Theory 2 PDF

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 25
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053 www.motioniitjee.com, email-info@motioniitjee.com
Page # 2 DEFINITE INTEGRATION
JEE Syllabus :
Definite integrals and their properties, application of definite integrals to the determination of areas
involving simple curves
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota,

394 - Rajeev Ph. No.
Gandhi 0744-2209671,
Nagar 93141-87482,
Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93527-21564
93141-87482, 93527-21564
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, 0744-2439052, 0744-2439053
IVRS No. 0744-2439051, www.motioniitjee.com,
0744-2439052, email-info@motioniitjee.com
0744-2439053, www.motioniitjee.com, email-info@motioniitjee.com
DEFINITE INTEGRATION Page # 3
A. THE AREA PROBLEM

y
Use rectangles to estimate the area under the parabola y = x2 from, 0 to 1
Wr first notice that the area of S must be somewhere between 0 and 1 (1,1)
because S is contained in a square with side length 1, but we can certainly
do better than that. Suppose we divide S into four
y = x2
1
strips S1, S2, S3, and S4 by drawing the vertical lines x = ,
4
x
1 3 0 1
x= and x = as in Figure (a).
2 4 Figure
We can approximate each strip by a rectangle y y
whose base is the same as the strip and
whose height is the same as the right edge
2 (1,1) (1,1)
of the strip [see Figure (b)]. In other words, y=x
the heights of these rectangle are the values
of the function f(x) = x2 at the right end S2
S1
 1  1 1
points of the subintervals 0,  ,  ,  ,
 4 4 2 x x
0 1 1 3 1 0 1 1 3 1
1 3 3  4 2 4 4 2 4
 2 , 4  and  4 , 1 . (a) (b)
   
2 2 2
1  1  1 3
Each rectangle has width and the heights are   ,   ,   , and 12. If we let R4 be the sum of
4 4 2 4
the areas of these approximating rectangles, we get y
2 2 2
1  1 1  1 1 3 1 2 15 2 (1,1)
R4 = ,  +   +   + .1 = = 0.46875 y=x
4 4 4 2 4 4 4 32
From the Figure (b) we see that the area A of S is less than R4, so
A < 0.46875
Instead of using the rectangles in Figure (b) we could use the smaller
rectangles in Figure (c) whose heights are the values of f at the left x
0 1 1 3 1
endpoints of the subintervals. (The leftmost rectangle has collapsed
because its heights is 0). The sum of the areas of 4 2 4
these approximating rectangles is Figure (c)
2 2 2
1 1  1 1  1 1 1  3  7
L4= .02 + .   + .   + .  = =0.21875 y y
4 4
4   2
4   4 4
4   32
We see that the area of S is larger than L4, (1,1) (1,1)
so we have lower and upper estimates for A y = x2
0.21875 < A < 0.46875
We can repeat this procedure with a larger number
of strips. Figure (d), (e) shows what happens when
we divide the region S into eight strips of
x x
equal width. 0 1 1 0 1 1
By computing the sum of the areas of the 8 8
smaller rectangles (L8) and the sum of the
(d) Using left endpoint (e) Using right endpoint
areas of the larger rectangles (R8), we obtain
better lower and upper estimates for A : 0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375
So one possible answer the question is to say that the true area of S lies somewhere between
0.2734375 and 0.3984375. We coluld obtain better estimates by increasing the number of strips.
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B. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b
P-1 : CHANGE OF VARIABLE : The definite integral a f(x) dx is a number, it does not depend on x. In
fact, we could use any letter in place of x without changing the value of the integral ;
b b b
a f(x) dx = f(t) dt = a f(r) dr .
a
b
P-2 : CHANGE OF LIMIT : When we defined the definite integral a f(x)dx, we implicity assumed that
a < b. But the definition as a limit of sum makes sense even if a > b. Notice that if we reverse a
and b, then x changes from (b – a)/n to (a – b)/n.
a b
Therefore f(x)dx = – a f(x)dx
0
P-3 : ADDITIVITY WITH RESPECT TO THE INTERVAL OF INTEGRATION : y
c b b y = f(x)
a f(x) dx + c f(x) dx = a f(x) dx
This is not easy to prove in general, but for the case where
f(x)  0 and a < c < b Property 7 can be seen from the
geometric interpretation in Figure : The area under y = f(x)
from a to c plus the area from c to b is equal to the total x
0 a c b
area from a to b.
Figure
10 8 10
Ex.1 If it is known that 0 f ( x ) dx  17 and 0 f ( x ) dx  12, find 0 f ( x ) dx.
8 10 10 10 10 8
Sol. We have 0 f ( x) dx  8 f ( x ) dx  0 f ( x ) dx , So 8 f ( x ) dx  0 f ( x ) dx  0 f ( x) dx  17  12  5
3 2
Ex.2 Find 1 (3  2x  x ) dx .
Sol. The function f defined by f(x) = 3 – 2x + x2 is continuous and has antiderivative g defined by
1 3
g(x) = 3x – x2 + x . Therefore, by the fundamental theorem of the calculus,
3
3 1 20
2
1 (3  2x  x ) dx = g(3) – g(1) = (9 – 9 + 9) – (3 – 1 +
3
)=
3
.
2
Ex.3 Evaluate 0 | 2x  1| dx .
 1
  ( 2x  1), x  2
Sol. We can rewirte the integrand as follows |2x – 1| =  1
 2x  1, x 
 2
From this, you can rewrite the integral in two parts.
2 1/ 2 2 2 5
(2x  1) dx   [  x 2  x ]10/ 2  [ x 2  x ]1/ 2 =
0 | 2x  1| dx = 0 1/ 2 (2x  1) dx 2
/2
  2x  
Ex.4 Evaluate  sin x     dx, (where [ * ] denotes greatest integer function)
   
