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Design and analysis of switching in automatic transfer switch for load transfer
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Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of over under voltage protection using comparators LM741
will drive the transistor Q1 which in-turn energizes the relay In figure 7, AC generator, RV5 and RV6 make AC sources
RL2 and disconnects the load. analogous to utility mains and generator. The AC voltages
Graphs in figures 3 and 4 shows while making a are stepped down using voltage divider networks R11 and
transition the IC U4 output starts fluctuation which is the R12 for generator and R13 and R14 for main utility supply.
main disadvantage of this circuit. These fluctuations causes The AC voltages are rectified using rectifier diodes D7 and
relay RL2 to turn ON and OFF continuously; thus connects D8. Rectified output is then filtered using filter capacitors
and disconnects the load and may cause damage to it. C7 and C8 and smooth DC signal is feed into ADC input
In figure 7, over and under-voltage protection circuit is pins of microcontroller PIC16f877A. Microcontroller
used in which switching is done using a Bipolar Junction converts the analog signal into digital and computes the
Transistor (BJT). BJT switching is a famous widely used digital signal internally using software programming for
technique. Use of BJT is far better than operational under and over voltage protection. When over and under
amplifier due to fewer fluctuations produced as shown in voltage protection conditions meet the microcontroller
figure 5 and 6. Even then the produced fluctuation cannot signals, the BJTs Q3 and Q4 to switch ON and energize the
said to be a smooth transition and may damage the relay coil relays RL3 and RL4 which inturn disconnects the load.
if switching speed is high and the resultant surge is of high Graphs in figure 8 and 9 show the switching waveforms.
voltage. When BJT switches from OFF to ON, a small fluctuation is
produced in the waveform. This fluctuation is due to
junction capacitance of the transistor. The produced
fluctuation may cause damage to relay or interrupt the
normal switching.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
(MOSFET) used in figure 12, is a voltage controlled, more
sensitive and a high speed device than BJT. The whole
process of switching and over under voltage protection is
same as BJT. The AC signal from its source will pass
through step down voltage divider network where its
strength will be reduced up to safe limit and then is rectified
by the diodes and filtered by the capacitors. The smooth DC
will be fed into the ADC inputs of the microcontroller
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of over under voltage protection circuit using BJT for ATS
Fig. 8. Output graph of MOSFET circuit used in figure 12 Fig. 10. Output graph of ULN2003A circuit used in figure 13
which decides how to signal the transistors to energize the capacitor network. The smooth DC is fed into the
relays and switch the load. The difference occurs only in microcontroller which measures the voltages, compares it
switching speeds and waveforms. We can see in figures 8, internally and decides to signal the ULN2003A (U4). The
and 9, that the fluctuation is reduced i.e; much less than that U4 when receives HIGH signal at its input provides ground
produced with a BJT therefore the use of MOSFET is at its respective output pins. The relay energizes if output of
recommended in sensitive switching circuits that require U4 goes LOW switch the load.
smooth and high speed switching transitions. The graphs in figure 10 and 11 show ideally smooth
Finally in figure 13 we have utilized ULN2003A IC transitions. Unlike comparator, BJT, and MOSFET there is
available as a 16pin DIP package which contains 7 no fluctuations in the waveform and therefore highly
darlington buffers inside. The AC signal from its sources is recommended IC for switching purposes.
stepped down, rectified and filtered in resistor diode and
Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of over under voltage protection circuit using MOSFETs for ATS
Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of over under voltage protection circuit using ULN2003A for ATS
IV. CONCLUSION
From above analysis using different electronic [5] Engineering, Sciences & Technology, Vol.2, Issue 2.
2012/SepNwafor Chukwubuikem, M., S. Mbonu Ekene,
components the paper recommends the use of MOSFET or and Uzedhe Godwin. "A Cost Effective Approach to
ULN2003A IC for switching purposes. Use of comparator Implementing Change Over System." Academic
increases the weight, cost and size of the circuit because we Research International, Vol. 2, No 2. 2012/March.
have to use four comparator ICs for two AC sources. It also [6] Ezema, L. S., B. U. Peter, and O. O. Harris. "Design of
automatic change over switch with generator control
produces large fluctuations while making a transition. These mechanism." Academic Research International, 3.3
fluctuations can cause flickering of the EMRs which turn the (2012): 21.
load ON and OFF and our aim of supplying uninterrupted [7] Hotchkiss, Ronald W. "Surge protection of automatic
power to the load fails. BJT and microcontroller is a better transfer switches—Application note." PES General
approach than comparator. It reduces the amount of Meeting| Conference & Exposition, 2014 IEEE.
components thus size, weight, cost and complexity of the [8] Olatomiwa, Lanre, and Rasheed Olufadi. "Design and
development of a low cost automatic transfer switch
circuit also reduces. In microcontroller approach we use the (ATS) with an over-voltage protection." Journal of
same microcontroller IC being used in the system and just Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology,
need to add few components to the whole system. Moreover Vol. 1 Issue 4, November – 2014.
fewer fluctuations are produced using this approach. Still the [9] Hammed, Lasisi, and Oladokun Ajibola Samson. "
produced fluctuation can flicker the relay and interrupt the Elimination of Stress and Reduction in Switching Time
From Mains to Back-Up Power Source in Power
load thus it can also cause damage the load or relay if Dependent Public Utilities by Automatic Mains and
produced spikes are high. MOSFET is however much better Phase Changer." International Journal of Engineering
than BJTs because the use of MOSFET reduces the Sciences & Research Technology, Vol 3, Issue 4,
2014/April
fluctuations further because it has no junction capacitance
[10] Galande, S. G., and P. P. Autade. "An Embedded 1/3
problem, hence no spikes are produced due to it. Moreover Phase Automatic Transfer Switch With Intelligent
its switching speed is also high. However comparator and Energy Management." International Journal of
BJT approach can be used for less sensitive loads. The most Computer Engineering and Applications, Vol IX, Issue
appropriate and smooth transition approach is the use of V, May 2015
ULN2003A IC. It is better as the cost, size, weight and [11] E.Baraneetharan, Dr.G.Salvakumar. “Implementation of
GSM Based Automatic Changeover System for Electric
complexity of the circuit is also reduced. Fluctuations are Generators” International Journal of Innovative
completely eliminated and transitions are smooth. This Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,vol.
circuit approach can be used for all kind of high speed, low 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015
speed, more and less sensitive loads and is highly
recommended to use with all kind of loads.
REFERENCES
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[2] Agbetuyi, A. F., Adewale, A. A., Ogunluyi, J. O., &
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Automatic Transfer Switch for a Single Phase Power
Generator.” Department of Electrical and Information
Dngineering, Ota, Nigeria (2011).
[3] Noel, J. G. "Design of an 10 kVA-45A automatic static
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[4] Afram, Abdul, and Abdul Atisam Farooq. "A Low Cost
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2-3 KVA Household Generators." Asian Journal of