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IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF

NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK
USING STATIC VAR COMPENSATION PART I: THE
BASE STUDY

Article · January 2016

DOI: 10.4314/njt.v35i1.23

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 Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)
Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016, pp. 155 – 166
Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,
Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v35i1.23

IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV

TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING STATIC VAR COMPENSATION PART I:
THE BASE STUDY

T. R. Ayodele1, A. S. O Ogunjuyigbe2,*, O. O. Oladele3

1, 2, 3 POWER, ENERGY, MACHINES AND DRIVES (PEMD) RESEARCH GROUP, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, OYO STATE. NIGERIA

E-mail addresses: 1 tr.ayodele@ui.edu.ng, 2 a.ogunjuyigbe@ui.edu.ng, 3 d1excels@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
In this paper, the base study for improving the transient stability of Nigerian 330kV transmission network using
Static Var Compensation (SVC) is conducted with the focus of developing indices that can appropriately size and
locate SVC within the network. The study is performed using commercially available software Dig SILENT Power
Factory. The overloaded lines which could excite instability in the network are identified. Fixed capacitor thyristor
controlled reactor is used to model the SVC and is appropriately sized and located within the network. Transient
stability of the network is analysed by determining the critical
critical clearing time of the acute generators when a
balanced three phase fault is applied to the middle of the critical lines within the network using step- step-by step
technique. Some of the key results reveal that the lines: Jebba-
Jebba- Osogbo, Shiroro-
Shiroro-Kaduna, Benin-
Benin-Sapele and Benin-
Benin-
Onitsha are the critical lines within the network. The Critical Clearing Times (CCTs) of the acute generators when 3-
3-
phase fault is applied at Jebba-
Jebba- Osogbo and Shiroro-
Shiroro-Kaduna transmission lines are 380ms and 480ms, respectively.
However, generators located at Afam and Sapele that are close to Benin- Benin-Sapele and Benin-
Benin-Onitsha transmission
line, respectively are always losing synchronism to 3- 3-phasefault of any duration. Appropriately sized SVCs with
values 124Mvar, 73Mvar, 62Mvar and 110Mvar located at Osogbo, Kaduna and Benin compensated the network
and increase the CCTs to 470ms, 500ms, 220ms and 120ms, respectively.

Keywords:
Keywords Dig SILENT Power Factory, Transient Stability, Static Var Compensation, Nigerian 330kV transmission
line.

1. INTRODUCTION Generally, transient stability is evaluated by the

In recent years, transmission networks are overloaded
and are pushed closer to their stability limits. This is
as a result of increasing demand for electricity due to
growing population. This could have negative effect on
the power system security. The security of a power
system is regarded as the ability of the network to
withstand disturbances without breaking down [1].
One of the indices to assess the state of security of a
power system is the transient stability [2] and it
involves the ability of power system to remain in
equilibrium or return to acceptable equilibrium when
subjected to large disturbances [3]. Various methods
of determining the transient instability in power
system includes numerical integration, direct method,
probabilistic method [2] and the artificial intelligent
methods such as artificial neural networks [4].
system Critical Clearing Time (CCT) in response to
various large disturbance such as faults, loss of large
load, loss of generation and major lines loss [5]. CCT
gives the maximum duration of time a power system
can remain stable under a given large disturbance
condition[6]. The robustness of a power system is
largely determined by its response to the
disturbances. A higher value of CCT denotes a robust
and better secured system [7].
One of the factors that determine the level of integrity
of a power system (i.e. transmission capability limit
and flexibility of power system) is the level of security
of the network based on transient stability
assessment[8].Therefore, power system grid integrity
can be enhanced by devising a means of improving
transient stability[9]. The use of Flexible AC

