ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Everything that happens in the word is an outcome of interaction of various factor,

some of which are favorite while other not. Always for a desired result, the number of favorable
factor is more. This work is no exception to this fact. I acknowledge that I’ve been fortunate
enough to get the support mentally and physically in everything that I do.

First of all I would like to thank honorable Mr. Ajit Kumar senior manager(civil) of
OMKARESHWAR POWER STATION who lead the entire team of power plant for functioning of
each department in a modernized and techno-commercial atmosphere to make the project touch
such peaking performance.

I would give my special thanks to Mr. Aashish kumar jain, Nitin gupta, Hari om
sharma(Onkareshwar powert station’s Training officers), for providing administrative facility to
undergo the summer training under whose guidance I completed my training. All these people
are of immense importance regarding the knowledge and support for the well –furnished
equipment.

I greatly acknowledge the help and the metal strength provided by your entire team for
encouraging me and providing me knowledge & guidance related with every department (i.e.
Operation, maintenance, switchyard) of Omkareshwar power station. At last I conclude by
thanking NHPC and MP govt., including the training which is like a boon for me.

Nishant Sharma
B.E. Second Year
MBM engineering college
Jodhpur
 CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 Information about the company ...................................................................................... 3

1.2 Information about Omkareshwar power plant................................................................ 3

2 POWER PLANT......................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Types of power plant........................................................................................................ 5

2.2.1 Conventional power plants are: ............................................................................... 5

2.2.2 Non-conventional power plants are: ........................................................................ 6

3 LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT.......................................................................... 9

3.1 Dam ................................................................................................................................ 10

3.2 Spillway........................................................................................................................... 10

3.3 Penstock and Tunnel ...................................................................................................... 10

3.4 Power Station ................................................................................................................. 10

3.5 Switch Yard ..................................................................................................................... 11

4 CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT’S OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT .......................... 12

4.1 Turbine ........................................................................................................................... 12

4.2 Synchronous Generator ................................................................................................. 13

4.3 Unit auxiliary transformer .............................................................................................. 16

4.4 Static excitation transformer (SET) ................................................................................ 17

4.5 Lightning arrestor and voltage transformer (LAVT) ....................................................... 18

4.6 Neutral grounding transformer (NGT) ........................................................................... 18

4.7 3-phase controlled rectifier............................................................................................ 18

4.8 Generator transformer................................................................................................... 19

 4.9 SF6 circuit breaker .......................................................................................................... 22

4.10 Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) .................................................................................... 23

4.11 Electrical isolator ........................................................................................................ 24

4.12 Current transformer (C.T) ........................................................................................... 24

4.13 Wave trap ................................................................................................................... 26

4.14 Surge arrester ............................................................................................................. 26

5 WORKING AND GENERATION OF POWER IN HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT ................... 28

5.1 How Hydro power works: .............................................................................................. 28

5.2 Power Generation: ......................................................................................................... 28

5.3 Transmission of Power: .................................................................................................. 29

5.4 Computation of Power: .................................................................................................. 30

6 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................... 31
 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMPANY

NHDC Limited (A Joint Venture of NHPC Ltd, (National Hydroelectric Power Corporation, a Mini
Ratna Enterprise of the Govt. of India) & Govt. of M.P.) and formerly known as Narmada
Hydroelectric Development Corporation Ltd.

It was set up on 1st August 2000 with its Corporate Office at Bhopal with the objective and
commitment of development of hydropower and other renewal energy potential in the state of
Madhya Pradesh.

NHDC was entrusted with the construction of Indira Sagar Project (1000 MW) and Omkareshwar
Project (520 MW) in Narmada basin on ownership basis. Both the projects have been completed
ahead of schedule in the years 2004-05 and 2007 respectively and presently; these two projects
are under operation and supplying power to the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Govt. of MP has agreed to NHDC for setting up of a thermal power project of 1320MW capacity
on super critical technology based Reva Thermal Power Project (RTPP) in the periphery of Indira
Sagar reservoir.

