302 Tut 4 Solns PDF

TUTORIAL # 4 SOLUTIONS MATRIX FORMULATION OF
THE STIFFNESS METHOD
1 FUNDAMENTALS
(a) Write down the three fundamental equations of the stiffness method.
(b) Use the above three fundamental equations to derive the three standard equations
used to obtain the solution of any structure.
(c) Define all the symbols used in the above equations.
(d) Derive the expression [S] = Σ [β]T [km ] [β]
(e) What is a compatibility matrix?
Solution 1 (a)
The three fundamental equations of the stiffness method are:
[S] [∆] = [P] …………….… Eqn 1
[FM ] = [km ] [δ] ………….…. Eqn 2
[δ] = [β] [∆] …….................. Eqn 3
Solution 1 (b)
Eqn 1 is written in partitioned matrix format as
[S11] [S12] [∆1] [P1]

= ……...…………... Eqn 4
[S21] [S22] [∆2] [P2]
Expanding Eqn 4 we obtain

[S11][∆1] + [S12][∆2] = [P1] ……………………………… Eqn 5
and [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] = [P2] …………………………...… Eqn 6
The unknown displacements [∆1] are obtained by re-arranging and solving Eqn 5
[S11][∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2] ………………….…….…….. Eqn 7
The support reactions [P2] are obtained by back-substituting the sub-vector [∆1] into Eqn 6
[P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] …………..…………...……… Eqn 8
Eqn 2 is written in partitioned matrix format as
[Fij ] [kii j ] [kij ] [δij ]

= ………… Eqn 9
I
[Fji ] [kji ] [kjj ] [δji ]
Considering the end i of the member we can write

j
Fij = [kii ] [δij ] + [kij ] [δji ] …………………….. Eqn 10
The member-end forces [FM] are obtained by substituting Eqn 3 into Eqn 10
Fij = [kii j] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] …………….. Eqn 11
Eqns 7, 8 and 11 are the three standard equations used to obtain the solution of any structure
S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 1

Solution 1 (c): The symbols used in the above equations are defined as follows:
[P] = a column vector of ALL the external forces acting on the structure
[∆] = a column vector of ALL the nodal displacements
[S] = the Structure Stiffness Matrix
[FM ] = a column vector of ALL the member-end forces.
[km ] = the member stiffness matrix
[δ] = the column vector of member-end displacements
[β] = the Member Compatibility Matrix
[P1] = a column sub-vector of all known applied loads
[∆1] = a column sub-vector of all unknown nodal displacements corresponding to [P1]
[∆2] = a column sub-vector of all prescribed support displacements corresponding to [P2]
[P2] = a column sub-vector of all unknown support reactions corresponding to [∆2]
[S11] = stiffness sub-matrix which relates [∆1] to [P1]
[Fij ] = the member-end force(s) at end i of member ij
j
[kii ] = the direct stiffness at end i of member ij
[βij ] = the compatibility matrix at end i of member ij
[∆i ] = the structure nodal displacements at node i
[kij ] = the cross stiffness at end i of member ij
Solution 1 (d)
The member-end forces are given by: [FM ] = [km ] [δ] ……………..………. Eqn 1
The member-end displacements are given by: [δ] = [β] [∆] …………………………. Eqn 2
T
The strain energy is given by: U = ½ Σ [FM ] [δ] ………...……….. Eqn 3
T
Substitute Eqn 2 into Eqn 3 to obtain U = ½ ∑ [FM ] [β] [∆] ………….…… Eqn 4
T
The external work done is given by: U = ½ [P] [∆] …………………..….. Eqn 5
The principle of conservation of energy requires that Eqn 4 must be equal to Eqn 5, therefore
[P]T = Σ [FM ]T [β] ………………………… Eqn 6
T
Transpose both sides of Eqn 6 to obtain [P] = Σ [β] [FM ] …………………. Eqn 7
T
Substitute Eqn 1 into Eqn 7 to obtain [P] = Σ [β] [km ] [β] [∆] …………. Eqn 8
The fundamental stiffness equation is expressed as [P] = [S] [∆] ……………………...….. Eqn 9
T
A comparison of Eqn 8 and Eqn 9 shows that [S] = Σ [β] [km ] [β] ………………. Eqn 10
Eqn 10 shows that the Structure Stiffness Matrix is assembled from the transformed member
stiffness matrices by superposition.
Solution 1 (e)
The forces and displacements at the ends of a member act along the member axes system.
Compatibility matrices are transformation matrices which are used to transform the member-end
forces and displacements from the member axes system to the structure axes system.

2 ANALYSIS OF TRUSSES
(a) Write down the force displacement relation at the ends of a truss member.
(b) Write down the member stiffness matrix for a truss member.
(c) Write down the force vector [Pi ] at node i of a truss structure. Define the symbols used.
(d) Write down an expression for the strain energy in terms of [Fij ] and [δij ]
(e) Write down a expression for the external work done in terms of [Pi ] and [∆i ]
(f) Given that Fij = [kii j] [βij ][∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] and [δij ] = [βij ][∆i ] derive expressions for
j
the transformed member stiffness matrices [Kii ] and [Kij ]
T
(g) What is the purpose of the matrices [βij ] , [βij ] and [βji ] in the expressions for the
transformed member stiffness matrices [Kii j ] and [Kij ] ?
Solution 2 (a)
The force-displacement relation at the ends of a truss member is given by
j
Fij kii kij δij
= i
Fji kji kjj δji
Solution 2 (b)
The member stiffness matrix for a truss member is given by
EA/L EA/L
[km] =
EA/L EA/L
Solution 2 (c)
The structure force vector at node i is given by:
j
[Pi ] = ∑{ [Kii ] [∆i ] + [Kij ] [∆j ]
j
Where [Kii ] = the direct transformed member stiffness (DTMS) matrix.
[Kij ] = the cross transformed member stiffness (CTMS) matrix.
[∆i ] = the structure nodal displacements at node i.
And [∆j ] = the structure nodal displacements at node j.
Solution 2 (d)
The strain energy stored in the members of the truss is expressed as
T
U = ½ Σ [Fij ] [δij ]
Solution 2 (e)
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as
T
U = ½ [Pi ] [∆i ]

Solution 2 (f)
The force vector at node i is given by:
j
[Pi ] = ∑{ [Kii ] [∆i ] + [Kij ] [∆j ] …………………………………………………… Eqn 1
The member-end forces are given by:

Fij = [kii j] [βij ][∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] …………………………………………..….. Eqn 2
Compatibility at the node requires that:
[δij ] = [βij ][∆i ] …………………………………………….………………………… Eqn 3
The strain energy stored in the members is expressed as:

U = ½ Σ [Fij ]T [δij ] …………………………………………….……………………. Eqn 4
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as:
U = ½ [Pi ]T [∆i ] ………………………………………………………………….….. Eqn 5
The principle of conservation of energy requires that the external work done must be equal to the
strain energy stored in the members. Equate Eqn 5 to Eqn 4 to obtain:
[Pi ]T [∆i ] = Σ [Fij ]T [δij ] …………………………………………………………..…. Eqn 6
Substitute for [δij ] from Eqn 3 into Eqn 6 to obtain:

[Pi ]T [∆i ] = Σ [Fij ]T [βij ][∆i ] …………………………………………………………… Eqn 7
Cancel off [∆i ] then transpose both sides of Eqn 7 to obtain:
[Pi ] = Σ [βij ]T [Fij ] ………….......................................................................….. Eqn 8
Substitute for [Fij ] from Eqn 2 into Eqn 8 to obtain:

[Pi ] = Σ { [βij ]T [kii j] [βij ] [∆i ] + [βij ]T [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] …………………….……….. Eqn 9
A comparison of Eqn 9 and Eqn 1 reveals that the transformed member stiffness (TMS) matrices are
given by:
j T j
Direct TMS matrix: [Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] ………………………………………. Eqn 10
T
Cross TMS matrix: [Kij ] = [βij ] [kij ] [βji ] ……………………………………….. Eqn 11
Solution 2 (g)
The pre-multiplier [βij ]T ensures equilibrium between the member and structure forces at node i.
The post multiplier [βij ] ensures compatibility between the member and structure displacements at
node j.
The post multiplier [βji ] ensures compatibility between the member and structure displacements at
node i.

(a) Outline the standard procedure for the analysis of trusses
(b) Analyse the truss shown below and determine all member forces, all support reactions and
3
all nodal displacements. Take EA = 42.86x10 kN, for all members. No support yield.
(c) Repeat (b) above if support B yields by 2.8 mm horizontally to the right.
40 kN C
Member Forces (b) Member Forces (c)
FAC = – 25 kN FAC = – 25 kN
1.5 m
FAD = 0 FAD = 30 kN
FBC = –75 kN A FBC = –75 kN
D B
FBD = 0 FBD = 30 kN
FCD = 60 kN 60 kN FCD = 60 kN
2m 2m
Solution 3 (a)
The standard procedure for the analysis of trusses may be outlined as follows:
1. Locate the structure axes system at a convenient origin.
Number ALL the nodes (starting with the unrestrained or partially restrained nodes).
Number ALL the degrees of freedom (starting with the displaceable dof).
2. Define the input and output vectors [P1], [∆1], [P2], [∆2] and [FM ].
3. Write down compatibility matrices [βij ] and [βji ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
Write down the member stiffnesses [kii j] and [kij ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
j
Generate the TMS matrices [Kii ] and [Kij ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
4. Assemble the structure stiffness matrix (SSM).
Partition the SSM according to Eqn 1*, and identify [S11], [S12], [S21] and [S22]
5. Evaluate the unknown displacements [∆1] using Eqn 4:
[S11][∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2]
6. Evaluate the support reactions [P2] using Eqn 5:
[P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2]
7. Evaluate member-end forces using Eqn 10:
j
Fij = [kii ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ]
8. Draw the Output diagram

3 Question 3 (b) [Example 1] 40 kN C
Analyse the truss shown and determine:
1.5 m
All member forces. FAC = – 25 kN
FAD = 0
All support reactions FBC = –75 kN A B
D
All nodal displacements FBD = 0
3 FCD = 60 kN 60 kN
Take EA = 42.86x10 kN, for all members.
2m 2m
No support yield.
Solution Step 2: Input and Output Vectors

Step 1: Structure Axes, Node and Dof Numbers
40 d1 HA
40 kN 1 d1
[P1] = 0 [∆1] = d2 [P2] = VA
X 0 d3 HB
d2
60 d4 VB
3 d5 2 4 d7
F12
d3
60 kN d8 F13 0
d4
d6 [FM ] = F14 [∆2] = 0
Y
F23 0
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond;
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. F24 0
Step 3: Compatibility Matrices Step 3 Contd: Member Stiffness

[βij ] = [–cos θ –sin θ] [βji ] = [cos θ sin θ] Truss Member: kii j = kjj i = kij = kji = EA/L
cos θ = (Xj – Xi)/Lij sin θ = (Yj – Yi)/Lij
2 1
Member 1-2: [β12 ] = [ 0 –1 ] [β21 ] = [ 0 1] Member 1-2: k11 = k22 = k12 = k21 = 2EA/3
Member 1-3: [β13 ] = [4/5 –3/5] [β31 ] = [–4/5 3/5] Member 1-3: k11 3 = k33 1 = k13 = k31 = 2EA/5
Member 1-4: [β14 ] = [–4/5 –3/5] [β41 ] = [4/5 3/5] Member 1-4: k11 4 = k44 1 = k14 = k41 = 2EA/5
3 2
Member 2-3: [β23 ] = [ 1 0] [β32 ] = [ –1 0] Member 2-3: k22 = k33 = k23 = k32 = EA/2
Member 2-4: [β24 ] = [ –1 0] [β42 ] = [ 1 0] Member 2-4: k22 4 = k44 2 = k24 = k42 = EA/2
Step 3 Contd: DTMS Matrices: [Kii j] = [βij ] T [kii j ] [βij ] and [Kjj i] = [Kii j]
1 2 3 4
2 T 2 1
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] = EA 1 0 0 [K22 ] = EA 3 0 0
2 0 2/3 4 0 2/3
1 2 5 6
3 T 3 1
[K11 ] = [β13 ] [k11 ] [β13 ] = EA 1 32/125 –24/125 [K33 ] = EA 5 32/125 –24/125
2 –24/125 18/125 6 –24/125 18/125
1 2 7 8
4 T 4 1
[K11 ] = [β14 ] [k11 ] [β14 ] = EA 1 32/125 24/125 [K44 ] = EA 7 32/125 24/125
2 24/125 18/125 8 24/125 18/125

j T j i j
Step 3 Contd: DTMS Matrices: [Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] and [Kjj ] = [Kii ]
3 4 5 6
3 T 3 2
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] = EA 3 1/2 0 [K33 ] = EA 5 1/2 0
4 0 0 6 0 0
3 4 7 8
4 T 4 2
[K22 ] = [β24 ] [k22 ] [β24 ] = EA 3 1/2 0 [K44 ] = EA 7 1/2 0
4 0 0 8 0 0
j
Step 3 Contd: CTMS Matrices: [Kij ] = – [Kii ]
3 4 5 6
2 3
[K12 ] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 0 0 [K13 ] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 –32/125 24/125
2 0 – 2/3 2 24/125 –18/125
7 8 5 6
4 3
[K14 ] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 –32/125 –24/125 [K23 ] = – [K22 ] = EA 3 –1/2 0
2 –24/125 –18/125 4 0 0
7 8
4
[K24 ] = – [K22 ] = EA 3 –1/2 0
4 0 0
Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EA is factored out)

Loc (1,1) =32/125 + 32/125 = 64/125 Loc (2,5) = 24/125 Loc (4,5) = 0
Loc (1,2) = –24/125 + 24/125 = 0 Loc (2,6) = –18/125 Loc (4,6) = 0
Loc (1,3) =0 Loc (2,7) = –24/125 Loc (4,7) = 0
Loc (1,4) = 0 Loc (2,8) = –18/125 Loc (4,8) = 0
Loc (1,5) = –32/125 Loc (3,3) = 1/2 + 1/2 = 1 Loc (5,5) = 32/125 + 1/2 = 189/250
Loc (1,6) = 24/125 Loc (3,4) = 0 Loc (5,6) = –24/125
Loc (1,7) = –32/125 Loc (3,5) = –1/2 Loc (5,7) = 0
Loc (1,8) = –24/125 Loc (3,6) = 0 Loc (5,8) = 0
Loc (2,2) =2/3 + 18/125 + 18/125 = 358/375 Loc (3,7) = –1/2 Loc (6,6) = 18/125
Loc (2,3) = 0 Loc (3,8) = 0 Loc (6,7) = 0
Loc (2,4) = –2/3 Loc (4,4) = 2/3 Loc (6,8) = 0
Loc (7,7) = 32/125 + 1/2 = 189/250 Loc (7,8) = 24/125 Loc (8,8) = 18/125
Structure Stiffness Matrix d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8
d1 64 0 0 0 –32 24 –32 –24
[S11] [S12] d2 0 358/3 0 –250/3 24 –18 –24 –18
d3 0 0 125 0 –125/2 0 –125/2 0
[S] = = (EA/125) d4 0 –250/3 0 250/3 0 0 0 0
d5 –32 24 –125/2 0 189/2 –24 0 0
d6 24 –18 0 0 –24 18 0 0
[S21] [S22] d7 –32 –24 –125/2 0 0 0 189/2 24
d8 –24 –18 0 0 0 0 24 18

