DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LUO CONVERTER

BASED THREE PHASEINVERTER CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

A PROJECT REPORT
KALAIYARASI.S (422615105020)

MALATHI.S (422615105024)

AHAMED ASHIK.S (422615105301)

VIJAY.K (422615105703)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the

degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PANRUTI.

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI

APRIL 2019

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 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Photovoltaic (PV) energy is gaining greater visibility during the lastv

several years as a convenient and promising renewable energy source.it has
several advantage compared to other forms of renewable energy like wind
energy.

The main drawbacks of PV energy are the high cost of manufacturing silicon
solar panels and low conversion efficiency. With the newer techniques of
manufacturing crystalline panels and efficient power converter design,it is
possible to make the PV project cost effective.

Power electronics is an engineering study that deals with conversion of

electrical power from one form to another. Power electronics contributes a
large part of engineering. It has close connection with many areas of
engineering such as solid state physics, circuit theory, systems and control
theory, signal processing, electronics, electromagnetics, power systems,
electric machines, simulation and computing etc. Now a day’s power
electronics can be considered as a rapidly expanding field as the scope of the
technology covers a wide area. A power electronic system consists of power
electronic switching devices, controllers, filters, sensors, electromagnetic
devices etc. Power electronics plays a vital role in today’s life. Somehow, it
is connected with our daily life as its application covers almost all areas. It has
got application in residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, utility
systems, aerospace, telecommunication etc. For converting electrical power
from one form to another, a power converter is used. Actually ‘converter’ is a
general term which denotes all kinds of converters. In rectifier mode of

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operation, electrical power is converted from ac to dc. The converters used for
such conversions are called ac-dc converters. Power conversion from dc to ac
is made in inverter mode of operation, and the converters used are dc-ac
converters. Besides, there are dc-dc and ac-ac converters. Hence, for
renewable energy system and arising demand of this technology for varied
applications, dc-dc converters play an important key role. So the development
of a dc-dc converter with high step-up has got its own importance and hence
it is an important research area.

The boost converter is widely used due to its simplicity and a low
number of components. Theoretically, the boost converter is able to provide a
high output are parasitic elements that end up decreasing the converter gain.
A point to be observed in this topology is the fact that in order to obtain higher
voltage gains, a duty cycle close to unity must be adopted, which is not viable
for implementation, due to increased switch stress and reverse voltage by
increasing the duty cycle. However, in practice, it does not occur, as there
recovery problems.
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
1.MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING CONTROL TECHNIQUES:
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS

Authors: R.K. Nema, Pallavee Bhatnagar

This paper presents classification of MPPT techniques on the

basis of variables and algorithm used, which is useful for selecting an MPPT
technique for a particular application. Since the choice of a particular MPPT
technique is application specific, these methods are not only reviewed but are
analysed and compared.

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2.THE OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE
ARRAYS BASED ON ADAPTIVE SWITCHING CONTROLS

Authors: Bo-Jyun Liao, Kuei-Hsiang-Chao, Pei-Lun Lai

This study explored the use of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in

MPPT, employing the PSO characteristics relevant to MPPT to ensure that
the PV module arrays operate at the actual MPP, thereby increasing the
performance of PV power generation systems.

3.A CRITICAL EVALUATION ON MAXIMUM POWER POINT

TRACKING METHODS FOR PARTIAL SHADING IN PV SYSTEMS

Authors: Jubaer Ahmed, Zainal Salam

This paper provides an extensive and critical evaluation on the state-of-

the-art of the maximum power point tracking techniques to cater the partial
shading. The work primarily concentrates on the conditions that are used by
the algorithms to detect the occurrence of partial shading.

4.MODELING, ANALYSIS AND COMPARSION OF SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS UNDER PARTIAL
SHADING CONDITIONS

Authors: F. Belhachat, C. Larbes

In this paper, a comprehensive study which considers all the available

PV array configurations; Series (S), Parallel (P), Series-Parallel (SP), Total

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Cross Tied (TCT), Bridge-Linked (BL), and Honey-Comb (HC), has been
carried out under all possible scenarios of shading.

5.MPPT TECHNIQUES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS

Authors: Mohamed A. Eltawil, Zhengming Zhao

In this paper, the output power delivered by a PV module can be
maximized using MPPT control system. It consists of a power conditioner to
interface the PV output to the load, and a control unit, which drives the power
conditioner for extracting the maximum power from a PV array. The grid
interconnection of PV power generation system and solar microinverter
requirements are discussed.

6.OPTIMAL CONTROL OF A GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM FOR

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING AND UNITY POWER FACTOR

Authors: A. Al-Amoudi, L. Zhang

This paper proposes a model-based approach for predicting the output
voltages at the maximum power points of a PV array. The method was verified
using the measured data of radiation and temperature. The results have shown
that it can locate the optimal power points accurately and is computationally
efficient.

7.OPTIMIZATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MAXIMUM

POWER POINT TRACKING

Authors: Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo, Massimo Vitelli.

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 In this paper a theoretical analysis allowing the optimal choice of the two
main parameters characterizing the P&O algorithm has been carried out. The
results obtained in the design of efficient MPPT regulators the easiness and
flexibility of P&O MPPT control technique. The results obtained and the
considerations drawn can be extended to any other converter topology as
well.

