Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SESSION 2018-19
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The aim of the project is to plan, design, analyze and estimate the cost of the structure of
multistory building. It also includes the level understanding of the basic concepts of building
design and construction.
The basic needs of human existence are food, clothing & shelter. Since time immemorial man
has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his efforts has been to
provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic gives a
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his
pleasant living. This object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and
convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept
in view.
A peaceful environment
Safety from all natural sources & climatic conditions
General facilities for community of residential building
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future aeration,
ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.
Residential buildings: - The buildings in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal
residential purposes, with or without cooking and dining facilities are called residential buildings.
Educational / institutional buildings: - The building used for school, college or day care
purposes are called education / institutional building.
Assembly Buildings: - The buildings which are constructed for the purposes to gathering of the
people for their respective purposes i.e. social, religious, civil, political is called assembly
buildings.
Business Buildings: - The buildings used for transaction of business, for the keeping of accounts
and records and other similar purposes called business buildings.
Mercantile Buildings: - The buildings used for display of merchandise, either wholesale or retail
are called Mercantile Buildings.
Industrial buildings: - The buildings in which products or materials of all kinds and properties
are fabricated, assembled or processed are called industrial buildings.
Storage buildings: - The buildings used primary for the storage, handling or shattering of goods
and wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals are called storage buildings.
Hazardous buildings: -The buildings used for storage, handling manufacturing or processing of
highly combustible or explosive material are called Hazardous buildings.
Selection of a plot is very important for building a house. Site should be in good place where
community service is convenient but not so close that it becomes a source of inconvenience or
noise. The conventional transportation is important not only because of present need but for
retention of property value in future closely related to are transportation, shopping, facilities also
necessary. One should observe the road condition whether there is indication of future
development or not in case of undeveloped area.
The factors to be considered while selecting the building site are as follows:-
1. LEVEL AT THE SITE: - The level at the site must be higher than that of its surrounding so as
to provide good drainage.
2. CLIMATE CONDITION: - The intensity of the rainfall and sub soil water level should be low
as to avoid dampness in the building.
3. SUB-SOIL CONDITION: - A hard strata should be available at a reasonable depth so as to
construct the foundation of the building safely and economically.
4. AVAILABILITIES OF MODERN AMENITIES: - The site must be within municipal limits so
that modern amenities like water supply, electricity, drainage, road etc. can be made available
inner future if there is no provision at present.
5. AVAILABILITIES OF OTHER FACILITIES : - The site should provide as easy access from
the nearest road and after sufficient light and air, these should be good and cheap transport
facilities available near the site, it is always better if public services like fire brigade, police
station etc.
6. SURROUNDINGS:-
The situation and surrounding of the site must as to suit the purpose for which the building it to be
constructed.
1. Sub structure: - The part of a building constructed beneath the ground level is known as Sub
structure.
2. Super structure: - The part of the building constructed above ground level is known as super
structure. It is second part of a building. All the activities of the building construction take place
after the making of sub-structure. Flooring, wall roofing are the example of super structure of a
building.
1. FOUNDATION: - It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is direct
contact with ground and transmitted all the dead, live and other loads to the soil on which the
structure rests.
2. PLINTH: - The portion of a building and the top of the floor immediately above the ground is
known as plinth. The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level of the ground
floor of the building is known as plinth level.
3. WALLS: - Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space n desired pattern in addition
wall provided privacy security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other undesired
effect of the weather.
4. COLUMN: - A column may be defined as an isolated load bearing member, the width of which
is neither less than its thickness. It carries the axially compressive load.
5. FLOORS: - Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a building into
different levels. There by creating more accommodation on a given plot of land. The basic
purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and other items like stores, furniture, equipment etc.
7. ROOF: - It is the uppermost component of a building and its function is to cover the space below
it of a room and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
8. BUILDING FINISHES: - A building is considered incomplete till such time the surface of its
components is given appropriate treatment.
Building finishes include items like plastering, painting, pointing, white / color washing,
varnishes and distempering etc.
(26.67m2)
Table 8.1
Fig. 8.3
TERRACE PLAN
There are three philosophies for the design of reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete as well
as steel structures:
Working stress method has been the traditional method used for reinforced concrete design
where it is assumed that concrete is elastic, steel and concrete act together elastically and
relationship between loads and stresses is linear right up to the collapse of the structure. The
elastic concept is mainly used for computations of deflections which are of under interest under
working loads rather than ultimate loads. It is uneconomical and with it we are not able to predict
the behavior of the structure at ultimate loads.