234-
234-802-
*Corresponding author, Tel: +234 802-350-
350-4826
 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC,
Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices have been
identified as cost effective means of improving the
transient stability without the need for constructing
new transmission lines [10]. Several FACTS devices
have been proposed for improving the power system
operation and they are [11]: the Static Var
Compensator (SVC), Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC), Phase Shifter (PS), Series Capacitors (SC),
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC), Unified
Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Convertible Series
Compensator (CSC), Inter-phase Power Flow
Controller (IPFC), Static Synchronous Series
Controller (SSSC), STATCOM etc. Of these various
FACTS devices, SVC is found to be effective for
transient stability improvement when appropriately
sized[12]and is now forming an integral part of
modern electrical power systems [2]. It is one of the
key devices that exhibit instantaneous response to
system changes and are fabricated from solid semi-
conductor components [13]. SVCs are basically shunt
connected and are usually installed at the midpoint of
the transmission line or at the line ends through a
coupling transformer[14]. It has the ability of
improving transient stability by dynamically
controlling it’s reactive power output [15].
Nigeria power system is faced with series of technical
challenges due to long, radial, weak and aging
transmission network[16]. Different studies have
been done on Nigerian 330kV transmission network
by various indigenous researchers with each
researcher focusing on different aspect of
performance assessment with a view to improve the
network: Technical losses on the 330kV Nigerian
transmission losses has been studied by Anumaka
[17]. The mathematical analysis in relation to Nigerian
power system technical losses was derived. Onojo et al
[18] has performed reliability and efficiency
assessment of the proposed (post reform) 10,000MW
capacity 330kV transmission network and also
determined the extent to which it will provide
solution to the numerous problems that presently
plague the existing power system network. It was
concluded that construction of new grid will reduce
losses and improve the reliability and efficiency of the
network. Similarly, Izuegbunam et al [19] utilized
Power World Simulator to compare the proposed post
expansion network with that of the existing 330kV
transmission network with a view of estimating the
real and reactive power flows, power losses as well as
the bus voltage angle. The simulation result reveals
that 85.3MW losses occurred in the existing grid,
Nigerian Journal of Technology
T. R. Ayodele, et al
while the expanded and fortified grid showed a reduce
power losses of 32MW and 24.7MW, respectively.
Onohaebi and Igbinovia [20] are concerned with the
assessment of voltage dip of the post expansion
network in comparison with the existing Nigeria
330kV network. Their result showed that the
incorporation of some additional lines to form more
loops would improve the Nigerian 330kV network to
acceptable voltage limits of ±5% which could have
positive influence on the reliability and security of the
network. Similarly, Ogunjuyigbe and Awosope [21] are
of the opinion that adequately sized and optimally
located reactor could improve the network voltage
profile to the acceptable limit of ±5% . Recently, an
improvement of voltage stability of Nigerian 330kV
network was studied by Mathew et al [22] using SVC.
The result showed that, the system’s voltage stability
was improved by about 33.78% indicating a
significant improvement in the system’s voltage
stability when SVCs were applied.
Most of the aforementioned studies are concerned
with either the expansion/fortification of the existing
network, the voltage profile improvement or power
loss reduction in order to improve the system security
by expanding the existing network. This present paper
aims at investigating the improvement of the transient
stability of the Nigerian 330kV transmission network
by appropriately sizing and locating SVC within the
network. In this way the security of the system is
improved thereby challenging the need for immediate
construction of new transmission lines. This would
allow time for proper planning for a later upgrade.
The Nigerian network was modelled using
commercially available software Dig SILENT Power
Factory. The overloaded lines which could trigger
transient instability in the network were identified.
The critical clearing time before and after the
installation of SVC were compared .Results in this
paper could be useful as initial technical information
that could help in the future expansion and operation
planning of the Nigerian 330kV transmission network.
Though the size and location of SVCs in this paper was
determined using “wheel barrow” approach, the result
obtained could serve as a base study to develop
various indices that could aid optimal sizing and
placement of SVCs within the Nigerian power
network.
2. NIGERIA 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK
The Nigeria 330kV power system used in this study
consists of 7 main power stations which cut across the
Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 156
 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

country with long radial interconnected lines. The Detailed model in which the transient and sub-
network consists of 5,523.8km of lines with total transient phenomena are considered [3] was used for
installed transformation capacity of 5,687.32 MVA modelling of all synchronous generator within the
(equivalent to 4,832 MW). The transmission network network in rotor reference frame[23]. The mechanical
is depicted in variables are linked with the electrical variables as
follows:
Figure 1. The transmission line and the generator data LMNO ST
are given in Tables 6 and 7 in the appendix. = WX + WZ (1)
PQO PR SU
Identification Buses and the Generators Where J is the inertia, ωn is the angular speed, pz is the
BusNo Name BusNo Name
pole pair number, Tm and Te are the mechanical and
1 B/Kebbi 20 Ikeja-West
electromagnetic torques of the machine. The
2 Kainji 21 Akangba
3 Jebba 22 Egbin normalized per unit inertia (H) of the generator and
4 Kainji TS 23 Egbin TS the turbine is expressed as inertia time constant given
5 Jebba TS 24 Aja in equation (2)
6 Jebba TS 25 Sapele TS 1 LM\O
[= (2)
7 Osogbo 26 Aladja 2 PQO PR
8 Shiroro 27 Delta TS where ω0 is the synchronous speed.
9 Shiroro TS 28 Afam TS
The electromagnetic torque expressed in terms of the
10 Kaduna 28 Afam
stator flux and stator current is given as:
11 Ajaokuta 30 Delta
12 Kano 31 Sapele
WZ ]^ _` − ]` _^ (3)
13 Jos G1 Kainji Generator whereψ d and ψ q are stator fluxes.
14 Gombe G2 Jebba Generator
15 Benin G3 Egbin Generator 3.2 Power System Model and Load Flow Study
16 Onitsha G4 Shiroro Generator
Electric power network are modelled by sets of non-
17 New Haven G5 Delta Generator
linear equations that describe the state of the power
18 Ayede G6 Sapele Generator
system[24]. The model requires that the real power
19 Alaoji G7 Afam Generator
and bus voltages of the generators within the network
be specified [25]. This is because it is convenient to
specify real power for all generators and to use the
generator bus voltage instead of reactive power [26].
Load flow study is performed on the network model to
solve the non-linear algebraic equations. This allows
the determination of the bus voltages magnitude, its
corresponding angle as well as power flows for
specified generation and bus conditions [27]. There
are several algorithms for performing load flow
analysis[28]. However, Newton-Raphson technique is
adopted in this study because; it is faster and
converges in most cases compared to the other
methods. Although, it requires large computer
memory, but can be overcome through a compact
storage scheme [29].
For an ‘n’ buses, the admittance matrix of the network
Figure 1: Nigeria 31 bus, 7 Generator, 330kV can be written as:
Transmission System as at 2006 gh lhh lhO lhN mh
fg k f l l l kfm k
e O j e Oh OO ON
je Oj
3. THE MODEL APPROACH e.j=e . . . je . j
(4)
3.1 Synchronous Generator Model e.j e . . . je . j
e.j e . . . je . j
dgN i d. lNh lNO lNN i d. mN i

