Fk; Kiwapy; ,UtUk;
NtWgLtJz;L.
8. mod;> Kd;> nghd; Mfpad gw;wp ed;D}yhh; vJTk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
9. cfuk; te;J Nrug;ngwhj y> s <w;Wj; njhopw;ngah;fs; rpytw;iw
ed;D}yhh; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.
10. „njt;Tf;fbJ‟ vd;W cfuk; ngWtijNa njhy;fhg;gpah; njhptpj;jhh;.
ed;D}yhNuh> njt;+Kid=njk;Kid vd;whtjw;Fk; tpjp ciuj;jhh;.
11. jhkiu> nts;sk;> Mk;gy; vd;gd Vo; vd;gNjhL ,izAk; nra;jpAk;>
rhh; + fho;> nghd;+ nghyk;> Kd;+ <y;> rhj;jd; + nfhw;wd;>
Mjd; +je;ij> Nghd;w Gzh;r;rpr; nra;jpfSk; ed;D}ypw;
Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

192
9. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay;
1. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay; vdj; jdpNa tFj;Js;shh;.
ed;D}yhh; caph;kaq;fpaypy; cfu <w;Wld; Nrh;j;J mikj;Js;shh;.
2. njhy;fhg;gpah; Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpaypy; $Wk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; ngah;>
Kiw> njhif Mfpatw;iw ed;D}yhh; vOj;jpaypy; Fwpg;gpLthh;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; <nuOj;J xU nkhop vd;gij ed;D}yhh; neby; njhlh;
vd;ghh;.
3. ,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpy; ,uz;L xw;Wf;fs; njhlh;e;J tUk;
#o;epiy Vw;gl;lhy; ,ilnahw;Wf;Fk; gpd; ,ilnahw;W tuhJ> ty;ypdk;
my;yJ nky;ypdk; tUk;. ,jid <nuhw;Wj; njhlh;nkhop vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah;
Rl;Lthh;. ed;D}yhh; ,J gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
4. my;top> Ntw;Wik Mfpa ,Uepiyg; Gzh;r;rpaplj;Jk; Fw;wpaYfuk;
miu khj;jpiu ngWk;. Mdhy; ty;nyOj;J tUnkhopapy; mikj;J epiynkhop
td;njhlh;f; Fw;Wfukhf mikAk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Gzh;r;rpapy; kl;Lk;
Fw;wpaYfuk; fhy;khj;jpiuahf mikAk; vd;ghh; njhy;fhg;gpah;. ed;D}yhh; ,J
gw;wp tpsf;fk; jutpy;iy.
5. „afuk; tUtop ,fuq; FWFk;‟ vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gpLtij

ed;D}yhh; vOj;jpaypy; „afuk; tuf; Fws; cj;jphp ,fuKk;‟ vd;ghh;.
6. Ntw;Wikg; Gzh;r;rpapd; NghJ caph;j;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; vt;thW

mikAk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah; njspthfr; Rl;ltpy;iy. ed;D}yhh;
„caph;j;njhlh; Kd; kpfh Ntw;Wik‟ vd;ghh;.
7. Ifhur; rhhpiaid ,Wjpapy; ngWk; nkd; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfu

nkhopfs; cz;L. ,J ed;D}yhh; $wpaJ. ,jidj; njhy;fhg;gpah; $wtpy;iy.
8. <nuOj;njhUnkhop> ty;nyhw;Wj; njhlh;kug;ngah;f; Fw;Wfu <W
Kjypad mk; rhhpia ngWk;. nky;nyhw;W typah kug;ngaUz;L. nkd;njhlh;
nkhopapw;rpy mf;Fr; rhhpia ngw;WtUk;. vz;Zg;ngah;r;nrhy; md; rhhpia
ngWk;. tz;L ,d; rhhpiaAk;> ngz;L ,d;> md; vd;Dk; ,d; rhhpiafisAk;
Vw;Fk;. ahJ> Rl;L Kjyhfpa Ma;jj;njhlh; nkhopf; Fw;Wfuk; md; rhhpia
ngWk;.
Rl;Lr;rpid ePba nkd;njhlh;nkhop> ahtpdh nkd;njhlh; nkhop
ty;nyOj;Jg; ngw;W Kbak;. cz;L> cs; MFk;.

193
xUg/J> E}W Kjypad epiynkhopahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ milAk;

khw;wq;fs;.
E}whapuk; tUnkhopahf mikAk;NghJ milAk; khWjy;fs; Mfpad
njhy;fhg;gpah; kl;LNk Fwpg;gpLtdthFk;.
9. ,uz;L jpirfs; GzUk;NghJ ,ilapy; „V‟ tUk; vdj; njhy;fhg;gpah;

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sij ed;D}yhh; vLj;J ,ak;gtpy;iy. (tlf;Nf njw;F)
10. Njq;fha; vd;gjw;F ed;D}yhh; $Wk; Gzh;r;rp tpjp (njq;F+fha;)

njhy;fhg;gpah; Fwpg;gplhj xd;whFk;.
11. gj;J epiynkhopaha; ,Uf;fg; GzUk; NghJ Vw;gLk; rhhpiafspy;
njhy;fhg;gpah; ,d; rhhpia gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpl ed;D}yhh; ,d;Dld; „,w;W‟
vd;Dk; rhhpiaAk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
12. xd;gJ xope;j vz;fs; ek;Kd; jhk; tUk;NghJ milAk;
khWjy;fis (xt;nthd;W> ,t;tpuz;L) ed;D}yhh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
njhy;fhg;gpah; ,Jgw;wpf; $wtpy;iy.
tpdhf;fs;
1. E}d;kuG> nkhopkuG Mfpa ,ay;fspy; ed;D}yhh;> njhy;fhg;gpah;
fUj;Jf;fis xg;gpLf.
2. jkpo; vOj;Jf;fis ed;D}yhUk;> njhy;fhg;gpaUk; vq;qdk;
tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;?
3. nrhw;fspy; vOj;Jf;fspd; tUif gw;wp ed;D}yhUk; njhy;fhg;gpaUk;
$Wk; fUj;Jf;fis tpsf;Ff.
4. vOj;Jg; gpwg;Gg; gw;wpj; njhy;fhg;gpah;> ed;D}yhh; $Wk; NtWghLfis
tpthpf;f.
5. Gzh;r;rpia ,yf;fzpfs; vt;thW ghFgLj;jpAs;sdh;?
6. rhhpiag; gw;wpaf; fUj;Jf;fspy; njhy;fhg;gpaUk; ed;D}yhUk; vt;thW
NtWgLfpd;wdh;?
7. cUG Gzh;r;rpia tFg;gjpy; njhy;fhg;gpah; ed;D}yhh; NtWgLkhw;iw
tiuf.
8. Fw;wpaYfug; Gzhpay; gw;wp njhy;fhg;gpaUk;> caph; kaq;fpaypy; cfu
,Wjp gw;wp ed;D}yhUk; $wpatw;iwj; njhFf;f.

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Prepared by
Dr. A. SUNDARAM
Associate Professor of Tamil
The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli – 627 010.

195

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MANONMANIAM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY

DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE & CONTINUING EDUCATION

M.A. TAMIL - I YEAR

DKT13 - ,yf;fzk; vOj;J (njhy;fhg;gpak;)

Most Student friendly University - Strive to Study and Learn to Excel

For more information visit: http://www.msuniv.ac.in

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Directorate of Distance & Continuing Education, Tirunelveli.

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