Step 5: Nodal Displacements [S11] [∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2] [∆2] = [0]
64 0 0 0 d1 40 d1 625/8EA
(EA/125) 0 358/3 0 –250/3 d2 = 0 d2 = 625/3EA
0 0 125 0 d3 0 d3 0
0 –250/3 0 250/3 d4 60 d4 895/3EA
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] EA cancels off [∆2] = [0]
HA –32 24 –125/2 0 625/8 HA 20 kN
VA = 24 –18 0 0 625/3 VA = –15 kN
HB (1/125) –32 –24 –125/2 0 0 HB –60 kN
VB –24 –18 0 0 895/3 VB –45 kN
Note: VA and VB come out as –ve because their actual sense is opposite the sense of d6 and d8.
HB comes out as –ve to mean in the opposite sense to that of d7
Step 7: Member Forces Fij = [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] (EA cancels off)
2
F12 = [k11 ] [β12 ] [∆1 ] + [k12 ] [β21 ] [∆2 ]
= (2/3) [0 –1] 625/8 + (2/3) [0 1] 0 = 60 kN
625/3 895/3
3
F13 = [k11 ] [β13 ] [∆1 ] + [k13 ] [β31 ] [∆3 ]
= (2/5) [4/5 –3/5] 625/8 + (2/5) [–4/5 3/5] 0 = –25 kN
625/3 0
4
F14 = [k11 ] [β14 ] [∆1 ] + [k14 ] [β41 ] [∆4 ]
= (2/5) [–4/5 –3/5] 625/8 + (2/5) [4/5 3/5] 0 = –75 kN
625/3 0
3
F23 = [k22 ] [β23 ] [∆2] + [k23 ] [β32 ] [∆3 ]
= (1/2) [ 1 0] 0 + (1/2) [–1 0] 0 =0
895/3 0
4
F24 = [k22 ] [β24 ] [∆2] + [k24 ] [β42 ] [∆4 ]
= (1/2) [–1 0] 0 + (1/2) [ 1 0] 0 =0
895/3 0
Note: The notation [∆i ] means the displacements of node i in the structure axes system.
[∆1 ] = d1 [∆2 ] = d3 [∆3 ] = d5 [∆4 ] = d7
d2 d4 d6 d8
Step 8: Output Qu 3 (b)

40 kN C
[Example 1] [N] Displacements
1.5 m
(kN) -75 [EA = 42.86x103 kN]

-25 60
d1 = δC→ = 625/8EA = 1.8 mm
20 A 0 D 0 B 60
d2 = δC↓ = 625/3EA = 4.9 mm
60 kN d3 = δD→ = 0
15 45 d4 = δD↓ = 895/3EA = 7.0 mm

2m 2m

3 Question 3 (c) [Example 2]
Support B yields by 2.8 mm horizontally to the right.
40 kN C
Analyse the truss and determine: - FAC = – 25 kN
All member forces. FAD = 30 kN
1.5 m
FBC = –75 kN
All support reactions FBD = 30 kN
FCD = 60 kN A D B
All nodal displacements
Take EA = 42.86x103 kN, for all members. 60 kN
2m 2m
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node and Dof Numbers Step 2: Input and Output Vectors
40 kN 1 d1 40 d1 F12
X [P1] = 0 [∆1] = d2 F13
d2
0 d3 [FM ] = F14
3 d5 2 4 d7 60 d4 F23
d3 F24
60 kN d8 HA 0
d4
d6 [P2] = VA [∆2] = 0
Y
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond;

HB 120/EA [∆B = 2.8 mm
VB 0 = 120/EA]
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond.
Steps 3 and 4 DITTO Question 3 (b)
Step 5: Nodal Displacements [S11] [∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2]

64 0 0 0 d1 40 –32 24 –32 –24 0
0 358/3 0 –250/3 d2 = 0 – 24 –18 –24 –18 0
(EA/125) 0 0 125 0 d3 0 (EA/125) –125/2 0 –125/2 0 120/EA
0 –250/3 0 250/3 d4 60 0 0 0 0 0
d1 1105/8EA
d2 = 865/3EA
d3 60/EA
d4 1135/3EA
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] EA cancels off

HA –32 24 –125/2 0 1105/8 189/2 –24 0 0 0 –10 kN
VA = 24 –18 0 0 865/3 + –24 18 0 0 0 = –15 kN
HB (1/125) –32 –24 –125/2 0 60 (1/125) 0 0 189/2 24 120 –30 kN
VB –24 –18 0 0 1135/3 0 0 24 18 0 –45 kN
Note: VA and VB come out as –ve to mean in the opposite sense to that of d6 and d8 (that is upwards)
HA and HB come out as –ve to mean in the opposite sense to that of d5 and d7 (that is leftwards)

j
Step 7: Member Forces Fij = [kii ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] (EA cancels off)
2
F12 = [k11 ] [β12 ] [∆1 ] + [k12 ] [β21 ] [∆2 ]
= (2/3) [0 –1] 1105/8 + (2/3) [0 1] 60 = 60 kN
865/3 1135/3
3
F13 = [k11 ] [β13 ] [∆1 ] + [k13 ] [β31 ] [∆3 ]
= (2/5) [4/5 –3/5] 1105/8 + (2/5) [–4/5 3/5] 0 = –25 kN
865/3 0
4
F14 = [k11 ] [β14 ] [∆1 ] + [k14 ] [β41 ] [∆4 ]
= (2/5) [–4/5 –3/5] 1105/8 + (2/5) [4/5 3/5] 120 = –75 kN
865/3 0
3
F23 = [k22 ] [β23 ] [∆2] + [k23 ] [β32 ] [∆3 ]
= (1/2) [ 1 0] 60 + (1/2) [–1 0] 0 = 30 kN
1135/3 0
4
F24 = [k22 ] [β24 ] [∆2] + [k24 ] [β42 ] [∆4 ]
= (1/2) [–1 0] 60 + (1/2) [ 1 0] 120 = 30 kN
1135/3 0
Note: The notation [∆i ] means the displacements of node i in the structure axes system.
[∆1 ] = d1 [∆2 ] = d3 [∆3 ] = d5 [∆4 ] = d7
d2 d4 d6 d8
Step 8: Output Qu 3 (c) [Example 2]
40 kN C
[N] Displacements
1.5 m
(kN) -75 3
-25 [EA = 42.86x10 kN]
60
A d1 = δC→ = 1105/8EA = 3.2 mm
10 D 30 B 30
30
d2 = δC↓ = 865/3EA = 6.7 mm
60 kN d3 = δD→ = 60/EA = 1.4 mm
15 45 d4 = δD↓ = 1135/3EA = 8.8 mm
2m 2m
∆B→ = 120/EA = 2.8 mm
Notes
1. Step 1 is called CONFIGURATION.
2. Step 2 is called INPUT.
3. Steps 3 and 4 are called PROCESSING.
4. Steps 5, 6 and 7 are called OUTPUT.
5. Step 8 is called OUTPUT DIAGRAM(S).
6. The structure stiffness sub-matrices [S11], [S12], [S21] and [S22] are independent of support yield.
7. The Structural Engineer is therefore able to vary the LOAD CASE at the INPUT stage and obtain
the OUTPUT and OUTPUT DIAGRAM in a fast and efficient manner.
8. That is the beauty with Matrix Formulation.

(a) Outline the properties of the structure stiffness matrix
(b) Analyse the truss shown below and determine all member forces, all support reactions and
all nodal displacements. Take EA = 11.44x103 kN, for all members.
(c) Repeat (b) above if member AC was too short by 2.94 mm. 120 kN
B C
Member Forces (b) Member Forces (c)
FAB = –96.67 kN FAB = – 99 kN 60 kN
FAC = 36.11 kN FAC = 40 kN
1.5 m
FAD = 31.11 kN FAD = 28 kN
FBC = 31.11 kN FBC = 28 kN
FBD = –38.89 kN FBD = –35 kN A D
FCD = –21.67 kN FCD = –24 kN
2m
Solution 4 (a)
The structure stiffness matrix has the following properties: -
1. The structure stiffness matrix (SSM) is a square symmetric matrix with positive
quantities on the lead diagonal since positive displacement cannot be caused a corresponding
negative load.
2. The SSM as a whole is singular because until sufficient and valid boundary conditions are
applied, the structure can deform elastically as well as undergo rigid body motion.
3. Sufficient and valid boundary conditions are applied by partitioning the SSM so as to reflect the
distinct physical divisions of the structural system.
4. The direct stiffness sub-matrices [S11] and [S22] are non-singular square symmetric sub-
matrices with positive quantities on the lead diagonal.
5. The cross stiffness sub-matrices [S12] and [S21] are singular rectangular sub-matrices which
are not necessarily square or symmetric.

4 Question 4 (b) [Example 3] 120 kN
Analyse the truss shown and determine: B C
All member forces. 60 kN
All support reactions
1.5 m
FAB = –96.67 kN
All displacements FAC = 36.11 kN
3
Take EA = 11.44x10 kN, for all members A FAD = 31.11 kN
D FBC = 31.11 kN
FBD = –38.89 kN
2m FCD = –21.67 kN
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node and Dof numbers Step 2: Input and Output Vectors
120 kN 0 d1
2 60 kN F12
1 120 d2
F13
d1 X [P1] = 60 [∆1] = d3
d3 [Fij ] = F14
d4 0 d4
d2 F23
0 d5
F24
4 3 d5
F34 VD 0
d7
d6 [P2] = HA [∆2] = 0
Y d8
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond. VA 0
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond.
Step 3: Compatibility Matrices Step 3 Contd: Member Stiffness

cos θ = (Xj – Xi)/Lij sin θ = (Yj – Yi)/Lij Truss Member: kii j = kjj i = kij = kji = EA/L
[βij ] = [–cos θ –sin θ] [βji ] = [cos θ sin θ]
Member 1-2: [β12 ] = [ –1 0] [β21 ] = [ 1 0] Member 1-2: k11 2 = k22 1 = k12 = k21 = EA/2
Member 1-3: [β13 ] = [ –4/5 –3/5] [β31 ] = [ 4/5 3/5] Member 1-3: k11 3 = k33 1 = k13 = k31 = 2EA/5
4 1
Member 1-4: [β14 ] = [ 0 –1 ] [β41 ] = [ 0 1] Member 1-4: k11 = k44 = k14 = k41 = 2EA/3
Member 2-3: [β23 ] = [ 0 –1 ] [β32 ] = [ 0 1] Member 2-3: k22 3 = k33 2 = k23 = k32 = 2EA/3
Member 2-4: [β24 ] = [ 4/5 –3/5] [β42 ] = [–4/5 3/5 ] Member 2-4: k22 4 = k44 2 = k24 = k42 = 2EA/5
4 3
Member 3-4: [β34 ] = [ 1 0] [β43 ] = [ –1 0] Member 3-4: k33 = k44 = k34 = k43 = EA/2
Step 3 Contd: DTMS Matrices: [Kii j] = [βij ]T [kii j ] [βij ] and [Kjj i] = [Kii j]
1 2 3 4
2 T 2 1
[K]11 = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] = EA 1 1/2 0 [K]22 = EA 3 1/2 0
2 0 0 4 0 0
1 2 5 6
3 T 3 1
[K]11 = [β13 ] [k11 ] [β13 ] = EA 1 32/125 24/125 [K]33 = EA 5 32/125 24/125
2 24/125 18/125 6 24/125 18/125
1 2 7 8
4 T 4 1
[K]11 = [β14 ] [k11 ] [β14 ] = EA 1 0 0 [K]44 = EA 7 0 0
2 0 2/3 8 0 2/3

j T j i j
Step 3 Contd: DTMS Matrices: [Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] and [Kjj ] = [Kii ]
3 4 5 6
3 T 3 2
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] = EA 3 0 0 [K33 ] = EA 5 0 0
4 0 2/3 6 0 2/3
3 4 7 8
4 T 4 2
[K22 ] = [β24 ] [k22 ] [β24 ] = EA 3 32/125 –24/125 [K44 ] = EA 7 32/125 –24/125
4 –24/125 18/125 8 –24/125 18/125
5 6 7 8
4 T 4 3
[K33 ] = [β34 ] [k33 ] [β34 ] = EA 5 1/2 0 [K44 ] = EA 7 1/2 0
6 0 0 8 0 0
j
Step 3 Contd: CTMS Matrices: [Kij ] = – [Kii ]
3 4 5 6
2 3
[K12] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 –1/2 0 [K13] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 –32/125 –24/125
2 0 0 2 –24/125 –18/125
7 8 5 6
4 3
[K14] = – [K11 ] = EA 1 0 0 [K23] = – [K22 ] = EA 3 0 0
2 0 –2/3 4 0 –2/3
7 8 7 8
4 4
[K24] = – [K22 ] = EA 3 –32/125 24/125 [K34] = – [K33 ] = EA 5 –1/2 0
4 24/125 –18/125 6 0 0
Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EA is factored out)

Loc (1,1) = 1/2 + 32/125 = 189/250 Loc (3,5) = 0 Loc (3,6) = 0
Loc (1,2) = 24/125 Loc (1,3) = –1/2 Loc (3,7) = –32/125 Loc (3,8) = 24/125
Loc (1,4) = 0 Loc (1,5) = –32/125 Loc (4,4) = 2/3 + 18/125 = 304/375 Loc (4,5) = 0
Loc (1,6) = –24/125 Loc (1,7) = 0 Loc (4,6) = –2/3 Loc (4,7) = 24/125
Loc (1,8) = 0 Loc (2,2) = 18/125 + 2/3 = 304/375 Loc (4,8) = –18/125 Loc (5,5) = 32/125 + 1/2 = 189/250
Loc (2,3) = 0 Loc (2,4) = 0 Loc (2,5) = –24/125 Loc (5,6) = 24/125 Loc (5,7) = –1/2 Loc (5,8) = 0
Loc (2,6) = –18/125 Loc (2,7) = 0 Loc (6,6) = 18/125 + 2/3 = 304/375 Loc (6,7) = 0
Loc (2,8) = –2/3 Loc (3,3) = 1/2 + 32/125 = 189/250 Loc (6,8) = 0 Loc (7,7) = 32/125 + 1/2 = 189/250
Loc (3,4) = –24/125 Loc (7,8) = –24/125 Location (8,8) = 2/3 + 18/125 = 304/375
Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8

d1 189/2 24 –125/2 0 –32 –24 0 0
[S11] [S12] d2 24 304/3 0 0 –24 –18 0 –250/3
d3 –125/2 0 189/2 –24 0 0 –32 24
[S] = = (EA/125) d4 0 0 –24 304/3 0 –250/3 24 –18
d5 –32 –24 0 0 189/2 24 –125/2 0
d6 –24 –18 0 –250/3 24 304/3 0 0
[S21] [S22] d7 0 0 –32 24 –125/2 0 189/2 –24
d8 0 –250/3 24 –18 0 0 –24 304/3