While in limit state method the object of design is to achieve an acceptable probability that a
structure will not become unserviceable in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended, that, is
it will not reach a limit state. In limit state these parameters are determined based on observation
taken over a period of time. These parameters will thus be influenced by chance or random effect
not just at a single instant but throughout the entire period of time or the sequence of time that is
being considered. Structural member designed on the basis of permissible stresses using a factor
of safety regardless of different working conditions and load combinations actually had different
safety margins. There are two main limit states:
Limit State of Collapse: To safety this limit state, the strength must be adequate to carry
loads account must be taken of stability.
Limit State of Serviceability: To satisfy this limit state, deflections, cracks and vibrations
must not be excessive.
i) Dead Loads:
The dead load of a building shall comprise the weight of all walls, partitions, floors
& roof including weight of all other permanent constructions.
i) Method:-
Most widely used and most scientific approach, limit state method is used in this
project. The partial factors are based on statistical and probabilistic grounds. We are designing
for limit state of collapse and limit state of serviceability.
ii) Materials:-
Concrete of M-20 grade and reinforcement bars of HYSD Fe-415 is used. All
material used in construction of concrete works should conform to part V, building materials
of N.B.C.
There is tie beam provided which is designed as per N.B.C. Beams used are
rectangular beams.
Passageways / Galleries = 3kN/m2Slabs are designed for flexure and checked for
shear and deflection as per IS 456-2000.
Assuming,
L/D = 40*0.8 = 32
Taking D = 120 mm
d = 100mm
Slab of passageway (S2) is a one – way slab and moment at its exterior support will be zero
iv) Reinforcement:
Along Short Span:
At Support:
Mu = 3.60kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast= 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.60*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 101.9 mm2
= (0.12*1000*0.12)/100
= 144 mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At Mid span:
Mu = 1.766kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*1.766*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= (0.12*1000*120)/100 = 144mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*1.75*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 53.35mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
= (3*144)/8 = 54mm2
Provide #6 @520mm c/c for distance of Lx/5 = (2350/5) = 470mm in all directions
Vumax = (1.2*wu*Lx*β)/(2*β+1)
Vumax = (1.2*9*2.35*1.32)/(2*1.32+1)
= 9.2kN
Pt = (100*144)/(1000*100) = 0.144%
τc = 0.28N/mm2 k = 1.3
Hence safe.
= (9*2.35)/3 = 7.05kN
Pt = (100*72)/(1000*92) = 0.078%
τc = 0.28N/mm2 k = 1.3
Vuc = (1.3*0.28*1000*92)/1000
Hence Safe.
Taking d = 100mm,
D = d+20 = 120mm
Mu = (αd*wud*L2+αl*wul*L2)
Mu1 = ((4.5*3.252)/16)+((4.5*3.252)/12)
= 2.971+3.961 = 6.932kNm
Mu2 = ((4.5*3.252)/12)+((4.5*3.252)/9)
= 3.961+5.281 = 9.242kNm
= 27.6kNm>9.242kNm
v) Main Steel:
Area of steel is given by:
Ast1 = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*6.932*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 200.43mm2
Ast2 = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*9.242*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 271.40mm2
Spacing:
Spacing = (1000*50.26)/200.43
= 218.52mm2
At interior support:
Spacing = (1000*50.26)/271.43
= 279.22mm2
Pt = (100*218.52)/(1000*100)
Since ptprovided<ptassumed
Hence safe.
= (0.15*1000*120)/100 = 180mm2
Vumax = 3.575kN
Pt = (100*279.22)/(1000*100) = 0.28%
τuc = [0.326+((0.338-0.326)*(0.28-0.2)/0.1)]
= 0.3356N/mm2
= 1.3*0.3356*1000*100
L/D = 40*0.8 = 32
D = 3280/32 = 102.5mm
Lx = 3050+100 = 3150mm
Ly = 3150+100 = 3250mm
The moment over common long edge of slab S3 can be averaged out to be ((2.83+4.37)/2=)
3.6kNm.
