TOPIC 2

KINEMATICS OF
LINEAR MOTION
Subtopic :
2.1 Linear motion
2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
2.3 Projectile motions

MODE FFace to face

f N Face
Non F to face 
f
SLT SLT
Lecture 1.5 1.5
Tutorial 7 7

1
 L
Learning outcomes
i t
At the end of this topic,
topic students should be able to:

a) Define
ii. iinstantaneous
t t velocity,
l it average velocity
l it andd uniform
if velocity.
l it
ii. instantaneous acceleration, average acceleration and uniform
acceleration.
b) Di
Discuss the
th physical
h i l meaning i off displacement-time,
di l t ti velocity-
l it
time and acceleration-time graphs.
(Lecture : C2,PLO1, MQF LOD1)

c) Determine the distance travelled, displacement, velocity and

acceleration from appropriate graphs.
(Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6)

2
 Learning outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a) Apply equations of motion with uniform acceleration.

(Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6)

  
v  u  at
  12
s  ut  at
 2  2 2 
v  u  2a s
3
 Learning outcomes
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:

a) Describe projectile motions launched at an angle , θ as

well as special case when θ = 0º and θ = 90º (free fall)
(Lecture : C2,PLO1, MQF LOD1)

b) Solve problems related to projectile motion.

(Tutorial : C4, PLO4, CTPS3, MQF LOD6)

4
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Recall your prior knowledge on Topic 2

Kinematics
Description of the motion of objects without 
consideration of what causes the motion (mass 
or force).

Linear motion
Linear motion
– motion of an object along a 
straight line path.

5
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Distance, d 
 defined as the total length of travel
defined as the total length of travel in moving from one 
in moving from one
location to another.
 scalar quantity.
 always positive.
l ii

Displacement, s 
Displacement s
 straight line distance (shortest distance) from the 
initial position to the final position of an object.
 Vector quantity
 can be positive, negative @ zero.

6
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Initial Position final Position

7
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Test your prior knowledge
y p g

Distance travelled = 200m
Displacement = 120 m, in the direction of Northeast
Displacement = 120 m in the direction of Northeast

8
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Test your prior knowledge
y p g

An air plane flies 600 km north and then 400 km to the east. What is the distance and 
displacement travelled by this air plane?

N 400 km E
final

600 km

N
Begin

Total distance traveled d = 600 + 400 = 1000 km
Total distance traveled d = 600 + 400 = 1000 km
2 2 = 721.11 km
Displacement, s =
600  400
9
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Speed, v
o defined as distance traveled per unit time
distance traveled d
v 
time to travel that distance t
o scalar quantity ; S.I. unit : m s–1.

Average Speed, (v )
o defined as the total distance travelled divided by the
total time elapsed.
d
Average speed , v 
t
o Scalar quantity ; S.I. unit : m s–1
10
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Prior knowledge Recall

Prior knowledge Recall 
1.
1 What is kinematics?
2. What is linear motion?
3. What is distance?
4
4. Wh t iis di
What displacement
l t?
5. What is speed?
6. What is velocity?
7. What is acceleration?
8. Give 3 kinematic equations of motion with uniform
acceleration.
acceleration
9. Name two types of motion graph that can be draw.
10. Name two types of motion graph that can be draw.
11 What
11. Wh t iis ffree ffallll ?
12. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity?
11
2.1  Linear Motion

Velocity,  v
o tells us how fast object is moving & in which direction it is 
moving.
o vector quantity 
o SI unit : m s–1
Average velocity, vav
o is defined as the rate of change of displacement.
displacement
change of displacement
vav 
time interval
s2  s1
vav 
t 2  t1
Δs
vav 
Δt 12
 Its direction is in the same direction of the change in
displacement.
displacement
Instantaneous velocity, v
o velocity at a specified position or instant of time along the
path of motion.
o commonly referred as `velocity at point A ` or ` velocity at
ti
time t `.
o Equation : limit s
v
t  0 t
ds
v
dt
ds
 An object moves in a uniform velocity when  constant
dt
and
d th
the instantaneous
i t t velocity
l it equalsl tto th
the average
velocity at any time.
time
13
 Gradient line BE = average velocity
Gradient of the tangent to the
curve at point C = Instantaneous
t velocity

s
s

Gradient of s-t graph = velocity

14
 
Acceleration,  a
o defined as the rate of change of velocity
 vector quantity

 The S.I. unit for acceleration is m s-2.

o Velocity is vector quantity,  a change in velocity may
thus involve either or both magnitude & direction.
o An
A acceleration
l ti may d due tto:
1) change in speed (magnitude),
2) change in direction or
3) change in both speed and direction.

15
Test your understanding
y g
A cow is moving at 30 km h–1 to the north. Then it turns to 
the west without changing its speed. Is the cow accelerating?
final
W N

Begin

Answer : YES
Answer : YES ! 
!
Reason : there is a change in direction
16
Average acceleration, aav
o change in velocity divided by the time taken to
make the change.
o Equation :
change of velocity
aav 
time interval
v2  v1
aav 
t 2  t1
Δv
aav 
Δt
 Its direction is in the same direction of change in
velocity.
velocity
 The acceleration of an object is uniform when the
magnitude of velocity changes at a constant rate and
along fixed direction. 17
Instantaneous acceleration, a
o is defined as the acceleration at a particular instant of
time.
o Equation:
limit v
a
t  0 t

dv d 2 s
a  2
dt dt
 An object moves in a uniform acceleration when
dv
 constant
dt
and the instantaneous acceleration equals to the average
acceleration
l ti att any time.
time
ti
18
 v

Q
v1

The gradient of the tangent to the curve at point Q

= the instantaneous acceleration at time, t = t1
0 t1 t

G di
Gradient off v-t graph
h = acceleration
l i

19
Deceleration
o object
j is slowingg down
( direction of acceleration is OPPOSITE to the direction
of the motion or velocity).

