Marine Turtle Survey Along The Sindh Coast

Baseline Survey of Marine Turtles From Cape monze to Keti Bander

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful and gratefully acknowledge the support of Sindh Wildlife
Department generally and particularly the conservator Mr. Saeed Akhtar Baloch for
his supports and personal interest. We are also thankful to Dr. Fehmida Israr for
her guidance, support and technical assistance before and during the survey’s. We
would like to mention here that all the field staff of Sindh Wildlife Department has
made satisfactory security, logistic and other arrangements. Beside all the support
of Sindh Wildlife Department Mr. Mansoor Shah has provided his valuable
cooperation during the surveys.
iii


Team Composition for Marine Turtle Survey
Dedication and grateful to all team members, their cooperation and efforts made
possible to accomplish this legend project.
Sr. No Name Designation
1 Dr. Najam Khurshid Team Leader/Eco-hydrologist
2 Mr. Ather Khan Coordinator/Environmentalist
3 Mr. Attaullah Pandarani Herpitologist
4 Mr. Muhammad Saleem Botanist
5 Mr. Saeed Ahmed Geologist/Data Analyst
6 Mr. Mansoor Shah Wildlife Expert

Technical Guidance and Support
7 Dr. Fehmida Israr Turtle Expert

Supporting Staff
Sr. No Name Designation
1 Mr. Shahid ur Rahman I.T/GIS Expert
2 Mr. Araz Muhammad Graphic Designer

iv


TABLE OF CONTENTS
GLOSSARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1-1
2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1
3.0 STUDY AREA 3-1

3.1 MUBARAK VILLAGE 3-2
3.2 KAPISI 3-4
3.3 CAPE MONZE 3-4
3.4 PARADISE POINT 3-6
3.5 HAWKS BAY 3-8
3.6 SANDSPIT 3-10
3.7 KHOBAR 3-12
3.8 KHATI 3-14
4.0 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS 4-1

4.1 HABITAT DESCRIPTION 4-1
4.2 CLIMATE 4-3
4.2.1 Temperature 4-3
4.3 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS 4-12
4.3.1 Waves 4-12
4.3.2 Tides 4-12
4.3.3 Currents 4-13
4.3.4 Water circulation patterns 4-13
4.3.5 Clockwise Circulation 4-13
4.3.6 Anti-clockwise Circulation 4-13
4.3.7 West coast 4-13
4.3.8 South east coast 4-14
4.3.9 Seawater Temperature 4-14
4.3.10 Seawater Salinity 4-14
5.0 GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA 5-1
v


6.0 METHODOLOGY OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY 6-1
6.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF STUDY AREAS 6-1
6.1.1 Environmental Analysis 6-1
6.1.2 General Study Characteristic 6-1
6.2 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY OF PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL SAMPLES COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 6-2
6.2.1 Material and Methods of water Samples Collection 6-2
6.2.2 Location of Sampling Sites 6-3
6.2.3 Preparation of Sample Containers 6-3
6.2.4 Collection of Water Samples 6-3
6.2.5 Sampling Depths 6-4
6.2.6 Collection Procedures 6-4
6.2.7 Onboard Preservation and Transportation of Samples 6-4
6.2.8 Soil sampling 6-5
6.3 METHODOLOGY OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLES ANALYSIS 6-5
6.3.1 In –situ measurement 6-5
6.3.2 Methodology of soil sample analysis 6-6
6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS 6-6
6.4.1 Physical Parameters 6-6
6.5 DISCUSSION ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL RESULT 6-8
6.6 MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS 6-10
6.6.1 Microbiological Water Analysis Methodology 6-11
6.6.2 Results and Discussion 6-11
7.0 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 7-1

7.1 VEGETATION 7-1
7.1.1 Mangroves Forest Ecosystems 7-1
7.1.2 Halophytes 7-2
7.1.3 Other Plant Species 7-4
7.1.4 GRASSES 7-6
7.1.5 SEAWEEDS 7-7
8.0 TURTLE SURVEY 8-1

8.1 METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION 8-1
8.1.1 Consultation with Community and Data Collection 8-1
9.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9-1
10.0 SOCIAL SURVEY 10-1

10.1 OBJECTIVES 10-1
10.2 METHODOLOGY 10-1
10.3 CONSULTATION PROCESS 10-2
10.4 COMMUNITY COMMENTS 10-3

vi


11.0 THREATS AND PROBLEMS 11-1
11.1 SEA TURTLE AND CLIMATE CHANGE 11-2
11.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SEA TURTLE SEX RATIO 11-2
11.3 SEVERE STORMS 11-3
11.4 HOTTER SANDS 11-3
11.5 SEA LEVEL RISE 11-3
11.6 CHANGING CURRENTS 11-3
12.0 MITIGATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12-1

12.1 REDUCE SEA TURTLE INTERACTIONS AND MORTALITY IN
OFFSHORE ACTIVITIES 12-2
12.2 USE OF TURTLE EXCLUDER DEVICE (TED) 12-2
12.3 BEST PRACTICES FOR SEA TURTLE HANDLING AND
RELEASE 12-2
12.4 NEST MONITORING AND PROTECTION 12-3
12.5 TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING AND
EDUCATION 12-3
12.6 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION AND
TRAINING MATERIALS 12-3
12.7 INFORMATION EXCHANGE 12-3
12.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING DATA COLLECTION 12-4
LIST OF REFERENCES
ANNEXURE –I
ANNEXURE –II
ANNEXURE –III
ANNEXURE –IV
ANNEXURE –V
ANNEXURE –VI
vii


GLOSSARY
µm micrometer
APHA American Public Health Association
AWD Acidic Mine Drainage (a kind of special test)
CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBOs Community Based Organizations
CF Correction Factor
CMS Convention on Migratory Species
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
cm Centimeter
DAP Di-Ammonium Phosphate
ft/km Foot per Kilometer
GEMS Global Environmental Management Services
GIS Global Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
ha Hector
HgNO3 Silver Nitrate
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
Km Kilometer
Km/hr Kilometer per hour
Km2 Square Kilometer
m/s meter per second
m3/s Cubic meter per second
MAF Million Acre Feet

viii


MBT Main Boundary Thrust
mg/l Milligram per liter
mi2 Square Miles
ml Milliliter
mm Millimeter
MSL Mean Sea Level
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NE Northeast
NGOs Non Government Organizations
NSDWQ National Standard for Drinking Water Quality
NT Near Threatened
o
C Degree Centigrade
o
F Degree Fahrenheit
pH Power of Hydrogen
Psi Pound per square inch
SIDA Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority
SW Southwest
t/ha Ton per hector
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TV Television
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
W West
WHO World Health Organization
WWF World Wildlife Fund
ix


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The present report is outcome of field surveys carried out in the month of October -
December -2011 along the Sindh coast including Mubrak village, Kapisi, Cape
monze, Pradize point, rocky shoreline near KANUPP Abdul Rahman village, Soomar
Village, Hawks bay, Sadspit up to Manora beach and some parts of Indus delta to
determine the presence of Sea turtles especially Olive ridley their present status,
potential nesting sites and also identify life threats.
This study covered nine different points along the Sindh coastline, during surveys
samples of water, soil, plants and seaweeds were collected from different locations
and also observed associated biodiversity of the area. The geographical coordinates
of all the survey areas were taken with the help of GPS. During surveys, collected
information on environmental as well as social parameters have also been collected
and made an assessment on the nesting sites and people’s interaction with marine
turtles.
The study has team identified 4 beaches including Kapisi, Cape monze, Hawaks bay
and Sandspit as potential nesting site for sea turtles. Some small pockets near
KANUPP power station and Light house are also identified as occasional nesting
sites of sea turtle. During the survey 24 nesting females of Chelonia mydas were
observed, 102 turtle tracks of Chelonia mydas counted, while 6 dead carcasses of
Chelonia mydas and 10 carcasses of Lepidochelys olivacea were recorded among
them 9 Lepidochelys olivacea dead specimens were found from Khobar and Khatti
beaches near Keti Bander. During the survey 1208 nest pits were counted from
Karachi coast for assessing population estimation of visiting marine turtles.
Beach encroachment is one of the major threats identified for the nesting turtle,
there are 571 private huts and 9 government constructions including two Helipads
of two Naval bases, two light house towers and few Mobile phone towers are existed
along the coast close to the nesting belt. Fishing communities are also settled in 5
small villages including 624 households inhabited and total 183 fishing boats are
counted during the field visit. There are 10 sandy beaches and 9 rocky shores
existing along the Karachi coast up to the Balochistan provincial border. And 19
silver sandy beaches, 49 mud flats and 17 major creeks are present in the Indus
delta up to the Sir Creek. Chelonia mydas occurred as a dominating nesting species
in Sindh coast, unfortunately Lepidochelys olivacea nesting signs were not observed
during the survey. Local people were also mentioned the occasional presence of
Olive ridley turtle along the coast. Data comparison showing the declining nesting
trend of Chelonia mydas from popular nesting beaches (Hawks bay and Sandspit).
In this situation there is an urgent need to launch a long term project to investigate
the cause of declining of nesting population of Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys
olivacea in their previous nesting sites. An integrated management plan should be
developed and urgent conservation measures should be adopted
i


Chapter -1: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
The presence of Sea turtles in Pakistani waters was first reported by Minton (1966).
There are seven species of marine turtles exist in the world, out of these seven two
nest at Sandspit and Hawks Bay beaches (Kabraji & Firdous 1984, Firdous 1985,
1988), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the Olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea).
At the boundary of Sindh-Balochistan province i.e. from Mubarak village to Sandspit
near Manora beach, there are several beaches serving as nesting sites of sea turtles.
Some of them are like Kapisi near Light house, Cape monze, small pockets of sandy
beaches on both sides of KANUPP (power station), respectively Hawks bay and
Sandspit. The adequate nesting density was observed at Kapisi, Cape monze and
near KANUPP site, Hawks bay and Sandspit beaches are also ideal for harboring of
nesting turtles. Beyond these beaches there are rocky inlets and small sandy areas
where occasional nesting is observed. At Cape monze the coast contains sandy bays
where turtle tracks and nest pits are observed, except during the monsoon when
these beaches are entirely submerged. After Cape monze the rocky coastline
continues to the provincial border of Baluchistan (Kabraji & Firdous 1984). Sandspit
and Hawks Bay beaches have open sandy shores, which are high enough to protect
nest even during high tide time except during monsoon (May to August), when the
beaches are inundated by high tides. Each year from 1981 to 1983, nearly 6000
green turtles and 200 olive ridley turtles nested on these beaches of Hawks bay and
Sandspit (Kabraji and Firdous 1984), and from October 1979 to December 1997,
nearly 1.5 million eggs from 17,702 nests were transplanted to enclosures to offset
predation under the Sindh Wildlife Management project.
The Sindh coast is divided in two major parts on bases of it physical features, from
Manora to Sir Creek including Indus delta, coastline having smooth and genital
sloop consists of silver beaches along the front of open sea containing Silica (Silicon)
sand properties. However estuarine area is almost muddy, this area is extended
about 75% of entire coastline of province. The second part of coastline is rocky to
sandy containing Aragonite sand properties (calcium carbonate) that is from
Sandspit to Mubarak village including Hawks bay, Paradise point, Cape monze and
many other small mixed pockets of sandy bays and rocky fronts, which is 25 percent
of total provincial coast.
Popular nesting sites along Hawks bay and Sandspit areas are highly under
pressure from coastal encroachment like Hut construction and beach picnickers.
Green turtle nesting population alarmingly declined and absent of Olive Ridley form
the area. Another cause of turtle mortality is increasing offshore fishing activates.
The present study is the effort along the Sindh coast (Cape monze to Keti Bander) in
the month of November to record the nesting distribution and current status of
marine turtles in Sindh. The results of this study will be helpful in developing a
conservation and management plan by the Sindh Wildlife Department with the
support of all stakeholders, and other concerned organizations and institutions.
1-1

Baseline Surrvey of Marine
e Turtles From Caape monze to Ketti Bander

Map Showing S
Survey areas at Sindh Coa
ast
1-2


Chapter -2: INTRODUCTION
Marine environment is the last frontier for humans. In the twentieth century oceans
were successfully exploited for consumption and commercial exploitation. Earlier
oceans were the source of transportation & food only but, now with the technological
advancement, oceans are being utilized for extraction of minerals/ores,
drugs/medicines, oil/gas etc.
Pakistan has approx.1050 km long coastline and Sindh coastal belt stretches over a
linear length of about 350 km, extends over a varying wide band of 15 kilometers
near mouth of Hub River to 170 kilometers in districts of Thatta, Badin and Diplo
Taluka of Tharparkar districts. Coastal zone exhibits wide variety of ecosystems
within the biosphere supporting communities that depend upon them. The coast is
crenulated deltaic area gullied by numerous tidal creeks adding an important
natural resource to the country. The plain contains a number of small and large
ponds, lakes or water masses that are isolated or connected with other similar water
masses or creeks through channels. These water bodies either lotic or lentic,
brackish or purely saline. Saline lakes are connected with Saim Nallahs (containing
water from subsoil strata and runoff from agriculture land). Brackish lakes receive
freshwater from river in tributaries or excess water release from agricultural field on
one end and with creeks through long channels to the other. The creeks in the lower
reaches are purely marine water with or without mangrove vegetation except some
creeks, which receive brackish water channels and have lower salinities. River Indus
is the main source of freshwater in the area. During rainy and flood seasons, the
water overflows and as a result of which riverine water get spread in vast areas. This
water retains in natural depression, the larger ones are called as the dhands and
small ones are known as chachhs in local language.
The coastal environment of Sindh including Karachi coast comprises of various

types of habitats like, estuarine areas, mangrove forest, creek mudflats, lakes,
dhands, salt pans, fishponds, backwaters and beaches mostly at Karachi coast.
These habitats are important staging, feeding and breeding grounds of thousands of
waterbirds and marine fauna such as crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, shrimps and
turtles. Mangrove covers large area in the coast of Sindh and their ecological as well
as economical values never been denied. Sandy beaches of Karachi coast provide
breeding grounds for the endangered species of green (Chelonia mydas) and Olive
ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea). Nesting and hatching of green turtles takes
place throughout the year, with peak nesting in October and peak hatching in
November. Unlike the green turtle, olive ridley shows a distinct nesting season and
is only seen in the waters and on the beaches during October months (Kabraji, A. M.
and F. Firdous. 1984). Their nesting coincides with the monsoon period, starting in
June and ending post-monsoon, in October when the precipitation is high.
2-1