8.A MULTIVARIABLE PERTURB-AND OBSERVE MAXIMUM POWER

POINT TRACKING TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO A SINGLE-STAGE
PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER

Authors: Giovanni Petrone, Giovanni Spagnuolo, Massimo Vitelli

In this paper, a new P&O technique has been presented. It works by

perturbing more than one control variable and observing the value of a
performance function. The technique has been applied to a single-stage
transformerless inverter for PV applications.

9.INTELLIGENT PV MODULE FOR GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS

Authors: Eduardo Roman, Damian Goitia, Pedro Ibanez, Ricardo Alonso and
Sabino Elorduizapatarietxe
This paper has described an innovative concept of PV module: the
intelligent PV module solution. It is based on the design and developed of a
PV module-integrated microsystem. The proposed system also allows the
communication of every PV module’s electrical parameters to a central
control unit. At present, intelligent PV module is a more efficient and cheaper

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global term solution for BIPV systems, and it provides a great level of
independence from an architectonic point of view. In this sense, it should be
economically feasible.

10.A REVIEW OF SINGLE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED INVERTERS

FOR PHTOVOLTAIC MODULES

Authors: Frede Blaabjerg, John K. Pedersen, Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer

This review has covered some of the standards that inverters for PV and
grid applications must fulfill, which focus on power quality, injection of dc
currents into the grid, detection of islanding operation, and system grounding.
The demands stated by the PV modules have been also been reviewed; in
particular, the role of power decoupling between the modules and the grid has
been investigated.

11.ADAPTIVE PERTURB AND OBSERVE ALGORITHM FOR

PHOTOVOLTAIC MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

Authors: L. Piegari, R. Rizzo

An adaptive P&O MPPT algorithm has been proposed to improve the
efficiency of PV systems. The algorithm has been set up to reduce the man
problems that arise in utilizing traditional P&O algorithms: dynamic response
and steady-state stability. The basic principle of the algorithm is to adapt the
perturbation amplitude to the actual operating conditions.

12.THREE-LEVEL GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER

WITH MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
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Authors: W.L. Chan, K.M. Tsang
This paper presents a systematic way of designing control scheme for a
grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverter featuring maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) and grid current shaping. A systematic approach of
designing controllers for maximum power point tracking, voltage regulation,
current tracking and shaping for PV array were presented.

13.PERTURB AND OBSERVE METHOD MATLAB SIMULINK AND

DESIGN OF PV SYSTEM USING BUCK BOOST CONVERTER

Authors: Deepti Singh, Jyotsana, RiaYadav

This paper presents a simulation study of maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) for photovoltaic systems using perturb and observe algorithm. The
open loop maximum power point tracking technique aimed at solving the
problems present in two of the most common techniques used for that purpose:
the perturb and observe (P&O) and incremental conductance algorithms.

14.FILTER DESIGN FOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATED INVERTERS

Authors: Kamarudin B. Khalid

With the use of simulink, it is able to perform the modeling and analysis
of the voltage source inverter (VSI), LC filter, load as specified and the pulse
width modulator, which will be discussed in this report. In addition, the
overall system is simulated using a Proportional Integral-Derivative controller
with varaiable set points to adjust the output voltage to the load.

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15. IMPLEMENTATION OF PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT OF PV
SYSTEM WITH DIRECT CONTROL METHOD USING BUCK AND
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTERS

Authors: Ahmed M. Atallah, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, and Raihan S. Jumaah

This paper presents in details implementation of Perturb and Observe

MPPT using buck and buck-boost converters. P&O MPPT method is
implemented with MATLAB-SIMULINK for simulation. The MPPT method
simulated in this paper is able to improve the dynamic and steady state
performance of the PV system simultaneously. Through simulation it is
observed that the system completes the maximum power point tracking
successfully despite of fluctuations.

1.2 THESIS ORGANIZATION

The thesis is organized in an order such as to provide the readers with a

general understanding of the different component present in the photovoltaic
system with maximum power point tracker, before moving onto the details
specific to the project. The following chapter discusses the basic theory of
PV cells, I-V characteristics, the concept of maximum power point (MPP) and
how the MPP varies under different illumination and temperature conditions.
The chapter also explains how maximum power transfer can be realized with
DC-DC converter along with a maximum power point tracker.

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1.3 NEED FOR MPPT

A typical solar panel converts only very a few percent of the incident solar
irradiation into electrical energy. Maximum power point tracking technique
is used to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. According to Maximum
Power Transfer theorem, the power output of a circuit is maximum when the
Thevenin impedance of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load
impedance. Hence our problem of tracking the maximum power point reduces
to an impedance matching problem. In simple words, when a solar PV module
is used in a system, its operating point is decided by the load to which it is
connected. Also, since solar radiation falling on a PV module varies
throughout the day, the operating point of the module also changes throughout
the day. In order to ensure the operation of PV modules for maximum power
transfer a special method called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is
employed in PV systems.

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 CHAPTER – 2
SOLAR CELLS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 SOLAR ENERGY

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using
a range of ever evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics
solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis.

Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems,

concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy.
passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the sun , selecting
materials with favourable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties and
desingning spaces that naturally circulate air.

