Topic-4:

Clean Technology: Road Show

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 Classification of Energy
Renewable Energy Non-renewable Energy
Renewable energy sources are continuously Non-renewable energy
available and never get exhausted. sources exist in fixed
Examples are Wind, Solar radiation, Tides etc amounts and get
exhausted. Examples are
Fossil fuels- Petrol, natural
gas, coal
Solar energy: Electromagnetic radiation from
the sun
Wind power : The energy from moving air used
by wind mills
Geothermal: The heat from the underground
steams
Tidal power: The energy associated with the
rise and fall of the tidal waters.
Hydroelectricity: The energy of falling water
used to turn turbines or mill wheels
Biomass & Biofuel:

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 Renewable vs Non-renewable sources
Energy Type Advantages Disadvantages
Renewable •Wide Availability •Unreliable
•Lower Running cost •Small production
•Low pollution •Low efficiency
•Unlimited •Difficult to store and Transport

Non-renewable •Available in high Available only in few places

concentration form Limited supply
•Easy to store and High cost
transport High pollution
•Reliable supply
•High efficiency

Sustainable •Highly reliable Risk of Radioactivity

(Nuclear Power) •Produces large amount High waste disposal costs
of energy with very little High capital investments and
CO2 emission maintenance cost
•Uses small amount of
raw material 3
 Clean Energy: Road Show

• Geo-Thermal Energy
• Energy from Ocean
• Energy from Dancing (Human Action)
• Solar Energy
• SolarOrb
• Green Electronics
• Eco-friendly Battery
• Shape Memory Alloy
• Chromic Materials
• Conductive Ink : A Nano Solution 4
 Geo-Thermal Energy
The interior or deeper regions of earth’s crust are very hot. If this heat utilized as
a source of energy, it is called ‘geothermal energy’.

Advantages:
1. Very high efficiency
2. Low land use and Low land disturbances

Disadvantages:
1. Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground
2. Selection of location to build is difficult
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 Energy from Ocean

• Most predictable, consistent, independent of rain fall.

• Better alternative to dams to produce electricity
Principles:
- Kinetic energy of water currents
- Potential energy difference between high tides and low tides
- High pressures under water (piezo electricity)

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 Energy from Ocean
i. Tidal Energy
• Gravity from Moon/Sun drives tides
• Renewable energy source
• Water level at the coasts of sea rises and falls twice a day. This
rise and fall of water is known as tides.

Disadvantages: High construction cost, limited locations, the tidal barriers can
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cause habitat and environmental changes
 Energy from Ocean
ii. Wave Energy
• Waves are a powerful source of energy
• Wave energy uses the kinetic force of waves
to produce Energy.
• A object inside Buoys, Booms, or other
floating objects will shake or rotate as each
wave passes. At a wave power station, the
waves arriving cause the water in the
chamber to rise and fall, which means that
air is forced in and out of the hole in the top
of the chamber. A turbine is placed in this
hole, which is turned by the air rushing in
.and out. The turbine turns a generator.

Disadvantages:
• Low efficiency
• High construction cost
• Controlling the power is difficult
• Interfere with commercial/sporting fishing, mooring, anchoring etc 8
 Energy from Ocean
iii. Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE):

In oceans, temperature
difference exists between
surface water heated by the sun
and the colder deep water. About
20oC temperature difference can
be harnessed to produce power.
The warm water boils liq.
Ammonia and the pressure
developed is used to run a
turbine. This concept is known as
Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion (OTEC) power plant

Advantage: can be operated for 24

hours, throughout the year.

Disadvantage: costly and

maintenance cost is high.