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 157

 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

where I (.) is the current flow within the network, V(.)

Table 1: Summary result of the Steady State analysis
is the bus voltages and Y(i, j) is the bus admittance
Active
Reactive Apparent
between buses i and j within the network. The active Power
Power(MVar) Power(MVA)
and reactive powers injected into each bus can be (MW)
derived as (5) and (6) Generation 4737.17 3147.20 5687.32
N Grid Losses 15.67 -86.70
Line
Pn = o|mn ||mq | |Yst |cos(unq − vq ) (5) -362.45
Charging
qrh
N Installed
4832.00
Capacity
wn = − o|mn ||mq | |Yst |sin(unq − vq ) (6)
Spinning
qrh 94.83
Reserve
Where Vi is voltage magnitude at bus i, θ i is bus I
voltage angle, δ ik is admittance angle while Yik is the
admittance linking bus i to k Table 2: Steady State busbar voltages and angles
The voltage magnitude and its angle are calculated VOLTAGE
BUS BUS
MAGNITUDE PHASE ANGLE
iteratively using Newton-Raphson’s procedure NUMBER NAME
(p.u) (deg.)
following the determination of Pi and Qi in (5) and
1 B/Kebbi 0.96 -5.71
(6).It is indicative that both the real and reactive 2 Kainji 1.02 -0.89
powers are functions of (|m|, v); 3 Jebba 1.01 -1.03
∆v L L rh ∆P 4 Kainji GS 1.03 0.41
y { = y h O{ y { (7)
∆|m| L| L} ∆w 5 Jebba GS 1.03 0.28
whereJ1, J2, J3 and J4are the elements of the Jacobian 6 Jebba TS 1.01 -1.03
7 Osogbo 1.01 -1.30
matrix in equation (7), the variables at the end of each
8 Shiroro 1.01 -1.41
iteration are updated as below: 9 Shiroro GS 1.03 -0.09
(q~h) (q) (q) (q~h)
vn = vn + ∆vn and •mn • = €mnq € + ∆€mnq € for 10 Kaduna 1.00 -1.88
11 Ajaokuta 1.01 -1.84
i=1,2,…n. Solution converges when ∆P and ∆Q are
12 Kano 0.98 -3.37
obtained lower than stipulated tolerance. 13 Jos 0.98 -3.32
The apparent power at each bus is given as: 14 Gombe 0.96 -4.99
‚n = Pn + ƒwn = mn gn (8) 15 Benin 1.01 -1.62
and the bus current is evaluated using: 16 Onitsha 1.00 -3.07
Pn − ƒwn New
17 0.99 -3.34
gn = (9) Haven
mn
18 Aiyede 0.99 -1.83
The summary of the steady state result after 19 Alaoji 1.00 -2.82
performing the load flow of the Nigerian 330kV 20 Ikeja-West 0.99 -1.88
transmission network is depicted in Tables1and 2. 21 Akangba 0.99 -1.87
Table 1 revealed that the total grid loss in the network 22 Egbin 0.99 -1.62
is 15.67MW with a total spinning reserve of 94.83MW. 23 Egbin GS 1.00 0.00
24 Aja 0.99 -1.62
Results from Table 2 showed that the bus voltages are
25 Sapele GS 1.03 -0.59
within ±5% limit indicating no voltage violation 26 Aladja 1.02 -1.32
under the steady state condition. However, the tie 27 Delta GS 1.04 0.02
lines Benin -Onitsha, Jebba-Osogbo, Shiroro- Kaduna 28 Afam GS 1.02 -1.46
and Benin -Sapele are overloaded as depicted in 29 Afam 1.00 -2.80
30 Delta 1.02 -1.27
Figure 2. As such the lines are identified as critical
31 Sapele 1.02 -1.48
lines in this study because it could cause transient
instability in the network in the event of any large
disturbance on any of the lines. In view of the primary
goal of this paper, it will investigate the network
transient stability should a fault occur on any of these
critical lines.