/4
/2 /2
  2x     1 2x  2x 
Sol. l=  sin x     dx. Also <x<  < < 1    = 0 so that l =  [sin x] dx  0 .
    4 2 2  
/4 / 4
x
Ex.5 Find the range of the function f(x) =  | t  1| dt , where 0  x  2.
0
 x
 (1  t ) dt, 0  x  1
  x2
x   x  ,0  x 1
=  2 2
0
Sol. Given that f(x) =  | t  1 | dt  f(x) =  1 x
  x  x  1, 1  x  2
0  (1  t ) dt  ( t  1) dt 1  x  2
   2
 0 1
 The range of the function f(x) is [0, 1].
a  0 if f(x) is an odd function i.e. f(x)  f(x)

 a
P-4 : f(x) dx  
 2 f(x)dx  if f(x) is an even function i.e. f(x)  f(x)
a 
 0
a 0 a a a
Proof :  a f(x) dx  a f(x) dx  0 f(x) dx   0 f(x) dx  0 f(x) dx
In the first integral on the far right side we make the substitution u = –x. Then du = –dx and
a a a a a a
when x = –a, u = a. Therefore  f ( x ) dx   f ( u)(du)  f ( u) du  a f ( x ) dx  0 f ( u) du  0 f ( x) dx
0 0 0
a a a a
(a) If f is even, then a f ( x) dx  0 f (u) du  0 f ( x) dx  2 0 f ( x) dx
a a a
(b) If f is odd, then a f ( x) dx   0 f (u) du  0 f ( x) dx  0
y y
Theorem is illustrated by Figure(a, b) For
the case where f is positive and even, part(a)
says that the area under y= f(x) from –a to
–a 0
a x
a is twice the area from 0 to a because of
symmetry. Thus, part (b) says the integral
is 0 because the areas cancel.
a x
–a 0
Since f(x) = x6 + 1 satisfies f(–x) = f(x), it is even and so
2 2 2
1   128  284
 2 ( x 6  1) dx  2 0 ( x 6  1) dx   x 7  x   2  2 
7 0  7  7
1 tan x
Since f(x) = (tan x)/(1 + x2 + x4) satisfies f(–x) = –f(x), it is odd and so 11  x 2  x 4 dx  0
b b a a
P-5 :  f(x) dx = f(a + b - x) dx, ln particular f(x) dx = f(a - x) dx
  
a a 0 0
2a a a a
P-6 :  f(x) dx = f(x) dx + f(2a - x) dx = 2 f(x) dx
   if f(2a – x) = f(x)
0 0 0 0
=0 if f(2a – x) = – f(x)
na a
P-7 :  f(x) dx = n  f(x) dx ; where 'a' is the period of the function i.e. f(a + x) = f(x)
0 0
b+aT b
P-8 :  f(x) dx = f(x) dx where f(x) is periodic with period T & n  l

a+nT a
b b
Remark :  f(x) dx   |f(x)| dx
a a
2
3
Ex.6 Evaluate
 2 ( x  3 x ) dx .
y–axis
3
Sol. The integrand, f(x) = x3 – 3x, is an an odd function; i.e., the y = x – 3x
equation f(–x) is satisifed for every x. Its graph, drwan in
Figure, is therefore symmetric under reflection first about x-axis
the x-axis and then about the y-axis. If follows that the
region above the x-axis has the same areas as the region
2 3
below it. We conclude that
 2 ( x  3 x ) dx = 0.
n
[ x]
Ex.7 Evaluate
n (1) dx , n  N, where [x] denotes the greatest integer function less than or equal to x.
n
[ x]
Sol. Let l =
n (1) dx . Suppose f(x) = (–1)[x]
 f(–x) = (–1)[–x] = (–1)–1–[x], x  l = – (–1)–[x]
1 ( 1)[ x ]
=– [x] =– = – (–1)[x] = – f(x), f(x) is odd function.
( 1) ( 1)2[ x ]
n [ x]
 l= n (1) dx  0
2 x sin2n x
Ex.8 Show that 0 dx = 2.
sin2n x  cos2n
2 x sin2n x 2 ( 2  x ) sin2n ( 2  x )
Sol. Let l = 0 sin2n x  cos 2n
= 0 sin2n (2  x )  cos 2n ( 2  x )
dx (By prop.) ........(1)
2 ( 2  x ) sin2n x
= 0 dx ........(2)
(sin2n x  cos 2n x )
2 2 sin2 nx 2 sin2n x
adding (1) and (2) we get 2l = 0 dx = 2 dx
sin2n x  cos2n x 0 sin2n x  cos2n x
 sin2n x 2 sin2n x
= 2 0 sin2n x  cos2n x dx (By prop.) ( l= dx )
0 sin2n x  cos 2n x
/2 sin2n x
I = 4 0 dx ........(3)
sin2n x  cos2n x

sin2n   x 

/2 2 
= 4 0 dx (By prop.)
2n    2n   
sin   x   cos   x 
2  2 
/2 cos 2n x
I = 4 0 dx ........(4)
2n
(cos x  sin 2n x )
/2
adding (3) and (4) we get 2 l = 4
0 1. dx . Hence l = 2.
1 dx
Ex.9 Evalute 0 (5  2x  2x 2 )(2  e2 4 x )
1 dx
Sol. Let l = 0 (5  2x  2x 2 )(2  e2 4 x ) .........(1)
1 dx
= 0 [5  2(1  x )  2(1  x)2 ][1  e24 [1 x] ] (By Property)
1 dx 1 e( 2  4 x )
= 0 (5  2x  2x 2 )(1  e2  4 x ) = 0 (5  2x  2x 2 )(1  e2  4x ) dx .........(2)
1 (1  e )( 2 4 x ) dx 1 dx 1 1 dx
Adding (1) and (2) we get 2l = 0 (5  2x  2x 2 )(1  e(2  4 x ) ) = 0 ( 5  2 x  2 x 2 )   2 0  x 2  x  5 
 
 2
1
 11 1 
 x 
1 1 dx 1 1 dx 1 1 2 2
=– 0  2
 0  2
= . n 
2 2 2 2 2 11  11 1 
1  11 
 11    x  1 
 2.  x 
 x      2  2 2 0
 2  2 

 2 
   2
1 1  11 1 11  1 1 1  11 1 11  1
= n  n = n  n
2 11 11  1 2 11 11  1 2 11 11  1 2 11 11  1
2 11  1 1 11  1 1 11  1
= n  n Hence  = n
2 11 11  1 2 11 11  1 4 11 11  1
15
Ex.10 Evaluate
 1 Sgn ({x}) dx , (where { * } denotes the fractional part function)
1, If x is not an int eger 15 0 15
Sol. We have Sgn ({x}) = 0, If x is an int eger