At the Sindh coast marine life is associated and heavily dependent on mangrove
forests to maintain the ecological balance. For example, the mangrove leaf litter
provides a major source of nutrients which ultimately support food production. The
mangroves provide a diverse habitat for a complex and interdependent community of
invertebrates, fish, birds, and reptiles. Young sea turtle feed on invertebrates and
fishes while adult Green Turtle forage on Sea weeds. The survey tem also observed
Green Turtle visiting in mangrove area; which is quite abnormal but it might be
possible that they came there in search of food or take shredded mangrove leaves or
other associated biota as food. Resident and many migratory species of waterbirds
obtain food and shelter in mangroves. In addition, most of the marine species such
as the commercially important shrimp and many fish species are using mangrove as
nursery ground or spend at least one stage of their life cycles in these mangrove
forests.
2.1 SCOPE OF STUDY
Throughout their life-cycle, marine turtles play an important role in the ecology and
well-being of coastal and open ocean environments. Though marine turtles maintain
their air of ancient mystery, we know more today than ever before about how marine
turtles help maintain healthy oceans.
Scientists believe that hawksbill turtles may maintain the health of coral reef
systems by grazing on sponges, which if left to grow unchecked, outgrow the corals,
cover them up and kill the reef. Because of this, researchers believe that declining
numbers of Hawksbill turtles may be a factor in the inability of reefs to resist
increasing pressures from pollution, algal overgrowth, overfishing and climate
change.
Green turtles are largely herbivorous, and their constant grazing on sea weeds may
increases the earthiness and growth rate of sea weeds. Leatherback turtles, which
forage in the open ocean throughout their life, are the top predators of oceanic
jellyfish. These jellyfish, in turn, eat larval fish. As the numbers of Leatherback
turtles in the ocean decrease, jellyfish numbers may increase and eat more larval
fish, leaving fewer fish to grow into adults. A wide variety of marine ecosystems
dependent on these fish, and indeed commercial fisheries, may end up suffering
from this cascading effect.
Marine turtles return to inshore areas for the nesting season and lay hundreds of
eggs each season. In doing so, they provide a source of nutrients that plays a vital
role in coastal dune ecosystems. The eggs and hatchlings provide food for many
predators, and the empty egg shells and un-hatched eggs provide nutrients to the
coastal soil and also eaten by invertebrates and micro-organisms. In turn, these
nutrients are used by plants, which help stabilize dune structure. In this way,
2-2


turtles transport nutrients from productive far-away feeding grounds to nutrient-
poor coastal ecosystems, and play a vital part in their stability.
Sea turtles are large, air-breathing reptiles that inhabit tropical and subtropical seas
throughout the world. They have existed for over 100 million years, and they travel
throughout the world's oceans. Sea turtles play an important ecological role and
help maintain species diversity and the natural balance of fragile reef systems. The
shells of turtles provide habitats for dozens of species. Sea turtles are considered as
living fossils and have been around before the time of the dinosaurs. Turtles are one
of the few species that remain since the dawn of human evolution but they are now
threatened to extinction by human pressure.
It was considered that naturally 1 in 1,000 turtle eggs becomes a sexually mature
adult however recent studies suggest that due to human impacts this ratio increases
to 1 in 10,000. Some turtle populations have declined by 99% in just 50 years and
are virtually locally extinct in different regions of their nesting beaches. Turtle
babies instinctively crawl towards light on the open horizon and into the sea,
artificial light from buildings disrupts their behavior and baby turtles get lost on
land and died or eaten by predators. Juveniles and adult sea turtles are threatened
by incidental capture in commercial fishing nets or long-liners, by disease and
marine pollution is among the human-caused threats pushing this creature towards
extinction. It is dire need to under take immediate steps to conservation and
management of sea turtles and their fragile nesting grounds. Long term field
investigations are needed to determine the causes of decline population in their
potential nesting sites.
2.2 LEGAL STATUS
Green Sea Turtles enjoy a protected status in Pakistan, either directly or indirectly
through the following legal and regulatory provisions
o According to the second schedule of the Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance

1972, all marine turtles in the Sindh province enjoy the status of a Protected
Animal.
o The clause 5 (export restriction) in the Pakistan Fish Inspection and Quality
Act 1997, of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock,
Government of Pakistan, forbids the export and domestic consumption of
Aquatic Turtles.
2-3


2.2.1 Federal Legislation
Coastal Zone Regulation 1991
Coastal Zone Regulation (CZR) 1991 concerns he coastal stretches of seas, bays,
estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters. It extends on the beach up to 500 meters
form the high tide line (HTL) and includes the land between the low tide lands (LTL)
AND THE HTL.
Setting up of new industries or expansion of existing industries, handling of

hazardous waste, discharge of untreated wastes and effluents dumping of municipal
waste as landfill or otherwise, mining of sand, rocks and sub-strata materials and
land reclamation within the CZR is forbidden, expert for the purpose of construction
of ports, harbors, jetties, wharves, quays, bridges and sea links.
CZR specially lays down that reclamation for commercial purposes such as
shopping and housing complexes, hotels and entertainment activities will not be
permitted. However, separate guidelines for construction of beach tourist re-
sort/hotel in CZR-III are provided for a no development zone (NDZ) for 200 meters
from HTL and within the area between HTL and LTL is defines. With prior approval
of the ministry of environment and forests, two-storey structures can be built in this
NDZ
This ESIA study has taken cognizance of Coastal Zone Regulation 1991 in screening
the potential environmental impact of sitting the LNG Terminal.
Maritime Policy of Pakistan
The National Maritime Policy of Pakistan was approved and notified on October 16,
2002. The policy advocates “Management of Assets in a judicious manner with
conscientious regard to the environmental and international law”. The objective of
the policy is “protection and conservation of maritime environment/ecosystem” and
section IV of the policy holds the port Authorities responsible to protect the maritime
environment within their prescribed limits. This includes tasks of monitoring and
combating spills of all kinds.
2.2.2 Provincial Legislation
Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1972
The Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1972 empowers the government to declare
certain areas reserved for the protection of wildlife and to control activities within
these areas. It also provides protection to endangered species of wildlife. The Project
2-4


area does not lie in or near any protected area; hence no provision of this law is
applicable to the proposed project.
2.2.3 International Treaties and Conventions
Pakistan is signatory/ member to various international treaties and convention on

conservation of environment and protection of wild life. The country is obliged to
adhere to the commitments specified in these treaties. The United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1993 emphasized on
protection, rational use and development of resources; preventing further
degradation and reducing the risk of long term irreversible effect; conservation of
biodiversity and sustainable use of genetic re-sources.
Convention on Migratory Species
The Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979 (CMS):

the Convention requires countries to take action to avoid endangering migratory
species. The term "migratory species" refers to the species of wild animals, a
significant proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or
more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or
co-operate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species. The
Convention contains two appendices. Appendix I contain the list of migratory
species that are endangered according to the best scientific evidence available. For
these species, the member states are required to endeavor to: conserve and restore
their habitats; prohibit their hunting, fishing, capturing, harassing and deliberate
killing; remove obstacles and minimize activities that seriously hinder their
migration; and control other factors that might endanger them, including control of
introduced exotic species. Appendix II lists migratory species, or groups of species,
that have an unfavorable conservation status as well as those that would benefit
significantly from the international co-operation that could be achieved through
intergovernmental agreements;
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES): This convention came into effect in March 1973 at Washington. In all 130
countries are signatory to this convention with Pakistan signing the convention
in1976. The convention requires the signatories to impose strict regulation
(including penalization, confiscation of the specimen etc.) regarding trade of all
species threatened with extinction or that may become so, in order not to endanger
further their survival. The Convention contains three appendices. Appendix I include
all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. The
Convention requires that trade in these species should be subject to strict

2-5


regulation. Appendix II includes species that are not necessarily threatened
presently but may become so unless trade in specimen of these species is subject to
strict regulation. Appendix III includes species which any contracting party
identifies as subject to regulations in trade and requires other parties to co-operate
in this matter;
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 (CBD): Pakistan as a signatory to the

Convention on Biological Diversity is obligated to develop a national strategy for the
conservation of biodiversity. The Government of Pakistan has constituted a
Biodiversity Working Group under the auspices of the Ministry of Environment,
Local Government and Rural Development to develop a Biodiversity Action Plan
(BAP) for the country. After an extensive consultations, a draft Action Plan has been
developed, which is presently under review. The Plan, which has been designed to
complement the NCS (National Conservation Strategy) and the proposed provincial
conservation strategies, identifies the causes of biodiversity loss in Pakistan and
presents action proposals to conserve biodiversity in the country. Since the Plan is
yet to be reviewed by the Cabinet, its provisions have not been finalized. The BAP
recognizes that at project level an ESIA is used as a tool to identify environmental
effects of a proposed project and to plan for reducing adverse effects. The BAP
further stipulates that an ESIA should be initiated at an early stage in project
development cycle and that public participation in the review of potential effects is
important;
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
Conventions on Wetlands 1971 (Ramsar Convention): Pakistan is a signatory to the

said Convention. The principal obligations of contracting parties to the Convention
are:
• To designate wetlands for the List of Wetlands of International Importance;
• To formulate and implement planning so as to promote wise use of wetlands,

to carry out ESIA before transformations of wetlands, and to make national
wetland inventories;
• To establish wetlands reserves and provide adequately for their wardening

and through management to increase water fowl populations on appropriate
wetlands;
• To train personnel competent in wetland research, management and

wardening;
• To promote conservation of wetlands by combining far-sighted national

policies with coordinated international action, to consult with other

2-6


contracting parties about implementing obligations arising from the
Convention, especially about shared wetlands and water system;
• To promote wetland conservation concerns with development aid agencies;
• To encourage research and exchange of data;
2.3 OBJECTIVES
According to the TORs of baseline survey of marine turtle from Cape monze to Keti
Bander, specific objectives of the study are as follows:
• Investigate the biodiversity potential of Sindh Coast from Cape monze to Keti
Bader and identify potential hot spots of sea turtle.
• Prepare a list of flora and fauna found along the Sindh Coast from Cape
monze to Keti Bader. Identify and collect baseline data current status and
threats to sea turtles and its habitats.
• Find out the effects of chemical and industrial pollution in sea water on the
marine life in general and marine turtle in particular and assess the impacts
of environmental changes and human population pressure on potential
nesting habitats and to suggest associated mitigations.
2.4 METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY
This survey covered eight different points along the Sindh coast, during survey
samples of water, soil, plants and seaweeds were collected from different locations of
the coast and also observed associated biodiversity of the area. The geographical
coordinates of all the survey area were taken with the help of GPS. During the
survey, collected information on environmental as well as social parameters have
also been collected and made an assessment on the nesting sites of marine turtle.
2-7

Baseline Survey off Marine Turtles
T From
m Cape monzze to Keti Bander

Chap
apter -3:
- ST
TUDY
Y ARE
EA
The coaast of Sindhh is divided into 8 saampling sittes includiing Mubra ak village, Kapisi,
K
Cape monze,
m KA
ANUPP bea ach, Hawks bay, Sandspit-1
S 1, Sandsp pi-2, Khattti and
Khobar (Keti Ban nder) (Map p showing sites). Su urvey was conducted d through beach
patrollin
ng along thhe first poiint to end, taking sta
art time annd end timme. Each transect
walk off about 5 kilometer patrolled d with the e help of spotlight
s tto count nesting
n
turtles, GPS coorrdinates werew recorded where e the nestting turtle es were siighted,
examine e morphollogical marks (squatt) for insu ure species s identificaation eithe
er it is
Green or
o Olive riddley turtle. Active traacks and nest
n pit we
ere observe ed and reccorded.
Clutch size
s of nesting turtle, nesting crewels
c and non-nesting crewe els also rec
corded.
Nesting beach ec cology and d morpholo ogy with physical features
f documented d, any
threats and bea ach encroa achments were also observe ed. After completin ng one
samplinng site, surrvey was allso repeate ed on dayliight, conduucted beac ch diurnall petrol
to obserrve beach’s physica a l features, geograp phical formmation and d examinee sand
propertiies.
3-1

T From

3.1 MUBARAK
K VILLAG
GE
Mubara ak village is also kn nown as Banglow,

B it is situatted extrem
me Southw west of
Karachii coast at the
t boardeer of Sindh
h - Balochis stan coastt. The Coas st is a deriivation
of Khirthar rangerr, about 2 kms long rocky and d sandy be each with gentle slop pe and
nd. Hill line
fine san e of Kapisii extended toward se ea providin
ng natural water brea aker to
beach thhus wave actions allong this beach
b ery gentle and smooth. The be
is ve each is
turbid but
b clean which attract the picnickers
p om Karach
mostly fro hi city. Muubarak
village is
i famous s for its traditional
t fishing, rocky
r featture of th
he coast provide
p
natural Jetty to the fishing commu unity of the
t area. A Fish F Fare celeb brating
annuallyy, big fish catchers awarded
a w
with prizes by the chiief guest off the occas
sion.
3-2

Baseline Surv
vey of Marine

3-3

T From

3.2 KA
APISI
Word Ka apisi is de
erived fromm Balochi language,
l it
i means “turtle’s
“ place”. This beach
is isolatted stretch
h, encompa asses withh U shaped d hills of Light
L housse, this is one of
the site where nes sting of sea
a turtle occurred, offf shore areea of this s
site is a po
otential
foragingg area of breeding turtles. The T beach h is rocky y gentle s slope with h sand
depositiion on upp per layer, physical
p prroperties of
o sand an nd its phys sical featurres are
attractivve for nestting turtles
s. Most of the coastline is rock ky with Sea weed bed; this
area is potential
p fo
or feeding and matin ng site for sea
s turtle.
3.3 CA
APE MON
NZE
Cape monze
m is lo
ocated on n the extre eme south h west of Karachi. It was on nce an
estuarinne area off Hub Rive er. The freeshwater discharge
d from Hub b river has s been
disrupteed as a re esult of coonstruction of Hub dam on the river and there is no
freshwaater availabble within several kilometers of o the riverr mouth. TThe river estuary
thus remmains mos stly dry. Th
he Hub riv ver estuary y only getss fresh watter during heavy
rainfall or in flood
d season (J July - Sepptember). TheT presennt estuary is filled by
b tidal
influencce or Sea intrusion and its im mpact goes s up to 3 Km upstream of the river
mouth. There are e small roc cky out crrops adjac cent to thee beaches which are e rises
about 20
2 to 25 m above th he mean sea
s level. There
T are sandy bea aches and rocky
shores ini the Cap pe monze. Some roc cky head islands
i neear the mo outh of the river
gives paartial prote
ection fromm the south h west monsoon wav ves. Beachh slope is steeper
s
near the e head lannd and it shows evidence of wave’s w erossion. Therre are nummerous
rocky ou utcrops inn the offshhore area. The sandy y coastline
e has brow wn coloredd sand
and the grain size e varies fro
om silt to fiine grainedd sand.
3-4

Baseline Surv
vey of Marine

3-5

T From

3.4 PA
ARADISE
E POINT
The beaach is mos stly rocky on

o the wes stern side and sandy y on the e
eastern sid
de. The
beach is open to direct su urf action especially in the suummer mo onths. Effeects of
erosion and penettration of water
w dow
wn to consiiderable de epth may be seen. In view
of the presence
p off the Karachi Nuclea
ar Power Plant,
P whicch is disch
harging its waste
and hott water intto the sea, the marinne life in th
he area is severely a
affected. Th
he site
is one of
o the few most attrracted recrreational spots due to
t natural rocky arc ch and
required
d facilities available for
f picnic.
3-6

Baseline Surv
vey of Marine

3-7

T From

3.5 HA
AWKS BA
AY
This is a sandy beeach sprea

ading over a length ofo about 5 kms;
k smalll rocky ou
utcrops
also pre
esent. The beach is relatively
r le
ess affected
d with the pollution from Liyarri river
and harrbor site. Hawks ba ay is on th he south west
w coastt of Karachi city. Th
here is
gently sloping
s san
nd beach on
o the easttern part of o Hawks bay
b on the e main coaast line
while thhe westerrn part has some rocky are eas. There
e are exte ensive inttertidal
mudflatts and som me mangrooves swam mps are prresent in the back w water behinnd the
beach. The
T long sandbank
s w
with gentle slope protects the harbor fro om the open sea
and the e beach having finee to mediu um grained d sand annd sand d dunes whic ch are
suscepttible to win
nd.
3-8