189/2 24 –125/2 0 –32 d1 0 d1 75/EA
(EA/125) 24 304/3 0 0 –24 d2 = 120 d2 = 145/EA
–125/2 0 189/2 –24 0 d3 60 d3 1235/9EA
0 0 –24 304/3 0 d4 0 d4 65/2EA
–32 –24 0 0 189/2 d5 0 d5 560/9EA
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] EA cancels off [∆2] = [0]
VD –24 –18 0 –250/3 24 75 VD –45 kN
HA = 0 0 –32 24 –125/2 145 HA = –60 kN
VA (1/125) 0 –250/3 24 –18 0 1235/9 VA –75 kN
Note: VD and VA come out as –ve to mean upwards 65/2
HA comes out as –ve to mean leftwards 560/9
Step 7: Member Forces Fij = [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] (EA cancels off)
2
F12 = [k11 ] [β12 ] [∆1 ] + [k12 ] [β21 ] [∆2 ]
= (1/2) [–1 0] 75 + (1/2) [1 0] 1235/9 = 31.11 kN
145 65/2
3
F13 = [k11 ] [β13 ] [∆1 ] + [k13 ] [β31 ] [∆3 ]
= (2/5) [–4/5 –3/5] 75 + (2/5) [4/5 3/5] 560/9 = –38.89 kN
145 0
4
F14 = [k11 ] [β14 ] [∆1 ] + [k14 ] [β41 ] [∆4 ]
= (2/3) [ 0 –1 ] 75 + (2/3) [ 0 1] 0 = –96.67 kN
145 0 Note: The notation [∆i ]
3
F23 = [k22 ] [β23 ] [∆2] + [k23 ] [β32 ] [∆3 ] means the structure
= (2/3) [ 0 –1 ] 1235/9 + (2/3) [ 0 1 ] 560/9 = –21.67 kN displacements at node i.
65/2 0
4
F24 = [k22 ] [β24 ] [∆2] + [k24 ] [β42 ] [∆4 ] [∆1 ] = d1 [∆2 ] = d3
= (2/5) [ 4/5 –3/5 ] 1235/9 + (2/5) [–4/5 3/5 ] 0 = 36.11 kN d2 d4
65/2 0
4
F34 = [k33 ] [β34 ] [∆3] + [k34 ] [β43 ] [∆4 ] [∆3 ] = d5 [∆4 ] = d7
= (1/2) [ 1 0] 560/9 + (1/2) [ –1 0] 0 = 31.11 kN d6 d8
0 0
Step 8: Output Qu 4 (b)

120 kN Displacements
[Example 3] B 31.11 C 60 kN 3
[EA = 11.44x10 kN]
-38.89 d1 = δB→ = 75/EA = 6.6 mm
-96.67
1.5 m
[N] (kN)
-21.67 d2 = δB↓ = 145/EA = 12.7 mm
36.11
A 31.11 D d3 = δC→ =1235/9EA = 12.0 mm
60 d4 = δC↓ = 65/2EA = 2.8 mm
2m d5 = δD→ = 560/9EA = 5.4 mm
75 45

120 kN
Member AC was too short by 2.94 mm C
B
Analyse the truss and determine: -
60 kN
All member forces.
1.5 m
All support reactions FAB = – 99 kN
FAC = 40 kN
All displacements FAD = 28 kN
FBC = 28 kN A D
EA = 11.44x103 kN, for all members
FBD = –35 kN
FCD = –24 kN 2m
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node and Dof numbers

Lack-of-Fit Member-end Forces
120 kN
2 60 kN F24 = (EA/L)ε = 13.5 kN
1
d1 X F42 = (EA/L)ε = 13.5 kN
d3
d4 Equivalent Joint Loads
d2
P2E = [β24T] F24 = 10.8 d3
4 3 d5 –8.1 d4
d7 P4
E
=
T
[β42 ] F42 = –10.8 HA
d6
d8 8.1 VA
Y
Step 2: Input and Output Vectors VD

A E
[P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ]
[P2] = HA F12
0 0 0 d1
VA 0 F13
120 0 120 d2 [∆2] = 0 [Fij ] = F14
[P1] = 60 – 10.8 = 49.2 [∆1] = d3 0
0 F23
E
0 –8.1 8.1 d4 [P2 ] = –10.8
F24
0 0 0 d5 8.1
F34
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond; Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond.
Steps 3 and 4: DITTO Question 4 (b)

189/2 24 –125/2 0 –32 d1 0 d1 54/EA
(EA/125) 24 304/3 0 0 –24 d2 = 120 d2 = 148.5/EA
–125/2 0 189/2 –24 0 d3 49.2 d3 110/EA
0 0 –24 304/3 0 d4 8.1 d4 36/EA
–32 –24 0 0 189/2 d5 0 d5 56/EA

E
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 ] EA cancels off [∆2] = [0]
VD –24 –18 0 –250/3 24 54 0 VD –45 kN
HA = 0 0 –32 24 –125/2 148.5 + –10.8 HA = –60 kN
VA (1/125) 0 –250/3 24 –18 0 110 8.1 VA –75 kN
Note: VD and VA come out as –ve to mean upwards 36
HA comes out as –ve to mean leftwards 56
Step 7: Member Forces Fij = [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + Fij L (EA cancels off)
2
F12 = [k11 ] [β12 ] [∆1 ] + [k12 ] [β21 ] [∆2 ]
= (1/2) [–1 0] 54 + (1/2) [1 0] 110 = 28 kN Note
148.5 36 The notation [∆i ]
3
F13 = [k11 ] [β13 ] [∆1 ] + [k13 ] [β31 ] [∆3 ] means the structure
= (2/5) [–4/5 –3/5] 54 + (2/5) [4/5 3/5] 56 = –35 kN displacements at node i.
148.5 0
4
F14 = [k11 ] [β14 ] [∆1 ] + [k14 ] [β41 ] [∆4 ] [∆1 ] = d1 [∆2 ] = d3
= (2/3) [ 0 –1 ] 54 + (2/3) [ 0 1] 0 = –99 kN d2 d4
148.5 0
3
F23 = [k22 ] [β23 ] [∆2] + [k23 ] [β32 ] [∆3 ] [∆3 ] = d5 [∆4 ] = d7
= (2/3) [ 0 –1 ] 110 + (2/3) [ 0 1] 56 = –24 kN d6 d8
36 0
4
F24 = [k22 ] [β24 ] [∆2] + [k24 ] [β42 ] [∆4 ]
= (2/5) [ 4/5 –3/5 ] 110 + (2/5) [–4/5 3/5 ] 0 + 13.5 = 40 kN
36 0
4
F34 = [k33 ] [β34 ] [∆3] + [k34 ] [β43 ] [∆4 ]
= (1/2) [ 1 0] 56 + (1/2) [ –1 0] 0 = 28 kN
0 0
Step 8: Output Qu 4 (c) [Example 4] Note
[N] (kN) 1. The SSM is independent of the

120 kN Displacements
C 3
[EA = 11.44x10 kN] applied loads, support yield,
B 28
d1 = δB→ = 54/EA lack-of-fit, or temp difference.
40 60 kN = 4.7 mm
-35 d2 = δB↓ = 148.5/EA 2. The Structural Engineer can
1.5 m
-99 = 13.0 mm therefore vary the LOAD CASE

-24
d3 = δC→ =110/EA
= 9.6 mm at the INPUT stage and obtain
A 28 D d4 = δC↓ = 36/EA the OUTPUT efficiently.
60 = 3.1 mm
d5 = δD→ = 56/EA 3. That is the beauty with Matrix
75 2m 45
= 4.9 mm Formulation.

5 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
(a) Write down the force-displacement relation at the ends of a beam member.
(b) Derive the member stiffness matrix for a beam member ignoring axial and shear strains
(c) Write down the force vector [Pi ] at node i of a beam. Define the symbols used.
(d) Write down an expression for the strain energy in terms of [Fij ] and [δij ]
(e) Write down an expression for the external work done in terms of [Pi ] and [∆i ]
(f) Given that Fij = [kii j] [βij ][∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] and [δij ] = [βij ][∆i ] derive expressions for
j
the transformed member stiffness (TMS) matrices [Kii ] and [Kij ]
(g) What is the purpose of the matrices [βij ]T, [βij ] and [βji ] in the TMS expressions?
(h) What are equivalent joint loads?
(i) How is the structure joint load vector assembled?
Solution 5 (a)
The force-displacement relation at the ends of a beam member is given by
j
Fij kii kij δij
= i
Fji kji kjj δji
Solution 5 (b)
Consider the beam member shown below and assume axial strains are negligible.
Let F1, F2 = shear force and bending moment at end i F1 F4
F3, F4 = shear force and bending moment at end j EIL
i j
d1, d2 = deflection and rotation at end i Member-end
F2
d3, d4 = deflection and rotation at end j Forces F3
The force-displacement relation at the ends of the member d2
d1
i EIL j
is given by:
j
d3
Fij kii kij δij D-Shape d4
= ………. Eqn 1
Fji kji kjj i δji
Eqn 1 can be expanded and written as:
F1 k11 k12 k13 k14 d1

F2 k11 k12 k13 k14 d2
= …………….. Eqn 2
F3 k11 k12 k13 k14 d3
F4 k11 k12 k13 k14 d4
The bending moment at any cross-section along the member is given by: M = F1 x + F2 …… Eqn 3
2 2
According to Euler-Bernoulli beam deflection theory: d y/dx = –M/EI ………………….………. Eqn 4
Using the Direct Integration method and applying the boundary conditions existing at end i the slope and
deflection profiles are given by
2 3 2
EI θ = EI d2 –F1x /2 – F2x and EI δ = EI d1 –F1x /6 – F2x /2 + EI d2 x ……………….. Eqns 5

Solution 5 (b) Contd
The displacements at the end j (when x = L) are given by
EI d4 = EI d2 –F1L2/2 – F2L EI d3 = EI d1 –F1L3/6 – F2L2/2 + EI d2 L ……………. Eqns 6
Solve Eqns 6 simultaneously to obtain
F1 = 12EId1/L3 – 6EId2/L2 + 12EId3/L3 – 6EId4/L2 ……………..…………..….. Eqn 7
2 2
F2 = –6EId1/L + 4EId2/L – 6EId3/L + 2EId4/L …………………………….... Eqn 8
If we ignore shear strains, the strain energy stored in the member is given by:
U = ½ ∫L EI (d2y/dx2)2 dx ……………………………………………………….… Eqn 9
2
Substitute Eqn 4 into Eqn 9 U = (1/2EI) ∫L M dx ……………………….….….. Eqn 10
2
Substitute Eqn 2 into Eqn 10 U = (1/2EI) ∫L (F1x + F2) dx …………..……..….. Eqn 11
2 3 2 2
Expand and integrate Eqn 11 U = (1/2EI) (F1 L /3 + F1F2L + F2 L) …………… Eqn 12
2 3 2 2
Using Eqn 7 and Eqn 8 obtain expressions for F1 L /3, F1F2L and F2 L and substitute them into Eqn 12
then collect like terms together to obtain
U = (EI) (6d12/L3 – 6d1d2/L2 + 12d1d3/L3 – 6d1d4/L2 + 2d22/L – 6d2d3/L2 + 2d2d4/L
2 3 2 2
+ 6d3 /L – 6d3d4/L + 2d4 /L) …………………………………….. Eqn 13
The stiffness coefficients in Eqn 2 are evaluated by applying Castigliano’s 1st theorem on Eqn 13:
k11 = ∂2U/∂d12 = 12EI/L3 k22 = ∂2U/∂d22 = 4EI/L k33 = ∂2U/∂d32 = 12EI/L3
k12 = ∂2U/∂d1∂d2 = –6EI/L2 k23 = ∂2U/∂d2∂d3 = –6EI/L2 k34 = ∂2U/∂d3∂d4 = –6EI/L2
k13 = ∂2U/∂d1∂d3 = 12EI/L3 k24 = ∂2U/∂d2∂d4 = 2EI/L k44 = ∂2U/∂d42 = 4EI/L
k14 = ∂2U/∂d1∂d4 = –6EI/L2
The lower echelon coefficients are obtained by symmetry.
The member stiffness matrix is therefore given by
12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2

–6EI/L2 4EI/L –6EI/L2 2EI/L
[km ] =
3 2 3
12EI/L –6EI/L 12EI/L –6EI/L2
Solution 5 (c)
The structure force vector at node i is given by:
[Pi ] = ∑{ [Kii j ] [∆i ] + [Kij ] [∆j ]
Where [Kii j ] = the direct transformed member stiffness (DTMS) matrix.
[Kij ] = the cross transformed member stiffness (CTMS) matrix.
[∆i ] = the structure nodal displacements at node i.
And [∆j ] = the structure nodal displacements at node j.
Solution 5 (d)
T
The strain energy stored in the members of the truss is expressed as U = ½ Σ [Fij ] [δij ]

Solution 5 (e)
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as U = ½ [Pi ]T [∆i ]
Solution 5 (f)
The force vector at node i is given by: [Pi ] = ∑{ [Kii j ] [∆i ] + [Kij ] [∆j ] ………………… Eqn 1
j
The member-end forces are given by: Fij = [kii ] [βij ][∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] .………..….. Eqn 2
Compatibility at the node requires that: [δij ] = [βij ][∆i ] ………….………………………… Eqn 3
T
The strain energy stored in the members is expressed as: U = ½ Σ [Fij ] [δij ] .…………. Eqn 4
T
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as: U = ½ [Pi ] [∆i ] .….….. Eqn 5
The principle of conservation of energy requires that the external work done must be equal to the strain
energy stored in the members. Equate Eqn 5 to Eqn 4 to obtain:
[Pi ]T [∆i ] = Σ [Fij ]T [δij ] …………………………………………………………..…. Eqn 6
T T
Substitute for [δij ] from Eqn 3 into Eqn 6 to obtain: [Pi ] [∆i ] = Σ [Fij ] [βij ][∆i ] ………… Eqn 7
T
Cancel off [∆i ] then transpose both sides of Eqn 7 to obtain: [Pi ] = Σ [βij ] [Fij ] ........….. Eqn 8
Substitute for [Fij ] from Eqn 2 into Eqn 8 to obtain:
T j T
[Pi ] = Σ { [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [βij ] [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] …………………….……….. Eqn 9
A comparison of Eqn 9 and Eqn 1 reveals that the transformed member stiffness matrices are given
j T j
by: Direct TMS matrix: [Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] ………………………………………. Eqn 10
T
Cross TMS matrix: [Kij ] = [βij ] [kij ] [βji ] ……………………………………….. Eqn 11
Solution 5 (g)
The structure stiffness matrix is assembled by superposition. The process of assembling the SSM
may be outlined as follows: -
1. Label the rows and columns of each TMS according to the corresponding dof.
2. Assume ALL entries in the SSM are initially zero.
3. Add to the location (i, j) of SSM ALL TMS coefficients which bear the same label.
Solution 5 (h)
Equivalent joint loads are forces acting at the member-ends due to loads applied within the span of
the member. The equivalent joint loads are equal to the fixed-end forces (FEF) at the member-ends if
the member was considered as a fixed-end beam.
Solution 5 (i)
The process of assembling the structure joint load vector may be outlined as follows: -
A
1. Assume ALL entries in the SJL are initially [P1 ].
2. Label the rows of each EJL according to the corresponding dof.
3. Collect ALL EJL components which correspond to displaceable dof and add to the appropriate
location of the sub-vector [P1 E].
4. Collect ALL EJL components which correspond to the restrained dof and add to the appropriate
location of the sub-vector [P2 E].
5. Evaluate [P1] = [P1 A] – [P1 E].