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 Energy from Ocean
iii. Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE):

Applications of OTEC:
• To generate electricity
• To desalinate water
• It support deep-water mariculture
• It provide refrigeration and air-conditioning
• It aid in crop growth and mineral extraction

India’s OTEC ship - Sagar Shakthi

For Further study refer the following links

http://www.nrel.gov/otec/applications.html 10
http://www.rise.org.au/info/Tech/otec/index.html
Energy from Human Actions

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 Energy from Human Actions

• Piezoelectric ceramic nanoparticles convert existing sources

of mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Stepping on a Piezo Electric tile, the mechanical stress
applied results in an Electric-Charge built-up around the
Crystal Surface. This energy can be transferred to Energy
Deficient Regions

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 Squeeze
Piezoelectric effect
+ -
Mechanical stress
Squeeze
+ -
Squeeze + -
Electric field + -
Inverse Piezoelectric effect
Squeeze • Stress leads to distribution of
charges that causes electrical
random charge distribution potential difference, this is called
Net potential is zero Piezoelectric effect
• Generated Voltage is directly
proportional to stress

• Piezoelectric effect is discovered by Pieere curie and Jacques Curie in 1880

• Inverse Piezoelectric effect is observed by Gabriel Lippmann in 1881
Applications:
Lighters, Quartz watches, for the detection of submarines, sound wave detection, Vehicle
Air Bag Protection; generation of electricity in pavements, walking pathways, charging
mobiles and laptops while using the keys (key pad contains piezoelectric material) etc
Examples for Piezoelectric materials: Lead Zirconate titanate, Barium titanate,
Potassium Nibonate
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=urJN4aPs4oE
 Solar energy: Uses, Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages:
• Solar energy is free - it needs no fuel and produces no waste or pollution.

• Solar power can be used to get electricity to a remote place.

• Handy for low-power uses such as solar powered garden lights.

Disadvantages:
• Doesn't work at night. Can be unreliable unless you're in a very sunny
climate.

• Very expensive to build solar power stations, although the cost is coming
down as technology improves.
 SOLARORB : Spherical Glass Solar Generator

• Energy from the sun is concentrated into a small set of solar

panels
• Rotating spherical lens is used
• Sun rays focus on a small point
• Free of weather induced problems
• Upto 35% more efficient

Rawlemon

Mr. Andre Broessel is Inventor and Founder of Rawlemon spherical solar

generator.
Inspiration: When his daughter was playing with marbles, he realized this
concept.

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SOLARORB : Spherical Glass Solar Generator
SOLARORB: Usage of Direct as well as diffused light

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SOLARORB : Spherical Glass Solar Generator

SOLARORB: Big Opportunity

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SOLARORB : Spherical Glass Solar Generator

transparent

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 Green Electronics
• Every electronic device has scope to be green
- Make products energy efficient!
• Use Renewable sources to generate energy

Practice before you preach!

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Green Electronics

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 Eco-friendly Batteries
Problems of existing Batteries
• Every Li-ion battery has limited durability (1-2 years)
• Cause severe hazardous problems when improperly
handled, contaminating water, soil
• Recycling process is very costly

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 Eco-friendly Batteries
• Researchers at Sweden, made eco-friendly, easily
recoverable Li –Ion batteries by renewable biological
materials Alfalfa, pine resin.
• Recycling organic electrodes is efficient and easy
compared with the inorganic ones
• Lithium paste from old batteries can be used for
producing new batteries
• Carbonylated materials from biomass, used for
preparing electrodes

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 Hydrogen Fuel
• NASA uses hydrogen fuel to launch the space shuttles
• It's also the most plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity
and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth.
• Hydrogen is high in energy, yet an engine that burns pure hydrogen
produces almost no pollution.
• NASA has used liquid hydrogen since the 1970s to propel the space
shuttle and other rockets into orbit. Hydrogen fuel cells power the
shuttle's electrical systems, producing a clean byproduct - pure water,
which the crew drinks.
• Hydrogen can also be transported (like electricity) to locations where it is
needed.

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 Challenges to Hydrogen Fuel

Hydrogen embrittles many of the steels used

for natural gas pipelines, creating the potential
for dangerous leaks.

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New start-ups entering
the space of
Global Hydrogen Fuel.

ARE YOU ?
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University of California, Riverside researchers have developed an inexpensive,
efficient catalyst material for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells,
which are among the most promising fuel cell types to power cars and
electronics. 26
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Hyundai Hydrogen Fuel Cell based CAR- 2017
 Fuel Cells

Fuel Cells are different from Batteries (electrochemical devices)

which does not store chemical energy.
Chemicals will be supplied constantly from out side, so it never
goes dead.