Car in figure (a) & (d) : accelerate

Car in figure (b) & (c) : decelerate 20
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Example 1
p

A car travels in a straight line along a road. Its distance, s is given as a function of time 
t by the equation:
t by the equation:

s (t )  2.4t 2  0.12t 3
(a)  Calculate the average velocity of the car for the time interval t = 0 s and t = 10 s.

(b)  Calculate the instantaneous velocity of the car at t = 5 s.

(c) Calculate the instantaneous acceleration of the car at t = 5 s.

(c)  Calculate the instantaneous acceleration of the car at t  5s

21
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution
Given :
Given : 
s (t )  2.4t 2  0.12t 3
(a) At t1= 0 s, s1 = 0 m
At t2=10 s, ,
s2 = 2.4(10)2 – 0.12 (10)3 = 120 m

 s 2  s1 120  0
Average velocity, v av  
t 2  t1 10  0

v av  12 m s 1
ds
(b) Instantaneous velocity,  v
dt
d
 ( 2.4t 2  0.12t 3 )
dt 22
 Non Face-to-face SLT

v  4.8t  0.36t 2
At t = 5s,  v  4.8(5)  0.36(5) 2

1
v  15 m s 1

(c) Instantaneous acceleration, 

dv d
a  ( 4.8t  0.36t 2 )
dt dt
a  4.8  0.72t

At t = 5s,  a  4.8  0.72(5)

2
a  1.2 m s
23
Graphical methods
Displacement against time graph (s-t)
s s

Gradient increases
with time
Gradient = constant
0 t 0 t
(a) Uniform
U o velocity
e oc ty (b) The velocity increases with time
s
(c) Q
G di t att point
Gradient i t R iis negative.
ti
R
P
The direction of
Gradient at point Q is zero.
velocity is changing
changing.
The velocity is zero.
t
24
0
Velocity versus time graph (v-t)
v v v B
Uniform
C
Uniform velocity acceleration

0 t1 (a) t2 t 0 t1 t 0 t1 t
(b) t2 t2 (c)

shaded area under the v  t graph  Displacement, s

Gradient of v-t graph = acceleration, a

 The g
gradient at p
point A is p
positive – a > 0(speeding
( p g up)
p)
 The gradient at point B is zero – a= 0
 The gradient at point C is negative – a < 0(slowing down) 25
 Physical meanings of displacement−time graphs

Type of
No Graph Description
Motion

s(m)
Uniform
1 Velocity is constant.
Motion t (s)
()
0
s (m)
Non The gradient increases,
increases velocity
2 Uniform increases  Object is under
Motion acceleration.
0 t(s)
( )

s(m) B C -From point A to C the gradient

Non decreases, velocity decreases 
3 Uniform Object is under deceleration.
deceleration
Motion A -Gradient at B to C is zero,
t(s) velocity = 0
26
0
 Ph sical meanings of velocity−time
Physical elocit time graphs

Type of 
No Graph Description
Motion
v (ms‐1) 
Uniform 
Uniform
1 Gradient = Acceleration=0
Motion
0 t (s)
( ‐11)
v (ms
Non
Velocity increases uniformly 
2 Uniform 
Constant acceleration
Motion 0 t (s)
v (ms‐1)
Non
y
Velocity decreases uniformly
y
3 U if
Uniform 
Constant deceleration
Motion 0 t (s) 27
 Physical meanings of acceleration
acceleration−time
time graphs

Type of 
No Graph Description
Motion
a (ms‐2)
Uniform 
1 Acceleration is 0
Motion
t (s)
0
a (ms‐2)
Non
Object is under acceleration 
Object is under acceleration
2 Uniform 
(positive value).
Motion 0 t (s)

a (ms‐2)
Non
Object is under deceleration 
3 Uniform  0 t (s)
()
(
(negative value).
ti l )
Motion
28
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Gradient, m

v a
s
vs
vs vs
t t t
Area under the graph, A

29
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Type of
Displacement Velocity acceleration
Motion
v a
x

Uniform
Motion
t t t
0 0 0

v a
x
Non
Uniform
Motion t t
0 t 0 0

x v
Non
Uniform 0 t
Motion
t t
0 0 30
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example 6
A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the
displacement, s against time, t graph in Figure 2.1.
s ((cm))
10
8
6
4
2

Figure 2.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)

a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train.
b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph.
c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 11 s.
e. Determine the distance travelled by the toy train. 31
 Non Face-to-face SLT

S l ti :
Solution
a. 0 to 10 s : The train at rest.
10 to 14 s : The train moves in positive direction at a constant
velocity of 1.50 cm s1.
b.
v (cm s1)

1.50

0.68

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
32
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution :
s2  s1
c. vav 
t 2  t1
10  4