2.2 SOLAR CELL

Solar cell or photovoltaic cell is an electric device that converts the

energy of light into electricity by the photovoltaic effect which is a physical
and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell defined as a
device whose electrical characteristics such as current, voltage or resistance
vary when exposed to light. Individual solar devices can be combined to form
modules otherwise known as solar panels. In basic terms a single junction
silicon solar cell can produce maximum open-circuit voltage of approximately
0.5 to 0.6 volts.

2.3 SOLAR PANEL

Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to

generate electricity. Photovoltaic module constitute the photovoltaic array of

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a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in
commercial and the most common application solar energy collection outside
agriculture is solar water heating systems.

2.4 SOLAR ARRAY

If photovoltaic solar panels are made up of individual photovoltaic cells

connected together , then the photovoltaic array also known simply as a solar
array. Therefore multiple solar panels electrically wired together to form a
much larger PV installation (PV system ) called an array and in general the
larger the total surface of the array , the more solar electricity it will produce.
A complete photovoltaic system uses a photovoltaic array as the main
source for the generation of electrical power supply. The amount of solar
power produced by a single photovoltaic panel or module is not enough for
general use. Most manufacturers produce standard PV panel with an output
voltage of 12V or 24V .

2.5 STRUCTURE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A photovoltaic cell converts sunlight into electricity, which is the

physical process known as the photoelctric effect. The lightwhich shines on a
PV cell , may be reflected, absorbed, or passed through; however, only
absorbed light generates electricity.
The energy of absorbed light is transmitted to electrons in the atoms of
the PV cell. With their new found energy, these electrons escape from their
normal positions in the atoms of semiconductor PV material and become part
of the electrical flow, or current, in an electrical circuit.

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 Based on the manufacturing process they are classified as: Poly
crystalline: efficiency of 12% and Amorphous: efficiency of 6-8% Life of
crystalline cells is the range of 25 years where as for amorphous cells it is in
the range of 5 years.
A special electricity property of the PV cell, called “built-in electric
field,” provides the force or voltage required to drive the current through an
external “load” such as a light bulb. To induce the build-in elctric field with
in a PV cell, two layers of different semiconductor materials are placed in
contact with each other. One layer is a “n-type” semiconductor with an
abundance of electrons, which have a negative electrical charge. The other
layer is “p-type” semiconductor with an abundance of holes, which have a
positive electrical charge.
Although both materials are electrically neutral, n-type silicon has
excess electrons and p-type electrons have excess holes. Sandwiching these
two electrons together creates a p-n junction at their interface, thereby creating
an electric field.

The generation of electric current happens inside the depletion zone

of the p-n junction. The depletion region is the area around the pn junction
where the electrons from the n-type silicon have diffused into the holes of the
p-type material. When a photon of light is absorbed by one of these atoms in
the n-type silicon it will dislodge an electron, creatingvafree electron and a
hole. The free electron and hole has sufficient energy to jump out of the
depletion zone. If a wire is connected from a cathode to the anode electron
will flow through the wire. The electron is attached to the positive charge of
the p-type material and travels through the external load creating a flow of
electric current.

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 The structure of photovoltaic cell has a positve and negative region is
shown in fig 2.1

Fig 2.1 photovoltaic cell

Both the materials of positive and negative are n-type silicon has excess
electrons and p-type has excess holes which in turn the electrical force the
electrons to move from the semiconductor towards the negative surface to
carry current.

2.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF IDEAL SOLAR CELL

A solar panel cell basically is p-n semiconductor junction. When exposed
to the light, a DC current is generated. The generated current varies linearly
with the solar irradiance. The equivalent electrical circuit of an ideal solar cell
can be treated as a current source parallel with diode shown in figure 2.3

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The I-V characteristics of the equivalent solar cell circuit can be determined
by following equations [2.1].
The current through a diode is given by:
ID = I[exp (q (V + IRS)/KT) – 1] (2.1)
While, the solar cell output current:
I = IL – ID – ISH
I = IL – I [exp (q (V + IRS) /KT)) -1] – (V + IRS ) / RSH

Fig 2.2 equivalent circuit for ideal solar cell

Where,
I: Solar cell current (A)
ID: Diode saturation current (A)
q: Electron charge (1.6*10^19 C)
K: Boltzmann constant (1.38*10^-23 J/K)
T: Cell temperature in Kelvin (k)
V: solar cell output voltage (V)
RS: Solar cell series resistance (ohm)
RSH: Solar cell shunt resistance (ohm)

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2.7 EFFICIENCY OF A PV CELL
The efficiency of a PV cell is defined as the ratio of peak power to input
solar power. The efficiency will be maximized if we track the maximum
power from the PV system at different environmental condition such as solar
irradiance and temperature by using different methods for maximum power
point tracking.

2.8 SERIES AND PARALLEL COMBINATION OF PV CELLS

2.8.1 Cells in series
When two identical cells are connected in series, the short circuit current
of the system would remain same but the open circuit voltage would be twice.
2.8.2 Cells in parallel
When two cells are connected in parallel. The open circuit voltage of the
system would remain same as the open circuit voltage of a single cell. But the
short circuit current of the system would be twice as much as of a single cell.