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 158

 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

Figure 2: Nigerian 330kV highlighting overloaded transmission lines

3.3 Transient Stability The parameters M i , Pmi and Ei are assumed to be

Transient stability of Nigerian 330kV network was
constant values. The electrical power of the x-th
carried out using step by step approach based on
stable generator and the y-th critical generator are
evaluation of Critical Clearing Time (CCT). An
derived from (12) as (13) and (14), respectively[31]:
indicator of the system stability is given by the rotor
angle of the machines and the critical clearing time PZ‹ = …‹O Y‹‹ cosu‹‹ + o …‹ …† …‹† cos‰vŽ − v• − u‹† Š
†∈•
(CCT) of the system before losing equilibrium[30].
The rotor angle ( δ i ) of ith generator using the step by + o …‹ …† …‹† cos u‹† (13)
†∈•,†ˆ‹
step procedure for multi-machine system like that of
Nigerian grid can be determined by the following non-
linear differential equations (10-12), [31]. The step by PZ‘ = …‘O Y‘‘ cosu‘‘ + o …‘ …† …‘† cos‰v• − vŽ − u‘† Š
†∈•
step procedure for determining the critical clearing
time of the network is depicted in Figure 3. + o …‘ …† …‘† cos u‘† (14)
Svn †∈•,†ˆ‘
= MR ‘a’ represents a stable generator, ‘s’ represents a
SU
SMR critical generator, and ‘A’ represents group of all other
„n = PXn − PZn ; _ = 1,2 … n (11)
SU generators.
Where
PZn = …nO Yss cosunn 3.4 Modelling of SVC for Transient Stability
N
Improvement
+ o …n …† …n† cos‰vn − v† The SVC used in this paper is a fixed capacitor
†‡h †ˆn
thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) type as depicted
− un† Š (12)
in Figure 4.
δ i is the rotor angle of the generator, M i is the inertia
coefficient, Pei is the electrical power, Pmi is the
mechanical power, Ei is the internal voltage of the
generator, Y is the reduced admittance matrix, Yij is
the ij-th element of the reduced admittance matrix.

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 159

 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

Figure 3: Step-by-step procedure for determining the CCT of the transmission network

g•’“ = g” − g“ (15)
’–—˜ ’–—˜
Where g• = ™˜
; g” = ™š
, and Vsvc is the bus voltage
magnitude.
1 2(ž − •) + sin(2•) ž
but = œ” (•) = ; ≤
›” ž›” 2
≤ž [32]
where α is the gate firing angle and hence

g” = m•’“ × œ” ( ) (16)
Since no active power is taken by the SVC, the reactive
power consumed can be expressed as:
w•’“ = g•’“ × m•’“ (17)
Figure 4: Functional diagram of a FC-TCR where VSVC is the bus voltage,
Substituting (15) into (17), yields the following:
One of the SVC branch is purely capacitive while the
other is inductive. As a result, the SVC consumes no w•’“ = (g” − g“ ) × m•’“ (18)
active power. However, it has the capability of either Substituting (16) into (18) yields:
consuming reactive power through the inductive m•’“
w•’“ = £œ” ( ) − ¤ × m O•’“ (19)
branch (TCR) so as to reduce the system’s voltage or ›•
injecting reactive power into the system through the 1
w•’“ = £œ” ( ) − ¤ × m O•’“ (20)
capacitive branch (FC) in order to increase the voltage. ›•
The reactor current IL is positive, while the capacitor The equivalent susceptance of the SVC ( BSVC ( α ) )
current IC is negative. Thus, SVC current (ISVC) value at can be written as:
maximum var is expressed as follows:
Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 160
 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

-1 -0.9
with SVC
-1.05 without SVC
-1

Rotor angle (rad)

Rotor angle (rad)

-1.1
-1.1
-1.15

-1.2 -1.2
-1.25
-1.3
-1.3 without SVC
with SVC
-1.35 -1.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
time (ms) Time (ms)
Figure 6: Rotor angle plot of the Generator at Shiroro
Figure 5: Response of generator rotor angle at Jebba
with and without SVC following a 200ms 3-phase fault
with and without SVC following a 3-phase fault
with SVC without SVC with SVC without SVC
4 4
Rotor Angle (rad.)

