Sample of Design Brief

PROPOSED CONCORDE 368 CONDOMINIUM AT THOMSON ROAD
CIVIL/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONCEPT DESIGN

REPORT
Concorde 368
Civil/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA AND

CONCEPT DESIGN REPORT
PROJECT REF NO. : A1164-00002-2008-CS03
VOLUME 1 OF 1
1
REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 4
2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PHILOSOPHY......................................................................4
2.1.......................................................................................... GENERAL 4
2.1.1. Codes of Practice
2.1.2. Materials
2.1.3. Material Densities
2.1.4. Fire Ratings
2.1.5. Minimum Thicknesses of structural members
2.1.6. Design Loads
2.1.7. Lateral Loads
2.1.7.1. Wind Loads
2.1.7.2. Notional Load
2.1.8. Deflection Criteria
2.1.8.1. Lateral Deflection (Wind)
2.1.8.2. Vertical Deflection of Beams and Slabs due to Gravity Loads
2.1.9. Wind Induced Lateral Acceleration
2.1.10. Durability
2.1.11. Design of Water Retaining Structures
2.1.12. Design of Prestressed Beams and Slabs
2.1.13. LTA Future Underground Infrastructure Requirements
2.1.14. Other architectural requirement
2.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION & DESIGN PARAMETERS10

2.2.1. Ground Conditions
2.2.2. Soil Design Parameters
2.3 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM................................................11

2.3.1. Tower
2.3.2. Podium carpark
2.4 ANALYSIS..............................................................................11
2.4.1. Dead load
2.4.2. Live load
2.4.3. Lateral load
2.4.4. Load combination
2.4.5. Vertical and lateral load analysis
2.4.6. Foundation analysis
2.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN..........................................................13
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2.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN..........................................................13

2.6.1. Column load
2.6.2. Pile load
2.6.3. Pile design
2.6.3.1. Pile Capacity for Compressive Loading
2.6.3.2. Capacity of Pile
2.6.4. Earth Pressure Parameters for basement wall design
2.6.5. Ground water table
2.6.6. Analysis for future tunnels
2.7..................................................................... Computer Programs

17
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REPORT
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Outline
The development consists of one block of 36-storey residential apartment with 1

basement car park and environment/landscape deck with a swimming pool and
water features. The substation is integrated with the basement car park building.
The development consists of transfer structure at level 5 as shown on structural
drawings.
This report summarizes the design criteria, philosophy, assumptions and approach
for design and detail of the foundation and structural elements for the project.
1.2 Stair Case Storey Shelter
The stair case storey shelter (SCSS) has been provided at the tower area as shown
in the Fig. 1 below as per the authority requirements and has been design for the
both lateral and vertical loads. The SCSS walls are continuously supported up to
the raft, which is rested on piles designed to take the loads from the tower. The
SCSS is falls under the category of shielded and has been designed accordingly.
Fig 1 Stair Case Storey Shelter

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REPORT
2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PHILOSOPHY
2.1 General
2.1.1. Codes of Practice
The building shall be designed in accordance with the design

requirements of relevant government gazettes and latest relevant British
Codes. The following is a list of Codes and Standards proposed to be
used in the design of this project:
CP 3 : Chapter V : Basic Data for Design of Buildings, Part 2,

Wind Loads
BS 12 : Specification for Portland cement
BS 1881 : Testing concrete
BS 4027 : Specification for sulphate-resisting Portland

cement
BS 4449 : Specification for carbon steel bars for the

reinforcement of concrete
BS 4483 : Specification for steel fabric for the

reinforcement of concrete
BS 4604 : Specification for the use of high strength

friction grip bolts in structural steel works.
BS 5328 : Concrete
BS 5628 : Use of Masonry
BS 6399 Part 1 : Design Loading for Buildings : Code of

Practice for Dead and Imposed Load
BS 6399 Part 2 : Code of Practice for Wind Loads
BS 5950-1: 2000 : Structural use of steelwork in building:

