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Structure II task

Sub bab: Agreement/concord

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Arranged by:

5 th group

 Ana Zulmala. A.  Ismi Muthoharoh

 Megawati  Moh. Saifudin Hanis. A.
 Nila Widya

Pengantar

Dalam tata bahasa Indonesia, kita tidak akan menjumpai masalah

agreement (concord) seperti yang akan kita bahas kali ini. Sehingga, sulit bagi

kita untuk membandingkan masalah agreement dalam bahasa inggris dan bahasa

Indonesia. Padahal, masalah agreement ini sangat penting untuk dipelajari bila

seseorang ingin mengerti dan sekaligus menggunakan bahasa inggri dalam lisan
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maupun tulisan dengan baik dan benar. Oleh karena itu, delam hal ini kami

memberikan penjelasan tentang agreement dari beberapa buku referensi.

Pengertian concord menurut “Otong Setiawan Djuharie” dalam (functional

English grammar)

Saat kita membuat sebuah kalimat, sebenarnya kita sedang merangkai

rentetan kata-kata yang terdiri dari minimal subject dan verb . Verb dan

atau auxiliary harus bersesuaian dengan subjectnya. Bila subject dalam bentuk

singular (tunggal) , maka verb/auxiliary yang digunakan juga harus singular

(tunggal). Jika subject dalam bentuk plural (jamak) maka verb/auxiliary

yang digunakan juga harus plural (jamak).

Contoh:

I am here to see you I was here to see you

yesterday
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She has finished doing They have finished doing

the exercise the exercise

He was shocked by the They were shocked by

news the news

Kesesuaian subject-verb sering membingungkan kita saat membuat

kalimat:

1. Dalam simple present tense {apakah V-1 ditambah akhiran –s

atau tidak}
2. Menggunakan to be {is, am, are, was, were}
3. Menggunakan verb has/have
4. Dan menggunakan auxiliary ‘have dan has’ dalam present perfect

tense dan present continuous tense .

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Verb/auxiliary jamak, dicirikan dengan hadirnya kata: “have, are,

were, dan verbnya tidak berakhiran –s/--es dalam kalimat simple

present tense”.

Verb/aux tunggal dicirikan dengan hadirnya auxiliary : “has, is, was,

dan verb berakhiran –s/--es dalam kalimat simple present”

I. Aturan untuk kesesuaian subect-verb: subject tunggal

a. Manakala kata-kata berikut menjadi subject sebuah kalimat,

kata-kata ini harus selalu dianggap singular .

d Everyone d Someone d Anyone

d Everybody d Somebody d Anybody
d Everything d Something d Anything
d No one/none d Each d Either
d Nobody d Nothing d Neither

Example:
d Everyone is here.
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d Neither of this book is very new
d Nothing was left when I came
b. Bila ada each dan every mengawali suatu singular subject

(subject tunggal) kemudian dirangkai dengan kata “and” ,

maka verb/auxiliary nya harus tetap singular .

 Every girl and boy above 17 is eligible to Vote

S S P
teache
 Each student and has a locker
r
S S P
c. Subject dengan kata it adalah bentuk singular dan selalu

diikuti verb/auxiliary dalam bentuk singular pula.

d It is cock whish always awakens me
d It was his grades that worried him
d It seems to me that you are trying to deceive
d. Kata-kata yang hadir diantara subject dan verb dan

auxiliary tidak mengubah ketentuan subject-verb . Yang sering

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hadir diantara subject dan verb adalah frasa ber-preposisi. Bila

sebelum frasa tersebut adalah subject dalam bentuk singular ,

maka verb/auxiliarynya tetap singular. Dan sebaliknya.

The Together with Her twenty school friends Is camping By the river
Accompanied by P
girl
In addition to
S
As well as
Along with
One Of the most enjoyable parties Wa Given by Ratu

s
S P
Everyon excep the bride and bridegroom has come to the hall

e t
S P
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e. Kata-kata: there, here, dan where tidak pernah dianggap

sebagai subject. Saat suatu kalimat diawali dengan kata ini, maka

yang menjadi subject adalah kata yang hadir setelah fungsi verb.

Ther student
are many in the classroom
e s
P S
Here is the book you want to borrow
P S

f. Ungkapan yang menyatakan jumlah uang, wktu, berat,

jarak, dan volume meskipun bentuknya plural tapi harus diikuti

singular verb/auxiliary .