6 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
(a) Outline the standard procedure for the analysis of beams
(b) How is the standard procedure modified in order to account for support yield?
(c) Analyse the beam shown below and determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC.
3 2
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. Take EI = 32x10 kNm . No support yield.
(d) Repeat (c) above if support A yields by 64/EI clockwise.
24 kN/m 200 kN
B C
A EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
Solutions (c) Solutions (d)

MA= – 93.6 kNm MB = – 196.8 kNm MA= – 64.8 kNm MB = –206.4 kNm
VA = 83.1 kN VB = 233.5 kN VC = 75.4 kN VA = 78.3 kN VB = 239.5 kN VC = 74.2 kN
EIθB = 688/5 EIθC = –1344/5 EIθB = 624/5 EIθC = –1312/5
Solution 6 (a)
The standard procedure for the analysis of beams may be outlined as follows:
1. Locate the structure axes system at a convenient origin.
Number ALL the nodes (starting with the unrestrained or partially restrained nodes)
Number ALL the degrees of freedom (starting with the displaceable dof)
F F
2. Using Handout 4, evaluate [Fij ] and [Fji ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
Using Handout 1, evaluate [βij ] and [βji ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
E E
Using Eqn 20, transform EJL at every joint. Assemble [P1 ] and [P2 ].
Define the input and output vectors [P1], [∆1], [P2], [∆2] and [FM]
3. Write down the member stiffnesses [kii j] and [kij ] for ALL combinations of i and j.
j
Generate the TMS matrices [K]ii and [K]ij for ALL combinations of i and j.
4. Assemble the structure stiffness matrix SSM
Partition the SSM according to Eqn 1*, and identify [S11], [S12], [S21] and [S22]
5. Evaluate the unknown nodal displacements [∆1] using Eqn 4:[S11][∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2]
6. Evaluate the support reactions [P2] using Eqn 5*: [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 E]
j F
7. Evaluate member-end forces using Eqn 10**.: [Fij ] = [kii ] [βij] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij ]
8. Draw the Output diagram
Solution 6 (b)
The support yield vector is evaluated in step 2. The applied loads vector [P1] is modified in order to reflect
the net applied loads which are to be used to evaluate the nodal displacements using Eqn 4.
[P1] = [P1 A] – [P1 ES]
ES
The support reactions are evaluated using a modified Eqn 5. [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 ]
The member-end forces are given by a modified form of Eqn 10
j FS
[Fij ] = [kii ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij ]

MA= – 93.6 kNm MB = – 196.8 kNm
Determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC VA = 83.1 kN VB = 233.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape. VC = 75.4 kN
3 2
θB = 688/5EI θC = –1344/5EI
EI = 32x10 kNm .
No support yield.
24 kN/m 200 kN
B C
A EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node numbers and Dof Numbers

d3 24 kN/m d2 d1
200 kN
3 2 1 X
EI 2EI
d6 d5 d4
8m 4m 4m
Y
Step 2: Input and Output Vectors
Fixed-End Forces [Fij F] [βij ] Matrices Equivalent Joint Loads

(Handout 4)
F
End 3-2 [F32 ] = 96 [β32 ] = –1 0
F1 = ωL/2 = 96 –128 0 1 [P3 E] = [β32]T[F32 F] = –96 d6
F2 = –ωL2/12 = –128
F –128 d3
End 2-3 [F23 ] = –96 [β23 ] = 1 0
E T F T F
F1 = –ωL/2 = – 96 128 0 1 [P2 ] = [β23] [F23 ] + [β21] [F21 ]
F2 = ωL2/12 = 128
= –196 d5
End 2-1 [F21 F] = 100 [β21 ] = –1 0
F1 = P/2 = 100 –200 0 1 –72 d2
F2 = –PL/8 = –200 E T F
[P1 ] = [β12] [F12 ] = –100 d4
End 1-2 [F12 F] = –100 [β12 ] = 1 0
F1 = –P/2 = – 100 200 0 1 200 d1
F2 = PL/8 = 200
[∆1] = d1 d3 0 MA [FM]
d2 [∆2] = d4 = 0 [P2] = VC
F1
d5 0 VB F2 32
A E d6 0 VA
[P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = 200 F1
0 –72 F2 23
–128
F1
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must [P2 E] = –100 F2 21
[P1] = [P1 A] – [P1 E] = –200 correspond. –196

Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must F1
72 correspond. –96 F2 12

Step 3: Member Stiffness Matrices: Handout 2
[kii j] = 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 [kij ] = 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2
2 2
–6EI/L 4EI/L –6EI/L 2EI/L
2 3 1
[k33 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k22 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k22 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16 [k11 2] = EI 3/64 –3/16
–3/32 1/2 –3/32 1/2 –3/16 1 –3/16 1
[k32 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k23 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k21 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16 [k12 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16
–3/32 1/4 –3/32 1/4 –3/16 1/2 –3/16 1/2
j T j T
Step 3 Contd: DTMS: [Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] Step 3 Contd: CTMS: [Kij ] = [βij ] [kij ] [βji ]
6 3 5 2
2 T 2 T
[K33 ] = [β32 ] [k33 ] [β32 ] = EI 6 3/128 3/32 [K32 ] = [β32 ] [k32 ] [β23 ] = EI 6 –3/128 3/32
3 3/32 1/2 3 –3/32 1/4
5 2 6 3
3 T 3 T
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] = EI 5 3/128 –3/32 [K23 ] = [β23 ] [k23 ] [β32 ] = EI 5 –3/128 –3/32
2 –3/32 1/2 2 3/32 1/4
5 2 4 1
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] = EI 5 3/64 3/16 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ] = EI 5 –3/64 3/16
2 3/16 1 2 –3/16 1/2
4 1 5 2
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] = EI 4 3/64 –3/16 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ] = EI 4 –3/64 –3/16
1 –3/16 1 1 3/16 1/2
Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EI is factored out)

Loc (1,1) = 1 Loc (2,2) = 3/2 Loc (3,3) = 1/2 Loc (4,4) = 3/64 Loc (5,5) = 9/128
Loc (1,2) = 1/2 Loc (2,3) = 1/4 Loc (3,4) = 0 Loc (4,5) = –3/64 Loc (5,6) = –3/128
Loc (1,3) = 0 Loc (2,4) = –3/16 Loc (3,5) = –3/32 Loc (4,6) = 0 Loc (6,6) = 3/128
Loc (1,4) = –3/16 Loc (2,5) = 3/32 Loc (3,6) = 3/32
Loc (1,5) = 3/16 Loc (2,6) = 3/32
Loc (1,6) = 0
Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6

[S11] [S12] d1 1 1/2 0 –3/16 3/16 0
d2 1/2 3/2 1/4 –3/16 3/32 3/32
[S] = = d3 0 1/4 1/2 0 –3/32 3/32
[S21] [S22] (EI) d4 –3/16 –3/16 0 3/64 –3/64 0
d5 3/16 3/32 –3/32 –3/64 9/128 –3/128
d6 0 3/32 3/32 0 –3/128 3/128

(EI) 1 1/2 d1 = –200 EI d1 = EI θC = –1344/5
1/2 3/2 d2 72 EI d2 EI θB 688/5
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 E] EI cancels off [∆2] = [0]
MA 0 1/4 –1344/5 –128 –93.6 kNm
VC = –3/16 –3/16 688/5 + –100 = –75.4 kN
VB 3/16 3/32 –196 –233.5 kN
VA 0 3/32 –96 –83.1 kN
Note: MA comes out as –ve to mean anti-clockwise. VA, VB and VC come out as –ve to mean upwards
Step 7: Member Forces [Fij ]= [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij F] (EI cancels off)
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d5 + 96 = 83.1 kN
F2 32 d3 d2 –128 –93.6 kNm
3
F1 = [k22 ] [β23 ] d5 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + –96 = –108.9 kN
F2 23 d2 d3 128 196.8 kNm
1
F1 = [k22 ] [β21 ] d5 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d4 + 100 = 124.6 kN
F2 21 d2 d1 –200 –196.8 kNm
F1 = [k11 2] [β12 ] d4 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d5 + –100 = –75.4 kN

F2 12 d1 d2 200 0

93.6 kNm 24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
83.1 kN 233.5 kN 75.4 kN
83.1 MA= – 93.6 kNm

SFD (kN) 124.6 + MB = – 196.8 kNm
+
– – VA = 83.1 kN
108.9 VB = 233.5 kN
3.463 m 75.4
196.8 VC = 75.4 kN
93.6 θB = 688/5EI
– BMD (kNm) -3
= 4.3x10 rad
–
+ θC = –1344/5EI
-3
50.3 + = –8.4x10 rad
301.6

6 Question 6 (d) [Example 8]
Support A yields by 64/EI clockwise. EI = 32x103 kNm2
MA= – 64.8 kNm MB = –206.4 kNm
Determine MA, MB, VA, VB, VC, θB and θC
VA = 78.3 kN VB = 239.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape. VC = 74.2 kN EIθB = 624/5
EIθC = –1312/5 EIΘA = 64
24 kN/m 200 kN
B C
A EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m

d3 24 kN/m d2 d1
200 kN
3 2 1 X
EI 2EI
d6 d5 d4
8m 4m 4m
Y

Equivalent Joint
Span Loads + Support Yield Fixed-End [βij ] Matrices Loads
(Handout 4) [EIΘ = 64] Forces ES
End 3-2 [β32 ] = –1 0 [P3 ] = [β32]T[F32 FS]
F1 = ωL/2 – 6EIΘ/L2 = 90 [F32 FS] = 90 0 1 = –90 d6
2
F2 = –ωL /12 + 4EIΘ/L = –96 –96
End 2-3 [β23 ] = 1 0 –96 d3
FS
F1 = –ωL/2 – 6EIΘ/L2 = – 102 [F23 ] = –102 0 1 [P2 ES T
] = [β23] [F23 FS]
F2 = ωL2/12 + 2EIΘ/L = 144 144
End 2-1 [β21] = –1 0 + [β21]T[F21 F]
F
F1 = P/2 = 100 [F21 ] = 100 0 1 = –202 d5
F2 = –PL/8 = –200 –200
End 1-2 [β12 ] = 1 0 –56 d2
F ES T F
F1 = –P/2 = – 100 [F32 ] = –100 0 1 [P1 ] = [β12] [F12 ]
F2 = PL/8 = 200 200
= –100 d4
A ES 200 d1
[∆1] = d1 [P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = 200
d2 0 –56
[FM]
A ES
[P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ]= –200 Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond. F1
56 Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. F2 32
F1
F2 23
d3 0 MA –96
ES
[∆2] = d4 = 0 [P2] = VC [P2 ] = –100 F1
F2 21
d5 0 VB –202
d6 0 VA –90 F1
F2 12
Steps 3 and 4: DITTO Question 6 (c)

(EI) 1 1/2 d1 = –200 EI d1 = EI θC = –1312/5
1/2 3/2 d2 56 EI d2 EI θB 624/5
ES
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 ] EI cancels off [∆2] = [0]
MA 0 1/4 –1312/5 –96 –64.8 kNm
VC = –3/16 –3/16 624/5 + –100 = –74.2 kN
VB 3/16 3/32 –202 –239.5 kN
VA 0 3/32 –90 –78.3 kN
Note: MA comes out as –ve to mean anti-clockwise. VA, VB and VC come out as –ve to mean upwards
j FS
Step 7: Member Forces [Fij ]= [kii ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij ] (EI cancels off)
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d5 + 90 = 83.1 kN
F2 32 d3 d2 –96 –93.6 kNm
F1 = [k22 3] [β23 ] d5 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + –102 = –108.9 kN

F2 23 d2 d3 144 196.8 kNm
F1 = [k22 1] [β21 ] d5 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d4 + 100 = 124.6 kN

F2 21 d2 d1 –200 –196.8 kNm
F1 = [k11 2] [β12 ] d4 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d5 + –100 = –75.4 kN

F2 12 d1 d2 200 0
Step 8: Output Qu 6 (d) [Example 8]

64.8 kNm 24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
78.3 kN 239.5 kN 74.2 kN
78.3 125.8
SFD (kN) + MA= – 64.8 kNm
+ MB = – 206.4 kNm
– – VA = 78.3 kN
113.7 74.2
3.263 m VB = 239.5 kN
206.4 VC = 74.2 kN
64.8 θB = 624/5EI
– BMD (kNm) = 3.9x10-3 rad
– θC = –1312/5EI
+ -3
= –8.2x10 rad
62.9 + ΘA = 64/EI
= 2.0x10-3 rad
296.8

7 ANALYSIS OF BEAMS
(a) What are transformed member stiffness matrices?
(b) How is the structure stiffness matrix assembled?
(c) Analyse the beam shown below and determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB and θC.
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-Shape. Take EI = 32x103 kNm2. No support yield.
(d) Repeat (c) above if support B yields by 256/EI.
(e) Repeat (c) above if δD and δE are required.
24 kN/m 200 kN Solutions (e)
EIδD = 368
A B C EIδE = 1832/3
EI D EI 2EI E 2EI
ALL others
4m 4m 4m 4m DITTO (c)
Solutions (c) Solutions (d)

MB = – 228 kNm MB = – 212 kNm
VA = 67.5 kN VB = 253 kN VC = 71.5 kN VA = 69.5 kN VB = 249 kN VC = 73.5 kN
EIθA = 208 EIθB = 96 EIθC = –248 θA = 784/3EI θB = 256/3EI θC = –872/3EI
Solution 7 (a)
Stiffness is defined as the force required to cause unit displacement. The member stiffness sub-
j
matrices [kii ] and [kij ] are therefore “member-end forces” acting at node i and node j respectively
when the node i is given unit displacement corresponding to a specific dof while keeping all other
dof restrained. The “member-end forces” [kii j ] and [kij ] act in the member axes system. These
“member-end forces” must be transformed from the member axes system to the structure axes
system using the member compatibility matrices [βij ] and [βji ] in order to ensure equilibrium and
compatibility at the nodes i and j.
The transformed member stiffness matrices are given by

j T j
[Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ]
And [Kij ] = [βij ]T [kij ] [βji ]
Where [Kii j ] is the direct transformed member stiffness matrix at node i of member ij.
And [Kij ] is the cross transformed member stiffness matrix at node j of member ij.
Solution 7 (b)
The pre-multiplier [βij ]T ensures equilibrium between the member and structure forces at node i.
The post multiplier [βij ] ensures compatibility between the member and structure displacements at
node j.
The post multiplier [βji ] ensures compatibility between the member and structure displacements at
node i.