Code of practice for design – Rolled and
welded sections
BS8002:1994 : Code of practice for Earth Retaining

Structures
BS 8004 : Code of practice for foundations
BS 8007 : Design of concrete structure for retaining

aqueous liquids
BS 8110 : Structural use of concrete
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REPORT
SSCP4 : Code of practice for foundations
SSCP65 : Structural use of concrete
SSCP73 : Code of practice for Design of Concrete

Structures for Retaining Aqueous Liquid
CP81:1999 : Code of practice for precast concrete slab

and wall panels
CPRP : 2000 : Code of practice for railway protection
: LTA Code of Street Works Proposal Relating

to Development Works (SWPRDW)
: Civil Structural Design Brief in Concorde

368 contract
2.1.2. Materials
i. Generally, the following concrete grades (28 days cube strength) will
be adopted in design :
Foundation 35 MPa
Super-structure 35 MPa
ii. Generally, the reinforcement used in the design of concrete elements

shall have yield stress of 460 MPa.
iii. Generally structural steelwork shall be Grade 43A.
2.1.3. Material Densities
Reinforced concrete 24 kN/m3

100mm Brickwall with Plaster 2.4 kN/m2 of surface area
200mm Brickwall with Plaster 4.8 kN/m2 of surface area
75mm Blockwall with Plaster 0.75 kN/m2 of surface area
Dry wall 0.5 kN/m2 of surface area
Glass curtain wall 1.0 kN/m2 of surface area
Soil 18 kN/m3
Water 10 kN/m3
2.1.4. Fire Ratings
The following fire ratings shall be applied to the design of structural

elements:
Podium (parking) 1.5 hours
Superstructure (tower) 1.5 hours
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REPORT
M&E floors 1.5 hours

Generator rooms 4 hours
Basement 2 hours
2.1.5. Minimum Thicknesses of structural members to comply to Fire

Ratings:
For 1.5 hr. fire rating:

Beam Width 150mm
Column Width 250mm
Wall Width 150mm
For 2 hr. fire rating:

Beam Width 200mm
Column Width 300mm
Wall Width 160mm
For 4 hr. fire rating:

Beam Width 280mm
Column Width 450mm
Slab Thickness 170mm
Wall Width 240mm
2.1.6. Design Loads
Generally, the following loadings shall be adopted in the design, which

shall comply with the latest codes and building regulations. The ceiling &
services loads shown are applied at the ceiling of the floor for which live
loads and finishes are indicated.
Apartment Tower
Floor Usage Live Partition Ceiling & Finishes kN/m2

Load kN/m2 Services
kN/m2 kN/m2
Roof 1.50 - 0.5 2.4

(inaccessible
)
RC Flat Roof 4.0 - 0.5 2.4

(with
landscape)
Plant room 7.5 - 1.5 1.8
Bedrooms, 1.5 * 0.25 0.8

Living,
Dining,
Kitchen
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REPORT
Balconies 3.0 - 0.25 0.8
Stairs, 3.0 - 0.25 1.2

Landing
Lobbies, 3.0 - 0.25 0.8

Hallways
Corridors
Sky terrace 4.0 - 0.25 2.4 + soil

loading *
Toilet Rooms 2.0 * 0.25 2.4

(Not Prefab)
Toilet Rooms 2.0 - 0.25 18.0

( Prefab)
* as shown on architectural drawings.
Podium (Carpark)
Floor Usage Live Load Partition Ceiling & Finishes kN/m2

kN/m2 kN/m2 Services
kN/m2
Carpark 2.5 - 0.5 1.2
Driveway 2.5 - 0.5 1.2

and Ramp
with
carpark
AHU room. 7.5 * 1.5 1.8

MDF room,
generator
room, lift
motor room
HT/LT 16.0 * 1.5 1.8

switch
room,
transformer
room
Chiller 10.0 * 1.5 1.8

Plant rooms
Cable 4.0 * 1.5 1.8

chamber
Bin centre 12.5 * 1.5 1.8
Stairs/ 4.0 * 0.5 1.2

Lobbies/
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REPORT
Floor Usage Live Load Partition Ceiling & Finishes kN/m2

kN/m2 kN/m2 Services
kN/m2
Corridors
Fire engine 10 - 0.5 1.2

hard
standing
Landscape 4.0 - 0.5 3.6 + soil load

deck, *
swimming
pool deck
Swimming - - 0.5 2.4 + water

pool load *
* as shown on architectural drawings.

