Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Sampling
CSE466 1
A little background
Frequency
CSE466 2
Frequency of a Waveform
Frequency of a Waveform
n Examples:
frequency = 10 Hz
period = .1 (1/10) seconds
frequency = 100 Hz
period = .01 (1/100) seconds
CSE466 3
Waveform Sampling
n To represent waveforms in digital systems, we
need to digitize or sample the waveform.
Sampling Rate
CSE466 4
Sampling Rate
CSE466 5
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
0.5
Voltage
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Time
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
• ADC calibration
Integer
Code 7
6
5
4
Calibration
Curve 3
( 3 bit ADC) 2
1
0 Analog
Voltage
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
CSE466 6
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
VADCMAX
time
-VADCMAX
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 Analog 0 Analog
Voltage Voltage
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 -2 -1.5 -1.0 -.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
CSE466 7
Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Code: 0 2n-1
-2n-1 2n-1-1
Positive Coding: Positive and Negative Coding:
⎡ V − VADC min ⎤ ⎡ V ⎤
Code = Round ⎢ IN ⎥ Code = Round ⎢ IN ⎥
⎣ Q ⎦ ⎣ Q ⎦
Why A/D-conversion?
Analog Analog
Analog signal ADC DAC signal Analog
input processing Processing output
CSE466 8
A/D-converter basics
t t t n ⋅ TS
f f
f IN f IN
f
f IN FS / 2 FS
Sample & hold
vIN , A (t ) vIN (t )
Anti-alias
Quantizer DOUT [n]
filter
Sampling
clock
ideal
DOUT [n] = Gideal ⋅ vIN (n ⋅ Ts ) + q( n )
real
DOUT [n] = Gideal ⋅ (1 + ε ) ⋅ vIN (n ⋅ Ts ) + q( n ) + eoffset ( n ) + enoise ( n ) + e jitter ( n ) + edistortion ( n )
The Theory
CSE466 9
Some terminology
Quantization noise
VFSR
• N-bit converter: δ=
2N
CSE466 10
Quantization noise
Quantization noise
CSE466 11
D/A converters
CSE466 12
A/D converters
n Advantages
q Ultra-fast
n Disadvantages
q High power
q Low resolution
q Metastability
n Sample/hold improves
performance
CSE466 13
Example: Successive approximation ADC
n Advantages
q Low power
q High resolution
n Disadvantages
q Slow
n Problem: DAC must
settle to LSB
accuracy at every
step
Sampling
CSE466 14
Shannon's sampling theorem
✦ Real life
➭ Sample at 2.5fc or faster
➭ Sample clock should not be coherent
with the input signal
http://www.videomicroscopy.com/vancouverlecture/nyquist.htm
CSE466 15
Sampling speed versus bit resolution
n Examples:
q 8-bit resolution takes 5.5τ
q 12-bit resolution takes 8.3τ
q 16-bit resolution takes 11τ
Datel Data Acquisition and
Conversion Handbook
CSE466 16
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
q Example:
CD: SR=44,100 Hz
Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 = 22,050 Hz
q Example:
SR=22,050 Hz
Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 = 11,025 Hz
CSE466 17
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
f' = |f - SR/2|
n Example:
q SR = 20,000 Hz
q Nyquist Frequency = 10,000 Hz
q f = 12,000 Hz --> f' = 8,000 Hz
q f = 18,000 Hz --> f' = 2,000 Hz
q f = 20,000 Hz --> f' = 0 Hz
CSE466 18
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
n Graphical Example 1a:
q SR = 20,000 Hz
q Nyquist Frequency = 10,000 Hz
q f = 2,500 Hz (no aliasing)
(left and right figures have same frequency, but have different
sampling points)
CSE466 19
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
n Graphical Example 2:
q SR = 20,000 Hz
q Nyquist Frequency = 10,000 Hz
q f = 10,000 Hz (no aliasing)
CSE466 20
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
n Graphical Example 3:
q SR = 20,000 Hz
q Nyquist Frequency = 10,000 Hz
q f = 12,500 Hz, f' = 7,500
CSE466 21
Method to reduce aliasing noise
output code = n
Low ADC 0110001
Pass Sampling 0100010
Filter: at 40KHz 0100100
fcorner=20KHz
0101011
:
e.g. Gain(dB)
0 :
Max freq
-3dB cut off :
=20KHz
Freq.
CSE466 22