14  0
vav  0.429 cm s 1

d. v  average velocity from 10 s to 14 s

s2  s1
v
t 2  t1
10  4
v
14  10
1
v  1.50 cm s 33
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution :
e. The distance travelled by the train, d is given by
d  area under the graph v-t
 1.5014  10
d  6.0 cm

34
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Example 7
p
A velocity-time (v-t) graph in Figure 2.2 shows the motion of a lift.
v ((m s1)

4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2
-4
Figure 2.2
a. Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift
a lift.
b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s2) against time (s).
c. Determine the total distance travelled byy the lift and its
displacement.
d. Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s. 35
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution :
a. 0 tto 5 s : Lift moves upward d ffrom restt with
ith a constant
t t
acceleration of 0.4 m s2.
5 to 15 s : The velocity of the lift increases from 2 m s1
to 4 m s1 but the acceleration decreasing to
0.2 m s2.
15 to 20 s : Lift moving with constant velocity of 4 m s11.
20 to 25 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.8 m s2.
25 to 30 s : Lift at rest or stationary.
stationary
30 to 35 s : Lift moves downward with a constant
acceleration of 0.8 m s2.
35 to 40 s : Lift moving downward with constant velocity
of 4 m s1.
40 to 50 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.4 m s2
and comes to rest. 36
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution :
b.
a (m s2)

08
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
06
-0.8

37
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Solution :
c. i. v (m s1)

4
2
A2 A3
A1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 A35 40 45 50 t (s)
()
-2 4
A5
-4

Total distance  area under the graph of v-t

 A1  A 2  A 3  A 4  A 5
1 1 1 1 1
Total distance  2 5  2  4 10   5  10 4   54   15  54 
2 2 2 2 2

Total distance  115 m

38
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution :
c. ii. Displacement  area under the graph of v - t
 A1  A 2  A 3  A 4  A 5
1
Displacement  25  1 2  410   1 5  10 4  1 5 4  1 15  5 4
2 2 2 2 2
Displacement  15 m
v2  v1
d. aav 
t 2  t1
44
aav 
40  20
2
a av  0.4 m s

39
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example 8

40
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Figure 5 shows a graph of displacement x against time t of  an object moving along x‐
g g p p g j g g
axis. Calculate
(a) Average velocity for the time interval, 1 s to 4 s.
(b) Average speed for the time interval, 1 s to 4 s.
(c) Instantaneous velocity at t = 2.5 s.
(d) Instantaneous acceleration at t = 5.5 s.

Solution

(a)   s (3)  2
v average    1 . 67 m s 1

t 4 1

x 2  4  3 1
(b)
(b) 
vaverage    3 m s
t 4 1
41
 Non Face-to-face SLT

(c)
(c)  dx
v | t  2 .5 s   gradient at t  2.5 s
dt
(3)  4

3 2
1
 7 m s

 ddv 2
(d) 
a 0ms
dt
42
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Follow up exercise

1. You walk from your house to friend’s house then

to the grocery shop. Calculate:
(i) the distance traveled
traveled. (8.5m)
(8 5m)
(ii) the displacement. (4.3m)

2. An athlete runs four laps of a 400 m track.

What is the athlete’s total displacement? (0m)

3. What is meant by distance and displacement?

(UPS 2010/2011) 43
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution

(1)(i) The distance travelled

= 2.1 + 2.1 + 4.3
= 8.5
85m

((ii)) The displacement

= 2.1 + (-2.1) + 4.3
= 4.3 m

(2) The total displacement = 0m

(3) Di
Distance
t th total
the t t l length
l th off travel
t l in
i moving
i
from one location to another.
Displacement straight line distance (shortest
distance) from the initial position to the final
position of an object. 44
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Follow up exercise

4. Can you accelerate a body without speeding up

or slowing down? Is it possible?
5. A car is traveling at 30 km h–1 to the north.
Then it turns to the west without changing
g g its
speed. Is the car accelerating?
6. How would you draw a displacement time graph
for a stationary object?
7. What would the gradient of a distance time
graph represent?
8. What does the area a speed-time graph
represent?

45
 Non Face-to-face SLT

9. The distance – time ggraph

p in figure
g below
represents the motion of an ant in 7 seconds.
Describe its motion.

46
 Non Face-to-face SLT

10 A b
10. body
d moves along
l th
the x-axis.
i Assume
A that
th t a
positive sign represents a direction to the right.
The velocity,
y v of the body
y is related to time, t
through the equation

v  2  3t 2

where v and t are measured in ms-1 and s

respectively.
ti l t = 0 when
h x = 0.
0
Determine
(a) the displacement
(b) the acceleration
at the instant of time t = 1 s

47
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Answer

4. Yes, it is possible.
5. Yes, the
5 h car is
i accelerating.
l i
6. s(m)

t (s)
0
7. Speed
8. Distance

48
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Answer

9.i. At t=0s to t=2s the ant move with constant

speed 1 cms-1 to the back.
back

ii. At t=2s to t= 3s, the ant move forward with

speedd 3cms
3 1.
-1

iii.At t=3s to t=6s, the ant not moving.

iv. At t=6s to t=7s, the move to the origin with

speed 1cms-1.