Generally soil for planter and shrubs shall be 600 mm thick and
for tree pits shall be 1200 mm thick.
2.1.7. Lateral Loads
2.1.7.1. Wind Loads
The towers and podium shall be designed to withstand wind forces

in accordance with BS 6399 Part 2: 1997, with a 50 year return
period using the following parameters:
 Basic wind speed 22 m/s ( Hourly mean wind speed, 50 year

return period )
 Directional factor, Sd = 1.0
 Seasonal facor, Ss = 1.0
 Probability factor Sp = 1.0
 Altitude factor, Sa = 1.01
 Dynamic augmentation factor, Cr = 0.14
 Net pressure coefficient for overall load to the building, C p =

1.2
 Size effect factor, Ca = 0.8
The basic wind speed represents the hourly mean speed with
annual risk of being exceeded of 0.02 at a height of 10 metres
over completely flat terrain at sea level.
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REPORT
2.1.7.2. Notional Load

2.6.2 Notional Loads
The structures shall also be designed for a notional ultimate
horizontal design load as per SSCP65 equal to 1.5% of
characteristic dead weight of the structure applied at each floor.
The higher of notional loads as per SSCP65 or wind loads shall be

adopted in designing the buildings to withstand lateral loads.
2.1.8. Deflection Criteria
2.1.7.1. Lateral Deflection (Winds / Notional Load)
Overall Deflection < Height/500

Storey Deflection < Storey height/500
2.1.7.2. Vertical Deflection of Beams and Slabs due to Gravity

Loads
Total Long Term Span/250, up to 25mm max for

Deflection (DL + LL) beams, 20 mm for slabs
Incremental Deflection Span/500 or 20mm, whichever is

after application of less for brittle finishes, or
finishes and partitions span/350 or 20mm, whichever is
lesser for non brittle partition and
finishes.
2.1.9. Wind Induced Lateral Acceleration
The maximum acceleration at the highest inhabited floor level for a 10

year return period wind shall not be more than 15 milli-g for residential
tower.
2.1.10. Durability
The following exposure classification shall be adopted for the design of

the structural elements:
Members in interior environments - Mild

Members in above-ground exterior environments - Moderate
Members in contact with the ground - Severe
Concrete surfaces exposed to sea water spray - Very Severe
To ensure durability of concrete structures with above exposure

conditions, concrete grades, water/cement ratio and cement content in
concrete, nominal concrete cover etc. shall be adopted in accordance
with Tables 3.3 and 4.8 of SS CP65.
Generally, concrete cover shall be as follows:
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REPORT
 Concrete at basements and

generator rooms (4 hr fire rating)
 RC and PT Slabs (continuous)

- 45mm
 RC and PT Slabs (S/S)
- 55mm
 Walls
- 25mm
 Columns
- 40mm
 Beams (continuous)
- 50mm
 Beams (Simply Supported – S/S)
- 70mm
 Concrete cast against earth - 75mm
 Concrete cast against formwork and - 50mm

then exposed to earth (protected by
membrane)
 Concrete exposed to weather- - 35mm