MB = – 228 kNm VA = 67.5 kN
Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB and θC VB = 253 kN VC = 71.5 kN
θA = 208/EI θB = 96/EI
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape.
θC = –248/EI
EI = 32x103 kNm2. No support yield.
24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m

d1 24 kN/m d2 d3
200 kN
1 2 3 X
EI 2EI
d4 d5 d6
8m 4m 4m
Y

F
Fixed-End Forces [Fij ] [βij ] Matrices Equivalent Joint Loads
(Handout 4)
End 1-2 [F12 F] = 96 [β12 ] = –1 0
F1 = ωL/2 = 96 –128 0 1 [P1 E] = [β12]T[F12 F] = –96 d4
2
F2 = –ωL /12 = –128
F –128 d1
End 2-1 [F21 ] = –96 [β21 ] = 1 0
F1 = –ωL/2 = – 96 128 0 1 T T
[P2 ] = [β21] [F21 ] + [β23] [F23 F]
E F
F2 = ωL2/12 = 128
F = –196 d5
End 2-3 [F23 ] = 100 [β23 ] = –1 0
F1 = P/2 = 100 –200 0 1 –72 d2
F2 = –PL/8 = –200 E T F
[P3 ] = [β32] [F32 ] = –100 d6
End 3-2 [F32 F] = –100 [β32 ] = 1 0
F1 = –P/2 = – 100 200 0 1 200 d3
F2 = PL/8 = 200
d1 0 –128 d4 0
A E
[∆1] = d2 [P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = –72 [∆2] = d5 = 0 [FM]
d3 0 200 d6 0
F1
F2 32
128 VA
A E
[P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ] = 72 [P2] = VB F1
F2 23
–200 VC
F1
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must –96 F2 21
correspond. E
[P2 ] = –196
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must F1
correspond. –100 F2 12

j 3 2 3 2
[kii ] = 12EI/L –6EI/L [kij ] = 12EI/L –6EI/L
2 1 3
[k11 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k22 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k22 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16 [k33 2] = EI 3/64 –3/16
–3/32 1/2 –3/32 1/2 –3/16 1 –3/16 1
[k12 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k21 ] = EI 3/128 –3/32 [k23 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16 [k32 ] = EI 3/64 –3/16
–3/32 1/4 –3/32 1/4 –3/16 1/2 –3/16 1/2
Step 3 Contd: DTMS: [Kii j] = [βij ]T [kii j ] [βij ] Step 3 Contd: CTMS: [Kij ] = [βij ]T [kij ] [βji ]
4 1 5 2
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] = EI 4 3/128 3/32 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ] = EI 4 –3/128 3/32
1 3/32 1/2 1 –3/32 1/4
5 2 4 1
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] = EI 5 3/128 –3/32 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ] = EI 5 –3/128 –3/32
2 –3/32 1/2 2 3/32 1/4
5 2 6 3
3 T 3 T
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] = EI 5 3/64 3/16 [K23 ] = [β23 ] [k23 ] [β32 ] = EI 5 –3/64 3/16
2 3/16 1 2 –3/16 1/2
6 3 5 2
2 T 2 T
[K33 ] = [β32 ] [k33 ] [β32 ] = EI 6 3/64 –3/16 [K32 ] = [β32 ] [k32 ] [β23 ] = EI 6 –3/64 –3/16
3 –3/16 1 3 3/16 1/2

Loc (1,1) = 1/2 Loc (2,2) = 3/2 Loc (3,3) = 1 Loc (4,4) = 3/128 Loc (5,5) = 9/128
Loc (1,2) = 1/4 Loc (2,3) = 1/2 Loc (3,4) = 0 Loc (4,5) = –3/128 Loc (5,6) = –3/64
Loc (1,3) = 0 Loc (2,4) = 3/32 Loc (3,5) = 3/16 Loc (4,6) = 0 Loc (6,6) = 3/64
Loc (1,4) = 3/32 Loc (2,5) = 3/32 Loc (3,6) = –3/16
Loc (1,5) = –3/32 Loc (2,6) = –3/16
Loc (1,6) = 0
Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6

[S11] [S12] d1 1/2 1/4 0 3/32 –3/32 0
d2 1/4 3/2 1/2 3/32 3/32 –3/16
[S] = = d3 0 1/2 1 0 3/16 –3/16
(EI) d4 3/32 3/32 0 3/128 –3/128 0
[S21] [S22] d5 –3/32 3/32 3/16 –3/128 9/128 –3/64
d6 0 –3/16 –3/16 0 –3/64 3/64

1/2 1/4 0 d1 128 EI d1 EI θA 208
(EI) 1/4 3/2 1/2 d2 = 72 EI d2 = EI θB = 96
0 1/2 1 d3 –200 EI d3 EI θC –248
E
VA 3/32 3/32 0 208 –96 –67.5 kN Note: VA, VB and VC
VB = –3/32 3/32 3/16 96 + –196 = –253.0 kN come out as –ve to
VC 0 –3/16 –3/16 –248 –100 –71.5 kN mean upwards
2
F1 = [k11 ] [β12 ] d4 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d5 + 96 = 67.5 kN
F2 12 d1 d2 –128 0
1
F1 = [k22 ] [β21 ] d5 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d4 + –96 = –124.5 kN
F2 21 d2 d1 128 228 kNm
3
F1 = [k22 ] [β23 ] d5 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + 100 = 128.5 kN
F2 23 d2 d3 –200 –228 kNm
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d5 + –100 = –71.5 kN
F2 32 d3 d2 200 0

24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI D EI 2EI E 2EI
4m 4m 4m 4m
67.5 kN 253 kN 71.5 kN
128.5
67.5 +
+ SFD (kN)
2.813 m – MB = – 228 kNm

– VA = 67.5 kN
124.5 71.5 VB = 253 kN
VC = 71.5 kN
228 θA = 208/EI
-3
= 6.5x10 rad
– BMD (kNm) θB = 96/EI
+ = 3.0x10-3 rad
+ θC = –248/EI
94.9
= –7.8x10-3 rad
286

7 Question 7 (d) [Example 7]
MB = – 212 kNm VA = 69.5 kN
Support B yields by 256/EI VB = 249 kN VC = 73.5 kN
θA = 784/3EI θB = 256/3EI
Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB and θC
θC = –872/3EI ∆B = 256/EI
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape.
EI = 32x103 kNm2. 24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m

d1 24 kN/m d2 d3
200 kN
1 2 3 X
EI 2EI
d4 d5 d6
8m 4m 4m
Y

Equivalent Joint
Span Loads + Support Yield Fixed-End [βij ] Matrices Loads
(Handout 4) [EI∆ = 256] Forces ES
End 1-2 [β12 ] = –1 0 [P1 ] = [β12]T[F12 FS]
3 FS
F1 = ωL/2 + 12EI∆/L = 102 [F12 ]= 102 0 1 = –102 d4
F2 = –ωL /12 – 6EI∆/L2 = –152
2
–152
End 2-1 [β21 ] = 1 0 –152 d1
3 FS ES T FS
F1 = –ωL/2 + 12EI∆/L = – 90 [F21 ]= –90 0 1 [P2 ] = [β21] [F21 ]
2 2
F2 = ωL /12 – 6EI∆/L = 104 104 T FS
End 2-3 [β23 ] = –1 0 + [β23] [F23 ]
F1 = P/2 – 12(2EI∆)/L3 = 88 [F23 FS] = 88 0 1 = –178 d5
2
F2 = –PL/8 + 6(2EI∆)/L = –152 –152
End 3-2 [β32 ] = 1 0 –48 d2
FS
F1 = –P/2 – 12(2EI∆)/L3 = – 112 [F32 ] = –112 0 1 [P3 ES
] = [β32] [F32 FS]
T
F2 = PL/8 + 6(2EI∆)/L2 = 248 248

= –112 d6
248 d3
d1 0 –152 –102
A ES ES
[∆1] = d2 [P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = –48 [P2 ] = –178 [FM]
d3 0 248 –112
F1
d4 0 VA F2 32
152
A ES
[P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ]= 48 [∆2] = d5 = 0 [P2] = VB F1
d6 0 VC F2 23
–248
F1
F2 21
Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond. F1

Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond. F2 12
Steps 3 and 4: DITTO Question 7 (c)

1/2 1/4 0 d1 152 EI d1 EI θA 784/3
(EI) 1/4 3/2 1/2 d2 = 48 EI d2 = EI θB = 256/3
0 1/2 1 d3 –248 EI d3 EI θC –872/3
Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] + [P2 ES] EI cancels off [∆2] = [0]
VA 3/32 3/32 0 784/3 –102 –69.5 kN Note: VA, VB and VC
VB = –3/32 3/32 3/16 256/3 + –178 = –249.0 kN come out as –ve to
VC 0 –3/16 –3/16 –872/3 –112 –73.5 kN mean upwards
Step 7: Member Forces [Fij ]= [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij FS] (EI cancels off)
2
F1 = [k11 ] [β12 ] d4 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d5 + 102 = 69.5 kN
F2 12 d1 d2 –152 0
F1 = [k22 1] [β21 ] d5 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d4 + –90 = –122.5 kN

F2 21 d2 d1 104 212 kNm
3
F1 = [k22 ] [β23 ] d5 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + 88 = 126.5 kN
F2 23 d2 d3 –152 –212 kNm
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d5 + –112 = –73.5 kN
F2 32 d3 d2 248 0
Step 10: Output Qu 7 (d) [Example 7]

24 kN/m 200 kN
A B C
EI 2EI
8m 4m 4m
69.5 kN 249 kN 73.5 kN
69.5 126.5
SFD (kN) +
+
2.896 m – –
122.5 73.5
MB = – 212 kNm
212 VA = 69.5 kN
VB = 249 kN
– BMD (kNm) VC = 73.5 kN
θA = 784/3EI = 8.2x10-3 rad
+ -3
θB = 256/3EI = 2.7x10 rad
+ -3
100.6 θC = –872/3EI = –9.1x10 rad
∆B = 256/EI = 8.0 mm
294

7 Question 7 (e) [Example 9]
Determine MB, VA, VB, VC, θA, θB, θC, δD and δE
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape. MB = – 228 kNm
3 2
EI = 32x10 kNm . No support yield. VA = 67.5 kN
VB = 253 kN
24 kN/m 200 kN VC = 71.5 kN
EIθA = 208
A B C EIθB = 96
EI D EI 2EI E 2EI EIθC = –248
EIδD = 368
4m 4m 4m 4m EIδE = 1832/3
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node numbers and Dof numbers

24 kN/m 200 kN d7
2 3 4 5 X
1
EI d3 EI 2EI d6 2EI
d1 d2 d4 d5 d10
d8 4m 4m d9 4m 4m
Y
Step 2: Input and Output Vectors [βij ] Matrices Equivalent Joint Loads
(Handout 1)
Fixed-End Forces F
[Fij ] [P1 ] = [β12 ]T[F12 F] = –48
E
d8
(Handout 4)
End 1-2 [β12 ] = –1 0 –32 d1
[F12 F] = 48 0 1
F1 = ωL/2 = 48 –32
2
F2 = –ωL /12 = –32
[β21 ] = 1 0 [P2 E] = [β21 ]T[F21 F] + [β23 ]T[F23 F]
End 2-1 F
[F21 ] = –48
F1 = –ωL/2 = –48 0 1
32 = –96 d2
2
F2 = ωL /12 = 32
[β23 ] = –1 0 0 d3
End 2-3 F
[F23 ] = 48
F1 = ωL/2 = 48 0 1
–32
F2 = –ωL2/12 = –32
End 3-2 [β32 ] = 1 0 [P3 E] = [β32 ]T[F32 F] + [β34 ]T[F34 F]
[F32 F] = –48 0 1
F1 = –ωL/2 = –48 32 = –48 d9
F2 = ωL2/12 = 32
End 3-4 [β34 ] = –1 0 32 d4
[F34 F] = 0 0 1
F1 = 0 0
F2 = 0
End 4-3 F
[β43 ] = 1 0 [P4 E] = [β43 ]T[F43 F] + [β45 ]T[F45 F]
[F43 ] = 0 0 1
F1 = 0 0 = 0 d5
F2 = 0
[β45 ] = –1 0 0 d6
End 4-5 F
[F45 ] = 0
F1 = 0 0 1
0
F2 = 0
End 5-4 [β54 ] = 1 0 [P5 E] = [β54 ]T[F54 F] = 0 d10
[F54 F] = 0 0 1
F1 = 0 0 0 d7
F2 = 0

Step 2: Input and Output Vectors Contd
A E
d1 0 –32 [P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ] [FM ] [FM ]
d2 0 –96 32
F1 F1
d3 0 0 96 F2 12 F2 34
A E
[∆1] = d4 [P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = 32 0
F1 F1
d5 200 0 [P1] = –32 F2 21 F2 43
d6 0 0 200
F1 F1
d7 0 0 0 F2 23 F2 45
0
F1 F1
F2 32 F2 54
d8 0 VA –48
[∆2] = d9 = 0 [P2] = VB [P2 E] = –48 Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond.
d10 0 VC 0 Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must correspond.