NHDC is an ISO 9001-2008 certified company. Presently, it is the largest hydropower producer in
the state of Madhya Pradesh.

1.2 INFORMATION ABOUT OMKARESHWAR POWER PLANT

Omkareshwar Power Station is a multipurpose project, which offers opportunity of power
generation & irrigation on both the banks of river Narmada in districts Khandwa, Khargone &
Dhar of Madhya Pradesh.

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) sanctioned the Project with an estimated
cost of Rs.2224.73 Crores and total gestation period of 5 years. The foundation stone of this

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project was laid by the then hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee on
30.08.2003 All the eight units of this project have started generation power from Nov. 2007.

Total installed capacity of the Omkareshwar Project is 520 Megawatt (8x65). The project will
generate 1167 Million Units energy, annually. Total catchments area at the proposed dame sites
64880 Sq. km, out of which 3238 Sq. is Downstream of Indira Sagar Power Station. The Project
consists of 949 m long Concrete Gravity Dam with maximum height of 53 m from the deepest
bed level across the river Narmada. A Central Ogee-type spillway 570 m long with crest level EL
179.6 m has been provided to pass the Probable Maximum Flood of 882315 cumecs. 23 No.
Radial gates of size 20m x 18m have been erected for regulation of floodwater. 8 penstocks have
been erected in 208 m long Power Dam with maximum height of 49m. 10 Nos. sluice gates of size
3.5m x 4.5m at the level of 173.5 m were provided for diversion purpose which has now been
plugged. The surface Power House (202m x 23m x 53m) of the Project is within the body of Dam
on the right bank of Narmada consisting of 8 Units of 65 MW capacity each with conventional
Francis Type Turbines.

The Omkareshwar Power Station generated 1,264.00 MU against the target of 1,184.00 MU for
the Financial Year 2012-13.

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 2 POWER PLANT

2.1 DEFINITION
A power plant is an industrial facility used to generate electric power with the help of one or
more generators which converts different energy sources into electric power.

Electricity is a secondary energy source, which means that electricity is obtained from the
conversion of other primary sources of energy, such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, or wind
energy. The energy sources used to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but
electricity itself is neither renewable or non-renewable. The power plant is the location in which
the energy conversions take place.

Traditionally, large power plants have been located in sub-urban regions away from cities, as they
need a vast area of land and sometimes water. All electricity produced in a power plant is
alternating current (AC). The type of electric current found in your home is direct current (DC).

2.2 TYPES OF POWER PLANT

In general, power plants can be divided into two categories - conventional and non-conventional
power plants.

2.2.1 Conventional power plants are:

 Fossil Fuel Power Plant
 Nuclear Power Plant
 Hydroelectric Power Plant

2.2.1.1 Fossil fuel power plants:

A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or
petroleum to produce electricity. Central station fossil fuel power plants are designed on a large
scale for continuous operation. In many countries, such plants provide most of the electrical

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energy used. Fossil fuel power stations have machinery to convert the heat energy of combustion
into mechanical energy, which then operates an electrical generator. The prime mover may be a
steam turbine, a gas turbine or, in small plants, a reciprocating internal combustion engine. All
plants use the energy extracted from expanding gas, either steam or combustion gases. Very few
MHD generators have been built which directly convert the energy of hot, moving water into
electricity.

2.2.1.2 Nuclear power plants:

Nuclear energy is the energy released when certain changes take place in the nucleus of an atom.
Nuclear power plants use the heat generated from nuclear fission in a contained environment to
convert water to steam, which powers generators to produce electricity. There are lots of
countries which uses Nuclear Power plants some of them are India, China, Pakistan, United
States, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Canada, the United Kingdom, etc. Some of the Nuclear
power plants are found in the states of Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan etc.

2.2.1.3 Hydroelectric power plants:

Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use
of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water or in other words the electricity produced from
flowing water is called Hydroelectric power. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy as it is
generating by a combination of the unending rain cycle and the abrupt topography of the
earth. India being one of the pioneering country in hydroelectric power in Asia which is located in
State of Darjeeling.