  1 Sgn ({x}) dx   1Sgn ({x}) dx  0 Sgn ({x}) dx
0 1
=  11.dx  15  0 1.dx = 1(0 + 1) + 15(1 – 0) = 16 ( {x} is a periodic function)
1
Ex.11 Let the function f be defined by f(x) = |x – 1| – , 0  x  2, f(x + 2) = f(x) for all x  R.
2
100 1
Evaluate (i)  f ( x ) dx (ii)  | f (2x ) | dx ½
0 0
2 100 2
Sol.  f ( x ) dx  0 from the property of periodic function f ( x ) dx = 50  f ( x ) dx  0 –2 –1 1 2
0
 0 –½
0
(1,–½)
n
0 [ x] dx
Ex.12 Evaluate n , where [x] and {x} denotes the integral part, and fractional part function of x and n  N.
0 {x} dx
n 1 2 3 n
[ x ] dx [x] dx  [x] dx  [x] dx  .... 
0 0 1 2 n1[x] dx
Sol. Let l = n = 4
0 {x} dx n  0 {x} dx
2 3 n
0  1. (n  1)n
1 dx  22 dx  .....  (n  1) n1 dx 0  1  2  3  ......  (n  1) 2
= 4 = =  (n  1) .
1 n
n .  x dx n.
0 2 2
pq   
Ex.13 Show that 0 | cos x | dx = 2q + sin p where q  N & – <p< .
2 2
pq  q p q   p
Sol. Let l = | cos x | dx = | cos x | dx + | cos x | dx = q 0 | cos x | dx  0 | cos x | dx
0 0 0
{ period of |cos x| is }
 /2   p  /2   p
| cos x | dx  | cos x | dx  = cos x dx 
= q

0  /2  0
cos x dx = q 

0  / 2 cos x dx  + 0 cos x dx
/2  p
= q {(sin x )0 – (sin x ) / 2 } + (sin x )0 = q{(1 – 0) – (0 – 1)} + sin p – sin 0 = 2q + sin p
2n 
Ex.14 Evaluate 0 [sin x  cos x] dx , (where [ * ] is the greatest integer function)
 
1 , 0x
2
  3
0 , x
 2 4
 1 3
2n   , x
Sol. Let l = [sin x  cos x] , [P] =  4
0  3
2 , x
 2
 1 3 7
, x
 2 4
 7
0 ,
4
 x  2

2  /2 3  /4  3  /2 7  /4 2
So, 0 [sin x  cos x]dx  0 1.dx   /2 0.dx   3/4 (1)dx   (2)dx   3/2 ( 1)dx   7/4 0.dx
 3 7 3
= +0–+ – 3 + 2 – + +0=–
2 4 4 2
Since sin x + cos x is periodic function with period 2, so
2n 2
l= 0 [sin x  cos x] dx  n 0 [sin x  cos x] dx = – n 
Alternative Method : (Graphical Method)
It is clear from the figure. Y
 2 sin x
2n    
0  2 sin x   dx 1 5 3 7
  4 
4 2 4
X
O   3  2 9
–1 4 2 4 4
9 / 4
=  / 4 [ 2 sin x] dx  Area of Shaded region –2
 3    5  7 5 
 × –2 +  2  7   × –1 = – 

=    × 1 + 10 +    x – 1 +  
 4 4  4   4 4   4 
2x
Hence 0 [sin x  cos x] dx   n
C. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE (LEIBNITZ RULE)
h( x )
d
If h(x) & g(x) are differentiable function of x then,
dx  f (t ) dt  f[h (x)] . h'(x) – f [g (x)] . g'(x)
g( x )
x
Ex.15 Find the derivative of the function g(x) =
0 1  t 2 dt .
Sol. Since f(t) = 1 t 2 is continuous, therefore g'(x) = 1 x 2
t 1
Ex.16 If F(t) = 0 x2  1 dx , find F'(1), F'(2), and F'(x).
1
Sol. The integrand in this example is the continuous function f defined by f(x) = 2 .
x 1
1 1 1 1 1
F'(t) = f(t) = 2 . In particular,, F'(1) = 2 = , F'(2) = 2 = ,
t 1 1 1 2 2 1 5
d x4
Ex.17 Find 1 sec t dt .
dx
d x4 d u d  u  du du
Sol. Let u = x4. Then
dx 1 sec t dt =
dx 1 sec t dt = 
du  1 sec t dt  dx = sec u
dx
= sec (x4) . 4x3.
x3
Ex.18 FInd the derivative of F(x) =  / 2 cos t dt
dF du d  u  du
Sol. F'(x) =
du dx
=
du   / 2 cos t dt  dx = (cos u) (3x2) = (cos x3) (3x2)
x3 x 3 
F(x) =  / 2 cos t dt  sin t  / 2 = sin x3 – sin = (sin x3) – 1 F'(x) = (cos x3) (3x2).
2
x
2
Ex.19 Let f(x) =  {(a  1)(t  t  1)2 – (a + 1)(t4 + t2 + 1)}dt. Find the value of 'a' for which f'(x) = 0 has two
0
distinct real roots.

Sol. Differentiating the given equation, we get f'(x) = (a – 1) (x2 + x + 1)2 – (a + 1) (x2 + x + 1) (x2 – x + 1).
Now, f'(x) = 0  (a – 1) (x2 + x + 1) – (a + 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0  x2 – ax + 1 = 0.
2 2
For distinct real roots D > 0 i.e. a – 4 > 0 a > 4  a  (–, –2)  (2, )
n n n
 1 1 1
Ex.20 Show that for a differentiable function f(x),  f ' ( x ) [ x ]  x   dx  f ( x ) dx  f (0)  f (n)  f (r ) ,
 
 2 2 2
0 0 r 0
(where [ * ] denotes the greaetest integer function and n  N)
n n n n r  n 
1  1
f ' ( x )[ x ] dx  ( xf ( x ))0  f ( x ) dx   ( f ( x ))n0
n

Sol. l=  f ' ( x )[ x ] dx  x f ' ( x ) dx 
 f ' ( x ) dx =
 
2
r 1 r 1 
  2
0 0 0 0
n r n n n
1 1 1 1
 (r  1) f ' ( x ) dx  nf (n)  f (n)  f (0)  f ( x ) dx =  (r  1){f (r )  f (r  1)}  nf (n)  f (n)  f ( x ) dx  f (0)

=
r 1
 2 2  r 1
2
0
2
r 1 0
n n n
1 1 1 1
f (r )  f (n)  f (0)  f ( x ) dx
= – f(1) – f(2) – ........ – f(n – 1) – f(n) +
2
f(n) +
2
f(0) +  f ( x ) dx = 
r 1
2 2 
0
0
0
x
Ex.21 Evaluate   xe dx .
0 0
x lim x
Sol.   xe dx = t    t xe dx
We integrate by parts with u = x, dv = ex dx so that du = dx, v = ex ;