2 1 3 2
[k11 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k22 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k22 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k33 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1
[k33 4] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k44 3] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k44 5] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k55 4] = EI 3/8 –3/4
–3/4 2 –3/4 2 –3/4 2 –3/4 2
[k12 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k21 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k23 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k32 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2
[k34 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k43 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k45 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k54 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4
–3/4 1 –3/4 1 –3/4 1 –3/4 1
Step 3 Contd: DTMS: [Kii j] = [βij ]T [kii j ] [βij ]

8 1 2 3
2 T 2 1 T 1
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] = EI 8 3/16 3/8 [K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] = EI 2 3/16 –3/8
1 3/8 1 3 –3/8 1
2 3 9 4
3 T 3 2 T 2
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] = EI 2 3/16 3/8 [K33 ] = [β32 ] [k33 ] [β32 ] = EI 9 3/16 –3/8
3 3/8 1 4 –3/8 1
9 4 5 6
4 T 4 3 T 3
[K33 ] = [β34 ] [k33 ] [β34 ] = EI 9 3/8 3/4 [K44 ] = [β43 ] [k44 ] [β43 ] = EI 5 3/8 –3/4
4 3/4 2 6 –3/4 2
5 6 10 7
5 T 5 4 T 4
[K44 ] = [β45 ] [k44 ] [β45 ] = EI 5 3/8 3/4 [K55 ] = [β54 ] [k55 ] [β54 ] = EI 10 3/8 –3/4
6 3/4 2 7 –3/4 2

Step 3 Contd: CTMS: [Kij ] = [βij ]T [kij ] [βji ]
2 3 8 1
T T
[K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ] = EI 8 –3/16 3/8 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ] = EI 2 –3/16 –3/8
1 –3/8 1/2 3 3/8 1/2
9 4 2 3
T T
[K23 ] = [β23 ] [k23 ] [β32 ] = EI 2 –3/16 3/8 [K32 ] = [β32 ] [k32 ] [β23 ] = EI 9 –3/16 –3/8
3 –3/8 1/2 4 3/8 1/2
5 6 9 4
T T
[K34 ] = [β34 ] [k34 ] [β43 ] = EI 9 –3/8 3/4 [K43 ] = [β43 ] [k43 ] [β34 ] = EI 5 –3/8 –3/4
4 –3/4 1 6 3/4 1
10 7 5 6
T T
[K45 ] = [β45 ] [k45 ] [β54 ] = EI 5 –3/8 3/4 [K54 ] = [β54 ] [k54 ] [β45 ] = EI 10 –3/8 –3/4
6 –3/4 1 7 3/4 1

Loc (1,1) = 1 Loc (2,6) = 0 Loc (4,5) = –3/4 Loc (6,8) = 0
Loc (1,2) = –3/8 Loc (2,7) = 0 Loc (4,6) = 1 Loc (6,9) = 3/4
Loc (1,3) = 1/2 Loc (2,8) = –3/16 Loc (4,7) = 0 Loc (6,10) = –3/4
Loc (1,4) = 0 Loc (2,9) = –3/16 Loc (4,8) = 0 Loc (7,7) = 2
Loc (1,5) = 0 Loc (2,10) = 0 Loc (4,9) = 3/4 – 3/8 = 3/8 Loc (7,8) = 0
Loc (1,6) = 0 Loc (3,3) = 1+1 = 2 Loc (4,10) = 0 Loc (7,9) = 0
Loc (1,7) = 0 Loc (3,4) = 1/2 Loc (5,5) = 3/8+3/8 = 3/4 Loc (7,10) = –3/4
Loc (1,8) = 3/8 Loc (3,5) = 0 Loc (5,6) = 3/4 – 3/4 = 0 Loc (8,8) = 3/16
Loc (1,9) = 0 Loc (3,6) = 0 Loc (5,7) = 3/4 Loc (8,9) = 0
Loc (1,10) = 0 Loc (3,7) = 0 Loc (5,8) = 0 Loc (8,10) = 0
Loc (2,2) = 3/16+3/16 = 3/8 Loc (3,8) = 3/8 Loc (5,9) = –3/8 Loc (9,9) = 3/16+3/8 = 9/16
Loc (2,3) = 3/8 – 3/8 = 0 Loc (3,9) = –3/8 Loc (5,10) = –3/8 Loc (9,10) = 0
Loc (2,4) = 3/8 Loc (3,10) = 0 Loc (6,6) = 2+2 = 4 Loc (10,10) = 3/8
Loc (2,5) = 0 Loc (4,4) = 1+2 = 3 Loc (6,7) = 1
SSM d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10
d1 1 –3/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 3/8 0 0
d2 –3/8 3/8 0 3/8 0 0 0 –3/16 –3/16 0
[S] = d3 1/2 0 2 1/2 0 0 0 3/8 –3/8 0
(EI) d4 0 3/8 1/2 3 –3/4 1 0 0 3/8 0
d5 0 0 0 –3/4 3/4 0 3/4 0 –3/8 –3/8
d6 0 0 0 1 0 4 1 0 3/4 –3/4
d7 0 0 0 0 3/4 1 2 0 0 –3/4
d8 3/8 –3/16 3/8 0 0 0 0 3/16 0 0
d9 0 –3/16 –3/8 3/8 –3/8 3/4 0 0 9/16 0
d10 0 0 0 0 –3/8 –3/4 –3/4 0 0 3/8

1 –3/8 1/2 0 0 0 0 d1 32 EI θA 208
–3/8 3/8 0 3/8 0 0 0 d2 96 EI δD 368
1/2 0 2 1/2 0 0 0 d3 0 EI θD –76
EI 0 3/8 1/2 3 –3/4 1 0 d4 = –32 EI θB = 96
0 0 0 –3/4 3/4 0 3/4 d5 200 EI δE 1832/3
0 0 0 1 0 4 1 d6 0 EI θE 38
0 0 0 0 3/4 1 2 d7 0 EI θC –248
VA 3/8 –3/16 3/8 0 0 0 0 208 –48 –67.5 kN
VB = 0 –3/16 –3/8 3/8 –3/8 3/4 0 368 + –48 = –253.0 kN
VC 0 0 0 0 –3/8 –3/4 –3/4 –76 0 –71.5 kN
96
1832/3 Note: VA, VB and VC come
38
–248 out as –ve to mean upwards
j F
2
F1 = [k11 ] [β12 ] d8 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d2 + 48 = 67.5 kN
F2 12 d1 d3 –32 0
F1 = [k22 1] [β21 ] d2 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d8 + –48 = –28.5 kN

F2 21 d3 d1 32 –78 kNm
F1 = [k22 3] [β23 ] d2 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d9 + 48 = –28.5 kN

F2 23 d3 d4 –32 78 kNm
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d9 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d2 + –48 = –124.5 kN
F2 32 d4 d3 32 228 kNm
4
F1 = [k33 ] [β34 ] d9 + [k34 ] [β43 ] d5 + 0 = 128.5 kN
F2 34 d4 d6 0 –228 kNm
3
F1 = [k44 ] [β43 ] d5 + [k43 ] [β34 ] d9 + 0 = 128.5 kN
F2 43 d6 d4 0 –286 kNm
F1 = [k44 5] [β45 ] d5 + [k45 ] [β54 ] d10 + 0 = –71.5 kN

F2 45 d6 d7 0 286 kNm
F1 = [k55 4] [β54 ] d10 + [k54 ] [β45 ] d5 + 0 = –71.5 kN

F2 54 d7 d6 0 0

Step 10: Output Qu 7 (e) [Example 9]
24 kN/m 200 kN MB = – 228 kNm

B C MD = 78 kNm
A
ME = 286 kNm
EI D EI 2EI E 2EI VA = 67.5 kN
4m 4m 4m VB = 253 kN
4m
VC = 71.5 kN
67.5 kN 253 kN 71.5 kN θA = 208/EI
= 6.5x10-3 rad
67.5 128.5 θB = 96/EI
SFD (kN) + -3
= 3.0x10 rad
+ θC = –248/EI
2.813 m – – = –7.8x10-3 rad
124.5 δD = 368/EI
71.5
= 11.5 mm
228 δE = 1832/3EI
BMD (kNm)
– = 19.1 mm
+
78 +
94.9
286
Conclusions
1. A comparison of Example 9 and Example 6 shows that if deflections within the span are
required, the matrices [S11 ] and [S21 ] become larger and the computational effort required to
evaluate [∆1 ] and [P2 ] manually increases significantly.
2. However, computers are very efficient in manipulating matrix computations, and therefore
deflections within the span can be easily evaluated if the stiffness method is automated.
3. Due to the reason cited in (1) above, deflections within the span have been omitted in the rest of
the Examples.
4. Nevertheless, the Examiner remains at liberty to set any question, including one where
deflections within the span are required.

8 Question 8 [Example 10]
VA = 192 kN; HA = 72 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, MB, VC, HC, θB, and θC MA = 72 kNm; MB = –144 kNm
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape VC = 144 kN; HC = –72 kN
3 2 θB = 108/EI = 3x10-3 rad
Take EI = 36x10 kNm . No support yield.
θC = –180/EI = –5x10-3 rad
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node Numbers, Dof Numbers [FM]

56 kN/m d3 d3
d2 F1
B X 1 d1 F2 32
C
2
2EI d5 d4 F1
F2 23
EI
3m
Y
d6 F1
A F2 21
3 d7
[∆1] = d1
6m
d5 F1
d2
F2 12

EJL
F E T F
Fixed-End Forces [Fij ] [βij ] Matrices [P3 ] = [β32] [F32 ]
F
End 3-2 [F32 ]= 0 0 d6
F1 = 0 0 [β32 ] = –1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 1 = 0 d5
End 2-3 [F23 F] = 0
0 d7
F1 = 0 0 [β23 ] = 1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 1 [P2 ] = [β23] [F23 F]
E T
F
End 2-1 [F21 ] = 168 + [β21]T[F21 F]
F1 = ωL/2 = 168 –168 [β21 ] = 0 –1 0
F2 = –ωL2/12 = –168 0 0 1 0 d3
F
End 1-2 [F12 ] = –168 = –168 d5
F1 = –ωL/2 = –168 168 [β12 ] = 0 1 0
F2 = ωL2/12 = 168 0 0 1 –168 d2
A E A E
[P1 ] = [β12]T[F12 F]
E
[P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = 168 [P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ] = –168

0 d3
0 –168 168
= –168 d4
168 d1
HC 0 d3 0
VC –168 d4 = 0
E
[P2] = VA [P2 ] = –168 [∆2] = d5 0
Entries in [P1] and [∆1]
HA 0 d6 0 must correspond.
Entries in [P2] and [∆2]
MA 0 d7 0
must correspond.

2 2
2 3 1
[k33 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k22 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k22 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3 [k11 2] = EI 1/9 –1/3
–2/3 4/3 –2/3 4/3 –1/3 4/3 –1/3 4/3
[k32 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k23 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k21 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3 [k12 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3
–2/3 2/3 –2/3 2/3 –1/3 2/3 –1/3 2/3
Step 3 Contd: DTMS Step 4: SSM Entries Step 3 Contd: CTMS

j T j T
[Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] (EI is factored out) [Kij ] = [βij ] [kij ] [βji ]
[K33 2] = [β32 ]T [k33 2] [β32 ] [K32 ] = [β32 ]T [k32 ] [β23 ]
6 5 7 Since [∆2] = [ 0 ] only 3 5 2
= EI 6 4/9 0 2/3 [S11] and [S12] shall be = EI 6 –4/9 0 2/3
5 0 0 0 assembled. [S21] is 5 0 0 0
7 2/3 0 4/3 deduced from symmetry. 7 –2/3 0 2/3
3 T 3 T
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] [K23 ] = [β23 ] [k23 ] [β32 ]
3 5 2 Loc (1,1) = 4/3 6 5 7
= EI 3 4/9 0 –2/3 Loc (1,2) = 2/3 = EI 3 –4/9 0 –2/3
5 0 0 0 Loc (1,3) = 0 5 0 0 0
2 –2/3 0 4/3 Loc (1,4) = –1/3 2 2/3 0 2/3
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] Loc (1,5) = 1/3 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ]
3 5 2 Loc (1,6) = 0 3 4 1
= EI 3 0 0 0 Loc (1,7) = 0 = EI 3 0 0 0
5 0 1/9 1/3 Loc (2,2) = 4/3 + 4/3 5 0 –1/9 1/3
2 0 1/3 4/3 = 8/3 2 0 –1/3 2/3
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] Loc (2,3) = –2/3 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ]
3 4 1 Loc (2,4) = –1/3 3 5 2
= EI 3 0 0 0 Loc (2,5) = 1/3 = EI 3 0 0 0
4 0 1/9 –1/3 Loc (2,6) = 2/3 4 0 –1/9 –1/3
1 0 –1/3 4/3 Loc (2,7) = 2/3 1 0 1/3 2/3
Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

[S11] [S12] d1 4/3 2/3 0 –1/3 1/3 0 0
d2 2/3 8/3 –2/3 –1/3 1/3 2/3 2/3
[S] = = d3 0 –2/3
[S21] [S22] (EI) d4 –1/3 –1/3
d5 1/3 1/3
d6 0 2/3
d7 0 2/3

(EI) 4/3 2/3 d1 = –168 EI d1 = EI θC = –180
2/3 8/3 d2 168 EI d2 EI θB 108
E
HC 0 –2/3 –180 0 –72 kN
VC = –1/3 –1/3 108 + –168 = –144 kN
VA 1/3 1/3 –168 –192 kN
HA 0 2/3 0 72 kN
MA 0 2/3 0 72 kNm
Note: HC comes out as –ve to mean leftwards. VA and VC come out as –ve to mean upwards
j F
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d3 + 0 = –72 kN
F2 32 d5 d5 0 72 kNm
d7 d2
3
F1 = [k22 ] [β23 ] d3 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + 0 = –72 kN
F2 23 d5 d5 0 144 kNm
d2 d7
F1 = [k22 1] [β21 ] d3 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d3 + 168 = 192 kN

F2 21 d5 d4 –168 –144 kNm
d2 d1
2
F1 = [k11 ] [β12 ] d3 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d3 + –168 = –144 kN
F2 12 d4 d5 168 0
d1 d2
Step 8: Output Qu 8 [Example 10]

192 144
56 kN/m
B C + C 144 B – C
B
2EI 72 72 –
– +
EI D-Shape
3m
144 – 144
185.2
72 72 SFD (kN)
A A A BMD (kNm)
6m 72 72
192
θB = 108/EI = 3x10-3 rad θC = –180/EI = –5x10-3 rad