2.2.2 Non-conventional power plants are:

 Wind Power Plant
 Solar Power Plant
 Geothermal Power Plant
 Biomass Power Plant

2.2.2.1 Wind power plants:

A wind-energy installation that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy. A
wind-power plant consists of a wind engine, a generator of electrical current, automatic devices

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for controlling the operation of the wind engine and generator, and buildings for their installation
and maintenance. In most cases, wind-power plants are used as a source of electrical energy of
relatively low power in places characterized by good wind conditions (a mean annual wind
velocity of over 5 m/sec) and removed from the networks of centralized electric-power
distribution (the arctic, coastal zones of the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk, steppes, deserts,
and semideserts). The use of wind-power plants is most promising in agriculture.

2.2.2.2 Solar power plants:

Solar energy arrives on the earth at a maximum power density of about 1 kilowatt per square
meter. However, solar productivity is limited by certain geographical factors, including cloud
cover and atmospheric humidity. In sunny, arid locations, one square kilometer of land can
generate as much as 100GW Solar powered electricity generation is certainly good for the
environment. India receives abundant sunlight. Solar Energy has been the power supply of choice
for Industrial applications, transportation signaling, corrosion protection for pipelines solar
energy is mainly used in solar heaters, solar dryers and solar cells. Nowadays, in most of the big
cities in India, traffic lights are operated by solar energy. Solar energy does not cause any
environmental pollution like the fossil fuels and nuclear power.

2.2.2.3 Geothermal power plants:

In a thermal power plant, the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural
gas is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy and finally electrical
energy. The state of Maharashtra is the largest producer of thermal power in India.

2.2.2.4 Biomass power plants:

Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter.
Burning biomass releases carbon emissions, around a quarter higher than burning coal, but has
been classed as a "renewable" energy source in the EU and UN legal frameworks, because plants
can be regrown. It has become popular among coal power stations, which switch from coal to
biomass to comply with the law. Biomass most often refers to plants or plant-based materials
that are not used for food or feed, and are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy
source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after

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converting it to various forms of biofuel. Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by
different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical
methods.

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 3 LAYOUT OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Hydroelectric power is a form of renewable energy resource and they do not create any pollution
of water, land and air. Hydroelectricity has played an important role in nation’s electric power
industry. Hydroelectric power comes from the flowing water. Water when falling by the force of
gravity can be used to turn the turbines and generators that produce electricity. Presently just
10% of total energy requirements of nation is contributed from hydroelectricity.

Hydroelectric power plants convert the hydraulic potential energy from water into electrical
energy. Such plants are suitable were water with suitable head are available. The layout covered
in this article is just a simple one and only cover the important parts of hydroelectric plant. The
different parts of a hydroelectric power plant are

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3.1 DAM
Dams are structures built over rivers to stop the water flow and form a reservoir. The reservoir
stores the water flowing down the river. This water is diverted to turbines in power stations. The
dams collect water during the rainy season and store it, thus allowing for a steady flow through
the turbines throughout the year. Dams are also used for controlling floods and irrigation. The
dams should be water-tight and should be able to with stand the pressure exerted by the water
on it. There are different types of dams such as arch dams, gravity dams and buttress dams. The
height of water in the dam is called head race.

3.2 SPILLWAY
A spillway as the name suggests could be called as a way for spilling of water from dams. It is
used to provide for the release of flood water from a dam. It is used to prevent over toping of
the dams which could result in damage or failure of dams. Spillways could be controlled type or
uncontrolled type. The uncontrolled types start releasing water upon water rising above a
particular level. But in case of the controlled type, regulation of flow is possible.

3.3 PENSTOCK AND TUNNEL

Penstocks are pipes which carry water from the reservoir to the turbines inside power station.
They are usually made of steel and are equipped with gate systems. Water under high pressure
flows through the penstock. A tunnel serves the same purpose as a penstock. It is used when an
obstruction is present between the dam and power station such as a mountain.