49
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Answer

10. a. displacement;
dx
v
dt
x   vdt
d
  2  3t 2 dt
 2t  t 3
= 2(1) - 13
=1m
50
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Answer

10. b. acceleration;
dv
a
dt
d
 ( 2  3t 2 )
dt
= -3t(2)

= -6 ms-2

51
 Non Face-to-face SLT
2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion
For uniform (constant) accelerated motion  velocity
changes at a uniform rate.
Consider the motion between X and Y for an object
under uniform accelerated motion:

u = initial velocity ( velocity on passing X )

v = final velocity ( velocity on passing Y )
a = acceleration
s = displacement ( in moving from X to Y )
t = time taken ( to move from X to Y ) 52
 Non Face-to-face SLT

• From the definition of average acceleration, uniform

(constant
constant) acceleration is given by
v u
a
t
v  u  at ((1))

where v : final velocity

u : initial velocity
a : uniform (constant) acceleration
t : time

53
 Non Face-to-face SLT
 From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in Figure below :

velocity

u
t time
0
 From the graph,
The displacement after time, s = shaded area under the graph
= the area of trapezium
 Hence,
1
s  u  v t (2)
2 54
 Non Face-to-face SLT

 By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus

1
s  u  u  at t
2
1 2
s  ut  at (3)
2
 From eq. (1), v  u   at
2s multiply
py
 From eq. (2), v  u  
t
 2s 
v  u v  u    at 
 t 
v  u  2as
2 2
(4)

55
 Non Face-to-face SLT
 Notes:
 equations (1) – (4) can be used if the motion in a straight line with
constant acceleration.
 For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the equations (1)
and (4) become v  u
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as
s  vt constant velocity

 s, u,v,a are vector quantities thus we need to taking into account

direction of these quantities when do substitution into the
kinematics equations.
+
 Acceleration : + a ; Deceleration : −a
 Rightwards
g or Upwards : +s, +u, +v Sign convention

 Leftwards or downwards : −s, − u, −v ; − +

 Implicit data in problem(s) :
Initially at rest  u = 0
Decelerate or brake  −a (* has negative sign) −
Finally stop  v = 0 56
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example 8
The driver of a pickup truck going 100 km h–11
applies the brakes, giving the truck a uniform
deceleration of 6.50 m s–2 while it travels 20.0m.
(a) What is the speed of the truck in kilometers
per hour at the end of this distance ?
(b) How much time has elapsed ?

Solution
Given :
a = – 6.5 m s–2 ( deceleration )
s = 20 m
u = 100 km h–1
100(1000)m
  27.78 m s 1
60(60)s 57
 Non Face-to-face SLT
(a) Final velocity , v = ?
v 2  u 2  2as
v 2  ( 27.78) 2  2( 6.5)( 20)
v  511.7284
2

1
v  22.62 ms
Convert to km h–1
22.62
km
v  1000
1
hour
60(60)
1
v  81.43 km
k h
58
 Non Face-to-face SLT
(b) Assume : time elapsed, t
v  u  at
22.62  27.78  (6.5)t
 6.5t  5.16
5.16
t
6.5
t  0.794 s

59
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example 9

A park ranger driving on a back country road

suddenly sees a deer ‘frozen’
frozen in his headlights.
headlights
The ranger, who is driving at 11.4 m s−1
immediately y applies
pp the brakes and slows with
an acceleration of 3.8 m s−2.
a) If the deer is 20.0 m from the ranger’s
vehicle when the brakes are applied, how
close does the ranger come to hitting the
d
deer??
b) How much time is needed for the ranger’s
vehicle to stop?
60
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution

Given: u = 11.4 m s−1 ; a = − 3.80 m s−2

1st find the distance traveled before stopped

61
 Non Face-to-face SLT
From: v 2  u 2  2as 2
(0) 2  (11.14) 2  2(3.8)( s )
129.96
s  17.1 m
 7 .6
The distance between the stopped vehicle & deer:

x  20  17.1  2.9 m

(b) Time needed to stop = ?

From: v  u  at
0  11.4  (3.8)t
t  3 .0 s
62
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example 10
A toy car moves with an acceleration of 2 m s–2
from rest for 2.0 s. It then moves with constant
velocity for another 3.0 s. It finally comes to rest
after another 1.0 s.
(a) Sketch a velocity-time graph to shown the
motion of the toy car.
(b) What is the velocity of the toy car after first
2 seconds ?
(c) Calculate the deceleration of the car.
(d) What is the total displacement of the car for
the whole journey.
(e) Sketch the acceleration-time graph for the
motion of toy car.
63
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Solution
(a) v ( m s–1) Deceleration
V decreases
from 4 m s–1 to
4
0 m s–1 in 1 s

t (s)
0 2 5 6

(b) Using: v  u  at
 0  2(2)
1
v  4ms 64
 Non Face-to-face SLT

((c)) Using:
g v  u  at
vu 04
a 
t 1
2
a  4 m s

(d) Displacement, s = area under the graph

1
s  (3  6)( 4)
2
s  18 m

65
 Non Face-to-face SLT
(e) Acceleration – time graph

a ( m s–2)

2
t (s)
0 2 5 6

–4
66
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Follow up exercise

1 The speed limit in a school zone is 40 km h–1. A

driver traveling at this speed sees a child run
onto the road 13 m ahead of his car. He applies
the brakes and the car decelerates at a uniform
rate of 8.0 m s–2. If the driver’s reaction time is
0.25 s, will the car stop before hitting the child ?