VA = 151.5 kN; HA = –144 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, MB, VC, θB, θC and δB MA = –333 kNm; MB = 99 kNm
VC = 184.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape -3
θB = 351/EI = 2.1x10 rad
3 2
Take EI = 170.1x10 kNm . No support yield. θC = –603/2EI = – 1.8x10-3 rad
δB → = 1701/2EI = 5.0 mm
Solution
56 kN/m d1 d1
Step 1 d3
144 kN B X 1 d2
Structure Axes C
2
2EI d5 d4
Node Numbers
EI
3m
Dof Numbers Y
d6
A 3 d7
6m
d5

EJL
Fixed-End Forces F
[Fij ] [βij ] Matrices [P3 ] = [β32]T[F32 F]
E
(Handout 4)
0 d6
End 3-2 [F32 F] = 0 [β32 ] = –1 0 0
F1 = 0 0 0 0 1 = 0 d5
F2 = 0 0 d7
End 2-3 [F23 F] = 0 [β23 ] = 1 0 0
E T F
F1 = 0 0 0 0 1 [P2 ] = [β23] [F23 ]
F2 = 0
F + [β21]T[F21 F]
End 2-1 [F21 ] = 168 [β21 ] = 0 –1 0
F1 = ωL/2 = 168 –168 0 0 1 0 d1
F2 = –ωL2/12 = –168 = –168 d5
F
End 1-2 [F12 ] = –168 [β12 ] = 0 1 0
F1 = –ωL/2 = –168 168 0 0 1 –168 d3
F2 = ωL2/12 = 168 E T F
[P1 ] = [β12] [F12 ]
0 d1
d1 144 0 Entries in [P1]
and [∆1] must = –168 d4
[∆1] = d2 [P1 A] = 0 [P1 E] = 168 correspond.
168 d2
Entries in [P2]
d3 0 –168
and [∆2] must
correspond. [FM]
144
A
[P1] = [P1 ] – [P1 ] =
E
–168 F1
F2 32
168
F1
F2 23
VC –168 d4 0
F1
[P2] = VA [P2 E] = –168 [∆2] = d5 = 0 F2 21
HA 0 d6 0
F1
MA 0 d7 0 F2 12

2 2
2 3 1
[k33 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k22 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k22 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3 [k11 2] = EI 1/9 –1/3
–2/3 4/3 –2/3 4/3 –1/3 4/3 –1/3 4/3
[k32 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k23 ] = EI 4/9 –2/3 [k21 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3 [k12 ] = EI 1/9 –1/3
–2/3 2/3 –2/3 2/3 –1/3 2/3 –1/3 2/3

j T j T
[Kii ] = [βij ] [kii ] [βij ] (EI is factored out) [Kij ] = [βij ] [kij ] [βji ]
[K33 2] = [β32 ]T [k33 2] [β32 ] Only [S11] and [S12] shall [K32 ] = [β32 ]T [k32 ] [β23 ]
6 5 7 be assembled. 1 5 3
= EI 6 4/9 0 2/3 Loc (1,1) = 4/9 = EI 6 –4/9 0 2/3
5 0 0 0 Loc (1,2) = 0 5 0 0 0
7 2/3 0 4/3 Loc (1,3) = –2/3 7 –2/3 0 2/3
3 T 3 T
[K22 ] = [β23 ] [k22 ] [β23 ] Loc (1,4) = 0 [K23 ] = [β23 ] [k23 ] [β32 ]
1 5 3 Loc (1,5) = 0 6 5 7
= EI 1 4/9 0 –2/3 Loc (1,6) = –4/9 = EI 1 –4/9 0 –2/3
5 0 0 0 Loc (1,7) = –2/3 5 0 0 0
3 –2/3 0 4/3 Loc (2,2) = 4/3 3 2/3 0 2/3
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] Loc (2,3) = 2/3 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ]
1 5 3 Loc (2,4) = –1/3 1 4 2
= EI 1 0 0 0 Loc (2,5) = 1/3 = EI 1 0 0 0
5 0 1/9 1/3 Loc (2,6) = 0 5 0 –1/9 1/3
3 0 1/3 4/3 Loc (2,7) = 0 3 0 –1/3 2/3
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] Loc (3,3) = 4/3 + 4/3 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ]
1 4 2 Loc (3,4) = –1/3 1 5 3
= EI 1 0 0 0 Loc (3,5) = 1/3 = EI 1 0 0 0
4 0 1/9 –1/3 Loc (3,6) = 2/3 4 0 –1/9 –1/3
2 0 –1/3 4/3 Loc (3,7) = 2/3 2 0 1/3 2/3
Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7

d1 4/9 0 –2/3 0 0 –4/9 –2/3
[S11] [S12] d2 0 4/3 2/3 –1/3 1/3 0 0
[S] = = d3 –2/3 2/3 8/3 –1/3 1/3 2/3 2/3
(EI) d4 0 –1/3 –1/3
[S21] [S22] d5 0 1/3 1/3
d6 –4/9 0 2/3
d7 –2/3 0 2/3

4/9 0 –2/3 d1 144 EI d1 EI δB 1701/2
(EI) 0 4/3 2/3 d2 = –168 EI d2 = EI θC = –603/2
–2/3 2/3 8/3 d3 168 EI d3 EI θB 351
VC 0 –1/3 –1/3 1701/2 –168 –184.5 kN
VA = 0 1/3 1/3 –603/2 + –168 = –151.5 kN
HA –4/9 0 2/3 351 0 –144 kN
MA –2/3 0 2/3 0 –333 kNm
Note: HA comes out as –ve to mean leftwards. VA and VC come out as –ve to mean upwards
2
F1 = [k33 ] [β32 ] d6 + [k32 ] [β23 ] d1 + 0 = 144 kN
F2 32 d5 d5 0 –333 kNm
d7 d3
F1 = [k22 3] [β23 ] d1 + [k23 ] [β32 ] d6 + 0 = 144 kN

F2 23 d5 d5 0 –99 kNm
d3 d7
F1 = [k22 1] [β21 ] d1 + [k21 ] [β12 ] d1 + 168 = 151.5 kN

F2 21 d5 d4 –168 99 kNm
d3 d2
F1 = [k11 2] [β12 ] d1 + [k12 ] [β21 ] d1 + –168 = –184.5 kN

F2 12 d4 d5 168 0
d2 d3
Step 8: Output Qu 9 [Example 11] -3

θB = 351/EI = 2.1x10 rad
56 kN/m θC = –603/2EI = – 1.8x10-3 rad
144 kN 151.5 δB → = 1701/2EI = 5.0 mm
C
B 2EI +
144 C B 99 C
EI D-shape B
3m
99
184.5
– +
333
A + SFD (kN)
303.9
144 6m 184.5 –
A A
151.5 BMD (kNm)
144 333

HA = 33.75 kN VA = 270 kN
Determine HA, VA, MA, HD, VD, MD, θB and θC MA = 45 kNm
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape HD = –33.75 kN VD = 270 kN
MD = –45 kNm
Take EI = 15x103 kNm2. No support yield.
θB = 90/EI θC = – 90/EI
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node Numbers, Dof Numbers [FM] [FM]
135 kN/m d1 d1
d3 d2 F1 F1
C F2 31 F2 24
B
2EI 1 d4 2 d7 X F1 F1
F2 13 F2
4m
42
EI EI Y
d5 d8 F1
d6 d9
A D 3 4 F2 12
4m d4 d7 F1
F2 21

F
Fixed End Forces [Fij ] [βij ] Matrices EJL
End 3-1
[P3 ] = [β31]T[F31 F]
E
F1 = 0 [F31 F] = 0 [β31 ] = –1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d5
End 1-3
= 0 d4
F1 = 0 [F13 F] = 0 [β13 ] = 1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d6
End 1-2 E T F
F [P1 ] = [β13] [F13 ]
F1 = ωL/2 = 270 [F12 ] = 270 [β12 ] = 0 –1 0
F2 = –ωL2/12 = –180 –180 0 0 1 + [β12]T[F12 F]
End 2-1
F 0 d1
F1 = –ωL/2 = –270 [F21 ] = –270 [β21 ] = 0 1 0
F2 = ωL2/12 = 180 180 0 0 1 = –270 d4
End 2-4
–180 d3
F1 = 0 [F24 F] = 0 [β24 ] = 1 0 0
E T F
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 [P2 ] = [β21] [F21 ]
End 4-2
+ [β24]T[F24 F]
F1 = 0 [F42 F] = 0 [β42 ] = –1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d1
= –270 d7
d1 0 0 0
A E
180 d2
[∆1] = d2 [P1 ] = 0 [P1 ] = 180 [P1] = –180 E T F
[P4 ] = [β42] [F42 ]
d3 0 –180 180
0 d8
d4 0 VA –270 = 0 d7
d5 0 HA 0 0 d9
E
[∆2] = d6 = 0 [P2] = MA [P2 ] = 0
d7 0 VD –270 Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must
d8 0 HD 0 correspond.
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must
d9 0 MD 0 correspond.

[k33 1] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k11 3] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k31 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k13 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2
[k11 2 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k22 1 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k12 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k21 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4
–3/4 2 –3/4 2 –3/4 1 –3/4 1
4 2
[k22 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k44 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k24 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k42 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2

1 T 1
[K33 ] = [β31 ] [k33 ] [β31 ] (EI is factored out) [K31 ] = [β31 ]T [k31 ] [β13 ]
5 4 6 Only [S11] and [S12] shall 1 4 3
= EI 5 3/16 0 3/8 be assembled. = EI 5 –3/16 0 3/8
4 0 0 0 Loc (1,1) = 3/8 4 0 0 0
6 3/8 0 1 Loc (1,2) = –3/8 6 –3/8 0 1/2
3 T 3 T
[K11 ] = [β13 ] [k11 ] [β13 ] Loc (1,3) = –3/8 [K13 ] = [β13 ] [k13 ] [β31 ]
1 4 3 Loc (1,4) = 0 5 4 6
= EI 1 3/16 0 –3/8 Loc (1,5) = –3/16 = EI 1 –3/16 0 –3/8
4 0 0 0 Loc (1,6) = –3/8 4 0 0 0
3 –3/8 0 1 Loc (1,7) = 0 3 3/8 0 1/2
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] Loc (1,8) = –3/16 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ]
1 4 3 Loc (1,9) = –3/8 1 7 2
= EI 1 0 0 0 = EI 1 0 0 0
4 0 3/8 3/4 Loc (2,2) = 3 4 0 –3/8 3/4
3 0 3/4 2 Loc (2,3) = 1 3 0 –3/4 1
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] Loc (2,4) = 3/4 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ]
1 7 2 Loc (2,5) = 0 1 4 3
= EI 1 0 0 0 Loc (2,6) = 0 = EI 1 0 0 0
7 0 3/8 –3/4 Loc (2,7) = –3/4 7 0 –3/8 –3/4
2 0 –3/4 2 Loc (2,8) = 3/8 2 0 3/4 1
4 T 4 T
[K22 ] = [β24 ] [k22 ] [β24 ] Loc (2,9) = 1/2 [K24 ] = [β24 ] [k24 ] [β42 ]
1 7 2 8 7 9
= EI 1 3/16 0 –3/8 Loc (3,3) = 3 = EI 1 –3/16 0 –3/8
7 0 0 0 Loc (3,4) = 3/4 7 0 0 0
2 –3/8 0 1 Loc (3,5) = 3/8 2 3/8 0 1/2
2 T 2 T
[K44 ] = [β42 ] [k44 ] [β42 ] Loc (3,6) = 1/2 [K42 ] = [β42 ] [k42 ] [β24 ]
8 7 9 Loc (3,7) = –3/4 1 7 2
= EI 8 3/16 0 3/8 Loc (3,8) = 0 = EI 8 –3/16 0 3/8
7 0 0 0 Loc (3,9) = 0 7 0 0 0
9 3/8 0 1 9 –3/8 0 1/2

Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9
d1 3/8 –3/8 –3/8 0 –3/16 –3/8 0 –3/16 –3/8
[S11] [S12] d2 –3/8 3 1 3/4 0 0 –3/4 3/8 1/2
[S] = = d3 –3/8 1 3 3/4 3/8 1/2 –3/4 0 0
(EI) d4 0 3/4 3/4
[S21] [S22] d5 –3/16 0 3/8
d6 –3/8 0 1/2
d7 0 –3/4 –3/4
d8 –3/16 3/8 0
d9 –3/8 1/2 0

3/8 –3/8 –3/8 d1 0 EI d1 EI δB 0
(EI) –3/8 3 1 d2 = –180 EI d2 = EI θC = –90
–3/8 1 3 d3 180 EI d3 EI θB 90
VA 0 3/4 3/4 0 –270 –270 kN
HA –3/16 0 3/8 –90 0 33.75 kN
MA = –3/8 0 1/2 90 + 0 = 45 kNm
VD 0 –3/4 –3/4 –270 –270 kN
HD –3/16 3/8 0 0 –33.75 kN
MD –3/8 1/2 0 0 –45 kNm
Note: HD comes out as –ve to mean leftwards. VA and VD come out as –ve to mean upwards
Step 7: Member Forces [Fij ]= [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij F]
[Calculations done separately in order to spare space]
F1 = –33.75 F1 = –33.75 F1 = 270 F1 = –270 F1 = 33.75 F1 = 33.75
F2 31 45 F2 13 90 F2 12 –90 F2 21 90 F2 24 –90 F2 42 –45

90 90
270
135 kN/m SFD (kN) BMD (kNm)
B C + C 90 B C 90
B
2EI – –
– +
4m
EI EI – +
270
180
A 45 45 D A
A D + + D
33.75 4m 33.75 33.75 45 45
33.75
270 270
-3 -3
θB = 90/EI = 6x10 rad θC = –90/EI = –6x10 rad δB = 0

VA = 246.5 kN HA = 8.3 kN
Determine VA, HA, MA, VD, HD, MD, θB, θC and δB MA = –9.9 kNm VD = 293.5 kN
Draw the SFD, BMD and sketch the D-shape HD = –59.3 kN MD = –99.9 kNm
3 2 EIθB = 1374/13 EIθC = – 966/13
Take EI = 15x10 kNm . No support yield.
EIδB = 2176/13
Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node Numbers, Dof Numbers [FM] [FM]
135 kN/m d1 d1 F1 F1
d3 d2
51 kN F2 31 F2 24
B 2EI C 1 d4 2 d7 X F1 F1
4m F2 13 F2 42
EI EI Y
d5 d8 F1
d6 d9 F2
A D 12
3 4
4m d4 d7 F1
F2 21

F
Fixed End Forces [Fij ] [βij ] Matrices EJL
End 3-1 E T F
[P3 ] = [β31] [F31 ]
F1 = 0 [F31 F] = 0 [β31 ] = –1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d5
End 1-3
F = 0 d4
F1 = 0 [F13 ] = 0 [β13 ] = 1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d6
End 1-2
F [P1 ] = [β13] [F13 F]
E T
F1 = ωL/2 = 270 [F12 ] = 270 [β12 ] = 0 –1 0
2 T F
F2 = –ωL /12 = –180 –180 0 0 1 + [β12] [F12 ]
End 2-1
0 d1
F1 = –ωL/2 = –270 [F21 F] = –270 [β21 ] = 0 1 0
2
F2 = ωL /12 = 180 180 0 0 1 = –270 d4
End 2-4
–180 d3
F1 = 0 [F24 F] = 0 [β24 ] = 1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 [P2 ] = [β21]T[F21 F]
E
End 4-2 T F
F + [β24] [F24 ]
F1 = 0 [F42 ] = 0 [β42 ] = –1 0 0
F2 = 0 0 0 0 1 0 d1
= –270 d7
d1 51 0 51
180 d2
[∆1] = d2 [P1 A] = 0 [P1 E] = 180 [P1] = –180
[P4 ] = [β42] [F42 F]
E T
d3 0 –180 180
0 d8
d4 0 VA –270 = 0 d7
d5 0 HA 0 0 d9
E
[∆2] = d6 = 0 [P2] = MA [P2 ] = 0
d7 0 VD –270 Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must
d8 0 HD 0 correspond.
Entries in [P2] and [∆2] must
d9 0 MD 0 correspond.