Rotor angle (rad)

2 2

0 0

-2 -2

-4 -4
400 0
600 800200 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (ms) time (ms)
Figure 7: Rotor angle plot of the generator located at Figure 8: Rotor angle plot of Generator at Afam with
Sapele with and without SVC following a 3phase fault and without SVC following a 3-phase fault

1 scenarios were determined before and after the

œ•’“ ( ) = £œ” ( ) −
¤ (21)
›•
The SVC is designed such that the TCR is switched off
when the bus voltage falls below the reference voltage
and turns on when it is above it. Therefore, the
maximum reactive power consumed by the fixed
capacitor (FC) and the thyristor controlled reactor
(TCR) is given as:
¥Ž‹
w•’“ = œ•’“ ( ) × m O•’“ (22)
while the minimum var consumption is obtained as:
¦s§
1 In this scenario, three-phase short circuit fault was
w•’“ = − m O•’“ (23)
›“
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Four scenarios (Case 1-Case 4) were created to have
insight into the transient instability that may arise as a
result of fault on any of the identified critical lines and
also to determine the size and location of SVC (within
the network) that would provide improvement to the
security of the network. A three phase fault was
created at the middle of each of the critical lines using
step by step approach. The bus voltages in each of the
Nigerian Journal of Technology
installation of SVC. Also, the CCT and the improvement
in the transient stability (CCT) before and after the
installation of SVC were determined. The location of
the SVC that provides the best improvement to the
overall stability of the system was determined by trial
and error approach. The details of each of the
scenarios are presented in the preceding subsection.
4.1 Case 1: Fault on Jebba - Osogbo Transmission Line
created on Jebba–Osogbo transmission line using step
by step technique. The voltage profiles of all the buses
in the network before and after the installation of SVC
are furnished in Tables 3 and 4 respectively. The
voltage profile under this scenario (at CCT) reveals
that the bus voltage of Kainji, Kaduna, Jos, Kano,
Gombe, B/Kebbi and Jebba are 1.34p.u, 1.30p.u,
1.27p.u, 1.26p.u, 1.24p.u, 1.26p.u and 1.33p.u
respectively. These are in absolute violation of the
maximum allowed value of ±5% (i.e. 0.95-1.05p.u).
Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 161
 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

The generator at Jebba generating station is the most
critically disturbed. This is expected as is the closest of
the generators to the fault point. Installation of
appropriately sized SVC at Osogbo restores the
voltage values to allowable limit of 1.03p.u, 1.02p.u,
0.99p.u, 0.96p.u, 0.97p.u, 1.01p.u and 1.02p.u,
respectively. The response of Jebba generator rotor
angle to the disturbance with and without SVC is
depicted in Figure 5.The result reveals that with SVC
of size 124MVA in place, the critical clearing time was
increased by 23.68%.
4.2 Case 2: Fault on Shiroro–
Shiroro–Kaduna
Kaduna transmission line
In this scenario, 3-phase fault was created at the
middle of Shiroro-Kaduna transmission line. The
occurrence of faulton this overloaded tie line reduced
the bus voltages at Kaduna, Jos, Kano and Gombe to
zero indicating a black out of these areas. This is
because the areas serviced by this transmission line
were totally disconnected from the entire network
since this is the only tie line linking these areas to the
national grid. The fault also resulted into voltage
violation at Osogbo, Ikeja-West and Egbin with
recorded values of 1.11p.u, 1.07p.u and 1.07p.u,
respectively. However, after the installation of
appropriately sized SVC (73MVA) at Kaduna, all the
bus voltages were restored back to allowable limit
of±5%.. The voltages before and after the installation
of SVC for all the buses under this scenario are
depicted in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The transient
stability of the network indicated by the CCT was
improved by 4.17% when SVC was installed on the
line as revealed in Table 5. The rotor swing of the
generator located at Shiroro station before and after
the installation of the SVC is depicted in Figure 6.
4.3 Case 3: Fault on Benin-
Benin- Sapele Transmission line
With the creation of 3-phase fault of any duration at
the middle of Benin-Sapele transmission line, the
generator located at Sapele was always losing
synchronism. It was observed that this generator will
always lose synchronism in the event of any 3-phase
fault of any duration on the tie-line unless FACTS
device is installed. The fault created on the line also
resulted into violation of voltages at B/Kebbi, Gombe,
Ikeja-West, Akangba, Egbin, Aja, Sapele GS, Aladja and
Sapele with the voltage value of 0.92pu, 0.92pu,
0.94pu, 0.94pu, 0.94pu, 0.94pu, 1.52pu, 1.52pu and
1.52pu, respectively. The installation of 62MVA SVC
restored all the bus voltages to allowable limit as
shown in Table 4. The CCT before the installation of
SVC could not be determined as it was always losing
synchronism to fault of any duration. This shows that,
synchronism will always be lost without SVC in an
event of any contingency on the line. However, an
installation of 62MVA SVC at Benin increased the CCT
to 220ms indicating much improvement in transient
stability. The rotor angle plot of the generator located
at Sapele before and after the installation of SVC is
depicted in Figure 7.
4.4 Case 4: Fault on Benin – Onitsha Transmission Line
Benin-Onitsha transmission line is a critical line that
serves as the main link for power transfer to the
eastern part of Nigeria. Applying three-phase fault on
this line resulted into loss of synchronism of the
generator at Afam station. This is because Benin-
Onitsha is the only tie line supplying the region.
Therefore, 3-phase fault of any duration without FACT
device will always cause loss of synchronism of the
generator at Afam stations. The fault resulted into
voltage violation of most of the buses as depicted in
Table 3. However, installation of SVC at Benin station
restored all the bus voltages to acceptable limit
of±5 ± % as furnished in Table 4. The installation of
110MVA SVC at Benin bus increased the
CCTto120ms.The response of Afam generator rotor
angle to 3 phase fault with and without SVC is
depicted in Figure 8. The heavy oscillation without
SVC was easily damped out in the presence of SVC.