2 (a) Is it possible for an object moving at non zero

velocityy has a zero acceleration? Explain.
p
(b) A car is capable of accelerating at 0.60 m s–2.
Calculate the time needed for this car to go from
a speed of 5.5 m s–11 to a speed of 8.0 m s–11.
67
 Non Face-to-face SLT
3 Figure 2 shows a displacement – time graph of a car moving
along a straight road.
Copy and complete Table 1 by stating any change ( increase
/ decrease / constant / zero / no change ) in the distance,
speed and acceleration of the car for each zone.

Zone Distance Speed Acceleration

A
B
C 68
 Non Face-to-face SLT
4 Show that v  u  at
1 2
5 Show that s  ut  at
2
6 Show that v 2  u 2  2as

7 An object moves along the x x-axis.

axis. When it is at the centre of
coordinate, its velocity is  6 m s -1 and its acceleration is .
-2
8.0 m s
Determine
(a) its position at t= 2.0 s
(b) Its velocity at t = 3.0 s

8 An object moves
mo es along a straight line with ith constant
-1
acceleration. Its initial velocity is 20 m s . After 5.0 s, the
velocity becomes 40 m s -1. Determine the distance travelled
during the third second.
second

69
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Answer

1 Distance travel, in the Total distance travel, s

reaction time interval; = 2.78 + 7.714
= 10.494
10 494 m
1 2
s  ut  at
2 the car stop before
1 2 0 hitting the child.
s  ut  at
2
s = 11.11 (0.25) = 2.78 m
Distance travel, during
break being applied;

v2 = u2 + 2as
02 = 11.112 + 2(-8)s
s = 7.714 m 70
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Answer

2 a. Yes, when the object moving with

constant velocity.

b. v = u + at
8 = 5.5 + (0.6)t
( )
t = 4.17s

3 Zone Distance Speed Acceleration

A increase increase constant
B increase constant zero
C No change zero zero

71
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Answer
1 2
7 a. s  ut  at
2
1
s  (6)(2)  (8)(2) 2
2
=4m
1 2
b. s  ut  at
2
1
s  (6)(3)  (8)(3) 2

2
= 18 m

72
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Answer

8 v = u + at
40 = 20 + a(5)
a = 4 m s-22
1 2
s  ut  at
2
1
s  (20)(3)  (4)(3) 2
2
= 78 m

73
2.3 Projectile
j Motions

o A projectile motion consists of two components:

– vertical component (y-comp.)
(y comp )
• motion under constant gravity acceleration,
ay= gg ((air resistance is negligible)
g g )
– horizontal component (x-comp.)
• No affected by gravity, motion with constant
velocity
l it thus
th ax= 0

o Horizontal and vertical components of motion

(velocity, displacement, acceleration) MUST be
discussed separately.

74
75
o 3 cases in projectile motions:
General case Special case
Launch horizontally Launch vertically
launch at angle θ
θ = 0º θ = 90º (free fall)

u u
u
 u   90

u   90


u  90
u
u

Note :  θ is measured from horizontal axis 76
General case: launch at angle θ
y
B
vy v v = vx

P 
Q vx
vx H 
uy u sy vy v T

 C (final
(fi l position)
iti )
x
(Initial position) A ux t sx t  vx
R
vy v
u = initial velocity , θ = launch angle
ux = initial component-x
component x (horizontal) velocity
uy = initial component-y (vertical) velocity
Terms used to 
v = velocity at time t
describe the 
vX = velocity component-x (horizontal) at time t
motion
vy = velocity
l i component-y (vertical)
( i l) at time
i t
sx = Horizontal displacement ; sy = vertical displacement
R = range ; H = maximum height ; T = time of flight 77
uy = u sin θ u

Vertical 
Resolve u into x ay = –g
& y components t
Displacement,
Sy @ Height
ux = u cos θ
θ vx
θ
Horizontal Displacement Sx @ Range
Horizontal Displacement,S @ Range
Treat projectile as x and
y motion separately.
separately
vy V
) ax = 0 m s–2
Horizontally ( x motion ) 
y(
vertically ( y motion )  ay = –g = – 9.81 m s–2 78
 Equations of projectile motion
y component
Quantity x component (Horizontal)
(Vertical)
Acceleration (a) ax  0 ay  g
Initial velocity (u) u x  u cos θ u y  u sin θ
Displacement (s) 1 20 1 2
sx  uxt  axt  s x  u xt s y  u yt  gt
2 2
0 v y  u y  gt
vx  ux  axt  vx  ux v y2  u y2  2 gs y

Velocity at any Magnitude :

v vx 2  v y 2
time (v)
Direction : Treat
eat x a
and
dy
1  y 
v
θ  tan   components
 vx  separately. 79
Special case : launch at angle θ = 0º
u u sx
vx
vy v
h sy

A B
x
 Horizontal component along path AB.
y, u x  u  v x  constant
velocity,
 Vertical component along path AB.
initial velocity, u y  0
displacement, s y  h
80
Special case : launch at angle θ = 90º
At max height : vy=0  Horizontal component does not exist.