Slabs, beams and walls
 Concrete exposed to weather- - 40mm

Columns
 Concrete not exposed to weather or

in contact with earth (1.5 hr fire
rating)
 RC and PT Slab, Walls - 25mm
 Columns - 40mm
 Beams - 30mm
2.1.11. Design of Water Retaining Structures
All water retaining structures, including raft slab, basement walls shall be
designed to BS 8007, with a crack width of 0.2 mm for severe or very
severe exposure. In addition concrete for such structures shall be
waterproof concrete.
2.1.12. Design of Prestressed Beams and Slabs
All prestressed beams and slabs shall be designed to CP65, Class 3 with a
crack width of 0.2 mm.
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REPORT
2.1.13. LTA Future Underground Infrastructure Requirements
There will be a LTA future underground infrastructure tunnels lying under

the Thomson Road and its reserve zones encroach on this development.
In view of adjacent reserve due to future infrastructure tunnels,
requirements of LTA as shown in the attached sketch shall be complied
with, in addition to limiting the lateral movement of the basement of the
development to less than 25 mm. The proposed depth of excavation for
future underground infrastructure facilities is up to RL 68.0m as advised
by LTA in the sketch. The effects of LTA TERS D-wall movement of 100mm
shall be considered in the design of piling and basement.
2.1.14. Other architectural requirement
Currently a structural set down of 25 mm at balconies, 75 mm at non-

prefabricated bath and 200mm at prefabricated bath etc has been
assumed. The actual set downs are shown in the structural drawings.
2.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION & DESIGN PARAMETERS
2.2.1. Ground Conditions
The proposed development is bounded by Jalan Raja Udang on the north,

The ARTE Condominium along the West and Balestier Road on the East
and Thomson Road at the South.
In general, the site is consists of Fill, Kallang Formation and Bukit Timah
Formation. The Fill is approximately 1.8m to 2.7m thick. Underlying the
Fill layer, the Kallang Formation, which comprises Marine Clay, Fluvial
Clay and Estuarine, varies from 4m to 12.8m thick. Underlain the Kallang
Formation, different grade of weathering of Granite is found.
The ground water table adopted for the development is RL 102.20m

based on the soil report.
2.2.2. Soil Design Parameters
The building shall be supported on large diameter bored piles and the
parameter proposed for the design of the foundation system are
discussed under clause 2.6.3.1 & 2.6.6.
2.3 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
2.3.1. Tower
The structural system adopted for the building is predominantly a load

bearing RC shear wall system. Most of the lateral loads are resisted by
the shear walls and lift/staircase cores.
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REPORT
The floor system shall consist generally of reinforced concrete flat plate
with perimeter beams. The contribution of floor slabs and beams in
resisting the lateral loads is relatively small.
The lift core and staircase storey shelter is supported by a piled raft
foundation system. The thickness of pile raft is estimated to be
approximately 2.5 m. Other shear wall is supported by 2 or 3 pile group.
The pile sizes vary from 600 to 1500 mm diameter.
2.3.2. Podium carpark
Podium carpark shall conceptually consist of conventional beam and slab

system supported on columns. All the columns are supported by
individual piles and pilecaps.
2.4 ANALYSIS
2.4.1. Dead load
In addition to the self weight of all structural members an average super

imposed dead load (SDL) depending on the location shall be applied in
overall ETABS analysis at all floors to take account of floor finishes,
partition walls, ceiling & services, etc. However, a real SDL shall be
considered in the individual analysis and design of beams and slabs.
2.4.2. Live load
The building shall be designed for the live loads stipulated in clause 2.1.5
above.
In accordance to the code provisions, a 50% reduction in the live load

shall be adopted in the design of vertical members (walls, columns &
piles). The horizontal members (beams & slabs) shall be designed for full
live load.
2.4.3. Lateral load
For the analysis of the building, two types of lateral load shall be
considered as mentioned in clause 2.1.6. These are wind loads and
notional loads. A computation of lateral loads, comprising base shear and
base moment, shall be carried out for the tower.
2.4.4. Load combination
The following ultimate limit state load combinations shall be used in

design:
Load Combinations and Respective Load Factors for Ultimate Limit

State
Load Load Type

Combination
Dead Imposed Earth and Water Wind Notional
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REPORT
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Load Load

Dead &
1.4 1.0 1.6 - 1.4 1.4 - -
Imposed
Dead & Wind
or Notional 1.4 1.0 - - 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.0
Load
Dead, Imposed
and wind or 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0
Notional Load
The following service limit state load combinations shall be used for the
design of foundations;
Load Combinations and Respective Load Factors for Service Limit