• Efficiency is higher than conventional power plant

• Produce electricity through electrochemical process
• Fuel Cells are very attractive and environmentally begin as they
produce electricity with out combusting fuel

• Free of noise, vibration, heat transfer, thermal pollution etc.

Limitation:
Choice and availability of suitable autocatalysts (for electrodes) able to 28
function efficiently for long periods without deterioration and contamination
 H2-O2 Fuel Cells
Porous carbon electrodes are used on both the fuel (anode) and oxidant
(cathode) sides of the electrolyte.

Electrode – porous , good conducting, excellent catalyst for the reactions

that take place on their surfaces, not deteriorating by the electrolyte heat
or electrode reactions.

Most commonly used fuel cell is H2-O2 Fuel Cell

Hydrogen the fuel (through anode) and oxygen the oxidant (through
cathode) gases are bubbled through the respective compartments.

Since the reaction between H2 and O2 is very slow at fuel cell operating
temperature (400 K), catalysts will be used to increase the rate of the
reaction.
At Anode: Pt/Cd powder is mixed in porous C electrode
At Cathode: CoO powder is mixed in porous C electrode
Electrolyte - aqueous KOH or NaOH

Fuel/electrode//electrolyte//electrode/oxidant29
 Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cell
• 2H2 + 4 OH- H2O + 4e- (Anode)

• O2 + 2 H 2 O + 4 e - 4 OH- (Cathode)

• 2H2 + O2 2H2O + electricity

Hydrogen needs to be produced again from other sources like thermal heating
of substances, photolysis or electrolysis of water

Applications: Auxiliary energy source in space vehicles, submarines

or other military-vehicles.

Fuel cells are classified by the type of electrolyte they use.

The startup time varies for cell to cell for instance it is 1 second
for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM fuel cells, or PEMFC)
and 10 minutes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC)
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 Types of Fuel Cells
Fuel Cell Operating temp fuel

Alkaline Fuel Cell RT to 80 0C Hydrogen

(AFC) [NASA used it since 1069s in Apollo series]
Proton Exchange Operates best at 60-90 0C Hydrogen
Membrane Fuel Cell [Originally developed by GE for space]
(PEMFC)
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Operates best at ~200 0C Hydrogen
(PAFC) [Stationary energy storage device ]

Molten Carbonate Fuel Higher temp Hydrocarbons

Cell (MCFC) Operates best at 550 0C
Nickel catalysts, ceramic separator membrane
Hydrocarbon fuels reformed in situ
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Operates at 900 0C Hydrocarbons
(SOFC) Conducting ceramic oxide electrodes

Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Operates best at 60-90 0C Methanol

(DMFC) [For portable electronic devices]
 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
(PEM fuel cell or PEMFC)

a proton-conducting polymer membrane (Eg: nafion) contains the electrolyte solution

that separates the anode and cathode sides.
This was called a "solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell" (SPEFC)
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33
PEM Fuel Cells

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The world's first certified fuel cell boat (HYDRA), in Leipzig/Germany
 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

• Anode, cathode and electrolyte all made up of ceramic substances

• Anode : porous, to allow the fuel to flow to the electrolyte – Nickel

mixed with ceramic material of the electrolyte
• Cathode: Thin porous layer where oxygen reduction occurs
• Electrolyte: Solid oxide or ceramic electrolyte - Dense layer of oxygen
conducting ceramic. - mixture of ZrO and CaO coated on either side by
porous electrode materials. Others include yttrium stabilized
zirconia (YSZ) and gadolinium doped ceria (GDC)
• Operate at temperatures as high as 1000 oC
• Though it operates at a high temperature, it is preferred for a
continuous operation since temperature can be maintained by
tapping a small amount of electrical energy from the fuel cell pack
itself.
• The other advantage is, at this high temperature, CO will not be
present since it will be converted to CO2.
• Can be configured as rolled tubes or flat plates
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 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
Oxygen ions diffuse through the electrolyte from cathode and oxidize
hydrogen fuel at the anode.

