1. Neither Arpit nor Ankit is coming to party.

2. There are many things to lookout for this evening.

3. While answering options like source of passage, things we need to take care of are: 1. If it is
from newspaper/WHO report, then there cannot be any opinion of author, just informative.
4. Our college has large number of alumni.
5. My friend and I are going to college.
6. The transportation systems of Bangalore are not as good as those of Mumbai.
7. Each student was asked to come to school.
8. Each student should bring his/her textbook.
9. Not a single student has cleared physics test.
10. Burj Khalifa is the tallest structure in the world.
11. I have agreed to all her demands.

1. Chatterjee loves books. Therefore, he reads them all the time. OR Chatterjee loves books, and,
therefore, reads them all the time. OR Chatterjee loves books; therefore, he reads them all the
time.
2. Sometimes and “some times”. If time specified is fixed, then “some time” is used else if time is
infinite, sometimes is used.

1. Collective nouns: in American English, we consider them as singular. As army, family, jury,
company etc. We use ‘is’ with them.
2. Proper nouns are spelled with capital letters, as Harvard University and so on. While common
nouns in simple way.
3. Count nouns: we use many, few, more and fewer with this. Number and amount: use number
for the things we can count and amount for things which we can’t count, as a great number of
friends have shown me a great amount of kindness. Less and fewer: I have less stress this term
than last. This line is only for people with 10 items or fewer.
4. Mass nouns: stuffs that can’t be counted directly without adding word such as piece or cup, as
one piece of bread, two cups of water. They also don’t have plurals. Much, little, more or less
are used.
5. Its and it’s are different. It’s is “it is”. In (I, my, me), “my” is possessive adjective, I is subject
pronoun, me is object pronoun, and mine is possessive pronoun. These four are personal
pronoun. The noun a personal pronoun is mentioning should be clear, as in sentence,
Representative Nancy Pelosi and the lobbyist had a heated disagreement about her agenda. We
cannot say, for whom, is ‘her’ used, unless one of them is Masculine. Reflexive pronouns are
myself, itself, ourselves etc. Bill Clinton will be sitting at this table with my husband and myself.
This is wrong. In place of myself, me should come. Interrogative pronouns as who,whom,which,
 whose are used to ask questions. Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these and those.
Indefinite pronouns as everone,someone,no one ,everyday,something,all etc. these all are
considered as singular. Everyone obeys my order. Each is always singular.
6. Antecedent is the word or group of words that pronoun refer to. Pronouns like anyone, you,
and sometimes it don’t have antecedent. But sentence like this, “They always say the grass is
greener on the other side of the fence” is wrong, as we don’t know the antecedent of ‘they’.
7. One cannot be replaced by you. As, If one wants to do well, one should do one's homework, is
right. We cannot change one with ‘you’ here.
8. The French are insistent about the quality of their wines, and they produce the best in the
world. This sentence is correct as here ‘they’ is referring to French and French or French people
both are plural. I love French food because they really know how to make a good sauce. This
sentence is not correct as French is not noun here, but adjective for food. Hence they cannot
refer to ‘french’.
9. Absolute adjective: ones with which we cannot apply more,-er or superlative degrees. As,
square, essential, universal, immortal, unique etc. there is nothing like more unique etc.
similarly ‘fatal’ is absolute noun. More likely fatal is correct, but not more fatal. Oval is more
nearly square is correct, but oval is more square is wrong.
10. “The Chinese army is the largest military force in the world; they have approximately 3 million
members.” Is wrong, as they is not referring to anything, as Chinese is adjective here, not noun.
11. Every sentence in English is in one of these mood: indicative mood: indicative, as every simple
sentence is; imperative mood for giving command as run faster; subjunctive to express a wish,
emotion, possibility etc.
12. He has frequently defaced public property. A prosecutor would say ‘has defaced’ to imply that
the person in question is still doing these actions, or that he still is the type of person who
would do them. A defense attorney would say He defaced property, but... to put the actions
clearly in the past.
13. Same verb form: He has frequently defaced public property and went to jail is wrong, as instead
of went, gone should be there, as verbs here are “has defaced” and “has gone”. Hence right
sentence is, “He has frequently defaced public property and gone to jail”.
14. In “Losing stinks”, the word losing is called a gerund. A Gerund is an “-ing” word used as a
noun. Gerunds can be subjects of sentences {Overeating causes weight gain) or objects of verbs
or prepositions (/ love dancing; This is a seminar about writing).