Baseline Surv
vey of Marine

3-9

T From

3.6 SA
ANDSPIT
T
A 7 km m long strrip of sand dy beach occupied by huts all along the coastline is
extendeed up to th
he PNS Him malayas sttation at Manora.
M A littoral drrift prevails from
west to northwestt causing the
t erosion
n at a highher rate. Like
L all oth
her coastall sites,
Sandspiit also receives pollu
utants of various
v oriigins from Karachi h harbor and d SITE
area. Ac
ccumulatioon of drifte
ed algae onn the coastt produced d problems s not only for the
nesting female tuurtles who o comes to o the beach for egg g laying, b but also for
f the
hatchlin
ngs to find
d their wayy to the sea
a if they geet entangleed in the ddrifted algaae and
these en
ntangled hatchlings
h eaten by the
t Ghost crabs, one of the m main predators of
hatchlin
ngs and a dominan nt species of the up pper tidal zone of tthe coast. These
hatchlin
ngs are als
so an easy prey for hoovering Gu ulls searchhing for foood.
3-10

Baseline Surv
vey of Marine

3-11

T From

3.7 KH
HOBAR
Indus delta
d is cov
vers 70% ofo Sindh co oast and juunction off freshwate
er and sea awater,
considerr as high hly potentiial for bioological annd natura al resourcees. Indus delta,
mangrov ve swamp ps providiing feedin ng and roosting
r g
ground forr thousan nds of
migratory and res sident wateerbirds. Prrovide nurrsery grounnds to maany comme ercially
importa
ant fish an nd shrimp species. There
T are117 major creeks in Indus dellta but
due to reduction
r in freshwater flow downstrea
d am of kotrii barrage o only the Khobar
K
creek now
n receiveed water from
f the Indus.
I The e clockwis
se and antticlockwise e wind
moveme ent in the delta area a is subjeccted to the highest average w wave energ gy. The
Indus River
R is currrently con
ntributing hardly
h anyy sedimentt to the dellta, causin
ng land
shrinka
age, reduction in man ngrove area and sea intrusion.
Khobar is a smootth mud fla at island, situated

s att the mouth of Khobaar creek, a small
sandy stretch
s with
h fine clayy/silica sed
diment in the front ofo open sea. 90% of island
is mudd
dy with clu
ump of ma angrove tre ees. Sandyy beach is extended aabout 3 km m long
narrow patch. Phyysically the
e beach is smooth with
w arch cu
urve and w
white sandd.
3-12

vey of Marine
Baseline Surv e Turtles From Caape monze to Ketti Bander

3-13

T From

3.8 KH
HATI
Khati beeach is joint to Khob bar but biffurcated byy a small channel. PPhysical fe
eatures
of this beach
b almo ost same as
a Khobar,, about 3 km k long na arrow strettch Southeeast to
Northwe est, with calm
c and smooth
s beeach consist of clay silt with ssilica sand
d, both
ending points
p depposit with wet
w mud. Old light house
h toweer remainss can be seeen on
the rim shoreline that is ind dicating se
ea appeara ance towarrds land. DDuring mo onsoon
when se ea is rough h due to seaward
s wiinds, this beach parrtially inun
ndates withh high
tides. Physical
P fe
eature andd sand properties are a showinng that th his beach is not
feasible for nestin
ng of sea tu
urtles.
3-14

T From

Chap
apter -4:
- PHYSIC
CAL ENVIR
E RONM
MENTS
S
4.1 HA
ABITAT DESCRIPTION
The coaastline of Pakistan

P is extends 1050
1 km, 250
2 km fallling in Sin
ndh provinnce out
of that 150 km off coastline extends to o continental shelf. The
T entire Indus Delta and
most off Sind coasst is comprrised of mud flats withw mangrrove venatiion, there are no
bays or lagoons along
a the coastal
c beltt, but seve
eral along the Baloch histan coa
ast like
Gwattarr bay, Orm mara bay and Sonm miani bay. Kirthar Range
R traje
ectory exte
ending
westernn part of coastline which
w form
ms chunk of o rocky sh hores like Buleji, Manora,
Cape monze
m and few other small site es, rest of costal areea are com mprises of sandy,
s
sandy to t muddy y, intertidal and deltaic isla and which h inundated during g tidal
fluctuattion. The Indus
I deltta, is locatted at the mouth off Indus Riiver and covered
75% off entire coastline, it i forms a remarkably unifo orm landfform with h large
extensivve mud flaats being inntervened by narrow w creeks, which
w are rremnants of old,
Indus trributaries.
The fann-shaped delta

d consists of cree
eks, estuarries, mud,, sand, sallt flats, maarshes
and ma angrove ha abitat. The
ere are currrently 17 major cre eeks and n numerous minor
creeks and
a numbber of islan
nd, tidal la
agoons, annd estuarie es exist in the delta. There
are 19 sandy
s beacches with narrow sta arch alongg the Induss delta fromm Korangii to Sir
Creek ata Indian border. Coastal
C weetlands ha arboring ve erity of sp
pecies inccluding
birds, fiish, shrimps, dolphiins and po orpoises. Reptiles
R lik
ke Sea sna akes and turtles.
In Southwest, fro om Manora a to Mubra ak village, there aree 10 sandy y beaches and 9
rocky shhores, few rock cliff and
a small corves existed in aloong the coaast.
4-1

T From

Physio-m
morpholog gically Sind dh coastal beaches are
a divided d in to two major typ
pes like
Aragonite sand and
a Silica (Silicon) sand.
s Arag
gonite formms naturallly in almost all
ks shells, and
mollusk a as the calcareou us endoskeleton of wa arm and cold water corals,
c
The miineral kno own as calcium
c caarbonate μ-CaCO
μ 3, it is theermodynammically
unstable at stand dard temp perature and
a pressu
ure. Silica sand is o one of the
e most
common n varieties of sand foound coasttal beachess mostly in n river mou
uths.
It is bellieved thatt sea turtlles nest on

n sandy beaches of shoreline,, but they select
sand off special prroperty, mostly
m the area wherre golden anda granuule sand ex xist on
the beac urtle often forage on rocky sea bed and nest
ch. Sea tu n close to their fooraging
area. Roocky seabe ed is harb
boring veritty of life liike Worm, Sea weed d and mem mber of
fish spe
ecies. Rock ky shores are bank ofo Aragonitte sand, which
w physically golden
are p
and graanule sand d, it has ob
bserved tha at sea turttle preferab
bly select tthis type of
o sand
for nesting.
4-2

T From

4.2 CL
LIMATE
The coaastal meteo orology an

nd hydrogrraphy of Karachi is controlled
c by the seasonal
change in the north Arabia an Sea. i.e e. monsoon nal system
m. The datta collected d from
various studies allong the co oast clearly y shows thhe influencce of NE and SW mo onsoon
winds. The
T entire coastal area of Sindh is inclu uded in thhe warm m monsoon cllimatic
region. The clima ate is charracterized byb pleasan nt weatherr due to sea breeze which
blows all
a the yea ar round except loc cal disturbbances du uring winter and su ummer
months. Mild win nter extend ds from No ovember to February and few c cold waves s occur
occasionnally due to t westernn weather disturbanc
d ces. Simila
arly, summ mer extend ds from
March to June and hot weather w s
sets in whhen hot winds
w starrt blowingg from
Rajisthaan, India. When the e pressure vacuum gets build d up in the north Arabian
Sea or over
o Sindh h coast it stops
s the sea
s breeze over the Indus
I deltaa. Thereaftter the
tempera ature shoo ots up to 20ºC and above,
a makking the hoot weatherr along the e coast
very un ncomfortab ble. Seaso onal fluctu uations inn temperature and monsoon rains
characte eristically indicate thhe climate e of dry tro
opical and
d sub-tropiical climatte zone
in this tract.
t Atmo ospheric arridity is th
he chief cha
aracteristic
c feature oof this area
a.
4.2.1 Tempera
ature
Over thee course of a year, th

he temperaature typic
cally varies
s from 13°C to 36°C and is
rarely below
b 10°C
C or above 39°C.The warm sea ason lasts from Marc ch 26 to July 13
with ann average daily
d high temperatuure above 34°C. The hottest da ay of the year
y is
May 5, with an av verage higgh of 36°C and low ofo 26°C. TheT eason lasts from
cold se
Decemb ber 18 to February
F 7 with an
n average daily
d high temperatu ure below 27°C.
The colddest day of the year is Januarry 10, with
h an averag ge low of 113°C and high
h of
25°C.
Daily High
H and Low
L Tempe
erature
The daily average loww (blue) and high (red) temperature with
w percentiile bands (inner band fro
om 25th
ercentile, outer band from
to 75th pe m 10th to 900th percentile
e).

4-3

T From

Fraction of Time
e Spent in Various Temperatu
T ure Bands
s
The averaage fraction of

o time spennt in various temperaturee bands: frigiid (below -9°°C), freezing (-9°C to
0°C), cold
d (0°C to 10°C), cool (100°C to 18°C),, comfortable
e (18°C to 24°C),
2 warm (24°C to 29°C), hot
(29°C to 38°C)
3 and swweltering (abo
ove 38°C).
Sun
The leng
gth of the day varies significa
antly over the
t coursee of the ye
ear. The sh
hortest
day is December
D 21 with 100:27 hours s of sunlig
ght; the lon
ngest day is June 20 with
13:33 hours
h of su
unlight.
Daily Hours
H of Su
unshine and Twiligh
ht
The nummber of hours

h duriing which the sun is visible (black lin ne), with various
v
degrees of dayligh
ht, twilightt, and nigh
ht, indicate
ed by the color band ds. From bottom
b
(most ye
ellow) to to
op (most gray):
g full daylight, solar
s twilig
ght (sun is
s visible buut less

4-4

T From

than 6° from the horizon), civil
c twiligh
ht (sun is not visible
e but is les
ss than 6° below
utical twilight (sun is betwee
the horrizon), nau en 6° and d 12° belo ow the ho orizon),
astronommical twillight (sun is betwee en 12° and 18° below the ho orizon), an
nd full
night.
The earrliest sunrise is at 5:45am on June

J 5 an st sunrise is at 7:23am on
nd the lates
January y 11. The earliest
e su
unset is at 5:38pm on
n Novembe er 24 and tthe latest sunset
is at 7:2
21pm on June 23.
Daily Su
unrise & Sunset
S witth Twiligh
ht
The sunriise and suns

set times over the course of the year 2012
2 (black lines), with ttwilights (sola
ar, civil,
nautical, and astronomical) indica
ated by the color bands frrom yellow to
o gray.
Clouds
The meddian cloudd cover ran

nges from clear (3%)) to mostly
y cloudy (8
86%). The sky is
cloudies
st on Auguust 5 and clearest on
o Novemb ber 15. Thhe clearer part of th
he year
begins around
a Sep
ptember 21. The clou
udier part of the yea
ar begins arround Mayy 29.
4-5

T From

Median
n Cloud Co
over
The mediian daily clooud cover (bblack line) with

w percenttile bands (iinner band from 40th to 60th
percentile
e, outer band
d from 25th to
t 75th perceentile).
On Novemmber 15, the clearest dayy of the year, the sky is cllear, mostly clear,
c or parttly cloudy 84%
% of the
time, and
d overcast or mostly cloud
dy 4% of the time.
t
On Augus st 5, the clou
udiest day off the year, th
he sky is ove
ercast, mostly
y cloudy, or p
partly cloudy
y 81% of
the time, and clear or mostly clearr 6% of the tim
me.
Cloud Cover
C Types
The fractiion of time spent

s in eac
ch of the five
e sky cover categories. From
F top (m
most blue) to bottom
(most gra gories are cllear, mostly clear, partly
ay), the categ ostly cloudy, and overcast. Pink
y cloudy, mo
indicates missing da ata. Outside of the Unitted States cllear skies are
a often rep
ported ambig guously,
leading th
hem to be lummped in withh the missingg data.

4-6

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Precipittation
The probability thhat precipittation will be observe ed at this location va

aries throu
ughout
the year. Precipittation is most
m likely
y around July
J 29, occurring
o iin 37% off days.
Precipitation is lea
ast likely around
a Aprril 28, occu
urring in 2%
2 of days s.
Probabiility of Pre
ecipitation
n at Some
e Point in the Day
The fra
action of day
ys in which va
arious types of precipitattion are obse
erved.
Over thhe entire ye

ear, the most
m mon forms of precipitation are thunderstorms,
comm
drizzle, and moderate rain.
Thunderstorms arre the mostt severe prrecipitation

n observed
d during 38
8% of thos
se days
with precipitation
n. They arre most likkely aroun nd Augustt 12, whenn it is observed
during 12%
1 of all days.
Drizzle is the mo ost severe precipitatiion observ

ved during g 32% of those dayys with
precipitation. It is
s most likely around July 29, when
w it is observed
o d
during 15%
% of all
days.
Moderatte rain is the

t most severe
s precipitation observed during 21% of those e days
with preecipitation
n. It is mos
st likely arround July
y 30, when
n it is obse
erved duriing 8%
of all da
ays.
4-7

T From

Types of
o Precipittation throughout the
t Year
Relative frequency
fr of various
v types
s of precipita
ation over the
e course of a typical yearr.
During the warm m season, which lastts from March

M 26 to
t July 133, there is a 9%
average chance thhat precipittation will be observed at some e point during a give
en day.
When precipitation does occ cur it is moost often in
n the form
m of thundeerstorms (4
41% of
days with precipittation have at worstt thunderstorms), drrizzle (34% %), moderatte rain
(17%), and
a light ra
ain (7%).
During the cold seeason, whiich lasts frrom Decem mber 18 too February 7, there is
s a 6%
average chance thhat precipittation will be observed at some e point during a give
en day.
When precipitation does occ cur it is moost often in
n the form
m of thundeerstorms (4
44% of
days with precipittation have at worstt thunderstorms), mo ain (28%), drizzle
oderate ra
(13%), and
a light ra
ain (13%).
W
Warm Seas
son Precip
pitation Cold Se
eason Prec
cipitation
Relative frequency
fr of various
v types
s of precipita
ation during the warm an
nd cold seaso
ons respectiv
vely.
4-8

T From

Humidiity
The rela
ative humiidity typica
ally ranges
s from 25%
% (dry) to 86%
8 (very humid) ov
ver the
course of the yea
ar, rarely dropping below 9% (very dry y), or excee
eding 95%
% (very
humid).
The air is driest around

a Noovember 23,2 at whic ch time thhe relative humidity drops
below 30% (dry) thhree days out of fourr; it is mos
st humid arround Auggust 4, exceeding
81% (huumid) threee days outt of four.
e Humiditty
Relative
The avera
age daily higgh (blue) andd low (brownn) relative hu
umidity withh percentile bands (inner bands
from 25th
h to 75th perrcentile, oute
er bands from
m 10th to 90tth percentile
e).
4-9

