DISINFEKSI

MK Unit Proses Fisik Kimia Teknik Lingkungan

Ali Masduqi
Minor from Abdu F. Assomadi
 1.

• membunuh mikroba
pathogen pada air limbah
sebelum dibuang ke
lingkungan
TUJUAN
2.

• membunuh mikroba
pathogen pada air minum
sebelum
didistribusikan/dikonsumsi

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 2
 1. Fisik

• Pemanasan
• Radiasi UV
METODA
2. Kimia

• Menggunakan
bahan kimia
sebagai disinfektan

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 3
 Some common water-borne 4

diseases prevented by disinfection

Bacterial Viral Protozoan

• Typhoid fever • Amoebiasis

• Hepatitis
• Para-typhoid • Giardiasis
• Rotavirus
• Bacterial • Cryptosporidiasis
diarrhea
diarrhea
• Cholera
• Legionnaires’
disease
Disinfection
 Sterilization

• Complete Destruction of ALL

microbes

Disinfection

Definitions • Killing of pathogens on

inanimate objects
• physical or chemical

Antiseptic

• A chemical agent for

disinfection of living tissue
• External skin
 Bacteriocide

• kill microbes
• also germicide, fungicide,
virucide

Bacteriostatic
Definitions • Prevents or stops microbial
growth
• also fungistatic, virustatic

Aseptic(Asepsis)

• Prevent contamination of
person or object by microbes
 Sanitize
• Removal of pathogens
from inanimate objects
• Mechanical or chemical
cleaning
Definitions
• need not sterilize of
disinfect

Contamination
• Presence of living
microbes on object
 Infection
• Presence of living
multiplying microbes
in host tissues
• often pathogenic
Definitions
Preservation
• Prevention of spoilage
• Control of
Contamination
• Bacteriostatic
Mechanisms of sterilizers and
disinfectants

 Sterilizer
 Moist and dry heat: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, RNA and DNA breakdown
 Ionizing radiations: single or double-strand
breakage in DNA
 Disinfectants
 Ultraviolet radiation: thymine dimers, various
photoproducts (5,6-dihydroxy-
dihydrothymine, TDHT, pyrimine-(6-4)-
pyrimidone,…)
 Chemical disinfectants: protein denaturation,
enzyme inhibition, breakdown of nucleic
acids
Mode of action of (chemical)
disinfectants

 Adsorption on the microbes’ surface

 Diffusion through the surface
 Binding to the vulnerable sites (e.g. plasma
membrane, cytoplasmic proteins, nucleic
acids, and so on)
 Disruption of the vulnerable sites
 Injury and death of the microbes
Structure of viruses
Structure of bacteria
Structure of bacterial cell walls
Structure of fungi
Structure of fungal cell wall
Structure of algae

Components of
algal cell walls:
 Cellulose
 Silica or calcium
carbonate or
polysaccharide
Structure of Giardia cysts
Surface structure of Giardia cysts
 An inner membrane
 A thick (0.3 µm) outer filamentous portion
 Filaments
 7-20 nm in diameter
 Protein and a unique carbohydrate (ß(1-3)-N-
acetyl-D-galactopyranosamine)
 Strong interchain interaction and tightly
packed meshwork
 Remarkable physical barrier against most
chemical disinfectants
Surface structure of Cryptosporidium
oocyst
Surface structure of Cryptosporidium
oocyst
 Glycocalyx
 82 % carbohydrate, 17 % protein, and trace fatty
acid
 Outer oocyst wall
 Multilaminate glycoprotin, lipid, and lipid
conjugates
 Central lipid layer
 Inner oocyst layer
 Cross-linked glycoprotein
 Outer and inner zone
 Remarkable physical barrier against most
chemical disinfectants
Structure of Helminth eggs (Ascaris)
Factors in antimicrobial
processes

Target microorganisms
The media to be treated
The intended use of the media
Presence of interfering
materials in the media
Disinfectants in Water and Wastewater Treatment

• Free chlorine
• Chloramines (Monochloramine)
• Ozone
• Chlorine dioxide
• Mixed oxidants
• UV irradiation
 Comparison of major disinfectants

Consideration Disinfect ants

Cl2 ClO2 O3 NH2Cl

Oxidation Strong Stronger? Strongest Weak
potential
Residuals Yes No No Yes
Mode of action Proteins/NA Proteins/NA Proteins/NA Proteins
Disinfecting Good Very good Excellent Moderate
efficacy
By-products Yes Yes Yes No
Disinfection Kinetics
Disinfection Kinetics