15. An infinitive takes the form to love; to defeat, to go .In, “To love is divine”, “to love is infinitive
and is subject of sentence. In, “I hate to pay taxes.”,“to pay” is infinitive and object. In, “A friend
to call would be nice”, “to call” is infinitive and adjective. In, “I went outside to sing.”, “to sing”
is adverb.
16. If there are two things, X and Y, then that is plural, as X and Y do this thing.
17. “Every one of our students was accepted to the college of his or her choice” is right, as every is
singular.
18. The difference between “It rained” and “It has rained” is that the second sentence implies that
the rain extends into the present in its effects or consequences. That is, It has rained implies
that it’s still wet outside. In perfect tense, the exact time of the action does not matter. What
 matters is the effect in the present. It will always be, “it rained yesterday”. So when time is
specified, we use simple past tense.
19. “Had” verbs or Past Perfect verbs are used to express that something in the past occurred
before something else in the past. That is, these verbs express the “double past”! as, The judge
had spent most of the trial convinced of the defendant's guilt, until the DNA test proved the
defendant's innocence. Had things occur in more past then simple past things.
20. What happened first? (This one gets a had ). What happened after that? (This one does not get a
had, but a simple past tense).
21. I just began working at the circus when a clown stabbed me in the back. This should be “had
began”, as order of two evens matter here.
22. Please do it in timely manner is correct, while,” please do it timely” is wrong, as timely is
adjective, not adverb.
23. Adverbs can also modify adjectives: as In, he is very tall, very is adverb modifying adjective.
Adverb can also modify another adverb.
24. Some adjectives (timely, friendly, lovely, lively, ugly, silly, holy) that are
not also adverbs end in -ly. If you want to use friendly to modify a verb,
you can’t say friendlyly (that’s not a word). Instead, say in a friendly
manner or in a friendly way.
25. ADVERB PHRASE: I will take control quickly. I will take control on Tuesday. Second sentence is
also answering the same question, i.e. when did speaker take control. Or modifying same verb,
control. Hence ‘Tuesday’ is adverb phrase.
26. Preposition: The relationship that a preposition creates is between its object (what follows the
preposition) and something else in the sentence.
27. Preposition clause: A prepositional phrase is a group of words with two major components: the
preposition itself and the object. The object is almost always a noun or something acting like a
noun (a pronoun, a gerund, even a clause). As until next Thursday.
28. Moreover, the object in a prepositional phrase is just that: an object. It’s a noun, but it cannot
be the subject. What does all that mean? You won’t find the subject and the verb of a sentence
in a prepositional phrase.
29. In the sentence "He wants to go," the word to is not a preposition, as ‘go’ is a verb, but in the
sentence "He went to the store," the word to is a preposition.
30. Once you recognize the prepositional phrases, you can temporarily ignore them in order to
see the core sentence: as in sentence, “I walked through the valley between the two largest
mountain ranges in South America.” There are three prepositional phrases, we can ignore them
and actual sentence Is, I walked.
31. Conjunctions type: coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. The
correlative conjunctions are either/or, neither/nor, both/and, whether/or, and not only/but
also. Occasionally,not only/but also occurs without the also.
32. Watch out for the correlative conjunctions, and test to make sure that the items after each of
the two parts are the same part of speech or type of phrase as CORRECT: I like to eat not only
 steak but also ribs, pork chops, and chicken. INCORRECT: I like not only to eat steak but also
ribs, pork chops, and chicken cutlets.
33. Subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses.
34. If a word such as until is followed simply by a noun, pronoun, or gerund, it’s a preposition, but if
it introduces a clause, it’s a subordinating conjunction.
35. A clause is a group of words that could stand alone as a complete sentence. As, in this
sentence,” Because nearly 10% of children in the United States are without health insurance,
this health care bill will help millions of families are two clause joined by ‘because’.
36. In first sentence, I studied until midnight, ‘until’ is preposition, while in ,”I intend to sleep until
you wake me up.” ‘until’ is conjuction.
37. Dartmouth graduates often report years later that they loved it. Here Dartmouth is
adjective and ‘it’ cannot refer to an adjective. Hence it is wrongly placed there. Instead
of ‘it’, Dartmouth’ should come.
