PRACTICAL: - 5

AIM:- To create Gantt Charts and Network charts in OpenProj Software.

When you create a new project, OpenProj by default opens the Gantt chart view on the right
pane and the task input table on the left pane. You can drag the vertical line dividing the two
panes to fit your monitor as you desire. To enter a task:
1. Click in the Name column in the first row.
2. Enter a name for the task.
3. Confirm the input by clicking the mouse or pressing the tab button which takes you to
the duration entry field.
4. If you do not know the duration at this stage you do not have to input it. OpenProj
enters a default value of 1day? which you can alter at a later stage.
5. If you have an estimate of the duration, then feel free to enter it into the cell.
OpenProj automatically converts the duration to days. For example, enter 1w (1 week)
and OpenProj will set the duration to 5 days. The input of 1 month would result in a
display of 20 days and 1 hour would be displayed as 0.125 days (or 1/8th of a day).
6. Confirm the input by pressing Enter or clicking on the next row.
7. It is important that you enter only task names and durations at this stage. Do not be
tempted to enter any other information right now. Especially not a starting date.
8. It‟s good practice even at this stage to enter general headings (phases) for tasks e.g
“Design” and then more specific tasks underneath, but never enter a duration for a
general heading.
 1. GANTT CHARTS

A Gantt chart, commonly used in project management, is one of the most popular and useful
ways of showing activities (tasks or events) displayed against time. On the left of the chart is
a list of the activities and along the top is a suitable time scale. Each activity is represented by
a bar; the position and length of the bar reflects the start date, duration and end date of the
activity. This allows you to see at a glance:

 What the various activities are

 When each activity begins and ends
 How long each activity is scheduled to last
 Where activities overlap with other activities, and by how much
 The start and end date of the whole project

To summarize, a Gantt chart shows you what has to be done (the activities) and when (the
schedule).

Gantt Chart
 2. Network Chart

A network diagram is essentially a flow chart that includes all of the project elements and
how they relate to one another. It shows parallel activities and the links between each
activity. Network logic is the collection of activity dependencies that make up a network
diagram for a particular project. In other words, certain tasks are dependent on one another to
complete the project. This creates a logical stream of events that will lead to completion of
the project. The network diagram lets you do the following:

 Define the project's path

 Determine the sequence of tasks to be completed

 Look at the relationship between activities

 Determine the dependencies

 Make adjustments as tasks are completed

 Take a broad look at the project path and clearly see the relationships and dependencies
between tasks
CLICK “View” and then “Network diagram”. It wiil then generate the diagram shown
below.

Network Chart
 PRACTICAL:- 6
AIM :- To set dependencies and establishes deadlines in OpenProj software.
Dependencies allow you to show the relationships between tasks and set rules for when tasks
can be started or finished. OpenProj uses four types of dependencies:
 FS (Finish-to-Start):- This is the default relationship in OpenProj. It defines that one
task has to finish before the next one can start. For Example, „printing a document‟
cannot start until „editing the document‟ is finished.
 SS (Start-to-Start):- The start of a task is dependent on the start of its predecessor. In
other words, the task can only start after the predecessor task has started (or at a later
date)
 FF (Finish-to-Finish):- The completion of a task is dependent on the completion of
its predecessor. In other words, the task can only finish at the same time (or after) the
previous task has finished
 SF (Start-to-Finish):- The finish of the next task depends on the start of the previous
task. In other words, the first task begins after the second task ends.

When dependencies are created, the start and finish dates of tasks are usually affected.
OpenProj automatically edits start and finish dates so that they adhere to these new
constraints. Any change to dependencies will update task dates and Gantt bars automatically.
You can link tasks listed below. If you make a mistake at any time you can undo with the
menu: Edit-Undo or press Ctrl-Z. The following steps are taken to set dependencies.
1. Select the task rows in the table that are to be linked with a dependency. In the
example above we know all the tasks are dependent on each other, so we will select
rows 2,3,4,5 & 6 with the mouse and click (menu: Edit / Link) or simply click the
task linking icon .
2. You will see that all the tasks have now become dependent on each other with one
click, rather than typing each individual task dependency in manually. You can select
multiple or separated rows by using the CTRL-click action (for multiple selections).

You can delete dependencies by clicking on the number in the “predecessors” box and
deleting it with the delete key. Alternatively you can select the linked tasks in the table and
use the menu item Edit – Unlink or click the icon or click the link line between the two tasks
in the Gantt chart and select the “Remove” option in the pop-up menu.
All task-related information is managed centrally via the Task Information window. For
every task you have the ability to modify information and task settings within six tabs. It‟s
good practice to edit information in this menu rather than in the columns in the table view of
the spreadsheet. The editing window consists of following tabs as follows.
General: - General task date information and percentage complete information.
Predecessors: - List of all predecessor tasks and dependency type settings.
Successors: - Information about successor tasks and dependency type settings.
Resources: - Shows the assigned resources and allocations for this task.
Advanced: - Task type and date constraint information.
Notes Allows entry of notes about the task.