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 CHAPTER – 3
CONVERTER
3.1 LUO CONVERTER
LUO converters are meant to provide high voltage gain. The high
voltage gain is achieved by adjusting the turn’s ratio of the transformer. This
converter can provide electrical isolation too. But its limitation is that the
leakage inductor of the transformer can cause energy losses and high voltage
spikes on power devices. With boost Interleaved Luo converter it is possible
to achieve a good static gain with reduced voltage stress across the switches.
But for this converter as the input current is pulsed, need of LC input filter is
inevitable. The transformer less dc-dc converters include the cascade boost
type, the quadratic boost type, the voltage-lift type, the capacitor-diode
voltage multiplier type, and the boost type integrating with switched-capacitor
technique. It is possible to achieve a good voltage gain with this converter and
it uses only one power stage. This converter has got two inductors with the
same level of inductance. And those inductors charges in parallel during the
switch-on period and are discharges in series during the switch-off period.
Voltage stresses on the active switches are lower than the output voltage. The
other benefit of this converter is that under the same operating conditions, the
current stress on the active switch during switch-on period is equal to the half
of the current stress on the active switch during switch off.
However, as the converter power increases, the current at boost–
Interleaved Luo input stage rises resulting in higher semiconductors losses.
To reduce this the proposed work used a interleaved configuration with
parallel connection at the input stage it becomes possible to divide the currents
between the semiconductors, reducing losses, and further raising the output

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voltage gain. This strategy has been used in applications where the input
current is high. For some applications, this feature might have advantages.
One possible application would be in Evs The Luo topology is derived from
the buck-boost topology. This is achieved by replacing the inductor in a buck-
boost converter with a coupled inductor, such as gapped core transformers.
The characteristics of the transformer enables the use of less components,
while still retaining the same functionalities. Making the Interleaved Luo a
simpler and cheaper option. In its simplest form the Interleaved Luo consist
of a switch on the primary side of the transformer and a diode with output
capacitor on the secondary side. Bi-directionality is achieved by mirroring the
components on both sides as shown in figure 3.4.

Fig 3.1 Simplified schematic of a bi-directional Luo converter

For the sake of simplicity the Luo topology will be explained with a one
directional Luo.

3.2 METHODS OF ENERGY TRANSFER

The energy transfer is described in two states, the ON and OFF state.

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3.2.1 ON state
In this state the MOSFET Q1 is turned on, meaning it will conduct and Q2
is turned off. The energy from the input is stored inside the transformer as
magnetizing inductance. The output diode (internal MOSFET body diode Q2)
is off (reverse biased) and energy is supplied to the load from the output
capacitors.
3.2.2 OFF state
Here MOSFET Q2 is turned off, the energy inside the primary side
transfers to the secondary inductor, the voltage across the secondary inductor
reverses and the internal MOSFET body diode Q2 turns on (forward bias).
The stored energy is then supplied to the output capacitor and load.

3.3 MODES OF CONDUCTION

The Luo converter can operate in two modes, discontinuous current mode
(DCM) and continuous current mode (CCM). In DCM the current in the
secondary inductor is fully delivered to the load before the next switching
cycle. For our transformer design, this requires the duty cycle (D) to be under
50%. In CCM on the other hand the next switching cycle begins while the
secondary inductor still has current running through it. For our application
DCM is wishful.
Advantages of DCM are

• Higher efficiency.

• Faster transient response.

• Low primary inductance, thus making the transformer smaller .

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However there are some

Fig 3.2 Currents during DCM operation

The proposed converter is presented. In order to make the converter

analysis more intiative, the coupled inductor will be replaced by its equivalent
electric model. Disregarding the leakage inductances, it is possible to define
an equivalent electric circuit. Assuming an ideal analysis, all components will
be free of parasitic elements and the switches S1, S2 and S3 are operating with
a phase-shifted of 120° from each other with a fixed frequency and variable
duty cycle. It will also be considered that the converter is operating in the
continuous mode, for both, boost stage and Interleaved Luo stage. In addition,
the magnetizing current of the coupled inductors will be used to define the
current mode. Due to a large number of equations and nomenclatures, the
notation XY (1, 2, 3) is used. The given notation refers to XY1, XY2 andXY3.
Thus, the nomenclatures are described in Nomenclature section.

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3.4 PWM GENERATION
The pulsewidth modulation (PWM) is a tchnique which is charecterized by
the generation of constant amplitude pulse by modifying the pulse duration by
modulating the duty ccle.The block diagram representation ofvPWM pulse
generation is described. Anolog PWM control requires the genration of both
reference carrier signals that feeds to the comparator and it is based on some
logic output, the final output is to derive the power MOSFET with the help of
integrated chips. The reference signal output maybe sinusoidal or square
wave, while the saw tooth or the triangular waves are carrier signals at a
frequency significantly greater than the reference. The waveform
representation of PWM pulse is verified.There are various types of PWM
techniques and so we get different output and the choice of inverter depends
on cost, noise level and power efficiency.In this thesis, we can select the
sinusoidal PWM method and it provides high efficiency upto 90% and it is
compatible with today’s digital microprocessors.