 Chick-Watson Law:
ln Nt/No = - kCnt

where:
No = initial number of organisms
Nt = number of organisms remaining at time = t
k = rate constant of inactivation
C = disinfectant concentration
n = coefficient of dilution
t = (exposure) time

 Assumptions
 Homogenous microbe population: all microbes are identical
 “single-hit” inactivation: one hit is enough for inactivation
 When k, C, n are constant: first-order kinetics

 Decreased disinfectant concentration over time or heterogeneous

population
 “tailing-off” or concave down kinetics: initial fast rate that decreases over
time

 Multihit-hit inactivation
 “shoulder” or concave up kinetics: initial slow rate that increase over time
 Chick-Watson Law and deviations

First
Multihit
Order
Log Survivors

Retardant

Contact Time (arithmetic scale)

 CT Concept
 Based on Chick-Watson Law
 disinfectant concentration and contact time have the same “weight” or contribution
in the rate of inactivation and in contributing to CT
 “Disinfection activity can be expressed as the product of disinfection
concentration (C) and contact time (T)”
 The same CT values will achieve the same amount of inactivation
 Disinfection Activity and the CT Concept

Example: If CT = 100 mg/l-minutes, then

 If C = 1 mg/l, then T must = 100 min. to get CT = 100 mg/l-min.

 If C = 10 mg/l, T must = 10 min. in order to get CT = 100 mg/l-min.
 If C = 100 mg/l, then T must = 1 min. to get CT = 100 mg/l-min.
 So, any combination of C and T giving a product of 100 is acceptable because C
and T are interchangeable
C*t99 Values for Some Health-related Microorganisms (5
oC, pH 6-7)

Organism Disinfectant

Free Chloramines Chlorine Ozone

chlorine dioxide
E. coli 0.03 – 95 - 180 0.4 – 0.03
0.05 0.75
Poliovirus 1.1 – 2.5 768 - 3740 0.2 – 6.7 0.1 – 0.2
Rotavirus 0.01 – 3806 - 6476 0.2 – 2.1 0.06-0.006
0.05
G. lamblia 47 - 150 2200 26 0.5 – 0.6
C. parvum 7200 7200 78 5 - 10
I*t99.99 Values for Some Health-Related
Microorganisms
Organism UV dose Reference
(mJ/cm2)
E.coli 8 Sommer et al,
1998
V. cholera 3 Wilson et al, 1992
Poliovirus 21 Meng and Gerba,
1996
Rotavirus-Wa 50 Snicer et al, 1998
Adenovirus 40 121 Meng and Gerba,
1996
C. parvum <3 Shin et al, 1999
G. lamblia <1 Shin et al, 2001
 Factors Influencing Disinfection
Efficacy and Microbial Inactivation

 Disinfectant type
 Microbe type
 Physical factors
 Chemical factors
Chemical factors

pH:
selecting the most predominant disinfecting
species
Salts and ions
Soluble organic matter
Particulates
 reacting with chemical disinfectants or absorbing UV irradiation
METODA FISIK

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 34
RADIASI ULTRA VIOLET
• Sumber sinar ultra violet → lampu mercury
tekanan rendah
• Radiasi ultra violet dengan panjang gelombang
sekitar 254 nm menembus dinding sel
mikroorganisme dan diabsorpsi oleh bahan
seluler sehingga menghalangi replikasi
PENONAKTIFAN BAKTERI OLEH SINAR UV
Nt
ln = −kIt
No
Nt = densitas bakteri yang tersisa setelah disinari UV
(organisme/100 ml)
No = densitas bakteri sebelum disinari UV (organisme/100 ml)
k = konstanta kecepatan penon-aktifan (cm2/ W.det atau
cm2/ W.menit)
I = intensitas input energi ultra violet ( W/cm2)
t = waktu pemaparan, detik atau menit
 ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION

Disinfection 37
Disinfection 38
Disinfection 39
 Simple Solar Disinfection

Disinfection 40
 Solar Disinfection

Disinfection 41
 METODA KIMIA

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 42
 THE RATE OF DISINFECTION
Like most biological processes, disinfection follows a
first-order reaction with respect to the number of
microbes of a certain species surviving as a function of
time at a constant level of a disinfectant

- dN/dt = kN, which is also known as Chick’s Law

dN/N = - kdt (separating variables)

ln N/No = - kt or N = No e-kt (from integration)

Disinfection 43
THE CT CONCEPT
In disinfection, the ability to inactivate microorganisms
is a function of both disinfectant concentration and
time.