Since the negative moment at support of slab S3 decreased from 4.37 to 3.6, half the difference of
the moment ((4.37-3.6)/2=) 0.385 is added to the span moment of S3 which becomes
(3.277+0.385) = 3.662kNm.
The moment over the common short edge can be averaged out to be ((4.197+.968)/2) =
2.583kNm.
Since the negative moment at support of slab S3 decreases from 4.197 to 2.583, half the difference
of the moment (4.197-2.583)/2 = 0.807kNm is added to the span moment of slab which becomes
(3.125+0.807) = 3.932kNm.
iv) Reinforcement:
Along Short Span:
At Support:
Mu = 3.60kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast= 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.60*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 101.9 mm2
= 144 mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At Mid span:
Mu = 3.662kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.662*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 103.71mm2
= (0.12*1000*120)/100 = 144mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
Mu = 2.583kNm d = 92mm
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*2.583*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 79.22mm2
At Mid span:
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.932*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 121.78mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At = 0
At = (3*179.55)/8 = 67.33mm2
Provide #6@410mm c/c spacing at corner for distance upto (3.15/5) = 630mm
At = (3*179.55)/4 = 134.66mm2
Vumax = (1.2*wu*Lx*β)/(2*β+1)
= (1.2*9*3.05*1.033)/(2*1.033+1)
= 11.098kN
Area of tension steel = 179.55mm2
τuc = [0.28+((0.36-0.28)*(0.18-0.15)/0.1]
= 0.304N/mm2
Vuc = k*τuc*b*d
= 1.3*.304*1000*100
Vumax = (0.9*wu*Lx*β)/(2*β+1)
= (0.9*9*3.05*1.033)/(2*1.033+1)
= 8.324kN
Pt = (100*78.55)/(1000*100) = 0.078%
Vuc = k*τuc*b*d
= 1.3*0.28*1000*100
Vumax = (1.2*wu*Lx)/3
= (1.2*9*3.05)/3 = 10.94kN
Pt = (100*167.53)/(1000*92)
= 0.182%
= 0.3056N/mm2
Vuc = 1.3*0.3056*1000*92
Vumax= (0.9*wu*Lx)/3
= (0.9*9*3.05)/3
=8.235kN
Pt = (100*78.55)/(1000*100) = 0.078%
Vuc = k*τuc*b*d
= 1.3*0.28*1000*100
L/D = 32;
D = 3280/32 = 102.5mm.
Taking, D= 120mm
Lx = 3150mm; Ly = 3515mm
Cantilever moment at the edge of balcony and bedroom slab = 3*0.9352*2.1/2 = 2.754kNm
Moment at the common short edge of slab S4 can be averaged out to be ((4.197+1.235)/2)=
2.72kNm.
Since the negative moment at the support decreases from 4.197 to 2.72, half the difference of the
moment ((4.197-2.72)/2) = 0.74 is added to the span moment, which finally becomes
(3.125+0.74) = 3.865kNm
Moment at the common long edge of slab can be averaged out to be ((4.856+1.604)/2) = 3.23kNm
Since the negative moment at the support decreases from 4.856 to 3.23, half the difference of the
moment ((4.856-3.23)/2) = 0.813kNm is added to the span moment which becomes (3.66+0.813)
= 4.473kNm. Span moment is also decreased by (2.754/2) = 1.377kNm as its cantilevered edge is
assumed to be discontinuous. Thus, giving the final design moment as (4.473-1.377) = 3.096kNm.