0 0 0
x
 t xe dx  xe x  t e
x
dx = –tet – 1 + et
t
We know that et  0 as t  –, and by l'Hopital's Rule we have
t t
lim te t  lim  lim lim (–et) = 0
= t
t   t   e  t t   et 
0
x
Therefore  xe dx  lim ( te t  1  e t ) = – 0 – 1 + 0 = –1
t  
 1
Ex.22 Evaluate   1  x2 dx.
 1 0 1  1
Sol.
  1  x 2 dx    1  x 2 dx  0 1  x 2 dx
We must now evaluate the integrals on the right side separately :
 1 t 1 t 
1 1 1 1
0 1 x2 dx  tlim
  0 1  x 2
 lim tan
t 
x 0 = lim (tan t  tan 0)  lim tan t 
t  t 2
0 1 0 dx   
  1  x 2 dx  lim   lim tan 1 x 0t = lim (tan 1 0  tan 1 t ) = 0 –   2  =
t   t 1 x 2 t   t     2
Since both of these integrals are convergent, the given y

1
 1   y
integral is convergent and   1  x2 dx   
2 2 1 x2 area  
Since 1/(1 + x2) > 0, the given improper integral can be

interpreated as the area of the infinite region that lies under the x
0
curve y = 1/(1 + x2) and above the x-axis (see Figure).
Figure
5 1
Ex.23 Find
2 dx .
x2
Sol. We note first that the given integral is improper because f(x) = 1/ x  2
y
has the vertical asymptote x = 2. Since the infinite discontinuity occurs 1
at the left end point of [2, 5] y
x2
5 dx dx 5 lim
2  lim  
= lim 2 x  2 t = t 2 (2 3 – x2 ) = 2 3
x 2 t 2 x2 
t 2
Thus, the given improper integrat is convergent and, since the integrand x
is positive, we can interpret the value of the integral as the area of 0 1 2 3 4 5
the shaded region in Figure. Figure
1
Ex.24 Evaluate 0 ln x dx .
lim
Sol. We know that the function f(x) = ln x has a vertical asymptote at 0 since x 0  n x = –. Thus, the
1 1
given integral is improper and we have 0 ln x dx = x lim
0 t
ln x dx 
Now we integrate by parts with u = ln x, dv = dx, du = dx/x, and v = x y
1 1
t ln x dx = x ln x 1t –
t dx =1 ln – t ln t – (1 – t) = – t ln t – 1 + t
x
To find the limit of the first term we use I'Hopital's Rule : 0 1
lim lim ln t lim 1/ t lim

t ln t = x 0  = t 0 = t 0 (–t) = 0 area = 1 y = 1x
x 0  1/ t 1/ t2
Figure
1 lim
Therefore 0 ln x dx = t 0  (–t ln t – 1 + t) = –0 – 1 + 0 = –1
Figure shows the geometric interpretation of this result. The area of the shaded region above y =
ln x and below the x-axis is 1.
 x
Ex.25 Evaluate  0 [2e ] dx , (where [ * ] denotes the greatest integer function)
 x dy
Sol. Let l =  0 [2e ] dx . Let y = 2e–x 
dx
= – 2e–x < 0  x  [0, )
 2e–x is decreaisng function  x  [0, )  0 < 2e–x  2  x  [0, )
1
for x > n 2  ex > 2  e–x <  2e–x < 1  0  2e–x < 1 [2e–x] = 0
2
n 2  n 2 
 l= 0 [2e  x ] dx +
 n 2 [2ex ] dx = 0 1. dx  n 2 0.dx = (n 2 – 0) + 0 = n 2
D. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM
b
limit
 f(x)dx = n  h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) +..........+ f(a + n - 1 h)]
a
n-1
limit
= h 0
h  f(a + rh) where b – a = nh
r =0
n-1 1
limit
If a = 0 & b = 1 then, n 
h  f(rh) =  f(x)dx ; where nh = 1
r =0 0
n-1 1
limit  1  r 
or n    n   f   = f(x)dx 
n
r =1   0
Remark : The symbol  was introduced by Leibnitz and is called integral sign. It is an elongated S and
b
was chosen because an integral is a limit of sums. In the notation  a f(x) dx, f(x) is called the integrand
and a and b are called the limits of integration; a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit. The symbol
b
dx has no official meaning by itself;  a f(x) dx is all one symbol. The procedure of calculating an integral
is called integration.
3 3
Ex.26 Evaluate  0 (x  6x) dx using limit of sum.
n n n  3i 3
3  3i  3 3  3i 
(x3  6x) dx = lim  f ( xi ) x – nlim f  = nlim  6 
Sol. 0 n    n  n   n 
i 1 i 1
 n
i 1   n 
y
n  n n
3  27 3 18   81 54
= nlim   3 i  i lim i3    i 5
4
n2
 n n  = n n 3
i 1 n i 1

i 1  y= x – 6x

x
0 3
 81  n(n  1)  2 54 n(n  1)   81  2
1  1 
 lim  4     lim   1    27 1  
n n  2  
n2 2  n  4  n  n 
  
Figure
81 27 3
  27    6.75 (x 3  6x) dx  A1  A 2  6.75
4 4 0
This integral can't be interpreated as an area because f takes on both positive and negative values.
But is can be interpreated as the difference of areas A1 – A2, where A1 and A2 are shown in Figure
E. ESTIMATE OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION & GENERAL INEQUALITY
STATEMENT : If f is continuous on the interval [a, b], there is atleast one number c between a
b
and b such that a f(x) dx  f(c) (b – a)
Proof : Suppose M and m are the largest and smallest values of f, respectively, on [a, b]. This means
b b b
that m  f(x) M when axb  a m dx  a f ( x) dx  a M dx Dominance rule
b 1 b
 m(b – a)  a f ( x ) dx  M(b – a)  m
ba a f ( x) dx  M
1 b
Because f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b] and because the number I =
ba a f ( x) dx
lies between m and M, the intermediate value theorem syas there exists a number c between a and b
1 b b
for which f(c) = I ; that is,
ba a f ( x) dx = f(c) a f ( x) dx = f(c) (b – a)
The mean value theorem for integrals does not specify how to determine c. It simply guarantees the
existence of atleast one number c in the interval.
Since f(x) = 1 + x2 is continuous on the interval [–1, 2], the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals says
2
2 y
there is a number c in [–1, 2] such that 1 (1  x ) dx = f(c) [2 – (–1)]
2 (2, 5)
y=1+x
In this particular case we can find c explicitly. From previous Example
we know that fave = 2, so the value of c satisfies f(c) = fave = 2 (–1, 2)
Therefore 1 + c2 = 2 so c2 = 1
Thus, in this case there happen to be two numbers c = ± 1 in the fave = 2
interval [–1, 2] that work in the mean value theorem for Integrals. x
–1 0 1 2
F. WALLI'S FORMULA & REDUCTION FORMULA Figure
 /2
n m [(n - 1)(n - 3)(n - 5)....1 or 3][(m - 1)(m - 3)....1 or 2]
 sin x .cos x dx =
(m + n)(m + n - 2)(m + n - 4)... 1 or 2
K
0