 Vertical component for the motion is under

the sole influence of gravity.
sy vy Quantity
y y component
p ((vertical))
Acceleration (a) ay  g
u
θ=90º Initial velocity (u) uy  u
Displacement (s) 1 2
s y  u yt  gt
vy 2
Velocity at any
v y  u y  gt
time (v) v y2  u y2  2 gs y

vy  This motion also known as free fall. 81

 Non Face-to-face SLT

LEARN MORE THROUGH VIDEOS

(Scan QR codes given, WATCH the videos
before attending tutorial class)

Vid 1 : Introduction to
Video
Projectile motion

Video 2 : Demonstrating the 
Components of 
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion

82
 Non Face-to-face SLT

LEARN MORE THROUGH VIDEOS

(Scan QR codes given, WATCH the videos
before attending tutorial class)

Video 3 : Projectile motion

Video 4 : Problem solving 
strategy for 
kinematics problem
kinematics problem

83
 Non Face-to-face SLT

LEARN MORE THROUGH VIDEOS

(Scan QR codes given, WATCH the videos
before attending tutorial class)

Video 5 : Solving Projectile

motion_Part1

Video 6 : Solving Projectile

motion_Part2

84
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ
A cannonball
b ll iis fired
fi d with
ith an initial
i iti l velocity
l it off 30.0
30 0 m s–11 att an
angle of 35° to the horizontal.
(a) What is the maximum height reached by the ball ?
(b) What is its range ?
At max height:
vy = 0 m/s

uy u= 30 m s–1 H At this point :

sx = R
sy = 0

θ=35°
ux
R 85
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  u cos  uy  u sin 
 30 cos 35  24.6 m s 1  30 ssin 35  177.2 m s 1
(a) At max height : vy  0
Range
ge refer
e e too thee Maximum height refer to vy
2
 uy
2
 2asy
maximum horizontal vertical (y component)
displacement (x displacement. (0)  (17.2) 2  2(9.81) H
component)
H  15.1 m
(b) R  sx  ? 1 2
Find the time 
sy  uy t  ay t
0
using comp y
2
1 2
sx  uxt  axt 1
2 0  17.2t  ( 9.81)t 2
2
R  24.6(3.506)
t  3.506 s
 86.25 m
86
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Extra information for you.

Maximum range, Rmax at a

particular speed is obtained when
launch angle θ = 45º :

87
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ

At this point :
sx = d
sy = 0
u

A cannon b ball
ll is
i shot
h t outt att an initial
i iti l speed
d off
100 m s–1 at an angle 36°. It hits a target that sits
at a distance d away
away. Determine the value of d d.
88
x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  u cos  uy  u sin 
 100cos30  86.6 m s1  100sin 30  50 m s 1
sx  d  ? sy  0
vx  ux vy  ?

0
1 1 2
sx  uxt  axt 2 sy  uy t  ay t
2 2
d  86.6(10.2)
1
0  50t  ( 9.81)t 2
 883.32 m 2
4.905t 2  50t
t  10.2 s
89
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ
A projectile is shot from the edge of a cliff 115m above ground 
A projectile is shot from the edge of a cliff 115m above ground
level with an initial speed of 65.0 at an angle of 35.0 with the 
horizontal, as shown in the figure. Determine its velocity at the 
instant just before the projectile hits point P.

90
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  65cos35  53.24 m s1 uy  65sin 35  37.28 m s 1
sx  ? sy  115 m
vx  ux vy  ?
vx  ux  14.12
14 12 m s 1 v y 2  u y 2  2 a ys y

 (37.28)2  2(9.81)(115)
60 38 m s 1
vy  60.38

v  vx 2  vy 2  (14 12) 2  (60

(14.12) 38) 2
(60.38) Velocity
V l it mustt calculate
l l t
both magnitude and
direction.
 62.0 m s 1
vy 60.38
tan       76.84 below +x
vx 14.12 91
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ

Refer FIGURE above, a 0.50 kg ball is thrown at 42
g ° above the 
horizontal at 19 m s–1 from a stationary hot air balloon 25 m above 
the ground. Calculate
(a) the time for the ball to strike the ground
(a)   the time for the ball to strike the ground.
(c)   the range as the ball strikes the ground.
(b)   the velocity as the ball strikes the ground. 92
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  19cos 42  14.12 m s 1 uy  19sin 42  12.71 m s 1
sx  ? sy  25 m
vx  ux vy  ?
1
0 1
(a )s y  u yt  a yt 2
(b) sx  uxt  axt 2 2
2 1
 (14.12) (3.90) 25  12.71(t )  (9.81)(t ) 2
 55 . 07 m 2
t  3 .90 s
(c)vx  ux  14.12 m s 1 vy  uy  ayt  12 .71  (  9 .81)t
v y   25 . 54 ms  1
Velocity must
1
v  vx  vy  (14.12)  (25.54)  29.18ms
2 2 2 2 calculate both
magnitude and
direction
direction.
vy  25 .54
tan       61 .06  below  x
vx 14 .12 93
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ
IIn the
th given
i picture
i t shown
h th
the motion
ti path
th off cannonball.
b ll Find
Fi d
(a) the maximum height it can reach,
(b)total time of flight and
(c) the horizontal distance it covers and

Sy
53º
53

94
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  u cos  uy  u sin 
5 0 5 m s 1
 2 5 cos 5 3  1 5.0
 25sin 53  19.97 m s 1
sx  ? sy  60 m
vx  ux vy  ?
(a )vy 2  uy 2  2aysy
0  (19.97)2  2(9.81)sy
sy  20.33 m
h max  60  20.33  80.33 m
1
1 02 ( b ) s y  u yt  a yt 2
(c) sx  uxt  axt 2
2 1
60  (19.97)
(19 97)t  (99.81)
81)t 2
15.05 6.08 2
 91.504m t  6.08s 95
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example : launch at an angle, θ
A hockey player hits a “slap
slap shot “ in practice ( with no goalie present ) when
he is 15.0 m directly in front of the net. The net is 1.20 m high and the puck is
initially hit at an angle of 5° above the ice with a speed of 35.0 m s–1.
(a) Make a sketch of the situation using x - y coordinates, assuming that the
puck is at the origin at the time it is hit. Be sure to locate the net in the
sketch and show its height.
g
(b) Determine if the puck makes it into the net.