T From

Dew Po
oint
Dew po oint is ofteen a betteer measure of how comfortab ble a person will fin nd the
weatherr than re elative humidity be ecause it more dirrectly rela ates to whether
perspiraation will evaporate from the e skin, the ereby coolling the bbody. Lowe er dew
points feel
f drier and
a higher dew pointts feel morre humid. Over the c course of a year,
the dew
w point typiically varie
es from 2°C
C (dry) to 26°C
2 (opprressive) an
nd is rarely
y below
-7°C (drry) or above 27°C (verry oppress
sive).
There are
a two perriods in th he year that are most comforttable: The first is be
etween
Januaryy 1 and March
M 16 and
a the seecond is be
etween No
ovember 10 0 and Dec cember
31. The air feels neither
n too dry nor to
oo muggy during
d these periods.
Dew Po
oint
The daily average low

w (blue) and high
h (red) de
ew point with h percentile bands (innerr band from 25th to
75th perc
centile, outerr band from 10th
1 to 90th percentile).
Wind
Over the e course of

o the year typical wiind speeds
s vary from
m 0 m/s to
o 8 m/s (c
calm to
fresh brreeze), rare
ely exceeding 13 m/ss (strong breeze).
The highest avera

age wind speed of 6 m/s (mod
derate breeeze) occurs
s around May
M 6,
at which
h time the average daily maxim
mum wind speed is 8 m/s (modderate bree
eze).
The low
west averag
ge wind sppeed of 2 m/s
m (light breeze)
b occ
curs aroun
nd Novemb ber 23,
at which
h time the average daily maxim
mum wind speed is 5 m/s (gentle breeze).
4-10

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Wind Sp
peed
The averaage daily min

nimum (red), maximum (green), and d average (black) wind sp
peed with pe
ercentile
bands (inner band fro
om 25th to 75
5th percentille, outer ban
nd from 10th to 90th perc
centile).
The winnd is most often out ofo the wesst (32% of the
t time) and
a south west (23%
% of the
time). The
T wind is en out of the south east (1% of the tim
s least ofte me), south (2% of
the timee), east (3%
% of the tiime), north
h (5% of the time), and
a north west (5% of the
time).
Wind Directions Over the Entire Year
The fractiion of time sp

pent with the
e wind blowinng in the varrious directio
ons over the entire year. Values
V
do not su
um to 100% because
b the wind
w directio
on is undefin
ned when the e wind speed is zero.
4-11

T From

Fraction of Time
e Spent wiith Variou
us Wind Diirections
The fractiion of time spent

s with th
he wind blow
wing in the various
v direc
ctions on a d
daily basis. Stacked
values do
o not always sum to 100 0% because the
t wind dirrection is undefined when the wind speed
s is
zero.
4.3 PH
HYSICAL
L OCEAN
NOGRAP
PHIC CON
NDITION
NS
4.3.1 Waves
W
The wav ves on Kaarachi Coaast vary with

w the se
easons. Duuring NE w winter moonsoon
when winds
w are around
a 10 knots the coastal waters
w are almost callm and the
e wave
height is
i less thaan 1meterr. During SW summ mer mons soon when n the windds are
around 25 knots the waves s on the Karachi
K Co
oast are more
m than 4 meters. In the
interim month i.ee. post SW
W monsoon n and pre SW monso oon the waves are around
a
1.5 to 2.5 meters.
4.3.2 Tides
T
Tides allong Karac chi Coast are semi-d diurnal buut diurnal inequality y is also prresent.
The effe
ect of this shows
s up in
i daily tid
dal cycle as
s there aree two Highh Waters an nd two
Low Wa aters which h also varry considerrably fromm each oth her in tidaal heights. These
are clas
ssified as HHW,
H LHWW, LLW an nd HLW. The
T tides move
m from west to ea ast i.e.
the tide
e at the Hub
H River Coast arrrives abou ut 20 minu utes earlie
er than Ka arachi.
Similarlly the tidees at Kara achi Harb bor arrive at about 10 minutes earlierr than
entrancce of Port Qasim. When
W tides progress up the Phitti
P Creek
k its mag gnitude
increasees and the ere is time
e lag. The tides reac ch Port Biin Qasim after 22 minute
m
which is s about 20 miles from Karach hi and is located abbout 15 m miles up too creek
from thee sea. At Gharo
G Cree
ek tides falll down rap
pidly due to
t frictiona
al effects and the
gradual weakenin ng of the tidal force es. At Gharo,35 miiles from tthe Phitti Creek
entrancce, the tides are almoost half of the
t mean sea
s tides ata the entra ance.
4-12


4.3.3 Currents
The speed of the current is generally low about ½ knot. The speed increases up to 1
knot during SW monsoon. The direction of the set is directly related with the
prevailing wind system. The set is generally easterly in the SW monsoon and
westerly in the NE monsoon. The slight difference in direction in the Western and
Eastern part of the Karachi Coast is due to circulatory pattern of the current
around gyres which are usually formed at the center of the sea. There is a clockwise
gyre during SW monsoon and anti-clockwise gyre during NE monsoon (Quraishee,
1988). Quraishee (1984, 1988) has also observed the existence of warm core eddies
in the offshore areas of Pakistan
4.3.4 Water circulation patterns
The circulation in the offshore areas at west coast and southeast coast is under the
influence of the monsoonal circulation patterns i.e. clockwise in the summer
monsoon and anticlockwise in the northeast monsoon. The water circulation along
Manora and Clifton coast is complex due to tidal influx from Karachi harbor, local
topography, and influx of bottom water from off shore area from south and west.
Following two circulation patterns are observed:
4.3.5 Clockwise Circulation
The dominant direction of the seawater enters the coastal water from southwest.
This water then moves along the coast circulating in the clockwise direction i.e. the
major flux of the sea water from the offshore area moves towards the east and then
towards the southeast direction forming a big clockwise gyre. This pattern is
common during summer monsoon, as a consequence of monsoonal winds blowing
during this period.
4.3.6 Anti-clockwise Circulation
The sea water circulation reverses its direction in response to the direction of the
prevailing monsoonal winds. The anticlockwise circulation is mostly restricted from
December through February periods. The anticlockwise circulation pattern, during
winter monsoon in the shallow water offshore Karachi coast, is observed in the
developed current. This also indicates the presence of dominant tidal stream that is
rotary in its characteristics. Two distinct flow patterns are discussed below:
4.3.7 West coast
The movements of the water indicate that on an average the predominantly westerly
flow exists during the ebb, whereas during the flood the flow direction changes

4-13


considerably from NE to NNW mainly due to the variation in tidal range and
partially due to the effect of sea bed contours. Maximum velocities were observed
during mid tide, while the minimum velocities were observed at high and low tides.
In general, the course of the surface and sub surface floats showed similar
alignment
4.3.8 South east coast
A varying circulation pattern was observed during spring tide. The variation in
circulation pattern was probably due to the position of deployment at floor and ebb.
The deployed floats near the position 240 40' (Northing) and 670 (Easting) showing
a N to NE movement during the flood tide from HW to LW a easterly movement.
However, at a location southeast of the above position the movement was towards
the east and south during flood and ebb, respectively. This confirms the coastal
circulation pattern off Bundal Island alignment.
4.3.9 Seawater Temperature
According to UNESCAP Report (1996) the average annual sea surface temperature
in near shore waters along Karachi coast range between 20.7 to 29.3°C (Table 3-3).
During winter months the temperature range is 20.70 to 23.80°C where as during
summer months the range is between 27.9 to 29.3°C. In the creeks along Indus
Delta the sea surface temperature generally ranges between 23.4 to 29.5°C. Water
temperature in tidal channels in the Indus Delta creeks have been reported form
19°C in January to 30°C in June (Harrison et al. 1994, Zaqoot, 2000). The
temperatures at a depth of 100 m are lower and generally have an annual range
between 19.5 to 24.5ºC.
4.3.10 Seawater Salinity
According to UNEP (1986) the salinity ranges from 35.5 to 36.90 gm/lit in the
inshore waters of Karachi and may rise as high as 41 to 420 gm/lit in the back
water and tidal creeks. The average annual salinity in coastal waters along Karachi
and Indus Delta ranges from 36 to 36.70 gm/lit (UNEP, 1996). The tidal channels
in Indus Deltaic area are generally hyper-saline with salinity range of 38 to 450
gm/lit over the year except during August and September when due to rainy season
the runoff from Indus River reduces the sea water Salinity to 26 to 300 gm/lit
(Harrison et al., 1994). The salinity values as low as 28 to 300 gm/lit were reported
by Rabbani and Khan (1988) for Khobar Creek of Indus Delta. Inside Karachi
Harbor from Lyari River mouth to the mouth of Manora Channel the Salinity values
in the range of 25 to 34 ppt has also been reported (Zaqoot, 2000).
4-14


Chapter -5: GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA
The coastline of Pakistan is extends 1050 km, 250 km falling in Sindh province out
of that 150 km of coastline extends to continental shelf. The entire Indus Delta and
most of Sind coast is comprised of mud flats with mangrove venation, there are no
bays or lagoons along the coastal belt, but several along the Balochistan coast like
Gwattar bay, Ormara bay and Sonmiani bay. Kirthar Range trajectory extending
western part of coastline which forms chunk of rocky shores like Buleji, Manora,
Cap monz and few other small sites, rest of costal area are comprises of sandy,
sandy to muddy, intertidal and most of parts are deltaic island which inundated
during tidal fluctuation. The Indus delta, is locate at the mouth of Indus River and
covers 75% of entire coastline, it forms a remarkably uniform landform with large
extensive mud flats being intervened by narrow creeks, which are remnants of old,
Indus tributaries.
Coastal area of Cap monze falls into a continental shelf with a passive margin. This
is a trough with thick sedimentation of early age Eocene (upper tertiary) Blatter et
al (1929). Crystalline basement is underlie over a thousands of feet in depth provide
a geosynclines basin. Chief element of the sediments is sandstone with
heterogeneity of size and shape. Far beach to shoreline gradation of the sediments
with coarser to fine order. Some seasonal stream fall into the Arabian Sea depends
on rain and dumped the sediments along the coastal area. High rise terrain along
coastal area provides a natural barrier to sustain the tidal strokes and weathering,
leaching into the Arabian Sea. This high rise hilly terrain is a tectonic feature of
Kirthar range along MBT (Main Boundary Thrust). These hills composed of
limestone and sandstone rocks. Sedimentation process is in progress from millions
of year along coastal area early or new age sediments admixture of fine sandstone,
clay and fine fragments of pre-existing rocks (i.e., flakes of mica, limestone,
minerals debris etc). Fine grained sandstone decreased as continental shelf to
continental margin where fine clay deposits in low energy environment. Lei
Conglomerate, Gaj and Nari formations dip NWSE gently towards the Arabian Sea.
Lei Conglomerate exposed on surface with varying thickness boulder pebble and
cobble size of sandstone and limestone debris found around hilly areas. This
gradation of large size of debris decreased as formations dipping into the Sea.
Coastal area is filled with fine sandstone, some mica flakes, silt and carbonaceous
fragments.
Paradise Point is mostly rocky on the western side and sandy on the eastern side.
The beach is open to direct surf action especially in the summer months. Effects of
erosion and penetration of water down to considerable depth may be seen. In view
of the presence of the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, which is discharging its hot
water into the sea, the marine life in the area is severely affected. The site is one of
the few most attracted recreational spot due to natural rocky arch and required

5-1


facilities available for picnic.
Coastal area of Hawks bay provides a very flat shoreline and surrounded with rocky
area exposed on surface. Arabian Sea penetrate into these rocky area with shifted
shoreline depends on season June, July and August with high tide and hurricane
generate into the sea. Fine grain sandstone, clay and minerals are the elements of
sediments. Liyari River also falls into the Arabian Sea through this shoreline.
Tectonically this is a passive margin and has a crystalline basement into a great
depth. Marshy and swampy area found in some place with high clay and silt
content. Sediments are in accretion process. Generally the sediments are the
youngest age Eocene upper tertiary Blatter et al (1929) and this process is still in
progress. Sediments high silt content indicates a low energy depositional
environment where bulk sediments deposit at Liyari river mouth. Lei conglomerate
is exposed on surface with lateral extent throughout the lower Indus basin. Lei
conglomerate of hawks bay coast shows high proportion of silt and clay with some
fine grain sandstone, mica flakes and humus fragments. Gaj and Nari formations
are beneath the surface in a successive order.
Sandspit is one of the beautiful picnic spot, It is relatively a flat beach with thick
and unconsolidated sand. Sediments chiefly consist of fine grain sandstone with
clay and pre-existing rock’s minerals. Formations are dip with low gradient into the
Arabian Sea. Sediments are the youngest age Eocene upper tertiary Blatter et al
(1929). Sedimentation accretion process is continued from a millions of year.
Million of tones sediments dump into the Arabian Sea through Liyari River and
other seasonal channels. Sediments are chiefly content of silt, clay and low
proportion of fine sandstone, mica, humus fragments. Crystalline basement
overlain in thousands of feet in depth, sink increases toward the continental
margin and slope. Lei Conglomerate is exposed on surface throughout the lower
Indus basin. Along the coast sediments size decreased from coarser to fine
sandstone and silt. Gaj and Nari formations exist at a great depth in a successive
order.
The fan-shaped delta consists of creeks, estuaries, mud, sand, salt flats, marshes
and mangrove habitat, is said to be the 7th largest mangrove forest in the world
and comprises 97% of the total mangrove area in the country. There are currently
17 major creeks and numerous minor creeks and number of island, tidal lagoons,
and estuaries. There are 19 sandy beaches with narrow starch along the Indus
delta Korangi to Sir Creek Indian border. Physio-morphologically Sindh coastal
beaches are divided in to two major types of sediments like Aragonite and Silica
(Silicon) sand. Aragonite forms naturally in almost all mollusk shells, and as the
calcareous endoskeleton of warm and cold-water corals, The mineral known as
calcium carbonate μ-CaCO3, Silica sand is one of the most common varieties of
sand found coastal beaches mostly in river mouths, is the general term for broken
down granules of minerals or rocks, technically between about one-sixteenth of a
millimeter to two millimeters in diameter, falling between silt.