ADVANTAGES

➢ Reduces switching losses

➢ The DC power supply is utilized that it’s to delivers a higher
voltage with the same DC supply
➢ Linearly controlls voltage and current

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 CHAPTER - 4

MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In a (power- voltage or current voltage) curve of a solar panel, there is
an optimum operating point such that thr PV delivers the maximum possible
power to the load.This unique point is the maximum power point (MPP) of
solar panel.Because of the photovoltaic nature of solar panels, their current
voltage or I-V curves depend on temperature and irradiation levels.Therefore
the operating current and voltage which maximize power output will change
with the natural conditions .so it is important to track the maximum power
point (MPP) for the successful PV system. So in PV system a maximum power
point tracker is employed. In most PV system a control algorithm , namely
maximum power point tracking algorithm is utilized to have the full
advantages of the PV systems.
In this chapter,we attempt to design a charge controller’s MPPT by
presenting algorithms for different MPPT methods and comparing there
advantages and drawbacks. For any given set of operational conditions, cells
have single operating points where the value of current (I) and voltage (V) of
the cell results in the maximum power output. The power P is given by P=V*I.
From the basic coircuit theory, the power delivered from or the charecteristic
resistance of the cell.This is a dynamic quantity which changes depending
upon the level of illumination, as well as other factors such as temperature and
age of the cell.If the resistance is lower or higher than this value ,the power
drawn will be less than the maximum available , and thus the cell will not be
used as efficiently as it could be.Maximum power point point trackers utilize
different types of control circuit or logic to search for this point and thus to
allow the converter circuit to extract the maximum power available from the
cellto a device is optimized where the derivative of the I-V curve is equal
and opposite the I-V ratio. This is known as the maximum power point (MPP)
and corresponds to the “knee” of the curve. The load with resistance R=V/I,
which is equal to the reciprocal of this value and draws the maximum power
from the device is sometimes called charecteristic resistance of the cell. This
is the dynamic quantity which changes depends on the level of illumination
as well as other factors such as temperature and the age of the cell. If the
resistance is lower or higher than this value, the power drawn will be less than

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maximum available, and thus the cell will not be used as efficiently asd it
could be. Maximum power point trackers utilize different types of control
logics to search for this point and thus allow the converter circuit to extract
the maximum power available from the cell

4.2 MPPT BASED FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic – a
mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical
variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to
classical or digital logic, which operats on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true
or false, respectively). Basic concept understands in fuzzy logic is that of a
linguistic variable, that is a variable whose values are words rather than
number. Fuzzy logic uses fuzzy sets to related classes of objects with
unclearly defined boundaries in which membership is a matter of degree. The
fuzzy logic system is more flexible than classical and conventional method.

Fig 4.1 fuzzy logic controller block diagram

The fuzzy controller consists of four functional blocks, fuzzification, fuzzy

rule, an inference Engine and the defuzzification. The fuzzy controller design
contains the three following steps as explained below

4.2.1 Fuzzification
In this process of fuzzification,Converters with high power density. LUO
converter can be incorporating Impedance network. It helps to Buck or Boost
the output voltage of, converting the systems actual input value E and CE into
linguistic fuzzy labels using fuzzy membership function. In fuzzification fuzzy
logic collects the raw data from system and it converts crisp inputs into fuzzy
inputs.

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 Here fuzzy inputs are error (E) and change in error (CE), which are based
on the laws of MPPT.
4.2.2 Defuzzification
Fuzzy rule based systems evaluate linguistic if-then rules using
fuzzification, inference and transform the fuzzy results in to crisp,
defuzzification is performed. Defuzzification is the process of converting a
fuzzified output into a single crisp value with respect to fuzzy set. Defuzzified
value in FLC represents the action to be taken in controlling the procesS

4.3 CONTROLLER DESIGN

Closed-loop control for the proposed converter is shown in Fig. 4.5.The

hatched area in this figure represents the input current looping control, and the
outer area is the output voltage looping control. Therefore, two controllers are
designed, a current controller Ci(s) and a voltage controller Cv(s).The
parameters kpwm, ki, kv and kadc are, respectively, the gains of the PWM
modulator, the current sensor, the voltage sensor and the analogue-to-digital
converter gain. Current and voltage controller designs are developed using the
frequency analysis methods.

Fig. 4.2 Block diagram of the implemented controllers

By analysing the block diagram of Fig. 4.2it is possible to obtain the open-
loop current transfer function FTLAINC, given by

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 FTLAINC(s) = kpwmkikADFTi(s)FTf i(s) (4.2)

In this way, a simple proportional–integral (PI) controller is enough to

guarantee null closed-loop error. The transfer function of the implemented PI
controller is given by

kci(s + ωzi)
Ci(s) = (4.3)
𝑆

Once the current controller is defined, it is possible to obtain the current open-
loop transfer function compensated FTLAIC(s), given by

(4.4)

Using the pertinence module condition

(4.5)

The concept of phase margin

(4.6)

And considering sinusoidal permanent regime s = jω it is possible to obtain

(4.7)

(4.8)

Where kci and ωci are the controller proportional gain and angular
frequency, respectively. Considering Mi∅ = 60∘ and f zi = 3 kHz, the obtained
controller gain and angular frequency are kci = 0.19 and ωzi = 4.14 krad/s. The

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compensated transfer function is also presented in Fig. 6b. It should be noted
that both the cut-off frequency and the phase margin satisfy the control
requirements. For the voltage loop control, the PI controller was also used. To
find the voltage controller parameters the same procedure was carried out by
analyzing the block diagram of Fig. 6c, and the compensator gain and angular
frequency were found to be equal to kcv = 0.327 and wzv = 7, 279 krad/s,
respectively

25
 CHAPTER - 5

INVERTER

5.1 Power Inverter

A power inverter ,is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct

current(DC) to alternating current(AC). The input voltage,output voltage and
frequency,and overaall power handling depend on the design of the specific
device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is
provided by the dc source. A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may
be a combination of mechanical effects(such as a rotary apparatus) and
electronic circitry.