Mu = 3.60kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast= 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.60*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 101.9 mm2
= (0.12*1000*0.12)/100
= 144 mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At Mid span:
Mu = 3.662kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.662*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 103.71mm2
= (0.12*1000*120)/100 = 144mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
Mu = 2.583kNm d = 92mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*2.583*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 79.22mm2
At Mid span:
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*3.932*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 121.78mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At = 0.375*179.55
= 67.31mm2
At = 0.75*179.55
Vumax = (1.2*wu*Lx*β)/(2*β+1)
= (1.2*9*3.05*1.12)/(2*1.12+1)
= 11.387kN
Pt = (100*179.55)/(1000*100) = 0.18%
τuc = [0.28+((0.36-0.28)*(0.18-0.15)/0.1]
= 0.304N/mm2
Vuc = k*τuc*b*d
= 1.3*.304*1000*100
Vumax = (0.9*wu*Lx*β)/(2*β+1)
= (0.9*9*3.05*1.12)/(2*1.12+1)
= 8.54kN
Pt = (100*78.55)/(1000*100) = 0.078%
= 1.3*0.28*1000*100
Vumax = (1.2*wu*Lx)/3
= (1.2*9*3.05)/3 = 10.94kN
Pt = (100*167.53)/(1000*92)
= 0.182%
τuc = [0.28+((0.36-0.28)*(0.182-0.15)/0.1]
= 0.3056N/mm2
Vuc = 1.3*0.3056*1000*92
Vumax= (0.9*wu*Lx)/3
= (0.9*9*3.05)/3
=8.235kN
Pt = (100*78.55)/(1000*100) = 0.078%
Vuc = k*τuc*b*d
= 1.3*0.28*1000*100
L/D = 40*0.8 = 32
D = 3280/32 = 54mm
Lx = 1500+80 = 1580mm
Ly = 2250+80 = 2380mm
Since the negative moment at support of slab S6 increases from 1.73 to 2.75, half the difference of
the moment ((2.75-1.73)/2=) 0.51 is subtracted from the span moment of S6 which becomes (1.32-
0.51) = 0.81kNm.
iv) Reinforcement:
Along Short Span:
At Support:
Mu = 2.75kN-m; d = 80mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast= 0.5*20*1000*80*[1-√{1-((4.6*2.75*106)/(20*1000*802))}]/415
= 97.73 mm2
= (0.12*1000*0.12)/100
= 144 mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At Mid span:
Mu = 0.81kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
= 28.26mm2
= (0.12*1000*120)/100 = 144mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*72*[1-√{1-((4.6*0.885*106)/(20*1000*722))}]/415
= 34.40mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At = (3*167.55)/8 = 62.824mm2
Provide #6@410mm c/c spacing at corner for distance upto (1500/5) = 300mm
At = (3*167.53)/4 = 125.65mm2
L/D = 40*0.8 = 32
D = 3380/32 = 105.62mm
Lx = 3150+100 = 3250mm
Ly = 5500+100 = 5600mm
The moment over common short edge of slab S7 can be averaged out to be ((5.418+5.382)/2=)
5.40kNm.
Since the negative moment at support of slab S7 decreases from 5.418 to 5.40, half the difference
of the moment ((5.418-5.4)/2=) 0.009 is added to the span moment of S3 which becomes
(4.088+0.009) = 4.097kNm.
Span moment is also decreased by (3.98/2)= 1.99kNm as the cantilevered edge is assumed to be
discontinuous. Thus, final fpan moment becomes (4.097-1.99) = 2.107kNm
iv) Reinforcement:
Along Short Span:
At Mid span:
Mu = 7.263kN-m; d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*100*[1-√{1-((4.6*7.263*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 221.63mm2
= (0.12*1000*120)/100 = 144mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/221.63 = 226.77mm
Mu = 5.418kNm d = 100mm
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*5.418*106)/(20*1000*1002))}]/415
= 155.13mm2
At Mid span:
[ √{ ( )}]
Ast
Ast = 0.5*20*1000*92*[1-√{1-((4.6*2.107*106)/(20*1000*922))}]/415
= 121.78mm2
Spacing
= (1000*50.26)/144 = 350mm
At = (3*228.45)/8 = 85.67mm2
Provide #6@320mm c/c spacing at corner for distance upto (3150/5) = 630mm
At = (3*228.45)/4 = 171.34mm2
xa = 102.389mm.
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*445.83)/(0.36*20*230)
= 97 mm < xm
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*122(274-0.42*97)/4
= 9.52*106 Nmm
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
= 47Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
Ld ≤ (1.3*M1/V)+L0
47Φ ≤ (1.3*9.52*106)/(14.2*1000)+96
≤ 967.55
Φ ≤ 20.58mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
Shear Reinforcement:
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*452.4)/(230*300)
= 0.60%
= 0.528 N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = (118.31*1000)/ (230*300)
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (118.31*1000)-(0.528*230*300)
= 49310 N
Spacing;
x = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus
= (0.87*250*100.52)/49310
= 132.98mm
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
Ao≥ (0.4*b*x)/(0.87*fy)
≥ (0.4*230*132.98)/(0.87*250)
≥ 54.25 mm2
A 2-legged stirrrup 8mm diameter at 130mm c/c spacing satisfies all the requirements of the code.