Twel mont ha 365¼

ve hs s days
S P
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Five mile i a long journey to drive in

hundred s s one day

S P

g. Beberapa kata selalu berbntuk plural , akan tetapi bermakna

singular . Maka diwajibkan untuk menggunakan singular

verb/auxiliary.
1) Nama mata pelajaran/mata kuliah: economics,

mathematics, physics, statistics, civics, linguistics, dsb.

2) Nama penyakit: measles, mumps, herpes, dsb.
3) Kata benda abstrak: news, ethics, politics, etc.

Mathematic is a difficult subject

s
S P

The news Wa Very good

s
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S P

h. Judul buku/majalah/Koran/film , kalaupun dinyatakan

dalam bentuk plural , verb/auxiliary yang mengikuti harus

singular.

The Bandung I a good magazine

Times s
S P
Stars Wars i a good movie

s
S P
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i. Subject yang terbentuk dari pola gerund (V ing) harus

diikuti verb/auxiliary singular.

d Producing fine paintings requires skill and creativity.
S P
d Swimming in the oceans is my hobby.
S P
II. Aturan untuk kesesuaian subek-verb: subject plural
j. Subject yang digabung oleh kata and atau both…and…

mengharuskan verb/auxiliary-nya berbentuk plural.

Jagua ar
A new And an old Cefiro For sale
r e
S S P
chicke ar
Both And ham Delicious meal
n e
S S P

k. Kata-kata several, many, both, few bermakna plural dan

selalu mengharuskan verb/aux-nya juga plural .

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Bot ar Going to attend the Indonesian University of

h e Education
S P
have
Only a few the exam
passed
S P

l. Beberapa kata selalu berbentuk plural dan mengharuskan

verb/aux-nya juga plural

1)Pakaian (clothes): trousers, pants, jeans, sunglasses
2) Perkakas (tools): scissors, pliers, tweezers
3) Kata benda abstrak: riches, thanks, means
 Your sunglasses are broken.
 Scossors have two blades
Namun demikian, kata-kata ini harus diikuti singular

verb/auxiliary ketika diawali oleh ungkapan seperti: a pair of…, a

word of…, dll.

His pants ar Still at the cleaners

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e
S P
But i
That pair of pants dirty
: s
S P

III. Aturan untuk kesesuaian subject-verb:

d Subject tunggal >< subject jamak
m. Saat subject digabungkan oleh struktur berikut ini,

verb/auxiliary harus mengikuti unsur subject yang terdekat

dengan verb/auxiliary tersebut, yakni setelah kata or atau nor .

Either Or
Neither S1 Nor S2 (singular) singular verb/aux

Either S1 Or S2 (plural) plural verb/aux

Neither Nor

Or
Nor
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S1 S2 (singular) singular verb/aux

Or
S1 S2 (plural) plural verb/aux Nor

Not
But only
also
S1 S2 (singular) singular verb/aux

Not
But only
also
S1 S2 (plural) plural verb/aux

Example:

Neither the studen nor teach is to

ts the er allowed smoke

S1 S2 P
Either the teache or stude hav Your books

r the nts e
S1 S2 P
not only the nurs But also docto is soon
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es the r coming
S1 S2 P

n. Subject yang terbentuk dari prepositional phrase (frase

yang mempunyai preposisi/kata depan, seperti: of, in, by, dll),

penentuan singular ataukah plural bergantung pada kata yang

hadir sebelum preposisi tersebut. Jika sebelum preposisi

menunjukkan kata singular, maka verb/aux-nya juga singular. Dan

sebaliknya.

The increase in the I

reproductions of endangered s Expected to preserve

species them extinction

S P
o. Subject yang terbentuk dari prepositional phrase berupa

prosentase /quantifier , maka penentuanya sama dengan

ketentuan point “N” .

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d Ninety percent of the ice in the south pole has melted.
S P
d Fifth-seven of students in this campus are from low

income-
S P
family
p. Banyak kata mungkin singular atau plural , penentuanya

bergantung pada apa yang dirujuk oleh kata yang

bersangkutan. Kata-kata itu antara lain: none, all, some,

majority, most, half, dll. Manakala kata-kata ini diikuti frasa

berpreposisi , bentuk kata setelah preposisilah yang menentukan

singular ataukah plural.

d All of the book has been destroyed
S P
d All of the books have been thrown away.
S P
d All of my money is in the bank.
S P
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q. Ungkapan a number of mengharuskan verb / aux-nya

berbentuk plural . Dan ungkapan the number of mengharuskan

diikuti oleh singular verb/aux.