The photovoltaic generation system generates electricity by converting the

sun’s enery directly into electricity. Photovoltaic-generated energy can be
delivered to power system networks through inverters.A single –phase
inverter is usually used for residential or low-power applications of power
ranges that are less than 10 KW.

There are two types of inverters.

1.VSI (voltage source inverter).

2.CSI (current source inverter).

Here we are using VSI. A voltage source inverter (VSI) is one that takes
in a fixed voltage from a device,such as a DC power supply,and converts it to
a variable frequency AC supply. Also,its easier to convert AC voltage from
DC voltage. A solar inverter is a power- electronic circuit that converts DC
voltage from a solar panel to AC voltage that can be used to power AC load
such as home appliances,lightning and power tools. IGBT is used for
switching purposes due to its easy controlb and low switching losses. Also, it
is a wide range of ratings.

26
5.1.1 Input voltage
A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a relatively stable DC
power source capable of supplying enough current for intended power
demands of the system. The input voltage depends on the design and purpose
of the inverter. Examples include: 12V DC, for smaller consumer and
commercial inverters that typically run from a rechargeable 12V lead acid
battery, 24 and 48V DC, which are common standards for home energy
systems.

5.1.2 Output Waveform

An inverter can produce a square wave, modified sine wave, pulsed sine
wave, or sine wave depending on circuit design. The two dominant
commercialized waveform types of inverters are modified sine wave and sine
wave.

5.1.2.a. Square Wave

This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter design can produce
and is useful for some applications.

5.1.2.b. Sine Wave

A power inverter device which produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC
waveform is referred to as a sine wave inverter. To more clearly distinguish
the inverters with input of much less distortion than the modified sine wave
(three step) inverter designs, the manufacturers often use the pure sine wave
inverter.

Almost all consumer grade inverters that are sold as a pure sine wave
inverter do not produce a smooth sine wave output at all, just a less choppy
output than the square wave (one step) and modified sine wave (three step)
inverters. A sine wave output is extremely desirable because the vast majority
of electric plugs in products and appliances are engineered to work with a sine
wave ac power source. The standard electric utility power attempts to provide
a power source that is a good approximation of a sine wave, however even
their power output is not that close to a perfect sine wave.

27
5.1.2.c. Modified Sine Wave
The terminology modified sine wave has come into use and refers to an
output waveform that is a useful rough approximation of a sine wave for
power translation purposes. However, they may be quit noisy. A series LC
filter tuned to the fundamental frequency may help.

5.1.2.d. Other Waveforms

By definition there is no restriction on the type of AC waveform an
inverter might produce that would find use in a specific or special application.

5.1.3 Output frequency

The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the same
as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz. If the output of the device
or circuit is to be further conditioned (for example stepped up) then the
frequency may be much higher for good transformer efficiency.

5.1.4 Output Voltage

The AC output voltage of a power inverter device is often the same as the
standard powetr line voltage, such as household 120V AC or 240 V AC. This
allows the inverter to power numerous types of equipment designed to operate
off the standard line power. That is, changes in the load the inverter is driving
will not result in an output voltage change from the inverter.

5.1.5 Output power

A power inverter will often have an overall power rating expressed in watts
and kilowatts. This describes the power that will be available to the device the
inverter is driving and, indirectly, the power that will be needed from the DC
source. Smaller popular consumer and commercial devices designed to mimic
line power typically range from 150 to 3000 watts.

28
THREE PHASE INVERTER

Fig 5.1 Three phase inverter

The line filter the high frequency harmonic content of the line current
caused by the switched operation of the VSI. While the selection of filter cost,
size and for which application it is used are considered. There are different
types of filters.

1.L filter

2.LC filter

3.LCL filter

29
 CHAPTER - 6
SIMULATION AND RESULTS DISCUSSION

6.1 SIMULATION SOFTWARE

The software used in this project for the simulation is MATLAB

R2015a. MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. MATLAB is a high
performance language for technical computation.It integrates computation ,
visualization programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems
and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notations.Typical uses
include math and computation algorithm , data acquisation, modelling,
simulation, prototyping data analysis, scientific and engineering graphics
application development.

6.2 SIMULATION OF MPPT WITH FUZZY LOGIC

CONTROLLER

Simulation using SIMULINK tool in MATLAB. To investigate the

performarmance of the proposed scheme using the fuzzy logic algorithm,a
simulation model is developed for the overall system. It consists of PV module
, MPPT controller, DC-DC converter, inverter, and filter.

The MPPT consists of fuzzy logic algorithm. In the simulation the output
voltage,output current, output power is represented in scope.