38. A sentence consists of a subject and predicate. Subject will always be noun or pronoun
or noun as gerund or infinitive or a phrase or a clause. As Dancing is a great joy, To die
for one's country is to pay the ultimate price.
39. Subject in “none of the guest has arrived” is “none”, “of the guest” is prepositional
phrase.
40. In sentence, “There are ten people waiting in the conference room.”, subject is people. In
other words, we can write it as, “ten people are waiting in conference room.” In actual, verb “are
working” is split in two parts.
41. “Aside the highway was the wreckage from the crash.” It is like, “Here comes the sun”. In this
sentence, “aside the highway” is one prepositional phrase”,”from the crash” is second. So this
sentence can be rephrased as, “The wreckage from the crush was aside the highway”.
42. If a group of words lacks a verb, it is a sentence fragment.
43. A run-on sentence consists of two (or more) independent clauses joined without
appropriate punctuation or a conjunction. These run-on sentence are always wrong., as
“I pronounce "tomato" one way, you pronounce it a completely different way.” Is
wrong. We can write that sentence as,” I pronounce "tomato" one way, while you
pronounce it a completely different way, or, I pronounce "tomato" one way; you
pronounce it a completely different way.
44. “That the charge was true was the worst part” is a complete sentence, where subject is
“that the change was true”.
45. The part of the sentence before the colon must be able to stand alone (that is, it must
be an independent clause). As, I am going to the store to get: sardines, tomato sauce,
and olive oil. Is wrong. “I was fired today: my boss caught me trying to steal a laser
printer” is correct, as part of sentence before colon can stand on its own and second
part stealing is explained from first part.
46. A semicolon connects two independent clauses. That is, the two parts on either side of
the semicolon must be able to stand alone; they must also be closely related in
 meaning.” The volcano devastated the town; there was still hope.” Is wrong, as one
conjunction, like but is needed to give a meaningful sentence.
47. “He applied to Harvard Business School; but he forgot to send his GMAT score” is
wrong as after semicolon, second sentence is incomplete. Similarly,” I like beer; and my
grandmother likes bourbon.” Is too wrong.
48. However special case: “Raw oysters are delicious; however, you should be careful where
you buy them.” Though here too, both parts can stand on their own.
49. “The dog asked for a treat; he gave it one" is right sentence, as second sentence, “he
gave it one” is a right grammatical sentence.
50. Three type of dashes: hyphen, en-dish of length equal to ‘n’ and em-desh of length
‘m’. In such a sentence, remove everything in between dashes, if there are too, and
see whether sentence is still making sense or not.
51. Modifiers: or warmups: When a sentence begins with what is often called a “warmup”
followed by a comma, the thing being described should come directly after the
comma.as, “Full of one million tons of trash, the mayor suggested that a new landfill be
built.” Is wrong as, warmup means, what is full of trash? It is definitely not mayor. It
can be rephrased as, Full of one million tons of trash, the landfill was cited by the
mayor as sorely in need of expansion.
52. Don’t use that or which for people—instead, use who. Use when only for times. Use
where only for places. ‘Whose’ can be used for any non-living object as well, but not
‘who’.
53. “Algebra II was where I learned to factor.” Is wrong as “algebra 2” is no place. Similarly,
in sentence, “First-degree murder is when the killing was premeditated.”, “first-degree
murder” is not time, hence wrong.
54. “Stupa's math team beat Bronx.” Sentence is wrong, as stupa’s maths team beat
Bronx’s maths team, not bronx. Correct ways: 1. “Stupa's math team beat Bronx’s. ” 2.
“Stupa's math team beat that of Bronx.” Or 3. “Stupa's math team beat Bronx’s maths
team.”
55. One more related example— do not compare a phrase that starts with that to one that
starts with when, where, which, or who: Liechtenstein is the only European nation that
still has a monarchy and where the power given to the sovereign has actually
increased. This sentence is wrong. As two things with that and when are
compared. So change both to ‘that’.
56. I prohibit you from leaving school grounds. I forbid you to leave school grounds. Both
are correct.
57. As…as is correct, but as..so, so…as, as…that, as .. than all area wrong. Both… and is
correct, and both forms should also be parallel. Both…as well as, both…but also are all
wrong.
58. ALTHOUGH should generally be followed by a clause, as ALTHOUGH a frequent napper,
I STUDY effectively. ALTHOUGH I TAKE frequent naps, I STUDY effectively. Although and
Despite are not followed by anything, just two clause separated by comma.