A number of plural verb/auxX

The number of singular verb/auxX
A number of students were missing from class
The number of Indonesian students in the class is very big
r. Collective noun biasanya singular , tapi mungkin juga plural

jika anggota pembentuknya dianggap bertindak sendiri-sendiri.

Perhatikan pronoun sebagai petunjuk untuk menentukan

singular? Plural? Kata-kata yang dimaksud adalah: class, team,

police, committee, audience, family, faculty, dll.

d That class has its test on Monday
S P
d The class are working on their individual assignment today.
S P
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s. Beberapa kata antara bentuk singular dan pluralnya sama.

Pronoun dan modifier (kata penjelas) dari kata-kata ini

menunjukkan apakah singular atau plural.

1)Always with –s: species; series, etc.
 That species is rare. >< those species are

rare
S P S P

2) Never with –s: sheep; deer, etc.

 That deer is young. >< those deer are young
S P S P
t. Kata benda yang menunjukkan kebangsaan yang berakhiran

dengan –ese, -ch, -sh mungkin singular ataupun plural,

bergantung pada arti kata tersebut. Contoh: chinese, sundanese,

french, english, dll. Manakala kata ini mengacu pada bahasa

(language), maka dianggap singular. Jika mengacu pada orang

dari Negara bersangkutan, maka dianggap plural.

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d French is Romance language >< the French are romantic.
S P S P
d English is spoken all over the world >< the English love

tea.
S P S P
u. Bahasa inggris telah mengdopsi banyak bahaSa lain. Bberapa

dari kata-kata tersebut memiliki bentuk plural yang khusus:

Singul Plur
Asal bahasa Exp. Singular >< plural
ar al
Greek/yunani -is -es Basis bases; crisis crises
Criterioncriteria;
Greek -on -a
phenomenonphenomena
Latin -us -i Alumnus alumni
Latin -a -ae Alga algae; vita vitae
Datum data; medium
Latin -um -a
media
Latin -ix/- -ices Index indices;
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ex appendix appendices

Th ar
algae In the pool Hard to remove
e e
S P
Th
radius Of the circle is Two inches
e
S P
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Pengertian concord menurut “Drs. Slamet Riyanto, M. Pd.” dalam (The

Textbook Of English Grammar ‘Complete Edition’)

AGREEMENT adalah kesesuaian antara subject dan kata kerjanya.

Maksudnya jika subject kalimat itu tunggal, maka kata kerjanya juga

harus tunggal, dan bila subjectnya jamak, maka kata kerjanya juga harus

jamak.

Contoh:

d Diana is busy today

d Frederick goes to the office
d Melisa and alex go to school
d Some students are in the library
d Most of the people work in the farm
d Several manager are in the lobby
1. Kesesuaian subject-verb dengan of, on, in, together with, along

with, accompanied by, as well as.

Kata-kata ini TIDAK MEMEPENGARUHI kesesuaian subject-verb.
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Britney along with her bodyguards, will go to Indonesia

next year.
Each of the students has received a diploma
The manager together with his staffs was at the central

office last night

The danger of flood in Jakarta becomes a serious threat.
All people as well as their leader were having a ceremony

on the top of the mountain when I visited their village.

Mr. President, accompanied by his wife and children, has

attended a wedding party.

2. Persuaian subject-verb dengan V 1 +ing sebagai subject.
d Living in this city, as well as in many other cities, is very

high.
d Smoking cigarettes is not good for your health
3. Keesuaian subject-verb dengan indefinite pronoun
Kata ganti yang selalu dianggap tunggal/singular dan diikuti oleh

singular verb.
d One (orang, kamu, anda)
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o One should obey the rules
o One must knock the door before entering someone’s