Where K = if both m and n are even (m, n  N) ;
2
= 1 otherwise
2 cos(n  1) 
Ex.27 Prove that,  sin n sec  d = – n 1
–  sin (n  2)  sec  d .
/2
cos 5 sin 3
Hence or otherwise evaluate  cos 
d.
0
Sol. Consider sin n + sin (n – 2)  = 2 sin (n – 1)  cos   sin n sec  = 2 sin (n–1)  – sin (n – 2)  sec 
2
Hence
 sin n sec  d = – (n  1) cos (n – 1)  –  sin (n  2) sec  d
/2 /2
1 2 sin 3 cos 5 1 sin 8  sin 2 1
Now
2  cos 
d =
2  cos 
l= l –1
2 8
0 0
 /2   /2  2  2  2  /2  /2 
2  /2 sin 6 2  2  /2 sin 4  sin 2  
l8 =– cos 7  0 – d .    cos 5 0  d = – 
    cos 3   d   
7  cos  7  5 cos  
 7 5  3
 0 0
cos   

0  0  
2 2 2  2 2 2 2 30  42  70  210 152
= –    2 = – + – = =–
7  5 3  7 5 3 1 105 105
152 76  105 181

l=– –1=– =–
2  105 105 105
/4 3
Ex.28 Prove that 0 (cos 2)3 / 2 cos  d =
16 2
/4 / 4 cos t
Sol. L.H.S. = 0 (cos 2)3 / 2 cos  d = 0 (1  2 sin2 )3 / 2 cos  d (Put 2 sin  = sin t  cos  d = dt)
2
when  0 then t  0 ; /4 then t  /2
 / 2 cos 4 t 1 3 1  3
dt . . .
 L.H.S. = 0 2
=
2 4 2 2
=
16 2
= R.H.S. (From Walli's formula)
 / 2 sin2 nx
Ex.29 If un = 0 sin2 x
dx, then show that u1, u2, u3 ,...... constitute an arithmetic progression. Hence or
otherwise find the value of un.

Sol. un + 1 – 2un + un – 1 = (un + 1 – un) – (un – un – 1)
 / 2 (sin2 (n  1)x  sin2 nx )  (sin2 nx  sin2 (n  1)x /2 (sin(2n  1)x sin x  sin(2n  1)x sin x )
= 0 dx = 0 dx
2
sin x sin2 x
/2
 / 2 (sin(2n  1)x  sin(2n  1)x )  / 2 2 cos 2nx sin x /2 sin 2nx
=
0  0 2 0 cos 2nx dx = 2 . 2n 0
sin x sin x
1
= (sin n – sin 0) = 0 – 0 = 0  un – 1 + un + 1 = 2un i.e., un – 1, un, un + 1 form an A.P.
n
 u1, u2, u3,.........constitute an A.P.
1
1
Ex.30 Evaluate 0 cot (1 – x + x2) dx.
1 1
Sol. Let l = 0 cot 1 (1 – x + x2) dx = 0 cot
1
(1 – x(1 – x))dx ( 0  x < 1)
1 1 x  (1  x )  1
1  1  1  1
=  0 tan   dx = 0 tan   dx =
0 (tan x  tan 1(1  x )) dx
 1  x(1  x)   1  x(1  x ) 
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
 0 tan x dx  0 tan (1  x ) dx =
0 tan1x dx  0 tan1(1  (1  x)) dx = 2 0 tan x dx
Integrating by parts taking unity as the second function, we have
 1
1 1 x   1 2 1  1  
l = 2   x tan x    0 1  x2 dx  = 2   [ln|1  x |]0  = 2   ln 2  Hence l = – ln 2.
 0  4 2  4 2  2
 dx   dx
Ex.31 Show that 0 (a  cos x)  2
(a  1)
. Hence or otherwise evaluate 0 ( 5  cos x )3
.
 dx  dx  dx
Sol. Let l =  0 (a  cos x) .........(1) = 0 a  cos(  x) (By Prop.) = 0 (a  cos x) ........(2)
 2a dx /2 dx
adding (1) and (2) then 2l = 0 (a2  cos2 x) = 2a . 2 0 (a  cos 2 x )
2
/2 dx /2 sec 2 dx /2 sec 2 x dx

 0  2a 0  2a 0
(a 2  cos 2 x )
l = 2a
a 2 (1  tan 2 x )  1 (a 2  1)  (a tan x )2
Put a tan x = t  a sec2x dx = dt when x = 0  t = 0 ; x = /2  t=

  
 dt 2  1 t  2 2  
then l=2 0 (  tan   = {tan–1  – tan–1 0} =   0
a 2  1)2  t 2 2 2
(a 2  1)  2
(a  1)   (a  1) 
 0 (a 2  1) 
  dx 
Hence l =
(a 2  1)
or 0 (a  cos x)  (a 2  1)
 dx  a
Differentiating both side w.r.t. 'a', we get – 0 (a  cos x)2  (a 2  1)3 / 2
 dx  ( 2a 2  1)
again differentiating both sides w.r.t. 'a' we get 2 0 (a  cos x)3 
(a 2  1)3 / 2
 dx  (11)  dx 11
5 on both sides, we get 0 (  
Put a= 2
5  cos x ) 3
( 4) 3/2 or 0 ( 5  cos x ) 3/2 16
Ex.32 Let f be an injective functions such that f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) for all non negative real x and
y with f(0) = 1 and f '(1) = 2 find f(x) and show that  f(x) dx – x (f(x) + 2) is a constant.
Sol. We have f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) ......(1)

Putting x = 1 and y = 1 then f(1) f(1) + 2 = 3f(1)
we get f(1) = 1, 2 f(1)  1 ( f(0) = 1 & function is injective) then f(1) = 2
1  1  1  1  1
Replacing y by in (1) then f(x) f   + 2 = f(x) + f   + f(1)  f(x) f   = f(x) + f   ( f(1) = 2)
x  x   x   x  x
Hence f(x) is of the type f(x) = 1 ± xn f(1) = 1 ± 1 = 2 (given)
 f(x) = 1 + xn and f '(x) = nxn – 1  f '(1) = n = 2  f(x) = 1 + x2
 x 3 
 3  f(x) dx – x(f(x) + 2) = 3  (1 + x )dx – x (1 + x 2 2
+ 2) = 3  x  – x(3 + x2) + c