3.4 POWER STATION

Power station contains a turbine coupled to a generator. The water brought to the power station
rotates the vanes of the turbine producing torque and rotation of turbine shaft. This rotational
torque is transferred to the generator and is converted into electricity. The used water is released
through the tail race. The difference between head race and tail race is called gross head and by
subtracting the frictional losses we get the net head available to the turbine for generation of
electricity

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3.5 SWITCH YARD
A switchyard is where the power is maintained at same level without change of voltage after
generating transformer the power is feed to the switchyard with the help of conductor bar.
Switch yard is the inter connector between generation and transmission, and same voltage is
maintained in switchyard.

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions.

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 4 CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT’S OF HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

4.1 TURBINE
Once the water flows down the penstock, it passes and turns the turbines. There are a number
of different models of turbines depending on which company the turbine is purchased from.
However, there are common designs. Two different types of turbines are impulse and reaction
turbines. Impulse turbines include Pelton Turgo, cross-flow, and multi jet Pelton designs.
Reaction turbines include the Francis, propeller, and Kaplan turbines. There are different designs
specified for different head values. High head requires either a Pelton or Turgo, medium head
calls for cross-flow, multi-jet, or Francis, and low head requires cross-flow, propeller, or Kaplan.
In our situation, we have medium head so the cross-flow is going to be the best design for us.
Also, the cross-flow has to be horizontal and that will work the best with our set up. “Also called
a Michell-Banki turbine a cross-flow turbine has a drum-shaped runner consisting of two parallel
discs connected together near their rims by a series of curved blades. A cross flow turbine always
has its runner shaft horizontal (unlike Pelton and Turgo turbines which can have either horizontal
or vertical shaft orientation)” (Micro Hydropower). A specific type of cross-flow turbine is the
Ossberger. It has an efficiency of up to 86%. It can operate in head ranges of 1-200m and with
water flows of 0.025-13 cubic meters per second.

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4.2 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Water flows through the turbine to turn it and its shaft to create mechanical energy that is
transformed into electrical energy by the generators and transformers. Depending on the
company purchased from, there are a number of different models of generators. Two main
designs are the vertical or horizontal arrangements (TOSHIBA). There are four major components
to the generator; they are the shaft, exciter, rotor, and stator. The water turns the turbine, which
turns the shaft and causes the exciter to send an electrical current to the rotor. The rotor is
comprised of a series of large electromagnets that spin inside the stator, which is a tightly wound
coil of copper wire. This process creates a magnetic field, which creates an alternating current,
AC, by the moving of electrons. The transformer then converts the AC to a higher voltage current.
The generator and transformer sit in what is known as the powerhouse. This is the main building
of the hydropower plant. From the power house, there are four main wires that leave. There are
three for the three phases of produced power and a ground wire common to the other three.
These power lines are connected to the regional power grid.

A direct current (DC) is applied to the rotor winding of a synchronous generator to produce the
rotor magnetic field. A prime mover rotates the generator rotor to rotate the magnetic field in
the machine. A three-phase set of voltages is induced in the stator windings by the rotating
magnetic field.

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The rotor is a large electromagnet. Its magnetic poles can be salient (protruding or sticking out
from the surface of the rotor), or non-salient (flush with the surface of the rotor), Two- and four-
pole rotors have normally non-salient poles, while rotors with more than four poles have salient
poles.

Small generator rotors are constructed of thin laminations to reduce eddy current losses, while
large rotors are not constructed from laminations due to the high mechanical stresses
encountered during operation. The field circuit of the rotor is supplied by a DC current. The
common methods used to supply the DC power are

1. By means of slip rings and brushes

2. By a special DC power source mounted directly on the shaft of the rotor

Slip rings are metal rings that encircle the rotor shaft but are insulated from it. Each of the two
slip rings on the shaft is connected to one end of the DC rotor winding and a number of brushes
ride on each slip ring. The positive end of the DC voltage source is connected to one slip ring, and
the negative end is connected to the second. This ensures that the same DC voltage is applied to
the field windings regardless of the angular position or speed of the rotor. Slip rings and brushes
require high maintenance because the brushes must be checked for wear regularly.