house.
d Anybody (seseorang, siapa saja, setiap orang)
o Is there anybody inside?
o Anybody is welcome
d Anything (sesuatu)
o She didn’t say anything
o Anything is better
d Anyone (seseorang, siapapun, setiap orang)
o Anyone is welcome here
o Anyone must be able to do it
d Everyone (setiap orang)
o Everyone has the right to vote
d Everybody (setiap orang)
o Everybody says, “NO” to drugs
d Everything (segalanya)
o Everything is OK
o Everything is under control
d None (tak seorangpun)
o None hates her
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o No one is allowed to enter this room
d Nobody (tak seorangpun)
o Nobody is perfect
d Nothing (tak sesuatupun)
o That criminal says nothing
d Someone (seseorang)
o Nothing is new, someone wants to see you
d Somebody (seseorang)
o Somebody was here an hour ago
d Something (sesuatu)
o I have something to talk about.
o There is something to eat in my bag.
4. Kesesuaian subject-verb dengan pronoun
Pronoun agreement adalah persesuaian antara noun-verb dengan kata

gantinya yang menduduki sebagai subject-object-possessive adj-

possessive pronoun-revlexive pronoun.

Perhatikan table berikut!

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Subject Object of Possessive Possessive Reflexive
verb/preposition adj. pronoun pronoun
I Me My Mine myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its - Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
5. Persesuaian subject-verb dengan none/no one/no (tidak ada)
kata ini dapat diikuti oleh plural/singular verb tergantung pada noun

yang mengikutinya.
d None of the advice is needed
d None of the students have finished the exam yet
d No option is suitable for us
6. Persesuaian subject-verb dengan either…or (baik…maupun);

neither…nor (baik…maupun…tidak…). Kedua kata ini dapat diikuti

oleh singular/plural verb tergantung pada noun/kta benda yang

mengikutinya.
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d Either Susy or Hety is going to the supermarket today.
d Neither Susy nor Haty goes to the supermarket today
d Either Hety or her friends are going to the supermarket

today
d Neither Hety nor her friends go to the supermarket

today
7. Kesesuaian subject-verb dengan a number of (banyak)
d A number of contestants have arrived here
d A number of guests are talking each other
8. Kesesuaian subject-verb dengan the number of (jumlah)
d The number of months in a year is twelve
d The number of the voters who are going to vote seems

confused
9. Kesesuaian subject-verb dengan collective noun.
d Collective nouns (yang dianggap tungal dan diikuti

singular verb)
o Congress
o Organization
o Government
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o Public
o Crowd
o Class minority
o Club
o Committee
o Majority
o Army
o Group
o Jury
o Team
o Family
 The army moves very quickly
 Our team is going to join the grand final
d Animals used as group
o Flock of birds
o Flock of sheep
o Pack of dogs
o Herd of cattle
o School of fish
o Pride of lions
 A school of fish is dancing in the river
 The flock of sheep walks slowly
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d Collective noun yang menunjukkan time, money,

ukuran. Dianggap singular.

o Thirty minutes is not enough to do this test
o Five apples a week makes her healthy and beautiful
d Nouns yang selalu jamak, KECUALI didepanya ada kata

“a pair of” pasti jadi tunggal

o Scisors
o Trousers
o Shorts
o Glasses
o Pants
o Pliers
o Jeans
o Tweezers
o Tongs

Pengertian concord menurut “Faidlal Rahman Ali, S.E, Par.” dalam

(English Grammar ‘Complete Edition’)

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Agreement adalah persesuaian antara subject dengan verb (predikat)

Kaidah-kaidah kata kerja (predikat) harus sesuai dalam number dan person

dengan subjectnya.

Number bentuk dari sebuah kata kerja (verb) yang menunjukkan apakah noun

(kb) tergolong singular ataukah plural dalam artinya.

Singular kebanyakan adalah verb yang berakhiran s, am, is, was, has (verb

dengan tambahan s/es atau has maupun to be : is, am, was, menunjukkan

bahwa noun/subjectnya tunggal).

Plural verbs yang tidak berakhiran dengan –s/-es. Dan are, were, have

menunjukkan bahwa noun/subjectnya jamak.

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Person adalah bentuk dari sebuah kata kerja yang menunjukkan apakah

subjectnya termasuk si pembicara (1 st person), lawan bicara (2 nd person),

atau orang yang dibicarakan (3 rd person).