Solution :
(a) Sketching

35 m s−1
ux= 35 m s sy

sx= 15 m
96
x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  u cos  uy  u sin 
 35 cos 5  34.9 m s 1 i 5  3.05 m s 1
 35 sin
sx  15 m sy  ?
vx  ux Logical Thinking :
F the
For h puckk goes into
i the
h net,  sy ≤ 1.20
1 20 m at
Find t using comp x distance 15 m

0
1
sx  uxt  axt 2 1 2
2 sy  uy t  ay t
sx 15 2
t   0.43s 1
ux 34.9  (3.05)(0.43)  ( 9.81)(0.43) 2
2
 0.40 m
Since 0.4 < 1.2 m
 puck goes into the net.
97
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Example: Launch at θ = 0º
Example: Launch at θ

10 m

40 m
40 m

FIGURE above shows a stuntman who is moving 
h i t ll t k
horizontally takes off from a height of 10 m above the 
ff f h i ht f 10 b th
ground and lands 40 m away. Calculate 
(a) time of flight
(a)  time of flight.
(b)  the take‐off speed.
98
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t ?
ax  0 ay   g
ux  ? ☻u y  0 m s 1 K1
sx  40 m sy  10 m
vx  ux vy  ?

01
(b) s x  u xt  a xt 2 R1 (a) 1
s y  u yt  a yt 2 R1
2 2
40  ux (1
(1.43)
43)
1
10  (0)t  (9.81)t 2 G1
ux  27.97 m s 1 2
GJU1 1 43 s JU1
t  1.43
Below 
initial  Tips : Always start solve the
point  − problem from the components that
you have most information given.

99
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example: Launch at θ = 0º
A ball is projected horizontally from high building above the ground.
It is thrown with an initial velocity of 3 m s–1. The ball lands on the
ground d11.5
5 s llater.
t
(a) How far from the building does the ball strike the ground ?
(b) How height is the building?
(c) What is the velocity of the ball just before it strikes the ground ?
Solution
3 m/s
3 m/s Ball strike
ground

(b) sy = ?
(b)  s =?

(c)  v = ?

(a)  sx = ?
Building
100
 x component (Horizontal) y component (Vertical)
t  1.5 s
ax  0 ay   g
ux  3 m s 1 ☻ u y  0 m s 1

sx  ? sy  ?
vx  ux vy  ?
0 1 1
(a) sx  uxt  axt 2 (b ) s y  u y t  a y t 2
2 2
 (3)(1.5) 1
 0  (9.81)(1.5) 2
 4.5 m 2
sy  11.04 m

(c)vx  ux  3 m s 1 vy  uy  ayt  0  ( 9.81)(1.5)

v y   14.72 m s 1

v  vx  vy
2  322
 ( 14 . 72 ) 2
 1 5 .0 2 m s  1 Velocity must calculate
b th magnitude
both it d andd
vy 14.72    78.48below  x direction.
tan   
vx 3 101
 Non Face-to-face SLT

Example: Launch at θ = 90
Example: Launch at θ 90º
A student drops a ball from the top of a tall building, it
takes 2.8 s for the ball to reach the ground.
(a) What was the ball’s
ball s speed just before hitting the
ground ?
(b) What is the height of the building ?

102
 y component (Vertical)
Solution
Given : t  2.8s
ay   g
uy  0 m s 1 (Dropped)
Find : (a) vy  ? (b) sy  ?
(a) vy  uy  gt
vy  0  (9.81)(2.8)
1 * (–) indicates v is
vy  27.47ms downward )

1 2
(b) sy  uyt  gt
2
1
sy  0  (9.81)(2.8) 2
2
sy  38.46m * (–) indicates
di l
displacement t is
i
downward )
103
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example: Launch at θ = 90º
A boy throws a stone straight upward with an initial speed
of 15 m s–1. What maximum height will the stone reach
b f
before falling
f lli b back
kddown ?
Solution y component (Vertical)
Gi
Given : ay   g
uy  15 m s 1
Concept : at max height  vy  0 m s 1
Find : sy  ?
vy 2  u y 2  2 gs y
( 0 ) 2  (15 ) 2  2 (9 .81) s y
225
sy   11.47 m
19 .62
104
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example: Launch at θ = 90º

A stone is thrown vertically

downward at an initial 14 m s–11
sy = ? after 2 s
speed of 14 ms–1 from a
height of 65 m above the
ground.

(a) How far does the stone

travel in 2 s ?
(b) What
Wh t is
i its
it velocity
l it just
j t
before it hits the
ground ? vy = ?