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Rating of synchronous generator

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 Rated output 72220Kva
Rated voltage 11000V
Rated current 3791A
Power factor 0.90
Rated speed 93.3rpm
Number of poles 64
Number of phases 3
Frequency 50

4.3 UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER

The process of generating electricity consume a small percentage of power called auxiliary
power. In large power plants, this power is usually drawn from a transformer called Unit Auxiliary
Transformer (UAT) connected to the generator terminals. The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is the
Power Transformer that provides power to the auxiliary equipment of a power generating station
during its normal operation. This transformer is connected directly to the generator out-put by a
tap-off of the isolated phase bus duct and thus becomes cheapest source of power to the
generating station.

It is a dry type 3-phase transformer. Its connection of high voltage side is delta and low voltage
side is star. High voltage is given to UAT from the synchronous generator i.e. 11000V and for the
measure of phase current of UAT, we use current transformer (CT) at each terminal of UAT. It is
use for the supply 440V AC to the Unit auxiliary board (UAB) and all other equipment’s which
required 440V AC.

Rating

KVA 1000

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 Rated voltage H.V. 11000V
Rated voltage L.V. 433V
Rated current H.V. 52.48A
Rated current L.V. 1333.41A
Phases 3
Frequency 50Hz
Vector group Dyn11

4.4 STATIC EXCITATION TRANSFORMER (SET)

Excitation transformers are used to magnetize generators and synchronous generator. Excitation
transformers are a main component of any electrical system and its failure can cause the black
out of the system. It is therefore important to make the right selection of transformer. Here high
voltage side is connected to 11000V and low voltage side is connected to 3 phase rectifiers for
the dc supply to the generator as well as all other dc equipment’s.

Rating

KVA 532KVA
Rated voltage H.V. 11000V
Rated voltage L.V. 342V
Rated current H.V. 27.92 A
Rated current L.V. 898.1A
Phases 3
Frequency 50Hz
Vector group Dyn11

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4.5 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (LAVT)
The lightning arrestor is there to provide protection against any surges in voltage, hence the
name lightning arrestor; it is a device that safely diverts any surge in voltage away from your
plant therefore protecting your equipment against overvoltage conditions.

The voltage transformer will probably be for either protection purposes or for some instruments
on your system. If you have a voltmeter or wattmeter etc. on the panel then it is probable that
its supply is derived from the VT. A VT transforms the primary voltage, in this case 11kV down to
a low voltage (probably 110V) to give an accurate representation of the system volts, which can
be incorporated into protection devices, monitoring devices and measuring devices.

4.6 NEUTRAL GROUNDING TRANSFORMER (NGT)

A Neutral Grounding Transformer is NOT a three-phase transformer, but a single-phase
transformer, with the primary (HV) rated voltage equal to the system phase-to-neutral voltage
and the secondary (LV) rated voltage either 110V or 240V.

Neutral grounding transformers in resistance grounding resistor systems protect power

transformers and generators from damaging fault currents. Low resistance grounding of the
neutral limits the ground fault current to a high level (typically 50 amps or more) in order to
operate the protective fault clearing relays and current transformers. These devices are then able
to quickly clear the fault, usually within a few seconds.

The limited fault current and fast response time also prevent over-heating and mechanical stress
on conductors. Low resistance grounding resistors are typically rated up to 400 amps for 10
seconds, and are commonly found on medium voltage systems. Ground fault protection for high
voltage transformer and generator grounding applications typically require a grounding
transformer to lower the voltage reflected to the neutral grounding resistor.

4.7 3-PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is known

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as rectification. Three phase full converter is a fully controlled bridge controlled rectifier using six
thyristors connected in the form of a full wave bridge configuration. All the six thyristors are
controlled switches which are turned on at an appropriate time by applying suitable gate trigger
signals. The three-phase full converter is extensively used in industrial power applications, where
two quadrant operations is required. The figure shows a three-phase full converter with highly
inductive load.