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 Not = selalu tempatnya setelah auxiliary verb dan tidak dapat

berdiri sendiri
Example:
A: “who is playing?”
B: “ not me”
I cannot (can’t) go out today, because I have no money
They will not come here again
The students went on strike, but not the teachers.
12. Apabila ada kata number diikuti oleh of phrase dan dijadikan

subjek dalam sebuah klausa, maka:

 Jika number didahului oleh kata sandang the , maka harus

diikuti singular verb.

 Jika didahului dengan kata lainnya, maka plural verb .

A number + plural noun + singular

verb
The number + plural noun + plural
verb
Examples:
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 The number of people in the room is ninety-two
 The number of days in a week is seven
 A number of people have enrolled the Gajah Mada

University
 A large number of applicants are already here
13. Apabila ada kata-kata berikut ini menjadi subjek kalimat, maka

harus selalu diikuti singular verb.

 Scenery  Clothing
 Economics  Equipment
 Mumps  News
 Furniture  Behavior
 Knowledge  Traffic
 Ethics  Civics
 Athletic  United state
Etc…
Kalimat yang digunakan seperti:

Subject + singular verb

 The news is important

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 Economics is widely used.
14. Apabila ada noun berikut ini menjadi subjek kalimat, harus diikuti

plural verb.
A

 Belongings  Clothes
 Goods  Proc

eeds
 Riches  Than

ks
 Remains  Tact

ics
 Wages Etc..

 Pants  Trousers
 Scissors  Suds
 Plier  Jean
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s
 Tongs  Glas

ses
 Shorts Etc…
NB:
o Jika ingin menyatakan dalam bentuk singular, maka harus

menggunakan a pair of … (sepasang) untuk kata-kata pada

kolom B.
 The scissors are blunt this pair of scissors is

blunt
15. Beberapa noun berikut ini menyatakan group/kelompok hewan

tertentu. Tapi yang dimaksud adalah kesamaan dalam jenisnya sehingga

dianggap singular/tunggal. Dan harus diikuti oleh singular verb.

 Shoal of fish
 Troop of lions
 Packs of dogs
 Flock of sheep
 Etc…
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16. Apabila ada kata every (setiap), many a (banyak), dan each

(tiap-tiap), digunakan sebelum subjek, maka verbnya harus singular.

17. Apabila sebuah kalimat mempunyai subjek gerund (V-ing) atau

present participle (V-ing), mka harus diikuti oleh singular verb.

18. Kata here (sini, ini, begini) dan there (ada) dalah bukan

subject. Kalimat yang diawali dengan kata tersebut yang terletak stelah

verb-nya, maka verbnya harus menyesuaikan dengan subjek yang ada.

Here is (singular verb) + singular subject

Here are (plural verb) + plural subject

There is/was/has been (singular verb) + singular subject (UN)

There are/were/have been (plural verb) + plural subject
19. Apabila subjeknya berupa judul buku, artikel, film, drama, dll, dan

nama perusahaan, Negara, serta organisasi, maka verbnya selalu tunggal.

20. Apabila suatu bilangan pecahan atau persentase digunakan sebagai

subjek, maka verbnya dapat berbentuk bsingular/plural. Tergantung

pada noun yang terletak setelah of.

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 Two-fourth of house is now ready 2/4
 Fifty percent of his crop is beans
21. Apabila subjeknya berupa prepositional phrase, maka verbnya

menyesuaikan dengan kata setelah of .

 The study of language is very interesting
 Several theories on this subject have been proposed
 The view o f these discipline varies from time to time.
22. Kata benda berikut ini berasal dari bahasa latin adalah dalam

bentuk jamak. Maka verbnya selalu jamak.

Alumni
Synopses
Alumnae
Data
Vertebrae
Phenomena
Criteria
Minutes
Agenda
Larvae
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23. Apabila subjek berupa kata benda berikut ini, maka verbnya selalu

dalam bentuk plural:

 The blind
 The deaf
 The old
 The unemployed
 The poor
 The rich
 The sick
 The mentally ill

Agreement antara pronoun dan antecedent

 Antecedent kata yang diacu (tempat kembali) atau dirujuk oleh

kata ganti (pronoun)

o I write a letter. It was very long
{pronoun it mengacu pada kata benda…… a letter , maka a letter

disebut antecedent dari it}

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 Gender jenis (kelas) dari kata benda (noun) atau pronoun yang

menunjukkan jenis kelamin.

o Masculine gender: he, his, himself, father, brother, james,

etc.
o Feminine gender: she, herself, mother, sister, her,

Natalie, etc.
o Common gender: child, adult, cousin, neighbor, etc.-->

L/P
o Neuter gender: table, pen, radio, etc. tidak berkelamin.