105
Solution :

y component (Vertical)
Given : ay   g
uy  14 m s 1 (thrown downward)

(a) sy  ? at t = 2 s
1 2
sy  uyt  gt
2
1
sy  (14)(2)  (9.81)(2) 2
2
 28  19.62
sy  47.62 m

106
 y component (Vertical)
Given : ay   g
uy  14 m s 1 (thrown
(thro n downward)
do n ard) 14 m s–11

sy  65 m
Find : vy  ?

v 2  u 2  2 gs sy = −65 m
v 2  (14) 2  2(9.81)(65)
v 2  1471.3
v  38.36 m s 1
vy = ?

107
 Non Face-to-face SLT
Example: Launch at θ = 90º

A ball is thrown upward from a cliff with B

an initial velocity 20 m s-11. The cliff is
40 m high. Calculate sy
u
A
(a) Maximum height reached.

((b)) Time taken to reach a p point 25 m

below the initial point. C
40 m

108
 y component (Vertical)
Given : ay   g
uy  20 m s 1

Find : (a) sy  ?
Concept : at max height  vy  0 m s 1

vy 2  u y 2  2 gs y
( 0 ) 2  ( 20 ) 2  2 (9 .81) s y
400
sy   20.39 m
19 .62

Maximum height reached = 40 + sy

= 40 + 20.39
= 60.39
60 39 m
109
 y component (Vertical)
Given : ay   g
uy  20 m s 1
sy  25 m
uy
Find : (b) t = ?
Initial
1 2
sy  uyt  gt
2 sy =−25 m

1 final
 25  20t  (9.81)t 2
2 40 m

4.905 t 2  20 t  25  0
Use mode EQN calculator  t  5.08 s

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 Non Face-to-face SLT
Follow up Exercise
(1)  The diagram shows a trajectory of a golf ball.
(1) The diagram shows a trajectory of a golf ball. Which set 
Which set
of the arrows show the direction of the acceleration of 
the ball at point P and Q respectively?

A B

C D

111
 Non Face-to-face SLT

(2)  A gun with its barrel horizontal fires a shell from the 
(2) A gun with its barrel horizontal fires a shell from the
top of a cliff.  Neglecting the effect of air resistance, 
which of the three paths A, B, C most closely 
p , , y
resembles the path of the shell?

112
 Non Face-to-face SLT

(3)Suppose a rescue airplane drops a relief package while

it is moving with a constant horizontal speed at an
elevated height.

Assuming that air resistance is negligible, where will

the relief package land relative to the plane?

A. below the plane and behind it.

B. directly below the plane
C. below the plane and ahead of it 113
 Non Face-to-face SLT

(4) A basketball player who is 2 2.00

00 m tall is standing on the
floor 10.0 m from the basket, as in Figure below. If he
shoots the ball at a 40.0 angle above the
h i
horizontal,
t l att what
h t iinitial
iti l speed
d mustt h
he th
throw so th
thatt it
goes through the hoop without striking the backboard?
The basket height is 3.05 m.
Ans: 10.67 m s‐1

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 Non Face-to-face SLT

(5)    A stone is thrown upward from the roof of a 
building with velocity 15 m s–1 at an angle of 30° to 
the horizontal The height of the building is 40 0 m
the horizontal. The height of the building is 40.0 m. 
Calculate
(a) The maximum height of the stone from
the ground.
(b) The magnitude of the velocity of the
stone just before it strikes the ground.

Answer
(a) 42.87 m
31.78 m s–1
(b) 31.78 m s

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 Non Face-to-face SLT

((6)) An airplane
p moving g horizontallyy with a constant velocity
y
of 115 m s–1 at an altitude of 1050 m. The plane
released on aid parcel that falls to the ground.
(i) What are the horizontal and vertical components
of the parcel’s initial velocity?
((ii)) How long
g does the p
parcel take to hit the g
ground?

(iii) Calculate the velocity of the parcel just before it

hits the ground.
g

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 Non Face-to-face SLT

((7)) A transport
p g horizontallyy at a constant velocityy of 50 m s1
plane travelling
p
at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when directly above a point X on
level ground. Calculate
a. the flight time of the parcel,
b. the velocity of impact of the parcel,
c. the distance from X to the point of impact.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

u  50 m s 1
Ans: 
A
t = 7.8 s
v = 91.6 m s‐1 300
s = 390 m m
X
d 117
 Non Face-to-face SLT

VB = 1.96 m/s
= 1 96 m/s

(8)   Figure shows a stationary object on a smooth table at height h 
above the floor. The object moves horizontally a distance of 1.6 m
above the floor. The object moves horizontally a distance of 1.6 m 
from A to B with uniform acceleration 1.2 m s–2. Then the object is 
projected from B and fall onto the floor in 0.5 s. Calculate
(a) The velocity of the object at B
(a) The velocity of the object at B
(b)  The value of h

Ans : (a) 1.96 m s‐1; (b) 1.23 m
118
 Non Face-to-face SLT

(9) An object is thrown vertically upwards from a point on the ground with
speed u. Neglect air resistance. Determine
(a)the maximum height reached by the object
(b)the time taken to return to the starting point in terms of u and g

(10) A ball is thrown vertically upwards from the top of a building at a speed
of 15 m s–1 . If the height of the building is 200 m, determine
(a)the time taken by the ball to reach the ground
(b)the velocity when the ball reaches the ground

Ans: 8.1 s, ‐65

Ans: 8.1 s,  m s‐1
65 m s
u =+15 m/s

H=200
H 200 m

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End of TOPIC 2
120