59. “The judge CONSIDERS the law TO BE illegal.” is right sentence. The judge CONSIDERS
the law AS illegal (or AS BEING illegal) (OR AS IF IT were illegal) or (should be illegal) all
are wrong.
60. Not…but: - form should be parallel here. As, She DID NOT EAT mangoes BUT ATE other
kinds of fruit. Similarly She DID NOT EAT mangoes BUT LIKED other kinds of fruit AND
later BEGAN to like kiwis, too. This sentence,”She DID NOT EAT mangoes BUT other
kinds of fruit.” Is wrong, as two forms are different.
61. Subjunctive mood: The security chief demanded that the leak be found and stopped. In
demand, suggest, and recommend, same form is used. ‘That’ is very important. Here
verb form too doesn’t matter, whether singular or plural. As, “I demanded that they run
faster.” Or “I demanded that he run faster”. It’s logic is that, when one order to run, one
never says ‘runs’.
62. Second important thing is that, verb form after ‘that’ should be of ‘order’ form. As, I
suggest that you should arrive on time.” Is wrong. It should be, “I suggest that,
you be/arrive on time.” Similarly, this is wrong. “I requested him to get it done.”
Correct form should be, “I requested him that he get it done”. Notice get, not gets and
that.
63. Generally when we describe an event, we usually mention in present form., not
future.as, in this sentence, “It is made by mixing egg, lemon juice, and broth and heat
the mixture until it will thicken.” , correct form should be “It is made by mixing egg,
lemon juice, and broth and heating the mixture until it thickens.”
64. “They serve roles from serving as sentinels and sound a warning when danger is near.”
Is wrong.” Issues are Parallelism and idiom (from.. to). Right sentence is ,“They serve
roles from serving as sentinels to sounding a warning when danger is near.”
65. “That the consumer products division lacks credible leadership cannot be blamed for
the company's troubles.” is right sentence. In red line, is subject.
66. Communards, or leaders of the Paris Commune, once mistook the painter Renoir,
painting on the banks of the Seine River, for a spy. This is right sentence. Just
remember that ‘mistook is used in this sense only.
67. Since expectations look to the future but are not yet realized, the relative clause
explaining these expectations should be conditional, employing the auxiliary verb
would.
Critical Reasoning:

1. A sound argument is successful on every level: the premises are true, and the
conclusion logically follows from the premises. A valid argument is the one which too
logically follows from premises, but premises may or may not be true.
2. Don’t make conclusion, without premises. As, in this argument,”Smalltown Cinemas
currently prohibits movie attendance by unaccompanied teenagers under age 16. If this
restriction is lifted, the theater's operating expenses will increase because of an
increased need for cleaning services and repairs to the facility.”, he has assumed that
teenager under age of do all harm to the facilities.
3. Don’t make extreme arguments,Watch out for these extreme words: only, never,
always, cannot, certainly, obviously, inevitably, most, least, best, worst. As in this
sentence, “Whenever there is political unrest in the world, the price of oil goes up. So
political unrest must be the most important influence on the price of oil.”, we are
considering extreme possibility.
4. Assume skill/will. As in this argument, “The school should offer green vegetables at
every lunch. Children who eat green vegetables are healthier, and green vegetables are
cheaper than processed food, so the budget can accommodate the change.” Skill and
will are confused.
5. Use vague terms/altered terms. As, in this argument, “People who jog more than 10
miles per week have a lower incidence of heart disease than people who exercise the
same amount on stationary bicycles. Therefore, jogging is the best method of exercise
for reducing heart disease”, Same bicycling as jogging means same time or same
distance. Hence they cannot be compared. Ambiguous argument.
6. Assume sign of thing, as sign itself. As for example, in this argument, “Bowbridge
University, a prestigious institution with a long history of educating great scholars and
national leaders, launched a distance learning program five years ago. Bowbridge
students were very happy with the flexibility afforded to them by the program; for
instance, they could continue studying with professors on the Bowbridge campus while
conducting research, traveling, or volunteering anywhere in the world. A study showed
that students' grades did not decrease. Thus, if the tuition-free Local City College
implements a distance learning program, student satisfaction will increase without
compromising quality of education.”, grade and good education is confused. It may
happen that they got good grade, because of professor leniency
7. Causation error: To reduce the elk population, wolves should be re-introduced to the
park. This conclusion assumes that the presence of wolves can cause a reduction in the
elk population. Look closely at the verb: cause, make, force, lead to, prevent, protect,
increase/decrease, reduce.