The various modes of the circuit are set by the switching action of the six thyristors; the voltage
and current at any point is set by the mode of the circuit. In deriving the switching functions, a
careful study of the action of the semiconductor switches is required. Three phase converters
provide higher average output voltage. Frequency of ripples on output voltage is higher
compared with that of single phase converter. Thus, the filtering requirements for smoothing out
load current & load voltage are simpler.

4.8 GENERATOR TRANSFORMER

Generator transformer is a special purpose transformer used in power which is placed in between
Generator and grid power supply. It is connected to transform the generated power in the
generator to the main grid power supply and it is placed near to generator so it is called as
generator transformer. Generator transformer can be three phase single transformer or three
single phase transformers can be connected in each phase. The Generator transformer LV
winding is Delta connected winding because of low voltage and high current and its HV winding
is Star connected because of High voltage and low current.

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Basically, Generator transformer is a two-way transformer where it receives the power from the
grid and feeds the plant station loads during plant start-up or on generator trip. In another case
it transfers the generated power from the generator to grid power supply.

The basic function of generator transformer is to step up the generated voltage to high voltage
which is equal to transmission line voltage. Normally the generated voltage will be in the range
of 11 kV or 33 kV which is not efficient to transmit the power in the transmission lines. So, it
needs to be converted to high voltage and generator transformer does this task of converting it
high voltage. It also isolates the generator with grid power in large power plants to safe guard
the generator during grid transients. It acts as step sown transformer during plant start-up which
converts the high voltage grid power supply to suitable plant station supply. During start-up, the
generator will be isolated with the help of Generator circuit breaker.

Due to high voltage and frequency variations of generator and grid during transients like grid
power failure and generator over load etc., the generator transformer may frequently subjected
to high flux variations (flux = V/f). So, the core of generator transformer should with stand high
flux variations and should leads to core saturation.

It is a high-power rating transformer in power plant so the cooling arrangements should be

monitored periodically to ensure the efficient operation of the device.

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Rating

Type 3 phase oil immersed transformer

MVA 80
Rated voltage H.V. 11KV
Rated voltage L.V. 220KV
Rated current H.V. 209.94A
Rated current L.V. 4198.91A
Oil 38000 lit.
Phases 3
Frequency 50Hz
Vector group YNd11

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4.9 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
In such breakers, Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is used as the arc quenching medium.

The Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb
free electrons. The contacts of the breaker are opened in a high-pressure flow of Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6) gas and an arc is struck between them. The gas captures the conducting free
electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons
in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc.

In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain surrounded by Sulphur hexafluoride
gas (SF6) gas at a pressure of about 2.8 kg/cm2. When the breaker operates, the moving contact
is pulled apart and an arc is struck between the contacts. The movement of the moving contact
is synchronized with the opening of a valve which permits Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at
14 kg/cm2 pressure from the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber.

The high-pressure flow of Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the
arc path to form immobile negative ions which are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is
that the medium between the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and causes the
extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation (i.e. after arc extinction), the valve is closed by
the action of a set of springs.

Advantages of SF6

Due, to the superior arc quenching properties of Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas, the Sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breakers have many advantages over oil or air circuit breakers.
Some of them are listed below:

1. Due to the superior arc quenching property of Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6), such circuit
breakers have very short arcing time.

2. Since the dielectric strength of Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2 to 3 times that operation
due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt much larger currents.

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3. The Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breaker gives noiseless operation due its closed gas
circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike the air blast circuit breaker.

Rating

Type SF6
Make ABB
Rated continues current 2500A
Short time current rating 40 VA for 3 sec.
No. of quenching chambers 1
Mechanical opening time 35ms
Total breaking time 60ms
Total closing time 130ms
Operating mechanism Pneumatic
Control voltage 220 V

4.10 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB)

In vacuum circuit breakers, vacuum is used as the arc quenching medium. Vacuum offers the
highest insulating strength. So, it has far superior arc quenching properties than any other
medium. For example, when contacts of a breaker are opened in vacuum, the interruption occurs
at first current zero with dielectric strength between the contacts building up at a rate thousands
of times higher than that obtained with other circuit breakers.