Table 3: Case voltages and angles without SVC

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4
BUS
BUS NAME Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage
NO. Angle (deg.)
(p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u)
1 B/Kebbi 1.26 154.49 1.05 -1.56 0.92 -6.84 1.02 -3.34
2 Kainji 1.34 159.32 1.12 3.26 0.98 -2.01 1.08 1.49
3 Jebba 1.33 159.26 1.11 3.15 0.97 -2.17 1.08 1.37
4 Kainji GS 1.35 160.05 1.13 4.33 0.99 -0.61 1.10 2.62
5 Jebba GS 1.34 160.00 1.13 4.23 0.99 -0.75 1.10 2.52
6 Jebba TS 1.33 159.26 1.11 3.15 0.97 -2.17 1.08 1.37
7 Osogbo 0.88 -4.97 1.11 2.70 0.97 -2.49 1.07 1.19

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 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4

BUS
BUS NAME Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage
NO. Angle (deg.)
(p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u)
8 Shiroro 1.31 157.84 1.15 5.24 0.97 -2.36 1.07 0.66
9 Shiroro GS 1.32 158.62 1.16 6.27 0.99 -0.93 1.09 1.83
10 Kaduna 1.30 157.37 0.00 -135.00 0.97 -2.82 1.07 0.19
11 Ajaokuta 0.92 -3.67 1.09 0.69 0.95 -3.91 1.09 1.99
12 Kano 1.26 155.46 0.00 135.00 0.94 -4.74 1.04 -1.72
13 Jos 1.27 155.93 0.00 135.00 0.94 -4.26 1.04 -1.25
14 Gombe 1.24 154.26 0.00 135.00 0.92 -5.94 1.02 -2.92
15 Benin 0.92 -3.45 1.09 0.91 0.96 -3.69 1.09 2.21
16 Onitsha 0.91 -4.67 1.07 -0.76 0.94 -4.99 0.71 -106.20
17 New Haven 0.91 -4.94 1.06 -1.03 0.94 -5.26 0.71 -106.46
18 Aiyede 0.87 -5.00 1.09 1.80 0.95 -3.05 1.06 0.71
19 Alaoji 0.92 -4.15 1.07 -0.77 0.95 -4.55 0.73 -104.32
20 Ikeja-West 0.88 -4.25 1.07 1.18 0.94 -3.14 1.05 0.75
21 Akangba 0.88 -4.26 1.07 1.18 0.94 -3.15 1.05 0.75
22 Egbin 0.88 -3.91 1.07 1.38 0.94 -2.85 1.05 0.96
23 Egbin GS 0.90 -1.92 1.08 2.75 0.96 -1.08 1.07 2.37
24 Aja 0.88 -3.92 1.07 1.38 0.94 -2.86 1.05 0.95
25 Sapele GS 0.94 -2.24 1.10 1.79 1.52 53.39 1.10 3.09
26 Aladja 0.93 -3.09 1.09 1.15 1.52 53.11 1.10 2.45
27 Delta GS 0.95 -1.52 1.11 2.30 0.99 -1.41 1.11 3.60
28 Afam GS 0.94 -2.59 1.09 0.41 0.97 -3.05 0.75 -101.84
29 Afam 0.92 -4.12 1.07 -0.75 0.95 -4.53 0.73 -104.27
30 Delta 0.93 -3.04 1.10 1.19 0.97 -2.82 1.10 2.49
31 Sapele 0.93 -3.28 1.09 1.03 1.52 53.18 1.09 2.33