Deadlines are used to monitor the progress of individual tasks. A deadline set for a particular
date will trigger a notification as soon as that date slips and an icon in the indicator column is
displayed. Deadlines also appear in the Gantt chart as yellow diamonds. To set a deadline:
1. Select the task in Name column for which you‟d like to apply a deadline.
2. Open the task information Dialog Box by double-clicking the task name, or click the
icon.
3. Select the Advanced tab and enter the desired date into the Deadline: field.
4. Confirm your entry and click Close.
 PRACTICAL 7

AIM: To study the Data Flow Diagrams of various case studies.

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

A data flow diagram, also known as “bubble chart” has the purpose of clarifying system
requirements and identifying major transformation that will become programs in system
design. It is a graphic representation of a system or portion of system. A DFD consists of a
series of bubbles joined by lines. It consists of data flows, processes, sources, destinations
and stores all described through the use of easily understood symbols. An entire system can
be described from the viewpoint of the data it processes with only four symbols. The DFD is
also powerful enough to show parallel activities.

TYPES OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

 Physical data flow diagram: - Physical data flow diagram is implementation

dependent. They show the actual devices, department, people etc. involved in the
current system.

 Logical data flow diagram: - It describes the system independently of how it is

actually implemented, that is , they show what takes place, rather than how an activity
is accomplished.

COMPONENTS OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:-

a) Source or Destination: - The source or destination is graphically represented as a

rectangle. Source or destination external entities with which the system communicates. A
source or destination is a person or a group of persons that are outside the control of the
system being modeled.

b) Data Flow: - The flow is represented graphically by an arrow into or out of a process. The
flow is used to describe the movement of chunks or packet of information from one part of
the system to another part. The flow represents data in motion.

c) Process: - The process shows a part of the system that transforms input into output. The
process is represented graphically as a circle or bubble.

d) Data Store: - The data store is used to model a collection of data packet at rest. The
notation of a data store is two parallel lines. Data stores are typically implemented as files or
databases in computerized system. Data stores are connected by flow to processes.
Data Stores have two types of flow:-

Basic Symbols for Data Flow Diagram:-

1.

or

= Source or destination of data

2.

= Data Flow

3.

or = Process that transforms data flow

4.

or = Data Store

In data flow diagrams a single process node on a high level diagram expanded to show a
more detailed data flow diagram. The first level DFD shows the main processes within the
system. Each of these processes can be broken into further processes until we reach pseudo
code.

The various elements used for drawing structure chart using Smart Draw are the following:

1. Circles: Circles are used to represent the process

2. Rectangles: Rectangles are used to represent the external entity.

3. Straight Line: Straight line is formatted to arrow head to show the flow of control from
one process to another and also represents the data flowing from one process to another.

4. Edit Text: To add text to various processes and to define data flowing from one process to
another

CASE STUDY ON RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The Railway Reservation system has the following main features :

 Traveller may be able to book tickets from any station to any station
 Availability of seats can be known at any time
 Status of trains can be easily checked
 Previous bookings can be easily seen
The system requires the traveler to give the specific details about traveling schedule, it
includes date of journey , source station , destination station, class of traveling , number of
seats to be reserved etc. Clerk will then send the account details to the accountant , who
calculates the actual fare.Supervisor then checks all the details like availability of seat etc and
pass it to the management.

Level1
Level2

CASE STUDY ON UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

University is created to provide quality education to the people. A lot of colleges come under
a single university. The administrator & bindings of different colleges is its primary goal. The
secondary goals would be designed to achieve better results of its primary goal.

In order to achieve its goals a proper management system is must. Because its this system
that develops interrelationship b/w different departments and colleges that come under a
university and also between different universities

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

 Level1

Level 2

Hospital management system

Level 1

Inventory dfd

Level 1
Level2
TYPES OF NO. OF ITEMS AMOUNT
TRANSPORTATION
STOCK IN EACH TYPE SPENT INFO
CHARGES

Kinds Of Money
Items Decide
Qu antity Of Spent
Avai lable Charges
Items

2.0
1. 0 1. 1
Makes Items Delivery
CUSTOME R Stock In Stock
Request Brought
Store Brou gh t

Pick Type
Sales Pick
Address

STOCK TYPE
Profit
Earned 1.2
Stock Delivery Process
Sold Out
CUSTOMER'S
PROFIT ADDRESS
MADE
Pi ck Type

SOLD OUT
TYPE