8. Causation and correlation: If X and Y are occurring at the same time, that possibilities
can be, “X causes Y”, “Y causes X”, “some other event Z causes both X and Y”, or
“There might not be any coincidence.” For example, in argument, “Research has
shown that very tall people are more likely to have thyroid problems. So being very tall
leads you to have thyroid problems.”, It can be that thyroid can cause long height, or
some gene difference cause both or there might not be any link in between two.”
9. Assumes the Future = the Past. Of course, in many ways the future will be like the past.
If you didn’t assume so, you would go crazy. But this assumption goes too far. You hear
that, yes, the future might be different, but you keep plowing your money into Internet
stocks (late 90s) or mortgage-backed securities (mid-OOs) or whatever the next inflated
asset class will be, believing that the ride won’t end.
10. Biased sample.
11. Math error: Alice worked fewer days last month than Bob,but she earned more dollars
last month than Bob. What can you definitely conclude? Alice had to have a higher daily
wage (dollars per day) than Bob.
12. In conclusion, watch out for extreme wording or new ideas! Altered terms or
standards (such as fitness testing or at grade level) can seriously weaken an argument
13. Symbols : ~~ happening at same time,  causes, therefore,
Type of questions in reasoning:

1. Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?This question
stem would follow an argument with the last line ending in a blank. For instance,
“Therefore, the decrease in profits will be minimal, because ___________________
.” The question is asking for the conclusion, or for the final part of the conclusion.
2. The consultant responds to the lawmaker's argument by.... The question is NOT
asking you to rephrase what the consultant said—that would be too easy. The
question is about the role that the consultant’s comments play in the argument.
Possible answers might be things like, “Denying the truth of the evidence on which
the lawmaker has based his reasoning” or “Suggesting that the evidence provided by
the lawmaker does not support the lawmaker’s conclusion.”
3. This argument is most vulnerable to the objection that it fails to.... This question is
about argument flaws, and probably about assumptions.
4. Which of the following would be most useful to determine in order to evaluate the
argument? Here, you will need to identify the arguments assumptions or gaps, so
you can pick an answer that describes the information that would fill the gap. For
instance, in an argument that assumed that teenagers were more likely to mess up
and damage movie theaters, an answer might read, “Whether evidence exists that
teenagers under age 16 are, as a group, more likely to leave theaters dirty or
damage facilities than are other age groups.”
5. The argument depends on which of the following assumptions? This question asks
directly about assumptions. It is important to process the argument on your own by
thinking of assumptions, as you have been doing in this book, before reading the
answer choices. Otherwise, it is very likely that more than one answer will sound
good, and you will have a hard time going back and analyzing once you have already
seen the choices. Avoid going to the choices too early; after all, four of them are
wrong. They are there to distract you and pollute your mind. Become sure of the
argument as given, and come up with a hypothesis as best you can for the missing
assumption before looking at the answers.
6. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above? This
question asks you to strengthen the argument. To do so, you must know what the
arguments assumptions are. The correct answer may well contain the assumption,
but be presented as a fact. For instance, “A study from the Theater Owners
Association of America shows that teenagers under age 16 are disproportionately
likely compared to other age groups to leave theaters dirty and to damage facilities.”
Note that the question stem says “if true.” The correct answer could be pretty
 extreme— after all, if something extreme were true, it might strengthen the
argument extremely well!. Similar is for weaken.
7. Which of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the paradox outlined above?
A paradox is a seeming contradiction. For instance, “Cash expenses went down and
revenues went up, but reported profits have declined.” That might seem, on the
face of it, impossible. However, a real-life resolution to the paradox might be that
the reported profits are measured by a non-cash accounting system.
8. This problem is part of causation problem. “Researchers have noted that panda
bears that have given birth to live young live longer in the wild. Therefore, these
researchers have concluded that giving birth to live young increases a panda's
lifespan.”. Here two things are happening together, i.e. pandas giving birth to to
young ones and their longer living in the world. Hence we must select the option
which selects only this case.
9. In all problem, which asks, “which asks that which argument, doesn’t strengthen
the argument, then we need to eliminate all those options which are somehow
filling the gaps.,
10. What to look for in gmat paragraph is- twist/change/judgement.