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 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
SOFC systems can run on fuels other than pure hydrogen gas,
hydrocarbons such as methane (natural gas), propane and butane.
These fuel cells are at an early stage of development.

Challenges/Disadvantages with SOFC:

Challenges exist in SOFC systems due to their high operating
temperatures.
At high operational temperature the potential disadvantage is the
generation of carbon dust to build up on the anode, which slows
down the internal reforming process. Research to address this "carbon
coking" issue at the University of Pennsylvania has shown that the use
of copper-based cermet (heat-resistant materials made of ceramic and
metal) can reduce coking and the loss of performance.

Another disadvantage of SOFC systems is slow start-up time, making

SOFCs less useful for mobile applications.

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 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)

Advantages of SOFC:
High efficiency; Long term stability; Fuel flexibility; Low emissions

• Due to its high operating temperature, one need not use precious
metal catalyst like platinum instead other cheap metals can be used,
thereby reducing cost.
• Additionally, waste heat from SOFC systems may be captured and
reused, increasing the theoretical overall efficiency to as high as 80%–
85%
• The other advantage is, at this high temperature, CO will not be present
since it will be converted to CO2.

Applications:
• Auxiliary power units in vehicles
• Stationary power generation
• By product gases – channeled to turbines to generate more
electricity – cogeneration of heat and power and improves
overall efficiency 40
 Shape Memory Alloy

Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a class of metal

alloys that can recover apparent permanent strains
when they are heated above a certain temperature.

Interesting Videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rrPv5AlVXg&list=PLTxR8zlfzwE4k
MpmieO4_oqTC6k4X_zyA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=getfzfZJjHM&list=PLTxR8zlfzwE4kM
pmieO4_oqTC6k4X_zyA&index=23
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EikQOrLyc-A

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 SMA IN WORK

• Nanomuscles
• Surgical instruments
– Tissue Spreader
– Stents (angioplasty)
– Coronary Probe
– Brain Spatula
• Endoscopy: miniature
zoom device, bending
actuator
• Force sensor
• Smart skin (wing
turbulence reduction)
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 SMA working principle

• 2 stable phases
- the high-temperature phase, austenite
- the low-temperature phase, martensite.
• martensite
- 2 forms: twinned and detwinned, as shown in
next Pic.
• Phase transformation occurs between the 2-
phases upon heating/cooling is the basis for the
unique properties of the SMAs.

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SMA working principle

NiTi

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SMA working
principle

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SMA: A Biomedical Comparison

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 Chromic Materials
‘Chromic’ means change of colour reversibly induced by external factor
such as light, electrons, temp, pH etc

Chromic Materials: How?

• Chromism is exhibited by many naturally occurring
compounds

ORANGE RED 47
 Chromic Materials: Where?
Photochromism Thermochromism

Halochromism Electrochromism

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 Chromic Materials: Where?

Mechanochromism Vapochromism

Solvatochromism
Change the solvent, color will change

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 Chromic Materials: Where?
• Energy efficient smart glass.
• In Automobile industry.
• Data storage: Used particularly in the area of 3D
optical data storage which promises discs that can
hold a terabyte of data.
• Electrochromics – Flexible, cost efficient and reduce
pollution.

Chromic Materials: Challenge

• Controlling a multiple parameter for product development

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 Conductive Ink : A Nano Solution

• Ink + NanoAg = Conductive Ink.

• Typically 20 micron and sometimes smaller than 1
micron.
• Very dense.
• Usually solvent based.

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 Conductive Ink: What & How?

• Contains “nano Ag”

• Ink conducts electricity.
• Writes on almost
everything.
• Low production cost.
• Green substitute to wires
in small circuits.
• Modified viscosity

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 Conductive Ink: Where?
• Bendable Computer Displays; Printed circuit boards.
• Wall paper with built in light switches
• Paper Batteries, Transit tickets
• Chromatic Sensors
Traditional wires Conductive Ink (wires not visible)

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