Fractional removal, N/No = Cntm

This is generally simplified to

N/No= Ct
Ct values have been determined for 99.99% virus and
99.9% Giardia removal
Disinfection 44
Disinfection 45
BACTERIAL CELL DEATH
Survivors
(log)

1 log decrease = 90% kill

5
1 log Death rate (D) varies with
4 bacteriocide

1 D Time(min) to kill
90%
0
Time (min)
CHEMICAL AGENTS

 Wide variety in susceptibility

 Growing cells more susceptible than resting
cells or spores
 Gram positive more susceptible than Gram
negative
 Mycobacterium (TB) more resistant
 Hepatitis virus very resistant
TYPES OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

 Phenols
 Halogens
 Metal ions
 Alcohols
 Detergents
 Alkylating agents
 Ethylene Oxide
 Hydrogen peroxide
KILL CURVES OF VARIOUS
ANTISEPTICS
Soap & water

Tincture of Merthiolate
% survivors

Aqueous Zephiran

Tincture of Zephiran
Tincture of
Iodine

70% ethanol
Time (sec)
WHEN IN DOUBT ABOUT EFFICIENCY
OF A DISINFECTANT
GET A LABORATORY TEST
HALOGENS

Cholorine → for water treatment

Iodine → for swimming pool
IODINE

 Applications
 Skin antiseptic
 Environmental disinfectant
 Mode of Action
 Iodination of Tyrosine
 Prepare fresh
 Dark brown - active
 Straw Yellow - inactive
 Clean area first
 organic matter reduces activity
IODINE FORMULATIONS

 Tincture iodine I2 in ethanol

 Aqueous iodine I2 in NaI/KI
 Iodophors (organic)
 I2 in nonionic detergent
 Wesocdyne
 Generally 75 ppm
 Mycobacterium 450 ppm
 Iodoform
 I2 chemically combined
CHLORINE

 Bacteriocide, fungicidal, virucidal

 2-10 ppm
 Applications
 disinfection of water, sewage etc
 Mode of Action
 Oxidizes proteins
 Features
 corrosive
 smells
CHLORINE /FORMULATIONS
 Inorganic chlorine
 Chlorine gas
 Bleach NaOCl
 Poisonous
 hypochlorite Ca(0Cl)2
 forms HOCl
(hypochlorous acid) in  chloramine
water  effective against
 Applications  Hepatitis
 water supplies  HIV
 swimming pools
 sewage effluent
SELECTION CRITERIA
(CHEMICAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS)

Antimicrobial efficacy
Corrosivity
Chemical hazard
Environmental concerns
Stability
BIOCIDAL SPECTRUM
CORROSIVITY
CHEMICAL HAZARD
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
STABILITY
KLORINASI
• Klorinasi adalah penggunaan senyawa klor sebagai
disinfektan pada air minum
• Senyawa klor yang umum digunakan:
– gas klor (Cl2),
– kalsium hipoklorit (Ca(OCl)2),
– sodium hipoklorit (NaOCl)
– klor dioksida (ClO2)
REAKSI PADA KLORINASI
• Cl2 + H2O  HOCl + H+ + Cl-
• HOCl  H+ + OCl-
• Jumlah HOCl dan OCl- yang ada dalam air disebut klor
tersedia bebas 100 0

90 10

80 20

70 30

60 40
%HOCl

%OCl-
50 50

40 60

30 70

20 80

10 90

0 100
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
pH
CHLORINATION

Disinfection 64
Chlorinator

Disinfection 65
Chlorine gas flow
control

Disinfection 66
Chlorine contact tank with baffles

Disinfection 67
Gravity fed chlorine solution feeder

Disinfection 68
Gravity fed chlorine solution feeder

Disinfection 69
Disinfection 70
PENENTUAN DOSIS KLOR
Rekasi yang terjadi saat awal pembubuhan klor:
• NH3 + HOCl ⎯→ NH2Cl (monokloramin) + H2O
• NH2Cl + HOCl ⎯→ NHCl2 (dikloramin) + H2O
• NHCl2 + HOCl ⎯→ NCl3 (nitrogen triklorida) + H2O

Klor aktif (mg/L)

Bereaksi
dengan NH3 Terbentuk N2

Klor yang dibubuhkan (mg/L)