1 3
[k33 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k11 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k31 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k13 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2
2 1
[k11 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k22 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k12 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4 [k21 ] = EI 3/8 –3/4
–3/4 2 –3/4 2 –3/4 1 –3/4 1
4 2
[k22 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k44 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k24 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8 [k42 ] = EI 3/16 –3/8
–3/8 1 –3/8 1 –3/8 1/2 –3/8 1/2

1 T 1
[K33 ] = [β31 ] [k33 ] [β31 ] (EI is factored out) [K31 ] = [β31 ]T [k31 ] [β13 ]
5 4 6 Only [S11] and [S12] shall 1 4 3
= EI 5 3/16 0 3/8 be assembled. = EI 5 –3/16 0 3/8
4 0 0 0 Loc (1,1) = 3/8 4 0 0 0
6 3/8 0 1 Loc (1,2) = –3/8 6 –3/8 0 1/2
3 T 3 T
[K11 ] = [β13 ] [k11 ] [β13 ] Loc (1,3) = –3/8 [K13 ] = [β13 ] [k13 ] [β31 ]
1 4 3 Loc (1,4) = 0 5 4 6
= EI 1 3/16 0 –3/8 Loc (1,5) = –3/16 = EI 1 –3/16 0 –3/8
4 0 0 0 Loc (1,6) = –3/8 4 0 0 0
3 –3/8 0 1 Loc (1,7) = 0 3 3/8 0 1/2
2 T 2 T
[K11 ] = [β12 ] [k11 ] [β12 ] Loc (1,8) = –3/16 [K12 ] = [β12 ] [k12 ] [β21 ]
1 4 3 Loc (1,9) = –3/8 1 7 2
= EI 1 0 0 0 = EI 1 0 0 0
4 0 3/8 3/4 Loc (2,2) = 3 4 0 –3/8 3/4
3 0 3/4 2 Loc (2,3) = 1 3 0 –3/4 1
1 T 1 T
[K22 ] = [β21 ] [k22 ] [β21 ] Loc (2,4) = 3/4 [K21 ] = [β21 ] [k21 ] [β12 ]
1 7 2 Loc (2,5) = 0 1 4 3
= EI 1 0 0 0 Loc (2,6) = 0 = EI 1 0 0 0
7 0 3/8 –3/4 Loc (2,7) = –3/4 7 0 –3/8 –3/4
2 0 –3/4 2 Loc (2,8) = 3/8 2 0 3/4 1
4 T 4 T
[K22 ] = [β24 ] [k22 ] [β24 ] Loc (2,9) = 1/2 [K24 ] = [β24 ] [k24 ] [β42 ]
1 7 2 8 7 9
= EI 1 3/16 0 –3/8 Loc (3,3) = 3 = EI 1 –3/16 0 –3/8
7 0 0 0 Loc (3,4) = 3/4 7 0 0 0
2 –3/8 0 1 Loc (3,5) = 3/8 2 3/8 0 1/2
2 T 2 T
[K44 ] = [β42 ] [k44 ] [β42 ] Loc (3,6) = 1/2 [K42 ] = [β42 ] [k42 ] [β24 ]
8 7 9 Loc (3,7) = –3/4 1 7 2
= EI 8 3/16 0 3/8 Loc (3,8) = 0 = EI 8 –3/16 0 3/8
7 0 0 0 Loc (3,9) = 0 7 0 0 0
9 3/8 0 1 9 –3/8 0 1/2

Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9
d1 3/8 –3/8 –3/8 0 –3/16 –3/8 0 –3/16 –3/8
[S11] [S12] d2 –3/8 3 1 3/4 0 0 –3/4 3/8 1/2
[S] = = d3 –3/8 1 3 3/4 3/8 1/2 –3/4 0 0
(EI) d4 0 3/4 3/4
[S21] [S22] d5 –3/16 0 3/8
d6 –3/8 0 1/2
d7 0 –3/4 –3/4
d8 –3/16 3/8 0
d9 –3/8 1/2 0

3/8 –3/8 –3/8 d1 51 EI d1 EI δB 2176/13
(EI) –3/8 3 1 d2 = –180 EI d2 = EI θC = –966/13
–3/8 1 3 d3 180 EI d3 EI θB 1374/13
VA 0 3/4 3/4 2176/13 –270 –246.5 kN
HA –3/16 0 3/8 –966/13 0 8.3 kN
MA = –3/8 0 1/2 1374/13 + 0 = –9.9 kNm
VD 0 –3/4 –3/4 –270 –293.5 kN
HD –3/16 3/8 0 0 –59.3 kN
MD –3/8 1/2 0 0 –99.9 kNm
Note: HD comes out as –ve to mean leftwards. VA and VD come out as –ve to mean upwards
Step 7: Member Forces [Fij ]= [kii j ] [βij ] [∆i ] + [kij ] [βji ] [∆j ] + [Fij F]
[Calculations done separately in order to spare space]
F1 = –8.3 F1 = –8.3 F1 = 246.5 F1 = –293.5 F1 = 59.3 F1 = 59.3
F2 31 –9.9 F2 13 42.9 F2 12 –42.9 F2 21 137.1 F2 24 –137.1 F2 42 –99.9

135 kN/m 246.5 137.1
42.9
51 kN + C 59.3 42.9 – C 137.1
B C B 8.3
2EI – B + –
EI EI
4m
D-shape – 293.5 – 182.1

9.9 99.9
+
A SFD (kN) D + D
A D 59.3 9.9 A 99.9
8.3 4m 8.3 59.3
246.5 293.5 BMD (kNm)
EIθB = 1374/13 EIθC = – 966/13 EIδB = 2176/13

12 CONCLUDING REMARKS
(a) Considering the beam member shown below, derive an expression for transformation
from the stiffness matrix to the flexibility matrix. δ1
j
(b) Write down the direct stiffness sub-matrix [kii ] δ2 EI L j
i
(c) Write down the compatibility matrix [βji ]
(d) Use the expression derived in (a) above to evaluate the member flexibility matrix.
Solution 12 (a)
Consider the given beam member:
δ1
Let [Fi ] = the member end forces at end i δ2
EI L
[δi ] = the member end displacements at end i
[Fj ] = the member end forces at end j i j
[δj ] = the member end displacements at end j
The member displacement-force relation can be expressed as:
j
[δi ] [fii ] [fij ] [Fi ]
= Eqn 1
i
[δj ] [fji ] [fjj ] [Fj ]
Since the member is fixed at j the cross flexibility [fji ] = 0.

Similarly, if the member was fixed at I and loaded at j it can be seen that [fij ] = 0
The member displacement-force relation therefore becomes
[δi ] = [fii j ][Fi ] ……………………………..……… Eqn 2
i
[δj ] = [fjj ][Fj ] ……………………………..……… Eqn 3
The direct flexibility matrix [fii ] is the inverse of the direct stiffness matrix [kii j ]
j
[fii j ] = [kii j ] -1 ………………………….……… Eqn 4

The displacements [δj ] are related to the displacements [δi ] by compatibility
[δj ] = [βji ][δi ] ……………………………..……… Eqn 5
Substitute Eqn 2 into Eqn 5 to obtain
[δj ] = [βji ] [fii j ] [Fi ] ……….…………………..… Eqn 6
Equilibrium requires that [Fi ] = [Fj ] since there are no other applied forces.
Eqn 6 can therefore be written as
[δj ] = [βji ] [fii j ] [Fj ] ………………………...…… Eqn 7
A comparison of Eqn 7 and Eqn 3 shows that
i j j -1
[fjj ] = [βji ] [fii ] = [βji ] [kii ] ………………..…… Eqn 8
Eqns 4 and 8 together with the fact that [fij ] = [fij ] = 0 show that the member flexibility matrix can be
expressed as
[kii j ] -1 [0]
[fm ] = ………… Eqn 9
[0] [βji ] [kii j ] -1
Eqn 9 represents the transformation from the member flexibility to the member stiffness matrix.

Solution 12 (b)
3 2
The direct stiffness sub-matrix [kii j ] at the end i is written as: 12EI/L –6EI/L
[kii j] = 2
–6EI/L 4EI/L
Solution 12 (c)
1 0
The compatibility matrix [βji ] at the end j is given by [βji ] =
0 1
Solution 12 (d)
j j -1 1 4EI/L 6EI/L2 L3/3EI L2/2EI

[fii ] = [kii ] = =
(48EI2/L4 – 36EI2/L4) 6EI/L2 12EI/L3 L2/2EI L/EI
0 0
[fij ] =
0 0
0 0
[fji ] =
0 0
3 2 3 2
1 0 L /3EI L /2EI L /3EI L /2EI
[fjj i ] = [β ] [kii j ] -1 = 2
= 2
0 1 L /2EI L/EI L /2EI L/EI
The beam flexibility matrix is therefore given by
L3/3EI L2/2EI 0 0
2
[fm ] = L /2EI L/EI 0 0
3 2
0 0 L /3EI L /2EI
2
0 0 L /2EI L/EI

13 CONCLUDING REMARKS
(a) How is matrix formulation of the stiffness method achieved?
(b) What is the unified approach?
(c) What is the member approach?
(d) Outline the advantage(s) and disadvantage(s) of the member approach with regard to
automation.
Solution 13 (a)
Matrix formulation of the stiffness method is based on the fundamental stiffness equation [S] [∆] = [P].
The principle of constitutivity is used to relate the member forces to the member displacements
[FM ] = [km ][δ]. The principle of compatibility is used to relate the member displacements to the structure
displacements [δ] = [β] [∆]. The principle of equilibrium is used to relate the applied loads to the member
forces [P] = [β]T [FM ].
Castigliano’s 1st theorem is used to evaluate the member stiffness ∂2U/∂di∂dj = Sij.
T
The strain energy stored in the members is expressed as U = ½ ∑[FM ] [β] [∆].
T
The external work done by the applied loads is expressed as U = ½ [P] [∆].
The principle of conservation of energy is used to equate the strain energy to the external work done,
which leads to expressions for the transformed member stiffness matrices. The structure stiffness
matrix is then assembled by superposition.
The solution is accomplished using three standard equations
[S11][∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2] [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] [Fij ] = [kii j ][βij ][∆i ] + [kij ][βji ][∆j ]
Solution 13 (b)
The three standard solution equations are slightly modified in order to cater for different types of
structures, different types of applied loads and the effect of other stress causing phenomena.
Matrix formulation of the stiffness method therefore results in a unified approach.
The unified approach is an approach where the same standard technique is used for the analysis of
different types of structures subject to different types of applied loads.
Solution 13 (c)
The structure stiffness sub-matrices [S11], [S12], [S21] and [S22] depend on the member stiffness
matrices, which depend on the member properties EI and L only. The stiffness approach is therefore
referred to as the member approach.
Solution 13 (d)
The member approach is not straight forward and may not be easily understood because it is an indirect
approach to the solution. However, the member approach is easy to automate, because:
1. The member stiffness matrices are easily standardized.
2. The technique is based on the manipulation of matrices only.
The stiffness approach is therefore most commonly used in computer application packages.

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TUTORIAL # 4 SOLUTIONS MATRIX FORMULATION OF

THE STIFFNESS METHOD

[S11] [S12] [∆1] [P1]

Expanding Eqn 4 we obtain

Eqn 2 is written in partitioned matrix format as

[Fij ] [kii j ] [kij ] [δij ]

Considering the end i of the member we can write

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 1

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 2

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 3

The member-end forces are given by:

The strain energy stored in the members is expressed as:

Substitute for [δij ] from Eqn 3 into Eqn 6 to obtain:

Substitute for [Fij ] from Eqn 2 into Eqn 8 to obtain:

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 4

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 5

Solution Step 2: Input and Output Vectors

Step 3: Compatibility Matrices Step 3 Contd: Member Stiffness

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 6

Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EA is factored out)

S K Mutua FCE 302 Tutorial # 4 Solutions © 2019 Page 7

Step 8: Output Qu 3 (b)

(kN) -75 [EA = 42.86x103 kN]

15 45 d4 = δD↓ = 895/3EA = 7.0 mm

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Entries in [P1] and [∆1] must correspond;

Steps 3 and 4 DITTO Question 3 (b)

Step 5: Nodal Displacements [S11] [∆1] = [P1] – [S12][∆2]

Step 6: Support Reactions [P2] = [S21][∆1] + [S22][∆2] EA cancels off

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Step 8: Output Qu 3 (c) [Example 2]

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Step 3: Compatibility Matrices Step 3 Contd: Member Stiffness

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Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EA is factored out)

Structure Stiffness Matrix (SSM) d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8

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Step 8: Output Qu 4 (b)

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Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node and Dof numbers

Step 2: Input and Output Vectors VD

Steps 3 and 4: DITTO Question 4 (b)

Step 5: Nodal Displacements [S11] [∆1] = [P1] – [S22][∆2] [∆2] = [0]

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Step 8: Output Qu 4 (c) [Example 4] Note

[N] (kN) 1. The SSM is independent of the

-99 = 13.0 mm therefore vary the LOAD CASE

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Eqn 1 can be expanded and written as:

F1 k11 k12 k13 k14 d1

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12EI/L3 –6EI/L2 12EI/L3 –6EI/L2

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Solutions (c) Solutions (d)

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Solution: Step 1: Structure Axes, Node numbers and Dof Numbers

Step 2: Input and Output Vectors

Fixed-End Forces [Fij F] [βij ] Matrices Equivalent Joint Loads

[P1] = [P1 A] – [P1 E] = –200 correspond. –196

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Step 4: Assembling the SSM (EI is factored out)