30
SIMULATION FOR LUO CONVERTER WITH FLC

Fig 6.1 Simulation for luo converter with MPPT FLC

31
 6.3 SUBSYSTEM

6.3.1 SOLAR PANEL

Fig 6.2 simulation for solar panel

6.3.2 Efficiency Measurement Block

Fig 6.3 Simulation for efficiency measurement

32
6.3.3 MPPT fuzzy logic controller

Fig 6.4 simulation for MPPT fuzzy logic controller

33
6.4 RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
6.4.1 Simulink result of Solar Panel

fig 6.5 output for solar panel

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: load voltage (0.5V/div).
ii) X-axis: time (0.01s/dev)
The output voltage appears exactly at 27.16V and it is a DC voltage. The
power produced by the solar panel is 255.3W.

34
6.4.2 simulink result for MPPT fuzzy logic controller
MPPT output

Fig 6.6 output for MPPT fuzzy logic controller

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: voltage (2V/div).
ii) X-axis: Time (0.0001s/div)
The output voltage is appeared between -2 to 2V

35
6.4.3 Simulink result for LUO converter (voltage)

Fig 6.7 output voltage for LUO converter

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: load voltage (5V/div).
ii) X-axis: Time (0.001s)
The output voltage is appeared starting increasingly from 0V to 41V and then
slightly decreasing till 37.57 V approximately.

36
6.4.4 Simulink result for LUO converter (current)

Fig 6.8 output current for LUO converter

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: load current (5A/div)
ii) X-axis: Time (0.001s/div)
The output current is starting increasingly from 0A to 33A and then rapidly
decreased to less than 0A. Then at -4v there exists a straight line.

37
 6.4.5 Simulink for LUO converter efficiency

Fig 6.9 output efficiency for LUO converter

Discussion
Simulation result : i) Y-axis : line voltage1 (10V/div)
X-axis:time (0.01s/div)
ii) Y-axis :line current 1 (10A/div)
X-axis:time (0.01s/div)
iii) Y-axis:line voltage 2 (5V/div)
X-axis: time (0.01s/div)
iv) Y-axis:line current 2 (0.5A/div)
X-axis:time (0.01/div)
The output voltage appears between 0 to 35V and the output
current is appear between 0 to 40A.

38
6.4.6 Simulink result for three phase inverter

Fig 6.10 output for three phase inverter

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: load voltage (5V/div).
ii) X-axis: Time (0.001s/div)
The output voltage is appeared between -25 to 25V and the other output
voltage is appeared between -5 to 5V respectively.

39
6.4.7 Simulink result for three phase grid

Fig 6.11 output for three phase grid

Discussion
Simulated result: i) Y-axis: load voltage (5V/div).
ii) X-axis: time (0.01s/dev).
The output voltage appear between -25 to 25V . The power produced by the
three phase grid is about 256W.

40
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In this project, lou converter (high gain converter) has been shown to
be capable of providing a topology that reduces the output ripple and parasitic
effects. Using this method stable and ripple free output is obtained the voltage
transfer functions. This developed dc –dc converters are suitable and
convenient to be applied into electric vehicle applications with low ripples.
The main objective is to reach the higher efficiency, high power density and
simple structure

41
 APPENDIX

MPPT FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

[System]
Name='MLI_7LEVEL_6SW'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=2
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=25
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'

[Input1]
Name='E'
Range= [-1 1]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NB':'trimf',[-1.5 -1 -0.5]
MF2='NS':'trimf',[-1 -0.5 0]
MF3='Z0':'trimf',[-0.5 0 0.5]
MF4='PS':'trimf',[0 0.5 1]
MF5='PB':'trimf',[0.5 1 1.5]

[Input2]
Name='CE'
Range=[-0.1 0.1]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NB':'trimf',[-0.15 -0.1 -0.01]
MF2='NS':'trimf',[-0.06 -0.03 0]
MF3='ZO':'trimf',[-0.01 0 0.01]
MF4='PS':'trimf',[0 0.03 0.06]
MF5='PB':'trimf',[0.01 0.1 0.15]

[Output1]

42
Name='output1'
Range=[0 5]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NB':'trimf',[-1.25 0 2.25]
MF2='NS':'trimf',[1 1.75 2.5]
MF3='ZO':'trimf',[2.25 2.5 2.75]
MF4='PS':'trimf',[2.5 3.25 4]
MF5='PB':'trimf',[2.75 5 6.25]

[Rules]
1 1, 1 (1) : 1
1 2, 1 (1) : 1
1 3, 1 (1) : 1
1 4, 2 (1) : 1
1 5, 3 (1) : 1
2 1, 1 (1) : 1
2 2, 1 (1) : 1
2 3, 2 (1) : 1
2 4, 3 (1) : 1
2 5, 4 (1) : 1
3 1, 1 (1) : 1
3 2, 2 (1) : 1
3 3, 3 (1) : 1
3 4, 4 (1) : 1
3 5, 5 (1) : 1
4 1, 2 (1) : 1
4 2, 3 (1) : 1
4 3, 4 (1) : 1
4 4, 5 (1) : 1
4 5, 5 (1) : 1
5 1, 3 (1) : 1
5 2, 4 (1) : 1
5 3, 5 (1) : 1
5 4, 5 (1) : 1
5 5, 5 (1) : 1