State
Load Type
Load
Dead Imposed Earth and Water Wind Notional
Combination
Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Adverse Beneficial Load Load
Dead &
1.0 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 - -
Imposed
Dead & Wind or
1.0 1.0 - - 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.714
Notional Load
Dead, Imposed
and wind or 1.0 1.0 1.0 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.714
Notional Load
For service limit state combination with wind or notional load, the
allowable capacity shall be enhanced by 25%.
2.4.5. Vertical and lateral load analysis
Overall analysis including for lateral loads, shall be carried out using
ETABS with a 3-D model of the entire tower structure.
The walls shall be defined as shell elements in the analysis to capture out
of plane bending.
The coupling beams between shear walls shall be modeled as spandrels

in ETABS.
When gravity loads are combined with lateral loads, stiffness of

horizontal members (beams and spandrels) shall be reduced to 35% for
beam and coupling beams respectively, to take into account of the effect
of cracked sections, in accordance with recommendation in ACI.
The vertical members shall be designed using the in-built design module
of ETABS, wherever applicable.
Separate gravity load analysis shall be carried out for individual design of
horizontal members (slabs and beams) using sub-frames with RAPT as
appropriate.
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REPORT
2.4.6. Foundation analysis
SAFE software and geotechnical pile analysis shall be used to analyse the
piled raft foundation under the tower.
2.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The concrete design shall be based on SS CP 65.
The floors shall be designed as reinforced concrete slabs based on the

forces determined from analysis of gravity loads using RAPT software.
The beams shall be designed as RC / PT members, as applicable, based on

the forces determined from combined analysis of gravity and lateral loads
using RAPT software.
The vertical members shall be designed using the in-built design module of
ETABS, where applicable.
Coupling beams shall be designed using in house developed spreadsheets

based on the loads from ETABS analysis.
2.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN
2.6.1. Column load
Column loads shall be calculated using two methods:
i. Based on area method and then calculating column load rundown.
ii. Using 3D ETABS FEM for gravity and lateral loads to arrive at the most
critical loads.
2.6.2. Pile load
Manual load taking method shall be adopted for podium pile loads
whereas one of the following methods shall be used to arrive at
individual pile loads for the tower:
i. Using SAFE with loads imported from 3D ETABS acting on raft, with all
pile supports as springs as applicable.
ii. Column loads (gravity) from column load run downs based on tributary
area method and lateral loads from ETABS shall be applied on raft in a
SAFE model.
iii. Pile loads obtained from geotechnical pile analysis as indicated in

Section 2.4.6.
Individual pile loads based on the most onerous loads from the above three
methods as applicable, shall be adopted in the design of piles.
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REPORT
2.6.3. Pile design
The structural capacity of piles shall be designed based on an axial working

load capacity of 0.25 fcu or 7.5 MPa whichever is lower.
2.6.3.1. Capacity of Single pile
The allowable geotechnical capacity under working load, Qa of the

bored piles shall be determined as the lesser of the following
three equations:
Qb  Qs
Qa 
2.5 (Eqn 1)
Qs Qb
Qa   (Eqn 2)
1 .5 3 .0
where Qb : is ultimate end bearing resistance at pile base,

Qs : is the total ultimate skin friction along pile shaft,
The ultimate skin resistance, fs for soil shall be adopted in the

design is based on the following empirical relationship:
fs = 2N (kPa) (Eqn 3)
for N up to 100, where N is the value obtained from Standard