5-2


Chapter -6: METHODOLOGY OF PHYSICO-
CHEMICAL STUDY
6.1 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF STUDY AREAS
6.1.1 Environmental Analysis
Environmental Analysis is very important tool to understand the actual situation of

study area by mean of biological, chemical and physical aspects. Environment
impact occurred when the balance of physical, biological, and chemical chain
disturb by human as well as by natural activity, it is not necessary that it cause
only negative impacts but some time it may be beneficial for surrounding areas.
6.1.2 General Study Characteristic
For Environmental impact analysis water and soil samples were collected from the
following locations with their geographical coordinates.
S. No Location Geographical Coordinate
248559.1
1 Hawks bay
0668306.8
248579.3
2 Cape monze
0667562.2
248545.1
3 Sandspit
0668788.4
248550.7
4 Paradize point
0667937.0
6-1

T From

6.2 MA
ATERIAL
LS AND METHODDOLOGY
Y OF PHY
YSICO-CH
HEMICA
AL
SA
AMPLES COLLEC
CTION AND ANAL
LYSIS
6.2.1 Materiall and Metthods of water

w Sam
mples Co
ollection
The representativeness of data

d of env
vironmenta al samples largely de epends upon the
samplinng methodoology. The
e objective of samplin ng is to co
ollect a portion of material
m
small en
nough to transport inn a convennient way without
w ch
hanging thhe composiition of
materia
al being tested. The objective implies th hat the qu uality and the quan ntity of
componnents unde er test willl be the same
s in th
he sample e as in thee materiall being
sampledd. Thus representa
r ativeness of o the sa amples larrgely depe ends upon n how
accurately sampling method dology is caarried out..
6-2

T From

6.2.2 Location
n of Samp
pling Site
es
Samples s were tak

ken from eight diffe
erent locattions as re
epresentattive to cov
ver the
entire area.
Collection
n of water samples
6.2.3 Preparattion of Sa
ample Co
ontainers
The sammple bottles used fo or chemic cal analysiis were dis sposable nnew bottle
es and
glass bo
ottles are used
u for microbiologi
m ical analys
sis firstly washed
w witth tap water and
rinsed with
w distille
ed water. Finally
F the
ey were autoclave at 121ºC for 15psi to destroy
d
the entire microorrganism fro om inside the bottless.
6.2.4 Collectio
on of Watter Samp
ples
Water samples were

w colle
ected from
m pre-des
signated llocations using staandard
procedu
ures as de
escribed in
n Standardd Methods
s for the Examinatio
E on of Wate
er and
Wastewater (APHA
A, 1995).
6-3

T From

Samples of soil and

d water
6.2.5 Samplin
ng Depths
s
Water samples we ere collecte

ed from be
etween the surface an
nd one to ttwo feet de
epth of
the sea at each station.
6.2.6 Collectio
on Proced
dures
Surface water sa ample bottles or containers

c s were prrepared as s per sta
andard
procedu
ure describ bed in Sttandard Methods
M foor the Ex xamination n of Wateer and
Wastewater (APH HA, before e sample collection n attemptts were made to avoid
contamiination of any interfe
ering mate
erial (paperr, twigs, de
ebris, etc).
6.2.7 Onboard
d Preservation and
d Transpo
ortation of Samplles
All the samples of

o water affter initial on-board--processing were kep pt in an ic
ce box
with thee maintain
ning of temmperature with consttantly fillin
ng ice in the ice box
xes. All
these samples we ere kept ini a minim mum temp perature until
u they reached to the
Global Environme
E ental Lab. In lab the
e required analysis will
w take pllace and le eftover
sampless are also kept
k in frid
dge.
6-4


6.2.8 Soil sampling
Polyethylene bags were worn during sample collection and sample handling to avoid
any Contamination from the bare hands. Each sample bag was labeled so that its
contents could be identified.
6.3 METHODOLOGY OF WATER QUALITY SAMPLES ANALYSIS
6.3.1 In –situ measurement
pH Measurement
Sample pH was determined using pH meter. Final reading was taken after about
one minute of constant reading.
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance and is one of the stable

measurements in seawater. Ocean water has an excellent buffering system with the
interaction of carbon dioxide and water so that it is generally always at a pH of 7.5
to 8.5. Neutral water is a pH of 7 while acidic substances are less than 7 (down to
1, which is highly acidic) and alkaline substances are more than 7 (up to 14, which
are highly alkaline). Anything either highly acid or alkaline would kill marine life
but the oceans are very stable with regard to pH. If seawater was out of normal
range (7.5-8.5) then something would be horribly wrong.
Total suspended solids (TSS).
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) is comprised of organic and mineral particles that are
transported in the water column. The TSS was measured by the Hach Method #
8006
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are a measure of the total amount of all the materials
that are dissolved in water. These materials, both natural and anthropogenic (made
by humans), are mainly inorganic solids, with a minor amount of organic material...
The TDS were measured by means of Evaporation Method
Electrical Conductivity
The electrical conductivity of water is directly related to the concentration of

dissolved solids in the water. Ions from the dissolved solids in water influence the
ability of that water to conduct an electrical current, which can be measured using
a conductivity meter.
6-5


Chloride
The analysis for chlorides was conducted according to Hach Titration Method
(HgNO3).
Total Hardness
The analysis for chlorides were conducted according to Hach Titration Method
(EDTA).
Fluoride
The analysis for fluoride were conducted according to Hach Titration Method
(8028).
Heavy Metal
The analysis for heavy metals (Lead, Mercury cadmium and Arsenic) were
conducted according to Atomic absorption spectrometer.
6.3.2 Methodology of soil sample analysis
pH
The analysis for soil pH were conducted by pH meter take the soil of 50 mg and mix
with distilled water and shake and then take pH by ph meter.
Heavy Metal
The Analysis for heavy metal (arsenic and cadmium) first extract the soil sample
then conducted according to atomic absorption spectrometer.
6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

ANALYSIS
Data collected during the course of study is presented and discussed. The same
were collected during the month of June 2011. All the sites were selected on the
basis of their potential for marine turtles.
6.4.1 Physical Parameters
The results of the physical parameters reported in ANNEXURE
6-6


PH
The pH of the water samples fluctuated between 7.97 to 8.50 indicating that the
effluent samples are quite neutral. The NEQS has no any limits for sea water. The
pH of the soil samples fluctuated between 8.84 to 8.98. The pH of the soil is also
quite neutral.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
The TSS of the samples fluctuates from 56 to 112. The presence of TSS in the
samples indicates both organic and inorganic matters and it can depend upon flow
of water and season.
Total Dissolved Solid
The result of TDS in water collected from Paradise, Hawks bay, Sandspit and Cape
monze almost all the samples have similar value of TDS. Therefore, the
distributions of these solids are almost uniform among these samples. The
presence of TDS in the samples indicates the inorganic dissolve contamination of
water.
Chloride
The chloride of the marine water samples fluctuate between 19000 to

20000.Normally the sea water chloride can fluctuate from 19000 to 20000, because
sea water has the high level of chloride.
Total Hardness
Hardness is usually expressed in mg/l as CaCO3. The presence of hardness shows

water contains dissolved calcium, magnesium and other minerals.
Fluoride
Fluoride occurred naturally in water. Fluoride concentration was observed to be

1.13mg/l at Cape monze and lowest 0.66 mg/l at Sandspit the source of which may
be natural earth mineral.
Mercury
Almost all the samples have below detectable limit values of Mercury. Mercury is
one of very toxic heavy metal which is known as carcinogenic.
6-7


Lead
Almost all the samples have below detectable limit values of Lead. Therefore, the
distribution of Lead is uniform among these samples. Lead is a cumulative poison
and cause very toxic effects on living organisms.
Cadmium
Almost all sample have the concentration of cadmium the concentaration was
found in the following order Cape monze>Sandspit>Hawks bay>Paradise 0.31, 0.25,
0.16 and 0.12 mg/l.
Arsenic
The concentration of arsenic in the water sample of paradise are found to be

highest value 0.25mg/l as compared to the other samples collected from Hawks bay
Paradise point Cape monze and Sandspit, the concentration of arsenic as 0.1mg/l.
It means that there is some contamination or effluent of industry is mixing in the
sea water. It is a very hazardous heavy metal and its presence may be the result of
pollution from industrial waste.
6.5 DISCUSSION ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL RESULT
Entry of cadmium in the marine environment
Cadmium is widely distributed on Earth's crust at an average concentration of

-1
about 0.1 mg kg and is commonly found in association with zinc. Higher levels are
-1
present in sedimentary rocks: marine phosphates often contain about 15 mg kg
(GESAMP,1984). Weathering and erosion result in the transport by rivers of large
quantities of cadmium to the world's oceans and this represents a major flux of the
global cadmium cycle; an annual gross input of 15,000 tones has been estimated
(GESAMP, 1987). Volcanic activity is also a major natural source of atmospheric
cadmium release. The global annual flux from this source has been estimated to be
100-500 tones (WHO 1992b).
The principal applications of cadmium fall into five categories:
• protective plating on steel;
• stabilizers for PVC;
• pigments in plastics and glass;

6-8


• electrode material in nickel-cadmium batteries; and
• As a component of various alloys (Wilson, 1988).
The relative importance of the major applications has changed considerably over
the last 25 years. The use of cadmium for electroplating represented has decreased,
with its share in 1985 less than 25% (Wilson, 1988). In contrast, the use of
cadmium in batteries has grown considerably in recent years.
Most of the above mentioned industries are located in the SITE area of Karachi and
there are chances that cadmium and other toxic substance are transported to the
sea through Lyari and Hub River. In the next survey we will collect some samples
from Lyari river to analyze the level of pollutant at this source and to rule out the
sources of cadmium in Lyari and Hub River or our sea, The sea water already have
high level of cadmium.
Recorded levels in the marine environment
1
The average cadmium content of sea water has been given as about 0.1 & micro;g l
or less (Korte, 1983). WHO (1992) reported that current measurements of dissolved
-1
cadmium in surface waters of the open oceans gave values of < 5 ng l . The vertical
distribution of dissolved cadmium in ocean waters is characterized by a surface
depletion and deep water enrichment, which corresponds to the pattern of nutrient
concentrations in these areas (Boyle et al., 1976). This distribution is considered to
result from the absorption of cadmium by phytoplankton in surface waters and its
transport to the depths, incorporation to biological debris, and subsequent release.
In contrast, cadmium is enriched in the surface waters of areas of upwelling and
this also leads to elevated levels in plankton unconnected with human activity
(Martin and Broenkow, 1975; Boyle et al, 1976). Oceanic sediments underlying
these areas of high productivity can contain markedly elevated cadmium levels as a
result of inputs associated with biological debris (Simpson, 1981). Cadmium levels
-1
of up to 5 mg kg have been reported in river and lake sediments and from 0.03 to
-1
1 mg kg in marine sediments (Korte 1983).
Arsenic
Arsenic is a natural element which behaves like a metal. It is present in the

environment both naturally and due to certain human activities. It has many
different forms. It can exist in inorganic or organic form, inorganic arsenic being
generally considered more toxic.
6-9


Natural Sources
Arsenic is naturally abundant in the Earth's crust more than 200 minerals contain
arsenic, and natural sources account for one-third of the arsenic found in the
atmosphere. Volcanic activity, erosion of rocks and minerals and forest fires are the
largest contributors of the arsenic into the atmosphere, along with arsenic-
containing vapor that is generated from various forms of arsenic salts.
Industrial Contamination
Some of the Industrial activities release arsenic into the water and air. High-
temperature industrial processes such as coal-fired power generation release
arsenic into the atmosphere, some of which, of course, eventually ends up in water
supplies. The coastal area of Karachi is also very vulnerable to this toxic metal
because all the industrial waste from SITE area directly discharges in to the sea
through Lyari River Hub river is also carrier of industrial waste from Hub Industrial
area.
Biological Reactions
When microbes in soil and other sediments process materials containing arsenic,
they release arsine gas, which can then, after mixing with oxygen, resettle on the
soil and become a contaminant that also affects marine life.
6.6 MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER ANALYSIS RESULTS
Four parameters were selected to analyze the samples collected from the covered
area for turtle study, which were Total Plate count, Total coliforms, Faecal coliforms
and Faecal Streptococci. These are routine parameters to analyze any drinking
water sample to check the quality of water.
Total plate count/Heterotrophic plate count is used to see the total microbial load
of a given sample as it gives the overall quality of sample and total coliforms are a
group of bacteria that are found in the soil, in water that has been influenced by
surface water, and always present in the digestive tracts of animals, including
humans, and are found in their wastes. They are also found in plant and soil
material. The most basic test for bacterial contamination of a water supply is the
test for total coliform bacteria. Total coliform counts give a general indication of the
sanitary condition of the water.
Fecal coliforms are the group of the total coliforms that are considered to be present
specifically in the gut and feces of warm-blooded animals. Because the origins of
fecal coliforms are more specific than the origins of the more general total coliform
group of bacteria, fecal coliforms are considered a more accurate indication of

6-10


animal or human waste than the total coliforms. Other intestinal bacteria, such as
streptococci or enterococci, may have a stronger correlation to human sewage, but
no indicator has been identified that is exclusive to humans.
The ratio of streptococci to fecal coliform was once thought to determine human
versus animal fecal contamination. But, this is no longer though to be reliable
because streptococci do not persist long in an open water environment, making it
difficult to assess true concentrations. Enterococcal bacteria seem to be
consistently associated with human sewage and subsequent.
6.6.1 Microbiological Water Analysis Methodology
For total plate count, POUR PLATE METHOD was used. For this, first the dilutions
th
of sample were made in sterilized 1/4 ringer`s Solution blanks then I ml of each
dilution of sample taken in Petri plates and plate count agar poured into that and
mixed well. All plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours after solidification
of agar. Then results were recorded.
For total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci, FILTERATION method
was performed. In which 100ml of sample is passed through from a nitrocellulose
filter having pore size of 0.45 micron. Then this filter is placed on respective media.
For total coliforms 37°C and for fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci 45°C is
required for 24 to 48 hours.
6.6.2 Results and Discussion
Water Sample analysis report is given in an annexure. There are no recommended

values or standards in the WHO/USEPA for sea water. The result of all samples are
unsatisfactory the presence of bacteria may be the contamination with the waste
water or sewerage water.
6-11


Chapter -7: BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
7.1 VEGETATION
Coastal areas are commonly defined as the interface or transition areas between
land and sea, Coastal areas are diverse in function and form, dynamic and do not
lend themselves well to definition by strict spatial boundaries. There are no exact
natural boundaries that unambiguously delineate coastal areas.
Coastal area of Sindh has a diverse range of vegetation from mangroves forest to
halophytes and terrestrial grasses to the seaweeds. These vegetation play important
role to keep the environment clean and maintain an ecological equilibrium amongst
species, provide habitat to the dependent biodiversity. Habitat of these vegetations
can be divided on the basis of soil type like rocky, sandy, semi sandy and loamy
types of soil.
The dominant and prominent feature of the vegetation community found around the
coastal areas is mangrove forests. These mangroves forests are not only provide
habitat to the breeding species but also support the diversity of the migratory
species
7.1.1 Mangroves Forest Ecosystems
Mangroves forests are present in the backwaters of Hawksbay and sandspit areas
and in the Indus delta area along the Sindh coast. They serve as nursery ground for
many species of fish and shrimp. One species of mangrove is dominated in the area
is Avicennia marina belong to family Avicenniaceae and other planted species is
Rhizophora mucronata which is not present naturally in the area.
7-1

B
Baseline S
Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

Avice
ennia mariina
7.1.2 Halophyte
es
Halophyttes are plants which w erate or even de

tole emand so odium ch hloride
concentrrations in the soil water
w they absorb. Depending
D on the haabitat condditions
they havve develope ed differen
nt strategie
es to survivve. They are
a high sa alt content group
of plantts. Depend ding on their tolerrance and d demand ds for sod dium saltts one
distinguiishes obliggate and faacultative halophytees. Obligattory means s that they
y need
some sallt, facultattive meanss they can live also under
u fresh
hwater connditions. Most
M of
the halopphytes spe ecies prese
ent on the corner of coast, som metimes thhe water off coast
comes on n the road d and the vegetation n is disturrbed but thhe halophhytes speciies not
affected due to thiss inundatioon because these sp pecies are salt
s toleran
nt .
Salt ma arshes neaar Karach hi are chharacterized by sim mplicity off structure and
composittion (Chauudhri 19611). Monosppecific patc getation are common with
ches of veg
occasion
nal stands dominated d by a sin
ngle speciees with or without m minor assoociates
(Khan, unpublishe
u ed data). The
T vegetaation from
m seaward to landwa ard is manngrove
followed by muddy y coastal swamp
s witth Artheroccnemum macrostach
m hyum (Karim and
Qadir 19979) and then
t otherr commun nities like Atriplex griffithii.
g (C
Chenopodia aceae),
Suaeda fruticosa. (Chenopo odiaceae), Halopyrum mucron natum(Poac ceae), Aelu
uropus
lagopoides (Poaceaae) and Crressa creticca (Convollvulaceae) were pres sent on addjacent
low dunees areas.
7-2

B
Baseline S
Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

Table sh
howing Ha
alophytes species
Plant Species Family

F Habit
Suaeda fruticosa
f Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Suaeda monica
m Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Salsola imbricata
i Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Atriplex Stocksii
S Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Artheroccnemum in
ndicum Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Artherocn
nemum ma
acrostachy
yum Chen
nopodiacea
ae Herb
Cressa creitica
c Conv
volvulacea
ae Herb
Ipomea pascaprae
p Conv
volvulacea
ae Herb
Suae
eda fruticosa
7-3