= 120.016kNm
Mu < BM, do
= 0.0026898
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*387.296)/(0.36*20*115)
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*122(574-0.42*168.88)/4
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
= 47Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
47Φ ≤ (1.3*20.54*106)/(31.78*1000)+96
≤ 936.21
Φ ≤ 20mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
Shear Reinforcement:
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*387.296)/(115*600)
= 0.56%
τc = 0.48+(0.56-0.48)*.06/0.25
= 0.50 N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = ((173.73*3)*1000)/ (115*600)
= 1.72 N/mm
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (118.31*1000)-(0.528*230*300)
= 139230 N
Spacing;
= (0.87*250*100.52*574)/139230
= 90.13mm
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
Ao≥ (0.4*b*x)/(0.87*fy)
≥ (0.4*115*90.13)/(0.87*250)
≥ 19.06 mm2
A 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup at 90mm c/c spacing satisfies all the requirements of the code.
= 5.17 kN/m,
= 1.265 + 3.302
= (176.95*2.252)/8
= 111.97 kNm
xa =107.7 mm.
Ast = 614.4mm2.
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*614.4)/(0.36*20*230)
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*122(574-0.42*133.95)/4
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
= 47Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
Ld ≤ (1.3*M1/V)+L0
47Φ ≤ (1.3*21.14*106)/(47.77*1000)+96
≤ 671.4
Φ ≤ 14mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
Shear Reinforcement:
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*614.4)/(230*600)
= 0.44%
τc = 0.36+(0.48-0.36)*(.44-0.25)/.25
= 0.451 N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = ((176.95*2.25)*1000)/ (230*600)
= 1.72 N/mm
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (176.95*2.25*1000)-(0.44*230*300)
= 139230 N
Spacing;
x = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus
= (0.87*250*100.52*574)/139230
= 90.13mm
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
Ao≥ (0.4*b*x)/(0.87*fy)
≥ (0.4*115*90.13)/(0.87*250)
≥ 19.06 mm2
A 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup at 90mm c/c spacing satisfies all the requirements of the code.
= 1.456 kN/m,
= 120.016kNm
Mu = 0.87*fy*Ast1*(d-(0.48*xu))
120*106= 0.87*415*Ast1*(550-(0.48*550))
Ast2 = 552.53mm2
= 0.0026898
xa = 133.96mm
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*768)/(0.36*20*230)
= 167.44 mm < xm
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*162(574-0.42*167.44)/4
= 36.56*106 Nmm
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
= 47Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
Ld ≤ (1.3*M1/V)+L0
47Φ ≤ (1.3*36.56*106)/(31.8*1000)+96
≤ 1601
Φ ≤ 34mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*768)/(230*600)
= 0.55%
τc = 0.48+(0.56-0.48)*.05/0.25
= 0.496 N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = (*1000)/ (230*300)
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (356.85*1000)-(0.496*230*600)
= 288402 N
Spacing;
x = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus
= (0.87*250*100.52)/49310
= 41.69mm
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
≥ (0.4*230*132.98)/(0.87*250)
≥ 54.25 mm2
Though a 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup at 40mm c/c spacing satisfies all the requirements of the
code, the minimum spacing should 100mm.
Xa = 51.700mm.
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*296.41)/(0.36*20*230)
= 64.62 mm < xm
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*122(274-0.42*64.62)/4
= 10.08*106 Nmm
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
= 47Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
Ld ≤ (1.3*M1/V)+L0
47Φ ≤ (1.3*10.08*106)/(9.35*1000)+96
Φ ≤ 32mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
Shear Reinforcement:
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*296.41)/(230*300)
= 0.43%
τc = 0.36+(0.48-0.36)*.18/0.25
= 0.446 N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = (81.93*1000)/ (230*300)
= 1.18 N/mm2
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (81.93*1000)-(0.446*230*300)
= 51156 N
Spacing;
x = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus
= (0.87*250*100.52*250)/51156
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
Ao≥ (0.4*b*x)/(0.87*fy)
≥ (0.4*230*106.84)/(0.87*250)
≥ 45.20 mm2
A 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup at 100mm c/c spacing satisfies all the requirements of the code.