Table 4: Case voltages and angles with SVC

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4
BUS
BUS NAME Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle
No.
(p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.)
1 B/Kebbi 1.01 -4.26 1.01 -1.56 1.03 -3.34 1.01 -6.84
2 Kainji 1.03 -3.51 1.02 3.26 1.02 1.49 1.02 -2.01
3 Jebba 1.02 -1.32 1.01 -2.17 1.02 1.37 1.01 -2.45
4 Kainji GS 1.01 2.92 1.02 -0.61 1.03 -2.42 1.02 -5.76
5 Jebba GS 1.00 1.24 1.01 -0.75 1.03 -5.52 1.02 -1.03
6 Jebba TS 1.02 -3.09 1.01 -2.17 1.02 -3.37 1.01 -3.15
7 Osogbo 0.98 -1.52 1.02 -2.49 1.01 -5.19 0.99 2.70
8 Shiroro 1.01 7.84 1.00 5.24 1.01 -1.34 1.00 -2.36
9 Shiroro GS 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.27 1.02 -0.83 1.01 -10.93
10 Kaduna 1.02 -7.37 0.98 0.75 1.01 0.19 0.99 -2.82
11 Ajaokuta 0.98 -2.67 0.97 0.96 1.00 1.99 0.97 -3.91
12 Kano 0.96 -15.46 0.99 2.37 1.00 -1.72 0.98 -4.74
13 Jos 0.99 -4.25 0.98 0.95 1.01 -1.25 0.97 -4.26
14 Gombe 0.97 -4.26 0.97 -2.09 0.99 -2.92 0.96 -5.94
15 Benin 0.98 -8.45 0.99 -2.45 0.98 2.21 0.98 -3.69
16 Onitsha 0.96 -4.99 0.97 -5.76 0.99 -10.20 0.96 -4.99
17 New Haven 0.96 25.93 0.97 -1.03 0.98 -46.32 0.95 -5.26
18 Aiyede 0.97 -2.59 0.99 1.80 0.98 -8.73 0.97 -3.05
19 Alaoji 1.01 -4.12 0.98 -0.27 1.00 -24.32 0.98 -3.32
20 Ikeja-West 0.98 -3.04 0.99 -2.18 0.99 -18.58 0.97 7.84
21 Akangba 0.97 -3.28 0.98 -1.48 0.98 -4.55 0.96 0.62
22 Egbin 1.02 -3.43 1.03 2.48 1.03 -3.14 1.02 -7.37
23 Egbin GS 1.03 -4.67 1.03 0.75 1.03 -3.15 1.02 12.35
24 Aja 1.01 -4.94 1.01 1.38 1.02 -2.65 1.01 -7.81
25 Sapele GS 1.02 -15.13 1.02 1.79 1.03 -1.08 1.03 53.39
26 Aladja 1.02 -4.15 1.01 1.15 1.01 -2.86 1.01 53.11

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 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4

BUS
BUS NAME Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle Voltage Angle
No.
(p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.) (p.u) (deg.)
27 Delta GS 1.01 3.15 1.03 -1.41 1.03 3.60 1.02 -3.51
28 Afam GS 1.01 4.33 1.02 -3.05 1.01 -1.84 1.01 -1.32
29 Afam 1.01 4.23 1.02 -4.53 1.01 -1.25 1.01 -5.52
30 Delta 1.00 -3.15 1.01 -2.82 1.01 2.44 1.00 -3.37
31 Sapele 1.00 2.70 1.00 -3.01 1.00 4.31 1.00 53.18

Table 5: Critical clearing time with and without SVC when a 3-phase fault occurs on the critical line
Case Line Fault % CCT without CCT with SVC SVC Sizing Best location
% Improvement
No. Loading SVC (ms) (ms) (MVar) of SVC
1. Jebba -Osogbo 120 380 470 124 Osogbo 23.68
2. Shiroro-Kaduna 100 480 500 73 Kaduna 4.17
3. Benin-Sapele 123 - 220 62 Benin much
4. Benin-Onitsha 118 - 120 110 Benin much
Values cannot be determined