Kaidah:

pronoun harus sesuai dengan antecedent-nya dalam number dan person

maupun gender.

Agreement in number
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Jika antecedent berbentuk singular, maka pronounya harus singular, dan

sebaliknya.

 The men feed their cats bentuk tunggal dari men=man

 Each man goes to Bandung by bhis car

Agreement in Gender

Pronoun-personal pronoun harus sesuai dalam gender dengan antecedent-

nya.

The man has done his duty

The cat ate its meal

Agreement in person

Pronoun harus sesuai dalam person (1,2,3) dengan antecedent-nya.

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 We are student, and he must learn hard X
 We are student, and we must learn hard
d Apabila ada dua antecedent/lebih, dihubungkan dengan kata and

maka harus ditunjukkan dengan plural.

d Apabila ada indefinite pronoun sebagai antecedent, maka

pronoun-nya harus sesuai dalam number

d Apabila ada collective noun menjadi antecedent, maka singular

pronoun untuk singular meaning. Dan plural pronoun untuk

plural meaning.
d Apabila salah satu antecedent dihubungkan dengan kata-kata

either…or… ; neither…nor… ; not only… but also… maka pronoun

singular/pluralnya mengikuti antecedent yang terdekat dengan verb.

d Apabila kita ingin menentukan antecedent sebuah kalimat yang

ada kata-kata phrase, appositive, atau clause , maka kita tidak usah

memperhatikan kata-kata tersebut.

o Anne, as well as her friends, calls her brother
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d Subject dari relative clause: who, which, that dapat berbentuk

plural ataupun singular tergantung pada antecedent-nya.

o Paul is only one of my friends who is helping me paint

my houe
 My friends : antecedent
 Who : subject
 Is helping : verb

Adjective --- pronoun agreement

Demonstrative adj yang berasal dari singular (tunggal) (this, that) dan

yang plural (jamak) (these,those) harus sesuai dalam number/jumlah dengan

noun yang mereka jelaskan.

This & that hanya bisa digunakan dengan singular noun. Dan these & those

hanya bisa digunakan dengan plural noun.

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Conclusion

Begitu banyak referensi yang kami dapatkan tentang concord ini, namun, pada

intinya semua buku mengatakan hal dan ketentuan yang sama tentang

concord/agreement ini.

Agreement adalah bentuk kesesuaian antara subjek kalimat dengan kata kerja

kalimat tersebut. Bila suatu kalimat meniliki subject tunggal, kata kerjanya

juga harus tunggal. Dan bila kalimat tersebut memiliki subject jamak, maka

kata kerjanya pun juga harus jamak.

Contoh:

 He is handsome
 She reads a magazine
 He has written a short story
 They are very beautiful.
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 We were at home last night
 They go to school
 They have spoken English
d Jika terdapat prepositional phrase yang mengikuti subject

(of/on/in), maka itu tidak mempengaruhi jumlah subject. Jika subject

didepan of/on/in tersebut tunggal, maka verb juga tunggal. Dan

sebaliknya.
d Along with; together with; accompanied by; as well as,

yang mengikuti subject tidak mempengaruhi jumlah subject.

d jika subject kalimat berupa gerund (V-ing) atau present

participle , dan indefinite pronoun maka subject kalimat selalu dianggap

tunggal. Dan begitu juga dengan verbnya.

d Jika ada kata none/no berpreposisi sebagai subject kalimat, maka

tergantung pada kata benda/noun yang mengikutinya.

d Subject kalimat yang berupa either…or… ; neither…nor… ; not

only… but also… akan sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan kata benda

setelah or… atau nor…

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d Jika ada collective noun yang berupa pakaian atau peralatan ,

maka selalu dianggap jamak. Kecuali jika diawali dengan kata a pair of…
d Collective noun yang berupa kelompok binatang ataupun yang

menunjukkan jumlah uang, waktu, dan ukuran, selalu dianggap tunggal.

Itu adalah kesimpulan yang kami dapatkan dari sekian banyak referensi. Semoga

artikel ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua.

Penyusun
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