Breakpoint chlorination
 DOSIS KLOR

• Problem: What should the chlorinator setting be

(lb/day) to treat a flow of 3 MGD if the chlorine
demand is 12 mg/L and a chlorine residual of 2 mg/L is
desired?
• Chlorine dose (mg/L) = 12 mg/L + 2 mg/L = 14 mg/L
• Then we can make the mg/L to lb/day calculation:
14 mg/L × 3 MGD × 8.34 lb/gal = 350 lb/day
1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 72
• Problem: A total chlorine dosage of 10 mg/L is required to treat a
particular wastewater. If the flow is 1.4 MGD and the hypochlorite has
65% available chlorine, how many lb/day of hypochlorite will be
required?
• Solution:
1. Calculate the lb/day chlorine required using the mg/L to lb/day
equation:
mg/L × MGD × 8.34 lb/gal = lb/day
10 mg/L × 1.4 MGD × 8.34 lb/gal = 117 lb/day
2. Calculate the lb/day hypochlorite required.
Because only 65% of the hypochlorite is chlorine, more than 117
lb/day will be required:

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 73
CHLORINATION BY-PRODUCT

Disinfection 74
 Disinfeksi dengan Ozone (O3)
• Ozone merupakan merupakan bentuk tidak stabil
dari oksigen yang terdiri dari tiga atom O (rumus
kimia ozone adalah O3).
• Ozone dihasilkan dari oksigen yang dilewatkan
pada listrik bertegangan tinggi dalam udara kering
• Pemakaian ozone yang paling umum adalah untuk
disinfeksi terhadap bakteri dan virus.
• Dosis ozone sebesar 0,4 mg/l dalam waktu 4
menit (faktor waktu kontak (CT) = 1,6) mampu
menghilangkan bakteri patogenik dan polivirus
• Faktor CT sebesar 2 diperlukan untuk menjamin
penghilangan total Giardia cysts
 Persamaan reaksi

O3 + H2O ⎯→ HO3+ + OH-

HO3+ + OH- ⎯→ 2HO2
O3 + HO2 ⎯→ HO + 2O2
HO2 dan HO merupakan radikal bebas hidroksil,
yang mempunyai kekuatan oksidasi besar dan
merupakan bentuk yang aktif dalam proses disinfeksi

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 76
 Bak kontaktor Off-gass

Ozonated
water

Ozone
 Ozonation

Disinfection 78
 Rumus disinfeksi
N
dN
= −kC n N ln = − kC n t
dt No
di mana :
N = jumlah patogen pada waktu t
N0 = jumlah patogen pada t = 0
C = konsentrasi disinfektan, mg/l
t = waktu, menit
k = koefisien kematian spesifik, (mg/l)-1menit –1
n = koefisien pengenceran
Kematian spesifik dari O3 terhadap beberapa organisme untuk n = 1 :
- enteric bacteria : 500
- virus :5
- spora :2
- cyst amuba : 0.5
 Ozone Ct values
log
Microorganism Ct (mg min l-1) T (oC) pH
reduction

E.coli 0,009 12 * 4 log

Legionella pneumophila 1,05 12 * 2 log
Rotavirus 0,006-0,06 5 6-7 2 log
Giardia lamblia (cysts) 0,17 25 7.2 2 log

Giardia muris (cysts) 0,27 25 7 2 log

Cryptosporidium
5,39** 20 * 2 log
parvum (oocysts)

Disinfection 80
 Tugas (dikumpulkan saat UAS)

Buat resume dari materi di atas maksimum 2000 kata, dan

Kerjakan 2 soal berikut, berdasarkan materi di atas:
1. Menurut hukum Chick's, kematian bakteri karena
disinfeksi mengikuti reaksi orde pertama. Berapakah
waktu kontak yang diperlukan untuk mematikan 99%
bakteri dengan dosis 0,1 mg/L, jika 80% bakteri mati
dalam waktu 2 menit dengan dosis yang sama?

1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 81
2. Data berikut adalah hasil tes kemampuan hidup E. coli
(dalam persen) setelah dikontakkan dengan klor:
Klor tersedia Waktu kontak (menit)
bebas (mg/L) 1 3 5 10 20
0,05 96 81 62 20 0,3
0,10 91 58 27 0,5 -
0,18 64 10 0,7 - -

• Tentukan konstanta dari persamaan Chick's

• Tentukan konstanta dan eksponen untuk mencapai
kematian bakteri 99%
• Jika temperatur 20oC, perkirakan waktu yang
diperlukan untuk mematikan 99% bakteri dengan
dosis klor 0,05 mg/L
1440 ،‫ رمضان‬03 82
Terima Kasih