Penetration Test (SPT). The limiting skin friction in granite shall be
400 kN/m2.
The ultimate bearing resistance, fb in soil is taken as 45N and in

granite shall be limited to 10000 kN/m2.
However, these parameters shall be verified by ultimate load test

in instrumented test pile.
In the design of piles, group effect and negative skin friction (NSF)
within 6m from basement wall shall be considered as applicable.
2.6.4. Earth Pressure Parameters for basement wall design
Based on SI report, the earth pressure coefficient Ko is taken as 0.50.
2.6.5. Ground water table
Based on SI report, the ground water table is taken as RL 102.20m.
16
REPORT
2.7 Computer Programs
The following world renowned proprietary computer softwares are used in

the analysis and design of the structure for the development.
a) RAPT - For analysis and design of reinforced concrete

slabs, beams, columns and wall and for post
tensioned slabs and beams.
b) ETABS - For global lateral load analysis including

dynamic analysis for towers.
c) SAFE - For analysis and design of reinforced concrete

flat plates and rafts.
d) STAAD PRO - For analysis and design of steel structure.
e) SAP 2000 - For analysis and design of special structures.
f) EXCEL - For in-house custom-made spreadsheets, e.g.

Column Load-Taking Forms etc.
g) MPile - For analysis of single pile
h) CSC Orion v15 - 3D analysis and design of reinforced concrete

slabs, beams, columns and wall.
17

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PROPOSED CONCORDE 368 CONDOMINIUM AT THOMSON ROAD

CIVIL/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONCEPT DESIGN

Civil/STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA AND

PROJECT REF NO. : A1164-00002-2008-CS03

2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PHILOSOPHY......................................................................4

2.2 GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION & DESIGN PARAMETERS10

2.3 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM................................................11

2.5 STRUCTURAL DESIGN..........................................................13

2.6 FOUNDATION DESIGN..........................................................13

2.7..................................................................... Computer Programs

1.1 Project Outline

The development consists of one block of 36-storey residential apartment with 1

1.2 Stair Case Storey Shelter

Fig 1 Stair Case Storey Shelter

2. DESIGN CRITERIA AND PHILOSOPHY

2.1.1. Codes of Practice

The building shall be designed in accordance with the design

CP 3 : Chapter V : Basic Data for Design of Buildings, Part 2,

BS 12 : Specification for Portland cement

BS 1881 : Testing concrete

BS 4027 : Specification for sulphate-resisting Portland

BS 4449 : Specification for carbon steel bars for the

BS 4483 : Specification for steel fabric for the

BS 4604 : Specification for the use of high strength

BS 5628 : Use of Masonry

BS 6399 Part 1 : Design Loading for Buildings : Code of

BS 6399 Part 2 : Code of Practice for Wind Loads

BS 5950-1: 2000 : Structural use of steelwork in building:

BS8002:1994 : Code of practice for Earth Retaining

BS 8004 : Code of practice for foundations

BS 8007 : Design of concrete structure for retaining

BS 8110 : Structural use of concrete

SSCP4 : Code of practice for foundations

SSCP65 : Structural use of concrete

SSCP73 : Code of practice for Design of Concrete

CP81:1999 : Code of practice for precast concrete slab

CPRP : 2000 : Code of practice for railway protection

: LTA Code of Street Works Proposal Relating

: Civil Structural Design Brief in Concorde

ii. Generally, the reinforcement used in the design of concrete elements

iii. Generally structural steelwork shall be Grade 43A.

2.1.3. Material Densities

Reinforced concrete 24 kN/m3

2.1.4. Fire Ratings

The following fire ratings shall be applied to the design of structural

M&E floors 1.5 hours

2.1.5. Minimum Thicknesses of structural members to comply to Fire

For 1.5 hr. fire rating:

For 2 hr. fire rating:

For 4 hr. fire rating:

2.1.6. Design Loads

Generally, the following loadings shall be adopted in the design, which

Floor Usage Live Partition Ceiling & Finishes kN/m2

Roof 1.50 - 0.5 2.4

RC Flat Roof 4.0 - 0.5 2.4

Plant room 7.5 - 1.5 1.8

Bedrooms, 1.5 * 0.25 0.8

Balconies 3.0 - 0.25 0.8

Stairs, 3.0 - 0.25 1.2

Lobbies, 3.0 - 0.25 0.8

Sky terrace 4.0 - 0.25 2.4 + soil

Toilet Rooms 2.0 * 0.25 2.4

Toilet Rooms 2.0 - 0.25 18.0

* as shown on architectural drawings.