When the contacts of the breaker are opened in vacuum, an arc is produced between the
contacts by the ionization of metal vapors of contacts. However, the arc is quickly extinguished
because the metallic vapors, electrons and ions produced during arc rapidly condense on the
surfaces of the circuit breaker contacts, resulting in quick recovery of dielectric strength.

The salient feature of vacuum as an arc quenching medium is that as soon as the arc is produced
in vacuum, it is quickly extinguished due to the fast rate of recovery of dielectric strength in
vacuum.

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4.11 ELECTRICAL ISOLATOR
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically
from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit
just by switching off the circuit breaker. So, for better safety there must be some arrangement
so that one can see open condition of the section of the circuit before touching it. Isolator is a
mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as when required. Electrical
isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenances work.

So, definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated mechanical switch
which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a circuit under no load.
Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and is not intended to be
opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on both ends of the
breaker in order that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without and danger.

Ratings

Rated continuous current 2500A

Short time current rating 40 KV for 1 sec.
Total operating time 8-12 sec.
Type 3 poles, wale break

4.12 CURRENT TRANSFORMER (C.T)

The Current Transformer (C.T.), is a type of “instrument transformer” that is designed to produce
an alternating current in its secondary winding which is proportional to the current being
measured in its primary.

Current transformers reduce high voltage currents to a much lower value and provide a
convenient way of safely monitoring the actual electrical current flowing in an AC transmission
line using a standard ammeter. The principal of operation of a basic current transformer is slightly
different from that of an ordinary voltage transformer. The current transformer consists of only
one or very few turns as its primary winding. This primary winding can be of either a single flat
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turn, a coil of heavy duty wire wrapped around the core or just a conductor or bus bar placed
through a central hole.

Due to this type of arrangement, the current transformer is often referred to as a “series
transformer” as the primary winding, which never has more than a very few turns, is in series
with the current carrying conductor supplying a load. The secondary winding however may have
a large number of coil turns wound on a laminated core of low-loss magnetic material. This core
has a large cross-sectional area so that the magnetic flux density created is low using much
smaller cross-sectional area wire, depending upon how much the current must be stepped down
as it tries to output a constant current, independent of the connected load.

The secondary winding will supply a current into either a short circuit, in the form of an ammeter,
or into a resistive load until the voltage induced in the secondary is big enough to saturate the
core or cause failure from excessive voltage breakdown. Unlike a voltage transformer, the
primary current of a current transformer is not dependent of the secondary load current but
instead is controlled by an external load. The secondary current is usually rated at a standard 1
Ampere or 5 Amperes for larger primary current ratings.

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4.13 WAVE TRAP
A line trap (high-frequency stopper) is a maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit, mounted
inline on high-voltage (HV) AC transmission power lines to prevent the transmission of high
frequency (40 kHz to 1000 kHz) carrier signals of power line communication to unwanted
destinations. Line traps are cylinder-like structures connected in series with HV transmission
lines. A line trap is also called a wave trap.

The line traps act as a barrier or filter to prevent signal losses. The inductive reactance of the line
trap presents a high reactance to high-frequency signals but a low reactance to mains frequency.
This prevents carrier signals from being dissipated in the substation or in a tap line or branch of
the main transmission path and grounds in the case of anything happening outside of the carrier
transmission path. The line trap is also used to attenuate the shunting effects of high-voltage
lines.

4.14 SURGE ARRESTER

A surge arrester is a device to protect electrical equipment from over-voltage transients caused
by external (lightning) or internal (switching) events. Also called a surge protection device (SPD)
or transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), this class of device is used to protect equipment in
power transmission and distribution systems. (For consumer equipment protection, different
products called surge protectors are used.) The energy criterion for various insulation materials
can be compared by impulse ratio, the surge arrester should have a low impulse ratio, so that a
surge incident on the surge arrester may be bypassed to the ground instead of passing through
the apparatus.