B
Baseline S
Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

Ipomea pescaprrae
7.1.3 O
Other Pla
ant Speciies
Coastal area of Sindh su upports xerophytic

x on due to
plantatio o high ra ate of
Evaporattion. Xerop
phytes aree survive in
n an enviro
onment wiith little av
vailable wa
ater or
moister. Xerophytiic plants have
h adapttation accoording to the
t environnment and d their
morpholoogy and innternal fun
nctions. Hyydrophytess or other aquatic pllant specie
es also
present in the co oastal area
a of Karac chi. Dr. chaudry
c and S.A.Ka arim (19988) has
reported 70 species from Karrachi coastt which are habit xerrophytic an
nd halophyytic.
In the co
orner of thhe coast and
a also so
ome distannce from c
coast towa
ards land, many
plant species arre genera ally xerop phytic in nature and also o have normal
n
characte
eristics of terrestrial
t l
like plants
s species.
7-4

B
Baseline S
Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

howing xerrophytes plant
Table sh p spec
cies
S.No Plant Species Family Habit
1 A
Aerva javan
nica Am
mranthaceae Herb
2 S
Salvadora p
persica Sa
alvadoraceae Tree
3 E
Euphorbia caudicifolia Eu
uphorbiace
eae Shurb
b
4 F
Fagonia ind
dica Zy
ygophylace
eae Herb
5 T
Tribulus terrrestris Zy
ygophylace
eae Herb
6 C
Capparis d
deciduas Ca
apparidace
eae Shurb
b
Salva
adora pers
sica
7-5

B
Baseline S
Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

Tribu
ulus terresttris
7.1.4 G
GRASSES
S
Vegetatioon consistiing of typiically shortt plants with

w long na
arrow leav
ves, growin
ng wild
or cultiva
ated on law
wns and pasture, an nd as a fodder crop.
Perennia al grasses that

t thrive
e in saline areas can not only help
h reclaim vast strretches
of unpro oductive la
and but canc also produce
p biofuels
b wiithout commpromising g food
production, These e 'halophyttes' grow quickly th hroughout the year in saline e soils,
inland an nd coastall marshes,, and deserts. They do
d not neeed fresh soowing every y year,
or fertilizzers and pe
esticides; are
a hardy, and produ uce good quality
q biommass.
Aeluropuus lagopoid
des is a perrennial gra
ass with an
n extensiv
ve rhizome system th
hat can
tolerate high salin
nities (Boddla et al., 1995). Coastal
C po
opulations are expossed to
seasonall tidal innundation and a highly sa aline shallow waterr table. Inland
populatioons grow in highly y saline wet soils.. Aeluropuus lagopoides prop pagates
primarily
y through rhizomes s, although h it produuces a larrge numbeer of seed
ds and
maintainns a transient seed bank
b (Khan n and Gul, 1999).
Many Sp pecies of grrasses are

e being use ed as a foo
od for food
d of humaans being Wheat,
W
Oat, Barrley, Maizee, and Ric ce etc. Buut in the coastal arreas harsh h environm
mental
condition
n does no ot allow many
m spec
cies to flourish. Folllowing arre some grasses
g
species observed
o in
n the coasttal areas of
o Karachi.
7-6


Table showing Grass species
1 Aeulropus logopoides Poaceae Grass
2 Panicum antidotale Poaceae Grass
3 Halopyrum ioclades Poaceae Grass
4 Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Grass
5 Chloris barbata Poaceae Grass
7.1.5 SEAWEEDS
Seaweeds are a fascinating and diverse group of organisms living in the earth's
oceans. They are attached with rocks in the intertidal zone, washed up on the beach
considerd as underwater forests, and some floating on the ocean's surface.
The coastal area of Karachi offers a variety of sandy beaches, rocky ledges, swampy
wetlands and few islands. They are inhabited by a variety of benthic algae (Shameel
& Tanka, 1992.)
Seaweeds used in Japan as a food and in some other industry garnally agar agar is
used in industry and red algae used in cosmetics and perfumes industry. In Japan
porphyra species on large scale used in food and also in industry. seaweeds also
used as a biofuel for the betterment of the economy of many countries which have
been working on biofuel. Beside their uses for human being, they are one of the
food sources of marine turtle
In Pakistan very little research has been conducted on seaweeds and there is a need
to explore the potential of this natural resource for the betterment of the country
and particularly for the local coastal communities.
Table showing Seaweeds of Sindh coast
1 Ulva lactuca Ulvaceae Pelagic
2 Caulerpa taxifolia Caulerpaceae Submerged
3 Sargassum swartzii Sargassaceae Floating
4 Cladophora unicinella Cladophoraceae Pelagic
7-7

B
Baseline Survey of Marine Tu
urtles From

Ulva lactuca
a
erpa taxifo
Caule olia
7-8


Chapter -8: TURTLE SURVEY
8.1 METHODOLOGY OF DATA COLLECTION
The coast was divided in 8 sampling sites including Mubrak village, Kapisi,
Capmonz, KANUPP beach, Hawks bay, Sandspit-1, Sandspi-2, Khatti and Khobar
(Keti Bander). Conduct beach petrol along the first point to end, taking start time
and end time. Each transect walk of about 5 kilometers patrolled with the help of
spotlight to count nesting turtles, GPS coordinates were record where their nesting
turtles were sighted, examine morphological marks (squat) for insure species
identification either it is Green or Olive ridley turtle. Active tracks and nest pits
were observed and recorded. Clutch size of nesting turtle, nesting crewels and
non-nesting crewels also recorded. Nesting beach ecology and morphology with
physical features documented, any threats and beach encroachments were also
observed. After completing one sampling site, survey was repeated on daylight,
conduct beach diurnal petrol to observe over view of beach its physical features
geographical formation and examine sand properties.
8.1.1 Consultation with Community and Data Collection
During second part of the day surveys conducted with communities and arranged
meetings with fishers and local inhabitants. Moreover collect vegetation samples
from nesting beach to identify species composition, took water samples for pH and
Salinity test, and examine Sand properties. Conducted boat surveys in creeks to
observe foraging activities and also approach fishing community those who
inhabiting on isolated beaches in Indus delta area. During the field survey in
Southwest coast from Mubarak village to Sandspit survey team has camped all
along the coastline, this was convenient and excisable for survey team. During the
field survey of Keti Bander initially a boat survey was organized and at appropriate
locations along the beaches, transect walk method was used to cover the entire
beach area in front of open sea. Fishing communities were approached in Chan
creek, Khobar creek and Hajmro creek other area just over viewed by boat. Fish
landing sites were visited in keti Bander and interviewed fisher folk and observe
their fishing gears and nets.
8-1

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Cape monze tto Keti Bander

Observing dead
d spec
cimen of turtle
t
Observing dead
d spec
cimen of turtle
t
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Pub
blic consu
ultation
Pub
blic consu
ultation
8-3


Chapter -9: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This study is intended to provide an overview of the current situation of Sea

turtles including Chelonia mydas and Lipedochelys olivacea in Sindh coast
particularly Karachi coast. Aim of the study was to identify current status in
nesting sites of Hawks bay, Sandspit, and Cap monze and explore new nesting site
if any, determine threats of nesting habitat status, monitor environmental
parameters and mitigate conservations measures. Present report is outcome of
field expedition carried out during the months of September to December 2011
along the Sindh coast including Mubrak village, Kapisi, Cape monze, Pradize
point, rocky shoreline near KENUPP Abdul Rahmah village, Soomar village, Hawks
bay, Sadspit up to Manora beach and Keti Bander of Indus delta to determine Sea
Turtles present status, potential nesting sites and also identify threats to them
and their habitat. During field study, 8 main beaches have been identified as
potential nesting grounds including Kapisi, Cape monze, Hawaks bay and
Sandspit. Occasional nesting of sea turtles was also reported from few other small
pockets near KENUPP power station and light house. During the survey 24 nesting
females of Cheloni mydas were observed, 102 turtle tracks of Cheloni mydas
counted, while 6 dead carcasses of Cheloni mydas and 10 carcasses of
Lepidochelys olivacea were recorded among them 9 Lepidochelys olivaea dead
specimens were found from Khobar and Khatti beaches of Keti Bandar.
Throughout all sampling sites 1208 nest pits were also counted from Karachi
coast for population estimation of turtles. Threats of sea turtle also determined,
beach encroachment is one of the major threat to nesting turtles, there are 571
private Huts and 9 government constructions including two Helipads of two Naval
Bases, two light house towers and few mobile phone towers also existed along the
coast close to nesting belt. Fishing community also settled along the coastal area,
5 small villages including 624 households inhabited and total 183 fishing boats
are counted during the field visit. There are 10 sandy beaches and 9 rocky shores
existed along the Karachi coast up to the boarder of Balochistan Province. Among
these beaches 19 silver sandy beaches, 49 mud flats and 17 major creeks are exist
along the Sindh coast. Chelonia mydas occurred as a dominant nesting species in
Sindh coast, unfortunately Lepidochelys olivacea nesting signs were not observed
along the Karachi beach while local community has reported its occasional
occurrence of Olive ridley at Karachi coast. Nesting trend of Chelonia mydas is
also declining from their popular nesting beaches (Hawks bay and Sandspit).
Tagging of nesting turtle is considered as a standers tool for monitoring nesting

turtles. Sindh Wildlife Department is active involved in monitoring and
conservation of sea turtles for couple of decades. A total of 3,136 turtles (3,093
green and 43 Olive ridley) were tagged from August 1982 to December 1997. Out
of these 576 (564 green and 12 Olive ridleys) were recaptured locally. Three long
distance tag recoveries of green turtles have been reported, each from India, Africa
and Iran (Firdous 2001). This is remaining question about locality of sea turtles,

9-1

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while it
i is generaally thoug
ght that seea turtle migrates
m long distanc
ce and retturned
back on
o their same nestiing beache es. Recoveery of dea
ad specimeens of Chhelonia
mydass and Liped dochelys olivacea fro
om Keti Baandar area may be a missing liink for
discove
ering of reg
gional mig
gratory rouute.
The roole of local commun nities enga aged in colllective acttion has b
been increa asingly
recognized as im mportant in n the conse ervation annd sustainnable utilizzation of natural
n
resourcces. The active
a partiicipation of
o local com
mmunities in wildlife e managem ment is
depend ds on leveel of aware eness and d knowledg ge about thatt partic
cular spec cies or
group. Withoutt support of custtodian co ommunity, turtle conservatiion is
challen
nging task k for implementers. To asse ess the aw wareness level of coastal
c
commu unity abouut Sea turtles and its s conservattion issues s were carried out thhrough
semi sttructured interviews s at their convenient
c t time. Durring intervviews some e basic
questioons were asked ab bout sea turtles. Majority of the re espondents s just
mentiooned their name as Sea S or marine turtle es but they y could no ot differentiate or
identify
y the species. They have
h roughh idea abo
out nesting g sites andd more tha an 50%
knew about
a their life threa
ats, while 40% of respondents s are awarre and sug ggested
that hoow their coonservation can be improved.
i While genneral visitoors of the coastal
c
area do not hav ve much knowledge
k about sea
a turtles and
a their importance e. It is
immed diate need to initiate a researrch projec ct to find out the c cause of decline
d
nestingg populatioon of Chelo onia myda as and alm
most absenc ce of Lepid
dochelys ollivacea
in theiir previouss nesting sites. An integrated d conserva ation mana agement plan
p is
neededd to encoun nter the worse situattion.
Survey team at Kati banderr
9-2

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Nestiing population
1
1800
1
1600
Number of nests per year
1
1400
1
1200
1
1000
800 G.T.
600
O.R.
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
of nestings fro
Number o om 1979 to 19
997 in Hawks bay & Sandsp
pit
Nesting
g populatio
on of Chelonia myda
as and Lipe
edochelys olivaea fro
om 1979 to
o 1997
in Haw
wks bay annd Sandspiit beaches
Fishe
ermen retu
urn back to
t Keti ban
nder with their fish catch
9-3


Chapter -10: SOCIAL SURVEY
This section presents the details of public consultation meetings with the local
community members and key stakeholders of the area including the
representatives of community based Organizations (CBO’s).
10.1 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the public consultation process conducted in the project
area was to inseminate information about the local community’s activities and
their impact on turtle habitat especially during their breeding season.
Another important objective of public consultation is to determine the livelihood

and cultural activates of the area including basic facilities of daily life, benefits of
biodiversity to the community (fishing, Eco-tourism), and cultural impact on
biodiversity (Solid waste pollution, cutting of mangroves and infrastructure
development). Another purpose of this consultation is to find out links between the
turtle conservation activities and attitude of the local communities.
10.2 METHODOLOGY
The team has visited various prominent places along the Sindh (Cape monze to
Keti Bander) coastal area to meet with the target audience. These are the informal
and based on semi structured interviews. During these meetings a simple, non-
technical description of the related marine turtle status and information about
habitat was given, along with an overview about human and environmental impact
was given. Following the project description, discussions were held so that the
participants could voice their concerns and opinions. These concerns and
suggestions were recorded in field notes. Public consultation meetings were held at
prominent locations, with major stakeholders engaged in various activities e.g.,
labor, life guards, fisherman, village shopkeepers, households and women.
Meetings were also engaged with fisherman and CBO’s. Beside obtaining
information and their views on the issue but also provide information in a simple
language about the benefits of turtle conservation and encourage them to play
their role in conservation and management because they are the ultimate
custodians of the resources.
10-1

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C
Consultatio
on with loc
cal shopkeeper near Hawks bay
y
10.3 CONSUL
LTATION
N PROCE
ESS
Public consultatiion meetin

ngs were held
h at maajor locatio
ons. In ad
ddition, me
eetings
with CBO’s
C were also arrranged. Pu urpose of the visit was explained in simple
langua
age. The co
onsultationn was base
ed on the following
fo is
ssues.
Social Livelihood Major Caste of people Livelihood

L Basic UUtilities off Area
((electrricity, wate
er, health care, edu
ucation): Education Health
H faccilities Imp
pact of
develop pment at coastal Arrea Comm munity rolee to conse
erve turtle Major thrreat of
biodive ersity of co
oastal site.
10-2

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Consultation
n with local community at Kakk
ka Pir villa
age
10.4 COMMU
UNITY CO
OMMENT
TS
This se
ection desc
cribes the socioecon
nomic and cultural environmen
e nt of the area.
a It
presen
nts informaation abouut the are
ea’s locatio
on and disstribution;; as well as the
socioec
conomic, health,
h eco
onomy, life
estyle, and
d resource
e-use patteerns of thee local
commu unity.
Purpos se of the survey is s to gath her firsthaand informmation abo out the generic
g
charac cteristics of
o nearby communitties, religious affilia ations, culltural condditions
and ind digenous coping
c pattterns of th
he people of
o the areaa. Specific informatio
on was
collecteed regardinng the heaalth condittions, educcation, driinking watter and sew
werage
facilitie
es, transpoort and coommunica ation netwo ork, housiing conditiions etc. Special
S
significcance was s given on n gaining insight ab bout the daily- life,, tradition
ns and
values of the in nhabitants of variou us localitie
es. A detaailed descrription of major
finding gs related to
t turtle ha
abitat is prresented below.
b
10-3

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Surve
ey team du
uring publiic consulta
ation with local fishermen
Surve
ey team du ation with local fishermen
uring publiic consulta
10-4


Table showing Survey Villages List and Number of villagers
S no Name of Village No of People
1 Kaka pir Village 8
2 Somar Goth 10
3 Allah bina 3
4 Arab Goth 8
5 Abdul Rehman Goth 12
Community Well-being Assessment in the Study Area.
Name of Town / Area