 3 
k / 2 x
Ex.33 Evaluate 0 (gof ) x dx , (If k is an even integer and g(x) = sin kx cot x and f(x) = )
k
k / 2 k / 2 k / 2 x k / 2 x k / 2 (cos x / k )

Sol. (gof ) x dx  g[( f ( x )] dx = 0 g   dx = 0 sin x cot   dx = sin x dx
0 0 k k  0 (sin x / k )
Let k = 2n
 x 
sin x cos  
n
 2n   / 2 sin 2nt. cot t x
= 0 dx = 2n  dt (Put = t  dx = 2n dt)
 x  0 sin t 2n
sin  
 2n 
/2
= 2n
0 cot t {2 (cos t + cos 3t +.........+ cos (2n – 1) t} dt
/2
= 2n 0 [2 cos2t + 2 cos 3t cos t +..........+ 2 cos t (2n – 1) t] dt
/2
= 2n 0 [1 + cos 2t + cos 4t + cos 2t +.........+ cos 2nt + cos (2n – 2) t] dt
/2 /2
 sin 2t sin 4t sin 2t sin 2nt sin(2n  2)t 
= 2n 0 t  2  4  2  ....  2n  2n  2  = n.
 0

Ex.34 Evaluate 0 || sin x |  | cos x || dx

Sol. Let l = 0 || sin x |  | cos x || dx Make |sin x| – |cos x| = 0  |tan x| = 1
 3
 tan x = ± 1  x = , and both these values lie in the interval [0, ].
4 4
  3
We find for 0 < x < , |sin x| – |cos x| < 0 <x< , |sin x| – |cos x| > 0
4 4 4
3
< x < , |sin x| – |cos x| < 0
4
/4 3/ 4 
 l=– 0 (|sin x| – |cos x| dx +  / 4 |sin x| – |cos x|) dx – 3 / 4 (|sin x| – |cos x) dx
/4 /4 3 / 4 3 / 4  
=– 0 |sin x| dx+ 0 |cos x| dx + | sin x | dx –  / 4 | cos x | dx – 3/4| sinx |dx + 3 / 4 | cos x | dx
 / 4
/4 /4 3/ 4  /2 3  /2  
=– sin x dx+ cos x dx+  / 4 sin x dx–  /4 cos x dx +  /2 cos x dx   /4 sin x dx  3/4 cos x dx
0 0
 1   1   1 1   1   1   1   1 
=   1 +   0  –     –    +   1 +   1   –  0   = 4 2 – 4
 2   2   2 2  2  2   2  2
2 2
Ex.35 Evaluate  0 [x  x  1] dx , (where [ * ] is the greatest integer function)
2 2
Sol. Let l =  0 [x  x  1] dx
Let f(x) = x2 + x + 1  f '(x) = 2x – 1 for x > 1/2, f '(x) > 0 and x < 12, f '(x) , 0
Values of f(x) at x = 1/2 and 2 are 3/4 and 3 integers between them an 1, 2 then x2 – x + 1 = 1, 2
1 5
we get x = 1, x = and values of f(x) at x = 0 and 1/2 are 1 and 3/4 no integer between them
2
1 1 5
1/2 2 2 2
 l= [x  x  1] dx + 1/ 2 [x  x  1] dx +
1
2
[x 2  x  1] dx +  [ x 2  x  1] dx
0 1 5
2
1 5  1 5
2   1  5  5 5 
=  2  1 + 2  2  2  =  2 
2     
=0+0+1 1 1. dx  2  1 5
1 dx
2      
Alternative Method : It is clear from the figure Y

2
2 3
0 [x  x  1] dx = Area of bounded region
2
y=x –x+1
2
 1 5   1  5  1
= 0 +  2  1 × 1 +  2  2  × 2
  
3/4
   
X
O ½ 11  5 2
 1 5   1 5  2
   
=3–  2  =  2 
    Figure
1 1 1 1 
Ex.36 Compute nlim   
 n n 1 n  2
 ......   where a is a positive integer..
 an 
1 1 1 1
Calculate approximately + + +..........+
100 101 102 300
1 1 1 1 
Sol. Let P = nlim     ......   ........(1)

n n 1 n  2 an 
n( a 1) n( a 1)
 1 1 1 1  lim 1 1 ( a 1) dx
= nlim  ......  n 1
  
 n  0 n 1 n  2

 =
n  n(a  1)  n   r  0 (n  r )
= n(1  r / n) =0

(1  x ) =[ln (1+ x) ]0 
r 0
1 1 1 1
Hence P = ln a. Put n = 100, and a = 3 ln (1), we get + + +........+ = ln 3
100 101 102 300
= 2.303 log 3 = (2.303) (0.4771213) = 1. 1 approx.
 dx
Ex.37 Evaluate 1 ( x  cos  ) ( x 2  1)
, 0 < a < 2
 dx 1 1
Sol. Let l = 1 ( x  cos  ) ( x  1) 2
(Put x – cos  =
t
 dx = – 2 )
t
1
when x = 1 then t = ; x =  then t = 0
1  cos 
 1 dt
0 1
t2 1cos  dt 1
1cos  dt
 l=  1
1 1  cos  2
= 0  1  t cos  )2  t 2
=
0  2 2
1cos 
t
 t
 1 ( t sin   2t cos   1)
1 1
1 1cos  dt 1 1cos  dt
=
| sin  | 0 2t cos  1 
=
| sin  | 0 2

  t 2   
 cos   cos 2  1 
2   t 
sin2  
   
 sin  2 
sin4  sin2  
 sin  
1 1
1 1cos  dt 1 1 2
= | sin  | 0  2 2

= sin  sin t sin   cos   1cos 
0
 1   cos  
 2 
   t  
 sin    sin2  
1  1 sin2    1
= sin  sin   cos    sin1 0  cos   = sin 1 1  sin 1  cos  
 
  1  cos   
 sin 
  
1  1  cos 1  cos   cos 1 cos        sin  , 0    
= sin   2  sin  cos   =   
  sin  sin  sin  =  a   .
,     2
  sin  

Finally, I =
sin 
  x 
2 x  x 2 cos2  x / 2 
Ex.38 If 0  1  sin x 
 
dx =  then show that 0 1  sin x 2
dx =  + 2 –2.
  x 2 cos2  x / 2   x2 1  cos x   cos x