To protect a unit of equipment from transients occurring on an attached conductor, a surge

arrester is connected to the conductor just before it enters the equipment. The surge arrester is
also connected to ground and functions by routing energy from an over-voltage transient to
ground if one occurs, while isolating the conductor from ground at normal operating voltages.
This is usually achieved through use of a varistor, which has substantially different resistances at
different voltages.

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Surge arresters are not generally designed to protect against a direct lightning strike to a
conductor, but rather against electrical transients resulting from lightning strikes occurring in the
vicinity of the conductor. Lightning which strikes the earth results in ground currents which can
pass over buried conductors and induce a transient that propagates outward towards the ends
of the conductor.

Rating

Make CGL

Type Station, Gapless

Rated voltage 198 KV

Continuous & Maximum operating voltage 168 KV

Discharge current 10 KV

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5 WORKING AND GENERATION OF POWER IN HYDROELECTRIC
POWER PLANT

5.1 HOW HYDRO POWER WORKS:

Hydroelectric power is based on flowing water. Thus, the sustained flow of water is essential for
hydroelectricity. The water flowing in rivers & streams are get merged into oceans, now from
oceans water is again reaches to river through a hydro logical cycle which is often called water
cycle.

By this way water is circulated and the flow will remain sustained forever.

5.2 POWER GENERATION:

As we all are aware of this fact that, Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be changed
from one form to another. Similarly, in hydroelectricity, the kinetic energy of water is used to
rotate the blades of turbine and thus the energy is get converted into mechanical form. Now the
turbine turns the rotor of generator which again changes the mechanical energy into electrical
energy. Since the water is the initial source of this energy thus we call it as hydroelectricity.

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The dam creates a head which impedes the water and thus creates a reservoir. a pipe (pen stroke)
carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast moving water pushes the blades of
turbine, which turns the rotor (moving part of electric generator) and thus electricity has
generated.

This concept was discovered by Michal Faraday in 1831 when he found that electricity could be
generated by rotating the magnets within a copper coil.

5.3 TRANSMISSION OF POWER:

Once the electricity is produces it is transmitted where it is needed. Dams are often at remote
areas and the electricity is get transmitted over some distance users.

Vast network of transmission lines and facilities are used to bring electricity to us. All the
electricity made at power plant first reaches to transformer where the voltage level has raised so
the electricity can be transmitted a long distance with minimum loss through power lines.
(Voltage is a pressure that forces an electric current through a wire)

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Now transformer at substations again reduces the voltage so it can be directed to different areas.
Now at last the transformer at the poles again reduces the voltage up to a feasible level for our
home appliances. When electricity reaches our homes we but it by the kilowatt/hour, and a
meter measures how much we use.

5.4 COMPUTATION OF POWER:

Before developing the hydroelectric power plant, engineers have to evaluate the power which
would be generated. The actual output of any dam mainly depends on 2 factors; the total amount
of water released and the height of head (vertical distance from where the water falls). The head
produces the pressure which will drive the turbines, greater the head more will be the pressure
generated on turbines. This pressure is getting measured in pound of force (pounds per square
inches).

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 6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, there were many things that I have experience and learned during the visit at
NHDC, Omkareshwar. The whole training period was very interesting, instructive and
challenging. Through this training I was able to gain new insights and more comprehensive
understanding about the real electricity generation and transmission. The visit also has
provided me the opportunities to develop and improve my basic knowledge. All of this
valuable experience and knowledge that I have gained were not only acquired through the
direct involvement in visit provided but also through other aspects. From what I have
undergone, I am hundred percent agree that the industrial training program have achieve its
entire primary objective. It’s also the best ways to prepare student in facing the real working
life. As a result of the program now I am more confident to enter the employment world and
build my future career.

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