Xa = 13.385mm.
Say 1 bar
Anchorage bars:
x = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
= (0.87*415*76.74)/(0.36*20*230)
= 16.73 mm < xm
M1 = 0.87*fy*At(d-0.42*x)
= 0.87*415*п*102(274-0.42*16.73)/4
= 7.57*106 Nmm
For M20 grade τbd = 1.2 N/mm2. It can be increased by 60% in case of TOR bars.
Ld = [(0.87*fy)/(4*τbd)]Φ
= [(0.87*415)/(4*1.2)]Φ
Bars are given 90 bend at the center of support, its anchorage value;
L0 = 8Φ = 8*12 = 96mm
Ld ≤ (1.3*M1/V)+L0
47Φ ≤ (1.3*7.57*106)/(6.5*1000)+96
≤ 1610.5
Φ ≤ 34mm
Since, actual dia of bars are less than this, hence development length is satisfied.
Shear Reinforcement:
P = (100*Ast)/(b*d)
= (100*76.74)/(230*300)
= 0.11%
τc = 0.28N/mm2
τv = Vu/ (b*d)
τv = (36.11*1000)/ (230*300)
= 0.52 N/mm2
Vus = Vu - τc*b*d
= (36.11*1000)-(0.28*230*300)
= 16790 N
x = (0.87*fy*Asv*d)/Vus
= (0.87*250*100.52*250)/51156
= 325mm
According to IS 456:2000
x ≤300
≤ 0.75*d (=225mm)
Min. reinforcement:
Ao≥ (0.4*b*x)/(0.87*fy)
≥ (0.4*230*106.84)/(0.87*250)
≥ 45.20 mm2
A 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup at 225mm c/c spacing satisfies the code requirements.
Effective height 3 m
Ag = 40499.32497 mm2
Longitudinal steel:
a = √40499 = 201mm
Lateral Ties:
< 16 υL
Effective height 3 m
Ag = 36050.62892 mm2
Longitudinal steel:
Ag = a2
a = √36050.63 =189.99mm
< 16 υL
= 520.12 kN
Ag = 42843.50 mm2
Longitudinal steel
Ag = a2
Provide 220*220
< 16 υL
Pu = 546.6 kN
Ag = 45029.65 mm2
Longitudinal steel:
Ag = a2
A =√45029.65 = 212.21mm
Lateral Ties:
< 16 υL
= 1.97cm < 20 cm
< Asc
Adopt 6 mm ties,
Pitch ≤ 400 mm
≤ 300 mm
Ag = 23703.88669 mm2
Longitudinal steel
Ag = a2
a = √23703.87 = 157.98mm
< 16 υL
i) Load Consideration:
Load from column = 520Kn
= 572 kN
= 572/135 = 4.24m2
(0.22+2*b)2 = 4.24
4b2+1.2b-4.15 = 0
b= 0.92m = 0.9m
L = B = (0.22+(2*0.9)) = 2.02 m
= 140.2 Kn/m2
Muxx = P*L*(L-b)2/8
= (140.2*2.02*(2.02-0.9)2)/8
= 44.41kNm
Muxx = 0.136σck*b*d2
66.61*106 = 0.136*20*2100*d2
d = 110mm
iii) Reinforcement:
BM = 0.87*σy*At*(d – (σy*At/σck*b))
At = 585.1mm2
Vu = P*[{(B-b)/2}-d]*B
= 140.2*[{(2.02-0.9)/2}-0.11]*2.02
τv = Vu/(B*d)
= (127.44*103)/(2020*110)
= 0.574N/mm2
Pt = (100*585)/(2020*110)
= 0.263%
τc = 0.36+((0.48-0.36)/0.25)*(0.263-0.25)
= 0.366 N/mm2
τv> τc
Vu = P*(B2-(b+d)2)
= 140.2*(2.022 – (0.9+0.11)2)
= 429.05 Kn
Perimeter b0 = 4*(b+d)
= 4*(0.9+0.11)
= 4.04 m
Ks = 0.5+β
β=1
Ks = 1+0.5 = 1.5>1
Ks = 1
τc = 0.25√σck
= 0.25√20
= 1.12 N/mm2
τv’ = τc’
429*103/(4040*d) = 1.12
d = 94.81mm <100mm
Stirrups 8mmΦ
No. of bars = 4
= 2.25+0.27 = 2.52 m
= 2.52 + 47*0.012
= 3.08 m
= 18.6 = 19
= 21
= 0.87 m
Total: 11.70 kg
Table 10.1
Stirrups 8mmΦ
= 3+0.22 = 3.22 m
= 3.22 + 47*0.018
= 4.07 m
= 3.78m
= 3.69 m