5. CONCLUSION
The assessment of Nigerian 330kV transient stability
has been performed with a view to improve on the
stability of the network with appropriately sized and
located SVC. The result shows that Jebba- Osogbo,
Shiroro-Kaduna, Benin-Sapele and Benin-Onitsha are
the critical lines within the network that can excite
instability in the network. At steady state, the network
bus voltages are within acceptable ±5% voltage limit.
However, the bus voltages of some of the buses within
the network were expectedly violated when 3-phase
fault were applied at the middle of these critical lines.
Installation of appropriately sized SVC with the values
of 124MVA, 73MVA, 62MVA and 110MVA at Oshogbo,
Kaduna and Benin maintained the bus voltage within
acceptable limit in event of 3-phase fault. The critical
clearing time of the acute generators when 3-phase
fault occurs on Jebba-Oshogbo and Shiroro-Kaduna
increases from 380ms, 480ms to 470ms and 500ms,
respectively with the installation of the SVC. The
generators located in Sapele and Afam station will
always lose synchronism in an even of 3-phase fault
on Benin-Sapele and Benin-Onitsha transmission line.
However, the CCT was increased to 220ms and 120ms,
respectively with installation of SVC at Benin station.
This paper may be useful to the Nigerian electricity
utility companies for proper planning of Nigerian
national grid and also in the formulation of policy on
improving Nigerian Power system. Future research
will focus on development of indices that will aid the
sizing and location of SVC within the Nigerian 330kV
power system network with the aim of improving the
transient stability of the network.
Nigerian Journal of Technology
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Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 165
 IMPROVING THE TRANSIENT STABILITY OF NIGERIAN 330KV TRANSMISSION NETWORK USING SVC, T. R. Ayodele, et al

APPENDIX
Table 6: Transmission Line Data for 330kV Nigeria Power System
LINE PARAMETERS (P.U)
LINE NO. FROM BUS i TO BUS J
R X B TAP PHASE
1 1 2 0.01218 0.09163 1.0269
2 2 3 0.00159 0.01197 0.5366
3 2 4 0 0.01351 0 1 0
4 3 6 0.00016 0.00118 0.053
5 3 7 0.00206 0.01547 1.56
6 3 8 0.00480 0.03606 1.6165
7 5 6 0 0.01932 0 1 0
8 7 15 0.00987 0.07419 0.8315
9 7 18 0.00412 0.03098 0.3472
10 7 20 0.01163 0.08750 0.9805
11 8 9 0 0.01638 0 1 0
12 8 10 0.00189 0.01419 0.636
13 10 12 0.00904 0.06799 0.7619
14 10 13 0.00774 0.05832 0.6526
15 11 15 0.00766 0.05764 0.646
16 13 14 0.01042 0.07833 0.8778
17 15 16 0.00538 0.04050 0.4538
18 15 20 0.00550 0.04139 1.885
19 15 30 0.00287 0.02158 0.2418
20 15 31 0.00098 0.00739 0.3313
21 16 17 0.00377 0.02838 0.318
22 16 19 0.00605 0.04552 0.5101
23 18 20 0.00538 0.04050 0.454
24 19 29 0.00049 0.00369 0.1656
25 20 21 0.00036 0.00266 0.119
26 20 22 0.00122 0.00916 0.4108
27 22 23 0 0.00648 0 1 0
28 22 24 0.00028 0.00207 0.0928
29 25 31 0 0.01204 0 1 0
30 26 30 0.00102 0.00769 0.08613
31 26 31 0.00248 0.01862 0.2087
32 27 30 0 0.01333 0 1 0
33 28 29 0 0.01422 0 1 0

Table 7: Generator Data for 330kV Nigeria Power System

Gen. Names MVA H xd x'd x"d xq x'q x"q T’d0 T”d0 T’q0 T”q0 xl R
G1 Kainji 450 3.34 0.75 0.28 0.21 0.53 - 0.21 6.0 0.04 - 0.16 0.16 0.004
G2 Jebba 600 3.39 0.65 0.26 0.24 0.44 - 0.24 5.2 0.06 - 0.24 0.14 0.0037
G3 Egbin 1500 3.09 1.87 0.262 0.23 1.87 0.45 0.22 7.1 0.063 1.0 0.11 0.18 0.004
G4 Shiroro 700 3.24 0.80 0.30 0.2 0.49 - 0.24 5.57 0.05 - 0.34 0.16 0.004
G5 Sapele 440 8.91 2.17 0.25 0.18 1.92 - 0.18 8.8 0.05 - 0.20 0.13 0.004
G6 Delta 550 6.70 2.16 0.234 0.17 2.16 - 0.16 8.6 0.05 - 0.20 0.12 0.002
G7 Afam 330 9.01 2.09 0.20 0.15 1.89 - 0.15 6.93 0.05 - 0.20 0.11 0.003

Nigerian Journal of Technology Vol. 35, No. 1, January 2016 166