Well being
Indicator
Soomar Abdul Rehman Allah bine
Arab Goth Kaka Pir
Goth Goth Goth
Major Castes Sindhi Baloch Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi
No. of
180 700 50 600 180
Houses
Population 1260 7900 300 4200 1260
Fishing
Live
Fishing Fishing.Live Fishing Fishing gurads.eco
Livelihood
guards Live gurads torism
.Small
business
Sindhi
Languages Balochi Sindhi Sindhi Sindhi
Livestock Goats Goats Goats Goats Goats
10-5


Name of Town / Area

Well being
Indicator
Soomar Abdul Rehman Allah bine
Arab Goth Kaka Pir
Goth Goth Goth
Electricity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Fueling
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Source
No. of 01 01 02 01
02
Schools
Literacy
12 10 10 12 15
Rate
Tanker Tanker Tanker
Drinking Tanker water Tanker
water water water
Water system water system
system system system
Fever Fever Fever Fever

Major Health Fever ,Allergy
,Allergy ,Allergy ,Allergy ,Allergy
Problems ,body pain
,body pain ,body pain ,body pain ,body pain
Kutyana
Kutyana Kutyana and Kutyana
Major Kutyana and and
and Batwa Batwa and Batwa
Hospital Batwa hospital Maripur
hospital hospital hospital
hospital
Water Water Water Water Water

Major Needs
,hospital ,hospital,school ,hospital ,hospital ,hospital
Maripur , Maripur ,
Visit Places Maripur , Maripur , Maripur ,
Tower ,lee Tower ,Lee
/Market Tower Tower Tower
market market
Bike ,local Bike ,local Bike ,local Bike ,local

Transport Bike ,local bus
bus bus bus bus
Impact of
No NO No NO
development No
Eco
Benefit from
torisum
biodiversit
NO No No NO introduce
yother then
in this
fish
area
Any relatio
Home land Home land Home land Home land Home land
nfro m sea
10-6


Coastal Community Concerns
o Water is scars in the coastal areas and not easily available for daily use. It
is only supply through water tanker not even daily for household’s purpose.
o Some villages are lack of schools and children have to travel other lager
villages for schools it is not only time consuming but local transport is also
not available for them.
o In case, if the schools are there but teachers are not available due to which
majority of the people especially females of the local communities are
illiterate.
o Community member shown concern on the process of giving license to the

fishing trawlers. They have reported that these trawlers catch all other
marine species including marine turtle during fishing.
o Fish catch is decreasing day by day due to over fishing by trawlers.
o Many fishing boats have illegal nets to collect small fry by which the rate of
fish catch is also decreasing.
o Major threat to turtle hatchlings is kites, crow, and feral dogs at the coast.
o Improper sewage disposal system in the coastal area causing environmental

havoc. Beach Huts and local villages generate large amount of waste and
these waste are going directly into the sea or lying along the shore which
pollute and destroy the condition of the shore.
o This pollution is also destroying feeding and breeding habitats of marine

turtles
o Although it is not common practice, but sometimes still Marine turtle eggs
are being theft and use for medicinal purpose.
o Mangrove cutting by the local villagers is also a common practice which is

depleting the fish and other aquatic animals breeding habitat.
o Improper coastal recreational and developmental activities have not created

any significant impact in the life of local/coastal communities. Due to the
less Job opportunities for the local youth their living conditions are not
improving.
10-7

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Visito
ors at san
ndspit
Discus
ssion on Social Su
urvey
Duringg Marine turtle Survvey the teaam has co ollected infformation and obserrvation
regardiing commu unity conc
cerned on marine
m turrtle conseervation, pe
eople of th
he area
have different
d vie
ews on Tuurtle proteection speccially they
y do not awware abou ut their
global impotencee and signnificance because the ey are nott getting an
ny direct benefit
b
from th
his species
s.
People also said fishing byy trawlers is creatinng negative

e impact on biodiverrsity of
marinee ecosysteem due to this ac ctivity the balance of marin ne ecosysttem is
disturb
bed. Com mmunity also pointed d out that there is a need forr local mun nicipal
waste manageme ent to adoopt a prop per waste manageme ces especially in
ent practic
astal areas
the coa s so that th
he populattion of scaavenger annimals can be contro olled or
may bee decreased by which h, one of th
he threat to
t the turtlle decrease
e.
They also
a shownn interest and suggeested that an aware
eness session for the
e local
people in differe
ent village
es should
d be cond ducted esp uring the turtle
pecially du
breedin
ng season..
10-8

Baselin
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s From
m Cape monze to Keti Baander

Cha
apter -11: THRE
EATS AND PROB
BLEM
MS
Marine e turtles inn the worrld are thrreatened by b number of factorrs, largely y man-
made. In Pakisttan, sea turtles
t are
e not partt of the lo ocal diet d due to religious
customms. Occasiional poachers and curious be each visito
ors are the main ca ause of
destruc ction of neesting hab bitats. Incrreasing tou
urist’s actiivities and
d constructtion of
houses s/beach hu uts all alonng the beaaches, pollu
ution, andd disturban nce on beaach are
the imp portant factors effec cting turtle
e populatioon. These beaches a are providin
ng one
of the few recre eational pllaces to th he residennts of Karrachi as w well as thee local
touristts. Other factors
f tha
at threaten n sea turttles are th
he destruction of ne ests by
feral dogs.
d Theyy dig up turtle ne ests and eat their eggs. Inc creasing fishing
f
(especiially trawlling) activiities alongg the coas st is anotther imporrtant distu urbing
factor and
a in red
duction of Sea
S turtles s populatioon.
Karach
hi coastlin ne stretche
es over 135
1 km, facing
f vere polluttion due to the
sev
combinnation of industrial,, port, mu unicipal, and
a transpportation activities in the
area. The coasttline is being
b overrwhelmed with watter-borne pollution being
discharged in th he marine environme
e ent. Due to o the dischharge of u
untreated sewage
s
and inndustrial waste diirectly intto the se ea, there are amp ple chanc ces of
accumulation off heavy metals
m in marine
m life
e especiallly with lea
ad, arseniic and
mercurry. All th hese dangeerous che emical are e accumu ulated in marine an nimals
especia
ally in fish
h and these fishes arre consummed by hum mans. Thee poisoned fishes
can cau
use anemiia, kidney failure, annd brain da amage.
Olive
e ridley ca
arcasses at
a Keti ban
nder
11-1


Marine turtles in Pakistan are facing multiple threats today. Egg predation and
incidental catch in fishing craft pose a major threat to these reptiles. Turtles have
also died due to oil pollution from vessels. With the development of port facilities
along the Sindh coast, economic activities in the area have increased manifold.
This activity, together with an increasing population, has also contributed to the
pressure on the coastal ecosystem. Turtles are usually not killed due to religious
reasons but surveys have shown that in some areas of Pakistan, direct take of
marine turtles has increased as a result of higher human population levels, more
efficient capture techniques, or the breakdown of cultural restrictions. Incidental
capture of marine turtles in fisheries is considered by many to be the greatest
single threat to the survival of marine turtles in Pakistan today.
11.1 SEA TURTLE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Anthropogenically induced climate change is one of the major factors likely to

affect the Earth’s ecosystems in the coming years and centuries (IPCC 2007, Stern
2007). The role of human activities in the observed changes is unequivocal.
Migratory species, by travelling large distances, often between discrete sites, are
particularly likely to be affected by climate change at some point in their life
cyclesSea turtles are particularly vulnerable to climate change, because their life
history is strongly dependent to the environmental changes. Their nesting places
along the coastal areas are vulnerable to the sea level rise and cyclonic activities.
Climate change will cause additional pressure on already threatened sea turtle
populations by impacting on their sex ratio towards female, reducing available
nesting spaces and altering their exposure to cyclones and other climatic events.
Scientist has find out the following possible effects of climate change and they can
create critical implications on sea turtles population:
11.2 TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SEA TURTLE SEX RATIO
Females need warmer temperatures in order to develop. For example, in green

turtles, temperatures need to be 31.2 0C or above for the eggs to become females.
For males to develop the temperature is around 27.8 0C. If the temperature of
incubation falls somewhere between 27.8 0C and 31.2 0C, a mixture of the sexes
develop. Heat produced by the eggs themselves can also contribute to the
incubation temperature – eggs in the center of the nest become females and the
eggs along the periphery become males (Spotila 2004).
11-2


11.3 SEVERE STORMS
More severe storms, such as hurricanes and tropical cyclones, could increase
beach erosion rates, endangering sea turtle nesting habitat. More severe storms
could increase the chance that sea turtle nests will flood, decreasing nesting
success rates.
11.4 HOTTER SANDS
The sex of sea turtle hatchlings is influenced by the temperature of the sand in
which the eggs develop. Climate change can cause increased temperature. Higher
temperatures cause the sand to heat up and lead to a higher proportion of female
to male hatchlings.
11.5 SEA LEVEL RISE
As climate change melts ice and warms the oceans, sea levels rise. Sea level rise
projections for the end of the 21st century range from 0.18 to 0.59 meters. Even a
small rise in sea level could result in a large loss of beach nesting habitat.
11.6 CHANGING CURRENTS
Climate change is altering ocean currents, which are the highways that sea turtles
use for migration. With changes in ocean circulation, sea turtles may have to alter
their movements and possibly shift their range and nesting timing. This might be
an effect in decrease of Olive ridley nesting population.
Climate change may also affect the nesting grounds of turtles if sea levels rise.
Beaches currently being used by turtles may vanish under the sea. Ocean
acidification (caused by increased CO2 levels) could potentially alter the sediment
of the beaches, which may lead to inadequate conditions for incubation (Fuentes
et al 2011). Sea turtles select their nesting sites based on several factors, such as
low salinity, sufficient space above the hide tide line, adequate vegetation (for some
species), high humidity, etc (Hawkes 2007). All of these may be affected by an
increase in average global temperatures.
The Sindh Wildlife Department has been working on conservation of green and
olive ridley turtles for over three decades at Hawksbay and Sandspit. The project,
initiated by the WWF in 1979, and subsequently executed by the Government of
Sindh focused on protection of eggs and hatchlings, and monitoring of the
population status of turtles.
Sindh Wildlife Department has also provided legal cover to protect this threatened
species. According to the second schedule of the Sindh Wildlife Protection

11-3

Baselin
ne Survey
y of Marin
ne Turtles
s From

Ordina
ance of 197 72, all marrine turtles
s in the prrovince enjoy the status of “pro
otected
animall”. Pakistan
n is also a signatoryy to the Conservation n on Intern
national Trrade in
Endangered Spec cies of Willd Fauna and
a Flora (CITES) annd acknow wledges thee IUCN
Red Lis
st of Threaatened Speecies which h lists the green turtle.
View of Keti bande

er Jetty
11-4


Chapter -12: MITIGATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Conservation of Sea Turtles can only be possible by taking some concrete steps.
The most important is the development of a conservation and management plan.
Implementation of this integrated plan by involving all the stakeholders including
fisheries and coastal communities. While development, design and implementing
plan the socio-economic aspects of fishers and fishing communities should be
considered. These communities may be dependent on marine fishery resources for
their livelihoods, and a balance should be sought between the conservation and
management of sea turtles on one hand and sustainable livelihoods and poverty
alleviation on the other.
Sea turtle conservation and management programmes should encourage active

participation by fishers, fishing communities and other stakeholders. They should
include the protection of nesting beaches, installation of TED in fishing nets. All
these programmes should be based on traditional knowledge of ecological systems.
They should also include traditional ecological knowledge of local communities in
the plan.
Efforts should be made to promote sustainable fishing gear and practices that are
compatible with turtle conservation and management objectives. Efforts should
also be made to minimize dislocation of fishing communities and disruption of
their fishing activities.
There should be training and awareness-building programmes that help fisher

folks to better tackle the problems of sea turtle mortality arising from fishing
activities. Training should be aimed at encouraging the effective use of fishing gear
that reduces marine turtle mortality.
Consideration should be given to mechanisms that compensate fisher folks for lost
fishing opportunities as a result of turtle conservation and management measures.
These could include free training for fisher folks to effectively move to, and
participate in, fisheries that have minimal interaction with turtles.
There is a need to conduct studies to better estimate the current sex ratios of the
visiting sea turtle species in order to better predict how these will be affected by
changes in nesting/incubation environments.
12-1


12.1 REDUCE SEA TURTLE INTERACTIONS AND MORTALITY IN
OFFSHORE ACTIVITIES
There is a wide range of management and technical methods developed to reduce

sea turtle interactions and mortality. The methods are modifications to fishing
gear (including bait) and fishing methods; post-capture practices that can improve
the survival prospects of sea turtles after release;
Area restrictions or seasonal restrictions on fishing operations, voluntary

communication between the fishing fleet to avoid sea turtle hotspots, avoiding the
loss and disposal of fishing gear and other debris and retrieving derelict fishing
gear and other debris in the sea.
Deeper setting may reduce turtle captures by avoiding the upper water column
where turtles are most abundant.
Using alternative net materials to reduce the risk of turtle entanglement. Setting
nets perpendicular to the shore to reduce interactions with nesting females.
12.2 USE OF TURTLE EXCLUDER DEVICE (TED)
Trawl fisheries are perhaps in the most advanced stage as regards turtle avoidance
technologies. The turtle excluder device (TED) developed through a close
cooperation between scientists, fishing industry and fishery administration led to a
significant reduction in sea turtle bycatch.
12.3 BEST PRACTICES FOR SEA TURTLE HANDLING AND

RELEASE
Fishers should implement best practices for the handling (including revival) and
release of sea turtles caught in fishing gear. They should also carry on board their
vessels the equipment necessary for implementing handling and release practices.
Much progress has been made in identifying best practices for handling and
releasing turtles captured in pelagic longline fisheries. Various tools and
techniques are required to remove fishing gear from captured sea turtles, reduce
sea turtle injury and promote post-release survival.
12-2


12.4 NEST MONITORING AND PROTECTION
There should a nest monitoring and protection programme initiate where there
nesting beaches occurred along Sindh coast, local trained guarding and
monitoring of nest, watch and ward mechanism need to be established and this
activity should encourage and support by Wildlife department and conservation
organizations, nesting population and hatching success data will document and
publish.
12.5 TECHNICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING

AND EDUCATION
There are several ways to supplement the fishing and coastal communities’
capacity to implement sea turtle conservation strategies effectively. A course of
capacity building trainings activities should be initiated. Another ways is
technology, skills transfer and technical support, provision of equipment,
collaborative all of which may help to improve capacity of implementers and
conservationists to play better role for conservation and management of Sea turtle.
12.6 PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF EDUCATION AND

TRAINING MATERIALS
There are several ways to educate masses like media campaign, publications,
public talks, event celebration, pamphlets distribution, Bill and sign board
installation on nesting beach about sea turtle conservation and management.
12.7 INFORMATION EXCHANGE
Conferences and workshops provide an opportunity for the exchange of

information and lessons learned from managing interactions between activist
working in different areas on sea turtle conservation and other walk of life.
Information sharing is effective way to raise awareness among department to
department, group to group even individual to individual. Measures can be
effective by adopting integrated approach regarding Sea turtles conservation and
management.
12-3


12.8 RESEARCH AND MONITORING DATA COLLECTION
The collection of information and data are recommended, particularly:
Collection of information on Sea turtle nesting trend, population, nesting season

start and end of per nesting season and inter nesting season especially with the
next door countries. Collect of information about turtle fisher conflict. Research on
impact of conservation on fishing industries and ways to improve communication
gaps between turtle conservation and fishing practices.
Explore indigenous turtle conservation though local fishing communities.