Sol. Let 0 2
dx =
0 2
dx =  +
0 x2 dx
1  sin x  1  sin x  1  sin x 2

  1   x 
Integrating by parts taking x as 1 st function, we we get = +  x 2    2
2
  1  sin x    0  1  sin x  dx ...(1)

0
 x     x  dx
l =  – 2 + 2  0 1  sin x dx [By Prop.] =  – + 2 0 1  sin x
.........(2)
 x  1  sin x 
Adding (1) and (2) we get 2| = 2 – 22 + 2  0 1  sin x  or l =  – 2 +   0 1  sin2 x dx

2
=  – 2 +   sec
0
x  sec x tan x dx  =  – 2 +  { tanx _ sec x } 0
=  – 2 +  {(0+ 1)–(0–1)} =  – 2 +  Hence l =  –  + 
 /2 x sin x cos x 
Ex.39 Prove that  0 a2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x  dx = 2
4ab a  b 
 /2 x sin x cos x
Sol. Let l =
 0 a2 cos2 x  b2 sin2 x  dx Intergrating by parts taking x as a first function, we have
 /2
  
  1   /2 1
= x   – 0 2 2 2
dx
2 2 2 2 2 2
  2 b  a a cos x  b sin x
    2 b a
 a cos2 x  b2 sin2 x 
  0
 1
 sec 2 xdx dt
=–
2 2 2

2 2
 0 a2  b tan x 2 (Put b tanx = t  sec2x dx =
b
)
4 b a
 b 2 b a
 

 1  dt  1  1  t  
=  = +  tan   
4 b2  a 2 b2
  2 b2  a2
   b a
0 2
 t2  4 b2  a2 b2
  2ab b2  a2
    a  0
 1    1  b  a 
=   2  0 = + =
4 b a
 2 2
b 2
2ab b  a  2 2
   4 b2  a2 b2 4ab b2  a2
    4ab2 b2  a2
 
2
Ex.40 Evaluate  3/2 f(x) dx, where f(x) is given by f(x) = max
3 / 2 t  x
(|t – 1| – |t| + t +1)
  t, t  1
 3 / 2, 3 / 2  x  1/ 2
t  2, 1  t  0 
Sol. Let g(t) = |t – 1| – |t| + |t + 1| =  Hence  2  x, 1/ 2  x  0
 2  t, 0tt  2, 0x2
 t, t 1 
2 1/2 0 2 3 1 3  1 51
  3/2 f(x) =  3/2 3/2 dx +  1/2 (2+x) dx+ 0 2dx =      0  1   + 2 (2–0) =
2 2 2  8  8
0
x
Ex.41 If ln =

e sinn xdx n  2  N , then prove that ln - 2 , ln, ln+ 2 cannot be G. P..
0 0 0 0
 n
x x  n 1 x n1
x cos x e x dx
Sol. ln = e sinn xdx = sin x e dx  –
   n sin x cos x e dx  n  sin
     
0
n1
 sin x cos x e x dx

0
 n 1 x 0 n 2


= – n  sin x cos xe    n  1sin x cos 2 x  sinn1 x sin x e x dx 

  
0 0
n 2
= n(n-1)  sin x 1  sin2 x e x dx  n sinn x e x dx  n
  
 
0 0 0
= n(n-1)  sinn2 x e x dx  nn  1 sinn x e x dx  n sinn x e x dx

 
  
 ln = n(n – 1)ln – 2 – n(n– )ln – nln  ln(1+n2) = n(n – 1) ln–2
n  1n  2
 ln = ln ..........(1)
n 2  4n  5
n  1n  2
Now ln+ 2 = ln ..........(2)
n 2  4n  5
ln nn  1 ln2 n  1n  2

From equation (1) and (2) l  n2  1 and l = 2
n 2 n n  4n  5
Let ln – 2, ln and ln + 2 are in G. P., then
ln l
 n2  nn  1 = n2 1n  2   2n2 + 8n + 2 = 0
ln2 ln n2  1 n  4n  5
which is not possible n  N .

 ln - 2 , ln and ln +2 can't be in G. P.
sin 2kx
Ex.42 For all positive integer k, prove that = 2[cosx + cos 3x + ...... + cos(2k – 1 )x]
sin x
 /2
Hence prove that 0 sin 2kx cot x dx = /2
Sol. We have 2 sinx [cos x + cos 3x + ...+ cos (2k–1)x ]

= 2 sinx cosx + 2 sinx cos 3x + ....+ 2 sinx cos(2k – 1)x
= sin 2x + sin 4x – sin 2x + sin 6x – sin 4x + ....... + sin 2kx – sin (2k – 2) x
= sin 2kx
sin 2kx
 2[cos x + cos 3x + ........ + cos (2k – 1) x ] =
sin x
 /2  /2  sin 2kx 
=2 0 sin 2kx cot x dx = 0   cosx dx
 sin x 
 /2
= 0 [2 cos2x + 2 cos 3x cos x + ....... + 2 cos (2k – 1 ) x cosx ] dx
 /2
= 0 [cosx + cos 3x + ....... + cos (2k – 1 ) x ]cosx dx
/2
 sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 2 x sin 2kx sin2k  2 x  
= x     ......  
2k  2  0 =
 2 4 2 2k 2
Ex.43 Let f(x) is periodic function such that
3
x 1  x 
3
 0  f(t ) dt  
x2   0
(f(t)dt)  x  R  0

Find the function f(x) if (1) = 1 .
x
3
Sol. Let  0  f(t ) dt = F(x)
 f(x) = F'(x) .........(1)
x 3 x 3
  0  f(t ) dt =  0 F'  t  dt .........(2)
3 3
1  x  Fx  
and 2  (f(t)dt)  =
 .........(3)
x  0  x2
x 3 1 x 3
from (2) and (3)  0 F'(t ) dt  x2  0 (F(x))
Differentiating bot sides w.r.t.x, we get
x 2 .3(F( x ))2 F' ( x )  (F( x ))3 .2x 3(F( x ))2 F' ( x )  (F( x ))3
F'(x))3 = 4 =
x x3
or (x F'(x))3 = 2x(F(x))2F'(s) – 2(F(x))3
3
 xF' ( x )   xF' ( x ) 
or    3  –2
 F( x )   F( x ) 
xF' ( x )
 3 - 3 + 2 = 0 where  =
F( x )
 (–1)2 (+2) = 0   = 1,–2,
xF' ( x )
for = 1 =1
F( x )
F' ( x ) 1
   ln F(x) = ln x + ln c
F( x ) x
 F(x) = cx  ln F'(x) = c
f(x) = c {from (1)}
f(1) = 1 = c (  f(1) = 1 )
f(x) = 1 ......(4)
xF' ( x )
for = –2: =–2
F( x )
xF' ( x ) 2
   ln F(x) = –2ln x + ln c1
F( x ) x
c1 2c 1
 F(x) =  ln F'(x) = –
x2 x3
2c 1
 f(x) = –  f(1) = 1 = – 2c1
x3
1
then f(x) =
x3
But given f(x) is a periodic function