= 32.22 = 33
= 35
= 1.47 m
Total: 52.27 kg
Table 10.2
Stirrups 8mmΦ
No. of bars = 6
= 2.25+0.27 = 2.52 m
= 2.52 + 47*0.012
= 3.08 m
= 27
= 29
= 1.47 m
Total: 33.51kg
Table 10.3
No. of bars = 4
= 3.27 + 47*0.016
= 4.02 m
= 29.5 = 30
= 32
Total: 44.23kg
Table 10.4
No. of bars = 3
= 2.365+0.22 = 2.585 m
= 2.585 + 47*0.012
= 3.15 m
= 22.65 = 23
= 0.87 m
Total: 17.11kg
Table 10.5
No. of bars = 1
= 1.5+0.22 = 1.72 m
= 1.72 + 47*0.012
= 2.28 m
= 6.22 = 7
= 0.87 m
Total: 4.54kg
Table 10.6
10.7 COLUMN:
1. 12mmΦ bar in base footing
1. Base footing
2. Vertical bars
No. of bars = 4
3. Tie bars
= 721.44mm = 0.73m
Total: 27.16kg
Table 10.7
i) At support:
= 1.75 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.894 m
= 1.75 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.894 m
i) At mid span:
= 3 – 0.5 = 2.5m
= 2.5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 3.94 m
= 3 – 0.5 = 2.5m
= 2.5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 3.94 m
4. TORSION STEEL:
Total: 17.56kg
Table 10.8
= 3 – 0.5 = 2.5m
= 3 – 0.5 = 2.5m
= 2.5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 3.94 m
3. DISTRIBUTION BAR :
= 6.5 – 0.5 = 6m
= 6 + (2*9*0.06)
= 7.08 m
Total: 40.18kg
Table 10.9
i) At support:
= 2.55 + (2*9*0.08)
= 2.69 m
i) At support:
3. DISTRIBUTION BAR :
= 2.55+ (2*9*0.08)
= 2.69 m
4. TORSION STEEL:
Total: 19.31kg
Table 10.10
i) At support:
= 2.55 + (2*9*0.08)
= 2.69 m
= 2.55 + (2*9*0.08)
= 2.69 m
i) At support:
= 3.06 m
3. DISTRIBUTION BAR :
= 2.92+ (2*9*0.08)
= 3.06 m
4. TORSION STEEL:
i) At support:
= 1 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.14 m
= 1.5 – 0.5 = 1m
= 1 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.14 m
i) At mid span:
= 1.75 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.89 m
= 1.75 + (2*9*0.08)
= 1.89 m
4. TORSION STEEL:
i) At mid span:
= 2.65 + (2*9*0.08)
= 2.79 m
i) At support:
= 5.5 – 0.5 = 5m
= 5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 5.5 – 0.5 = 5m
= 5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 5.14 m
3. DISTRIBUTION BAR :
= 5.5 – 0.5 = 5m
= 5 + (2*9*0.08)
= 5.14 m
4. TORSION STEEL:
Table 11.1
Ratio = 1:4:8
11.2.3 Brick work in super structure with 1:3:3 cement sand mortar
Volume of brick work in one floor = 33.16 m3
= 0.32*132.64 = 42.44m3
Ratio = 1:2:4
Columns:
Total volume = 11.62 m3
Slabs:
Total volume = 48.1 m3
Total wt. of 12 mm steel bars in column in whole building = 404.16*5 = 2020.8 kg = 20.21
quintal
Total wt. of 6mm tie bars in columns =5*30.4 = 152kg = 1.52 quintal
Beam:
From BBS:
Total wt. of 10mm steel bars in steel beams = 11.98*5 = 59.9kg = 0.6quintal
Slabs:
Wt. of 8mm steel bars in slabs on one floor = 162.7kg
Table 11.9