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A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint. A
complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are interrupted and a
partial contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing
steel running through as shown in Fig.
Expansion Joint- It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and
concrete and it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. A typical
expansion joint is shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some
cylindrical tank designs.
CONTRACTION JOINTS: This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This
type of joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the adjoining parts of a
structure which by closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the
structure.
Sliding Joint- It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete
and with special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is
shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank
designs.
Mention the grade of concrete which is used in the construction of water tank.
Richer concrete mix of grades M20 to M30 are commonly used in the construction of
water tanks. High quality concrete, in addition to providing water tightness, also has
higher resistance to tensile stresses developed in the tank walls.
Mention the three factors that must be considered while designing a RCC tank.
i. Strength
ii. Water tightness
iii. Overall stability
What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred to isolated
footings?
A combined footing is preferred when equal or unequal columns are positioned so
Closely that the individual footing are not practicable. These footing are usually
Rectangular in shape.
In order to accommodate unequal column loads or columns close to property lines
the rectangular shape is modified to a trapezoidal shape. Sometimes, a strap is
provided
to combine two columns which have a wide spacing or if one of them is close to
Property line.
TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
All foundations are divided into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. The words shallow and deep refer to the depth of soil in which the
foundation is made. Shallow foundations can be made in depths of as little as 3ft
(1m), while deep foundations can be made at depths of 60 - 200ft (20 - 65m).
Shallow foundations are used for small, light buildings, while deep ones are for large,
heavy buildings.
RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS: Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are
most often used when basements are to be constructed. In a raft, the entire
basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the building is spread
evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the building
is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil. Mat Foundations are used where the soil is
week, and therefore building loads have to be spread over a large area, or where
columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual footings were used, they
would touch each other.
i. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the
weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and
be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
ii. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise
structure.
iii. Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
iv. There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.
What is the structural action between cantilever and counterfort type retaining
wall?
In cantilever retaining wall the pressure and other forces are withstand by the stem
of the retaining wall and base slab.
In counterfort retaining wall is provided the height of retaining wall is more than
6m.the walls also provided perpendicular to stem wall. The counterfort act as
support to stem and heel slab.
6 ABHAY ENGINEERING CLASSES by. Prof. AJAY H. BURANDE
(THANE / DOMBIVLI / SHAHAPUR) Mob. 8421813141, 9923251124
II JAI MAHAKALI MATA II
What is the structural action between cantilever and counterfort type retaining
wall?
In cantilever retaining wall the pressure and other forces are withstand by the stem
of the retaining wall and base slab.
In counterfort retaining wall is provided the height of retaining wall is more than
6m.the walls also provided perpendicular to stem wall. The counterfort act as
support to stem and heel slab.
What are the stability conditions should be checked for the retaining walls?
The stability of retaining walls should be checked against the following conditions
The wall should be stable
(a) The wall should be stable against Overturning
(b) The wall should be stable against bearing capacity failure.
Define tread
The horizontal portion of a step was the foot rests is referred to, as tread.250 to 300
mm
is the typical dimensions of a tread. Riser is the vertical distance between the
adjacent treads or the vertical projection of the step with value of 150 to 190 mm
depending upon the type of building.
Define Going
Going is the horizontal projection of an inclined flight of steps between the first and
last riser.
What is a flight?
A flight is the length of the staircase situated between two landings. The number of
steps in a flight may vary between 3 to 12.