43
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
[System]
Name='speednew'
Type='mamdani'
Version=2.0
NumInputs=2
NumOutputs=1
NumRules=25
AndMethod='min'
OrMethod='max'
ImpMethod='min'
AggMethod='max'
DefuzzMethod='centroid'

[Input1]
Name='Errorspeed'
Range=[-10 10]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NB':'trimf',[-14 -10 -6]
MF2='NS':'trimf',[-10 -6 -2]
MF3='Z':'trimf',[-6 0 6]
MF4='PS':'trimf',[2 6 10]
MF5='PB':'trimf',[6 10 14]

[Input2]
Name='cerror'
Range=[-5 5]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NB':'trimf',[-7.5 -5 -2.5]
MF2='Z':'trimf',[-2.5 0 2.5]
MF3='PB':'trimf',[2.5 5 7.5]
MF4='PS':'trimf',[0 2.5 5]
MF5='NS':'trimf',[-5 -2.5 0]

[Output1]
Name='voltage'
Range=[-1 1]
NumMFs=5
MF1='NS':'trimf',[-0.6 -0.5 -0.4]

44
MF2='Z':'trimf',[-0.3 0 0.3]
MF3='PS':'trimf',[0.4 0.5 0.6]
MF4='NB':'trimf',[-1 -0.9 -0.8]
MF5='PB':'trimf',[0.8 0.9 1]

[Rules]
1 1, 4 (1) : 1
2 1, 4 (1) : 1
3 1, 4 (1) : 1
4 1, 1 (1) : 1
5 1, 1 (1) : 1
1 5, 4 (1) : 1
2 5, 4 (1) : 1
3 5, 1 (1) : 1
4 5, 1 (1) : 1
5 5, 1 (1) : 1
1 2, 4 (1) : 1
2 2, 1 (1) : 1
3 2, 2 (1) : 1
4 2, 3 (1) : 1
5 2, 5 (1) : 1
1 4, 3 (1) : 1
2 4, 3 (1) : 1
3 4, 3 (1) : 1
4 4, 5 (1) : 1
5 4, 5 (1) : 1
1 3, 5 (1) : 1
2 3, 5 (1) : 1
3 3, 5 (1) : 1
4 3, 3 (1) : 1
5 3, 3 (1) : 1

45
 REFERENCES

1. Y.He and F.L.Lou;”Analysis of Luo converters with voltage–lift circuit”, IEE–

Proceeding on Electric Power Application, Vol.152, pp.1239-1252.Sep. 2005.
2. S. Arulselvi, G. Uma and M. Chidambaram, “Design of PID controller for boost
converter with RHS zero", august 2004.
3. Luo F. L., Ye H. and Rashid M. H, “ Four-Quadrant operating Luo-Converters”
Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference
4. L. K. Wong, T. K. Man, “How to best implement a synchronous buck converter”,
National Semiconductor material,
Apr,2008,http://www.eetimes.com/design/power-management-
design/4012225/Tip-ofthe- Week-How-to-best-implement-a-supplied.
5. Fang Lin and Hong Ye [2004],”Positive Output Multiple-Lift Push-Pull
Switched-Capacitor Luo-Converter”,
6. He.Ye and Luo F.L.[2005],”Analysis of Luo converter with Voltage Lift Circuit”,
IEEE Precedes Electrical on Power Applications,Volume:52,No.5,Page1239-
1252PESC’2000, Galway, Ireland, 18-23 June 2000, pp. 1047-1052.
7. Luo.F.L,HongYe,Rashid.M.H, ’Switched Capacitor Four Quadrant DC/DC Luo
Converter’, Industry Applications Conference,Vol.3,1999
8. Ishaque K, Salam Z, and Lauss G, “The performance of perturb and observe and
incremental conductance maximum power point tracking method under dynamic
conditions”, Applied Energy, volar 119,pp. 228–236,2014.
9. Safari A, and Mekhile S, “Simulation and Hardware Implementation of
Incremental Conductance MPPT with Direct Control Method Using Cuk
Converter,” IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, vol.58, pp.1154-1161, 2011.
10.Y.-H. Chang and C.-Y. Chang, "A Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV
System by Scaling Fuzzy Control," presented at International Multi Conference
of Engineers and Computer Scientists,Hong Kong, 2010.
11.G.Ch.Ioannidis, C.S.Psomopoulos “AC-DC and DC-DC Converters for DC
Motor Drives” Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Electronics
and Communication Systems
12.R. Rajalakshmi and G.Rajasekar “Design and Implementation of Non-Linear
Controller Using Positive Output Elementary Split Inductor Type Boost
Converter” International Journal of Advances in Engineering, 2015, 1(3), 235
– 244
13. Y.-H. Chang and C.-Y. Chang, "A Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV
System by Scaling Fuzzy Control," presented at International Multi
Conference of Engineers and Computer Scientists,Hong Kong, 2010
46
14. G.Ch.Ioannidis, C.S.Psomopoulos “AC-DC and DC-DC Converters for DC
Motor Drives” Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on
Electronics and Communication Systems
15. R. Rajalakshmi and G.Rajasekar “Design and Implementation of Non-Linear
Controller Using Positive Output Elementary Split Inductor Type Boost
Converter” International Journal of Advances in Engineering, 2015, 1(3), 235
– 244

47