Hence f(x) = 1
n
x2 x3 xn xk
Ex.44 Let Pn denote the polynomial of degree n given by Pn(x) = x +   .........    .
2 3 n k 1
k
K un
Then, for ever x < 1 and ever n  1 , prove that – log(1–x) = Pn(x) + 0 du . .........(1)
1 u
Sol. From the algebraic identity 1 – un = (1–u) (1 + u + u2 + ......... + un–1),
1 un
we obtain the formula = 1 + u + u2 + ....un–1 + ,
1 u 1 u
Which is valid for u  1 . Integrating this from 0 to x, where x < 1, we obtain (i)
We can rewrite (i) in the form
–log (1–x) = Pn(x) + En(x), ........(ii)
K un
where En(x) is the integral,En(x) = 0 1 u
.

Ex.45 Assume 0 ln sind = – ln 2 then prove that
 3 
0 3 ln sind = 0 ln ( 2 sin) d.
2

Sol. Let l = 0 3 ln sind ........(1)

= 0 ln sin d. [By Prop.]

= 0 ln sin d
   
=  0 3 ln sind – 32 0  ln sind + 3 0 2 ln sind – 0 3 ln sind
  
=  0 3 ln sind – 32 0  ln sind + 3 0 2 ln sind – l [From (1)]

 2l = l1 – 31l2 + 3 0  ln sind

Now l1 = 0 ln sind = –ln 2 (given)
  
l2 = 0  ln sind = 0  ln sind = 0  ln sind

 2l2 =  0 ln sind = – ln 2 (given)
2
 l2 =  ln 2
2
3 4 
then 2l = – ln 2 ln 2 + 3  ln sind

2 0
4 3 4 
 l= ln 2 0  ln sind
2 2
3  3  3 
= 0  ln 2 d = 0  ln sinq d = 0  ln ( 2 sin )d
2 2 2
 /2
Ex.46 Evalute 0 coses tan–1 (c sin)d
/2
cos es sin  
Sol. Let l = f(c)  f'(c) = 0
2 2
1  c sin  d  f'(c) =
2 c2  1
  2 
Now integrate to get l = ln  c  c  1 
2  
/2
n 2
Ex.47 Use induction to prove that,  cos
0
x sin nx dx = n  2 , n  N
/2
k 2 1
Sol. P(k) :  cos
0
x sin kx dx 
k 1
/2 /2
1
P(k + 1) ;  cosk 1 x sin (k  1) dx  =  cos
k 2
x sin (k  1) x cos x dx
0
k 0
Now, We have sinkx = sin[(k + 1) x – x ]

= sin(k + 1) x cos – cos(k + 1)x sin x
Hence sin (k + 1 ) x cosx = sinkx + cos(k + 1) x sin x
/2
k 2
Subistuting in P(k + 1) =  cos
0
[sin kx + cos(k + 1) x sin x ] dx
/2
k 2
P(k) +  cos
0
sinx . cos(k + 1) x dx
Now I. B. P. to get the result

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DEFINITE INTEGRATION

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

 THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES ............................................................... 3 – 25

394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota,

A. THE AREA PROBLEM

B. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

 The range of the function f(x) is [0, 1].

a  0 if f(x) is an odd function i.e. f(x)  f(x)

Since f(x) = x6 + 1 satisfies f(–x) = f(x), it is even and so

 f(–x) = (–1)[–x] = (–1)–1–[x], x  l = – (–1)–[x]

Since sin x + cos x is periodic function with period 2, so

Alternative Method : (Graphical Method)

It is clear from the figure. Y

C. DERIVATIVE OF ANTIDERIVATIVE (LEIBNITZ RULE)

Sol. Since f(t) = 1 t 2 is continuous, therefore g'(x) = 1 x 2

distinct real roots.

(where [ * ] denotes the greaetest integer function and n  N)

We integrate by parts with u = x, dv = ex dx so that du = dx, v = ex ;

We know that et  0 as t  –, and by l'Hopital's Rule we have

Since both of these integrals are convergent, the given y

Since 1/(1 + x2) > 0, the given improper integral can be

Now we integrate by parts with u = ln x, dv = dx, du = dx/x, and v = x y

lim lim ln t lim 1/ t lim

 2e–x is decreaisng function  x  [0, )  0 < 2e–x  2  x  [0, )

D. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM

E. ESTIMATE OF DEFINITE INTEGRATION & GENERAL INEQUALITY

F. WALLI'S FORMULA & REDUCTION FORMULA Figure

152 76  105 181

when  0 then t  0 ; /4 then t  /2

otherwise find the value of un.

Integrating by parts taking unity as the second function, we have

/2 dx /2 sec 2 dx /2 sec 2 x dx

Sol. We have f(x) f(y) + 2 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) ......(1)

k / 2 k / 2 k / 2 x k / 2 x k / 2 (cos x / k )

Alternative Method : It is clear from the figure Y

  x 2 cos2  x / 2   x2 1  cos x   cos x

  1  sin x    0  1  sin x  dx ...(1)

=  – 2 +  {(0+ 1)–(0–1)} =  – 2 +  Hence l =  –  + 

= n(n-1)  sinn2 x e x dx  nn  1 sinn x e x dx  n sinn x e x dx

 ln = n(n – 1)ln – 2 – n(n– )ln – nln  ln(1+n2) = n(n – 1) ln–2

ln nn  1 ln2 n  1n  2

Let ln – 2, ln and ln + 2 are in G. P., then

which is not possible n  N .

Sol. We have 2 sinx [cos x + cos 3x + ...+ cos (2k–1)x ]

Ex.43 Let f(x) is periodic function such that

 f(x) = F'(x) .........(1)

or (x F'(x))3 = 2x(F(x))2F'(s) – 2(F(x))3

 (–1)2 (+2) = 0   = 1,–2,

But given f(x) is a periodic function

Sol. From the algebraic identity 1 – un = (1–u) (1 + u + u2 + ......... + un–1),

Now, We have sinkx = sin[(k + 1) x – x ]

Now I. B. P. to get the result

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