Estimates of turtle mortality are very important for improving our understanding
of the effect of marine capture fisheries on sea turtle populations. Observer data
can also be used to assess the efficacy of measures aimed at reducing sea turtle
interactions. Onboard observers require training to ensure accurate identification
of turtle species, handling and safe release protocols.
12-4


LIST OF REFERENCES
Asrar, F. 1999. Decline of marine turtle nesting populations in Pakistan. Marine

Turtle Newsletter 83:13–14.
Bhupathy, S. And Saravanan, S. 2002. Status survey of sea turtles along the
Tamil Nadu Coast. A Government of India/ UNDP sea turtle project report.
Coimbatore, India, Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History.
Firdous, F. 1986. Marine turtles. Proceedings of International Conference on

Marine Sciences of the Arabian Sea. Institute of Marine Sciences, Univ. of Karachi.
Firdous, F. 1988. Conservation of turtles at Sandspit and Hawkesbay, Karachi In:

Thompson, M.F. and Tirmizi, N.M. (Eds.). Proceedings of International Conference
on Marine Sciences of the Arabian Sea. Washington, DC: American Institute of
Biological Sciences, pp. 217–222.
Fuentes M.M.P.B, Limpus C.J., Hamann M. 2011. Vulnerability of sea turtle

nesting grounds to climate change. Global Change Biology. 17(140-153)
Ghalib, S.A. And Zaidi, S.S.H. 1976. Observations on the survey and breeding of
marine turtles on Karachi Coast. Agriculture Pakistan 27(1):87–96.
Groombridge, B. 1982. The IUCN Amphibia-Reptilia Red Data Book, Part I,

Testudines, Crocodylia, Rhynchocephalia. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Groombridge, B. 1987a. A preliminary marine turtle survey on the Makran Coast,

Baluchistan, Pakistan with notes on birds and mammals. Cambridge: IUCN
Conservation Monitoring Centre, Unpublished Report, 25 pp.
Groombridge, B. 1987b. Makran Coast: a newly explored habitat for marine turtle.
WWF- Pakistan Newsletter 6(2):1–5.
Groombridge, B. 1988. Marine turtles in Balochistan. Report on an aerial survey

(with notes on wetland sites and a proposed marine turtle conservation project).
Cambridge: World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Unpublished Report, 22 pp.
Groombridge, B. 1989. Marine turtles in Baluchistan: report of an aerial survey,

9–11 September 1988. Cambridge: World Conservation Monitoring Centre.
Groombridge, B., Kabraji, A.M., And Rao, A.L. 1988. Marine turtles in Baluchistan
(Pakistan). Marine Turtle Newsletter 42:1–3.
Groombridge, B. And Luxmoore, R. 1989. The Green Turtle and Hawksbill

(Reptilia: Cheloniidae): World Status, Exploitation and Trade. Lausanne,
i


Switzerland: Secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 601 pp.
Hawkes L.A., Broderick A.C., Godfre M.H, Godley B.J. 2007. Investigating the
potential impacts of climate change on a marine turtle population. Global Change
Biology: 13(923-932)
Hussain, B. 2009. Population status, distribution and environ-mental impact on

the reptiles In the vicinity of Karachi Coast. PhD Thesis, Department of Zoology,
University of Karachi, Pakistan.
Iffat, F. 2009. Marine Turtles. Karachi: Zoological Survey Department, Government

of Pakistan, 33 pp.
Islam, M.Z. 2002. Threats to sea turtles in St. Martin’s Island, Bangladesh.
Kachhapa 6:6– 10.
IPCC (2007) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. In: Solomon S, Qin
D, Manning M, Chen Z and others (eds) Contribution of Working Group I to the
Fourth Assessment. Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Uk
Kabraji, A.M. And Firdous, F. 1984. Conservation of turtles, Hawkesbay and

Sandspit, Pakistan. World Wildlife Fund Project 1451, WWF International and
Sind Wildlife Man- agement Board, 52 pp.
Khan, M.Z. And Ghalib, S.A. 2006a. Marine Ramsar sites in Pakistan with
reference to biodiversity of Astola Island and Jiwani Coastal Wetland. Journal of
Natural History and Wildlife 5(1):165–168.
Khan, M.Z And Ghalib, S.A. 2006b. Status, distribution and conservation of
marine turtles in Pakistan. Journal of Natural History and Wildlife 5(2):195–201.
Khan, M.Z., Hussain, B., And Ghalib, S.A. 2005. Current status of the reptilian
fauna along Karachi Coast with special reference to marine turtles. Journal of
Natural History and Wildlife 4(2):127–130.
Khursheed, S.N., Azam, M.M., Hasnain, S.A., And Rasool, F. 1995. Astola Island—
a potential site for marine national park. WWF Pakistan (Unpublished Report), 15
pp.
Minton, S.A. 1966. A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan. Bulletin of

the American Museum of Natural History 134:24–184.
Pandav, B. 2000. Conservation and management of olive ridley sea turtles on the
Orissa Coast. PhD Thesis, Utkal University, Bhubaneshwar, India.
ii


Pilcher, N.J. 1999. Turtles turned turtle. Asian Geographic 2: 56–69.
Spotila, James R. 2004. Sea Turtles: A Complete Guide to Their Biology, Behavior,
and Conservation. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stern N (2007) The economics of climate change: The Stern Review. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK
http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110819/NEWS08/108190348/Sea-
turtle-s-nest-egg-citing
iii


ANNEXURE –I
Green turtle Olive ridley turtle
Area (Chelonia mydas) (Lepidochelys olivacea)
S.
Dead
No. Turtle Track Egg Turtle Track Egg Dead
Location GPS position specime
count count count count count count specimen
n
24°51'4.11"N
66°39'32.44"E
Mubarak 24°51'0.64"N
1 0 0 1 -- --- --- ---
village 66°39'34.26"E
24°50'32.93"N
66°39'37.74"E
24°50'8.22"N
66°39'20.88"E
24°50'5.74"N
66°39'23.05"E
24°50'3.00"N
2 Kapisi 1 5 --- --- --- ---
66°39'24.28"E
24°49'58.80"N
66°39'29.31"E
24°49'42.14"N
66°39'47.69"E
24°51'4.17"N
66°45'33.10"E
24°50'52.98"N
66°45'58.94"E
3 Cape 6 24 98 --- --- --- ---
24°50'40.38"N
monze
66°46'59.71"E
24°50'40.99"N
66°46'18.20"E
24°51'37.01"N
66°51'36.19"E
24°51'41.36"N
66°51'14.10"E
4 Hawks bay 7 24 1 --- --- --- ---
24°51'27.44"N
66°52'14.49"E
24°51'32.75"N
66°51'54.71"E
i


24°49'3.92"N
66°56'34.26"E
24°50'3.60"N
66°55'13.48"E
24°50'20.07"N
66°54'46.86"E
Sandspit 24°50'32.82"N
5 9 38 135 --- --- --- 1
66°54'21.93"E
24°50'37.53"N
66°54'14.42"E
24°51'10.49"N
66°52'51.44"E
24°50'50.81"N
66°53'29.93"E
6 Sandspit 2 1 6 --- --- --- ---
24° 5'7.21"N
67°22'42.41"E
24° 4'25.87"N
Khobar 67°22'42.12"E
7 (Keti 0 0 --- --- --- 3
Bander) 24° 4'7.31"N
67°23'5.42"E
24° 4'4.74"N
67°23'40.28"E
24° 7'46.28"N
67°22'21.34"E
24° 7'29.64"N
67°21'56.77"E
Khatti
24° 7'1.65"N
8 (Keti 0 0 4 --- --- --- 6
67°21'51.71"E
Bander)
24° 6'16.35"N
67°22'6.78"E
24° 5'29.81"N
67°22'24.45"E
Total 24 102 6 10
ii


ANNEXURE –II
Nest pit counts along Sindh coast from Mubarak village to Khobar creek Keti
Bander
S/N Beach Nest Pit counts
1 Mobrak village ---
2 Kapisi 58
3 Light house 39
4 Cape monze 126
5 Paradize point ---
6 KANUPP-1 69
7 KANUPP-2 13
8 Hawks bay 155
9 Sandspit-1 545
10 Sandspit-2 203
11 Khobar (Keti Bander) ---
12 Khatti (Keti Bander) ---
Total 1208
iii


ANNEXURE –III
Beach encroachment
Govt. Community Fishing

S/N Beach Pvt. Huts
setup houses H.H boats
1 Mubarak village ---- 2 216 15
2 Kapisi --- 2 --- ---
3 Cape monze 4 1 --- ---
4 Paradize point 11 --- --- ---
5 KANUPP -1 5 -- --- ---
6 KANUPP -2 23 1 --- ---
7 Haji Ali village 97 --- 42 ---
8 A Rahim village 14 --- 179 88
9 Somar village 18 --- 60 39
10 Hawks bay 198 --- --- ---
11 Sandspit 1 75 --- 82 54
12 Sandspit 2 126 2 45 ---
Keti Bander
13 Chann --- --- --- 4
14 Khobar beach --- --- --- 11
15 Khhati beach --- 1 --- 6
Total 571 9 624 187
iv


ANNEXURE –IV
Nesting population of Chelonia mydas and Lepidochelys olivacea
Year No. of nests
G.T. O.R. Total
1979 44 0 44
1980 799 16 815
1981 1168 11 1179
1982 1405 95 1500
1983 1457 25 1482
1984 1339 120 1495
1985 1549 57 1606
1986 1457 61 1518
1987 704 113 817
1988 866 31 897
1989 717 43 760
1990 839 29 868
1991 1031 13 1044
1992 785 20 805
1993 802 4 806
1994 519 4 523
1995 464 8 472
1996 475 2 477
1997 628 2 630
Total 17048 654 17702
v

Baselin
ne Survey
y of Marin
ne Turtles
s From

NEXURE –V
ANN V
S/N Co
oastline features
fe Number
N
1 Golden sandy
s beac
ches 10
2 Silver sa
andy beach
hes 19
3 Rocky sh
hore/shing
gle beaches 9
4 Major Crreeks 17
5 Roky Isla
ands 1
6 Major Mud flats/Is

slands 49
Ne
esting turtle
e and old
o tra
acks co
ount
4
40
3
35
3
30
2
25
Axis Title
2
20
Tturtle
1
15
Track
1
10
0
Mb Kp Cp Hb S1
1 S2 Kb Kt
ntial nestin
5 poten ng sites alo
ong Karach
hi coast
vi


ANNEXURE –VI

Sea Water (Cape monze)
S.No. Parameters Results
01 Total Colony Count 1.6×104 cfu / ml
02 Total Coliform 184 cfu / 100 ml
03 Faecal Coliform 85 cfu / 100 ml
04 Faecal Streptococci 28 cfu / 100ml
Sea Water (Paradise point)
01 Total Colony Count

2.5×103 cfu / ml
Sea Water (Sandspit)
01 Total Colony Count

1.1×103 cfu / ml
vii


Sea Water (Hawks bay)
01 Total Colony Count 9×103 cfu / ml
RESULT OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
S.No. Parameters. Unit Concentration Method
1 pH value. ….. 7.98 pH meter.
2 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 38210 APHA 2540 C
3 Total Suspended Solid. mg/l 112 APHA 2540 D
4 Chloride mg/l 20318.78 APHA 4500 Cl C
5 Total Hardness mg/l 7050 APHA 2340 C
6 Flouride mg/l 1.13 Hach Method 8029
7 Mercury mg/l BDL AAS
8 Lead mg/l BDL AAS
9 Cadmium mg/l 0.31 AAS
10 Conductivity µs 45900 Conductivity Meter
11 Arsenic mg/l 0.1 Merck Test (1,17927)
viii


Sea Water (Paradise point) Sea Water (Sandspit) Sea Water (Hawks bay)
4 Chloride mg/l 19678.39 APHA 4500 Cl C
8 Lead mg/l BDL AAS
Merck Test
11 Arsenic mg/l 0.25
(1,17927)
ix


4 Chloride mg/l 19329 APHA 4500 Cl C
8 Lead mg/l BDL AAS
Merck Test
11 Arsenic mg/l 0.1
(1,17927)
x


4 Chloride mg/l 20086 APHA 4500 Cl C
8 Lead mg/l BDL AAS
Merck Test
11 Arsenic mg/l 0.1
(1,17927)
xi


RESULTS OF SOIL SAMPLES
S.NO PARAMETERS UNIT CONCENTRATION METHOD
1 PH value …….. 8.93 Ph meter
Conductivity
2 Conductivity µs 2024
meter
Merck
3 Arsenic mg/l BDL
test(1,17927)
4 cadmium mg/l 0.496 AAS
Sea Water (Paradise point)
Conductivity
meter
Merck
3 Arsenic mg/l BDL
test(1,17927)
xii


Sea Water (Sandspit)
Conductivity
meter
Merck
3 Arsenic mg/l BDL
test(1,17927)
Sea Water (Hawks bay)
Conductivity
meter
Merck
3 Arsenic mg/l BDL
test(1,17927)
xiii

Marine Turtle Survey Along The Sindh Coast

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Marine Turtle Survey Along The Sindh Coast

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Baseline Survey of Marine Turtles From Cape monze to Keti Bander

We are thankful and gratefully acknowledge the support of Sindh Wildlife

cooperation during the surveys.

Team Composition for Marine Turtle Survey

Sr. No Name Designation

1 Dr. Najam Khurshid Team Leader/Eco-hydrologist

2 Mr. Ather Khan Coordinator/Environmentalist

3 Mr. Attaullah Pandarani Herpitologist

4 Mr. Muhammad Saleem Botanist

5 Mr. Saeed Ahmed Geologist/Data Analyst

6 Mr. Mansoor Shah Wildlife Expert

Technical Guidance and Support

7 Dr. Fehmida Israr Turtle Expert

Sr. No Name Designation

1 Mr. Shahid ur Rahman I.T/GIS Expert

2 Mr. Araz Muhammad Graphic Designer

1.0 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND 1-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION 2-1

3.0 STUDY AREA 3-1

4.0 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS 4-1

5.0 GEOLOGY OF STUDY AREA 5-1

7.0 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 7-1

8.0 TURTLE SURVEY 8-1

9.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 9-1

10.0 SOCIAL SURVEY 10-1

12.0 MITIGATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 12-1

APHA American Public Health Association

AWD Acidic Mine Drainage (a kind of special test)

CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBOs Community Based Organizations

CMS Convention on Migratory Species

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

DAP Di-Ammonium Phosphate

ft/km Foot per Kilometer

GEMS Global Environmental Management Services

GIS Global Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

HgNO3 Silver Nitrate

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Km/hr Kilometer per hour

Km2 Square Kilometer

m/s meter per second

m3/s Cubic meter per second

MAF Million Acre Feet

mg/l Milligram per liter

mi2 Square Miles

MSL Mean Sea Level

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NGOs Non Government Organizations

NSDWQ National Standard for Drinking Water Quality

Psi Pound per square inch

SIDA Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority

t/ha Ton per hector

TDS Total Dissolved Solid

TSS Total Suspended Solids

USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

WHO World Health Organization

WWF World Wildlife Fund

Chapter -2: INTRODUCTION

The coastal environment of Sindh including Karachi coast comprises of various

2.1 SCOPE OF STUDY

2.2 LEGAL STATUS

o According to the second schedule of the Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance

Coastal Zone Regulation 1991

Setting up of new industries or expansion of existing industries, handling of