PAMANTASAN NG LUNSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

University Road NBP Reservation

Brgy. Poblacion, City of Muntinlupa

The relationship of sleep quality, coping mechanism

and perceived stress among graveyard shift crews in a fast

food chain

By

Bagay, Princess P.

Liat, Angell Keiszha

Pagaduan, Maricris A.
CHAPTER I
Introduction

The numbers of fast food chains in the Philippines are continuously growing nowadays. Many

establishments were built as the years go by. Many Filipinos were given a chance to work with the

company. Based on the annual survey of Philippine Business and Industry, currently we have 4,411

fast food chains in the country (ASPBI 2018-303). We have lots of fast food establishments but not all

are implementing graveyard shift schedule. This study focuses on the effects of graveyard shift work

to the sleep quality of a crew and how they will be able to sleep after their shift, how they cope because

of the time they are working and the perceived stress they got from the shift. The researchers found

lack of studies regarding graveyard shift employees of fast food chains. This will prove whether the

survey that was going to be conducted will or will not show relatedness of sleep quality, coping

mechanism and perceived stress. A total of one hundred service crew participants are going to be part

of the study. Three scales will be given to each participants and these scales are the following: sleep

quality index, coping scale and perceived stress scale. The results will demonstrate its effect on

working at night shift to a fast food chain employees.

This study aims to provide new knowledge to the future researchers and to give them an

understanding regarding the level of stress perceived by a crew of a fast food chain and how it can

affect their sleep quality in real life and how it can also have an effects to their coping mechanism. This

study can also be of use by the college students for their future research. Fast food company

employees can also have a better understanding of the effects of graveyard shift work to them.

Background of the Study

The researchers found lack of studies regarding graveyard shift in a fast food chain employees.

Many Filipinos are working in a fast food chain but they are not aware of the possible effects brought

by their job. It’s no secret to us how tiring the job is and how hard working a fast food chain crews

work. But we do not know how they live outside their work. Problem solving strategies are efforts to
do something active to alleviate stressful circumstances and emotion-focused coping strategies

involves efforts to regulate the emotional consequences of stressful or potentially stressful events

(Lazarus and Folkman) we want to emphasize on how graveyard shift crews of a fast food chains cope

with their stress because we know how stressful it is to be with the job.

Since the invention of electricity, the shift work has become a feature in the labour force. The

demand for service, due to the changes, become twenty-four hours of service a week, particularly

within the service sector. (Bohle, Quinlan, Kenndy and Williamson, 2004).

Poor sleep quality, including interrupted sleep or non-restorative sleep, is associated with a variety

of negative consequences, including health-related problems (NHLBIWG, 1999)

Despite a growing recognition of the consequences of sleep problems, particularly for the working

population, research on the associations between psychosocial work stressors and sleep quality has

been limited (Linton, 2004).

Theoretical Framework

Classical test theory of Ado Abdu Bichi (2016) is a theory that determines reliability and other

characteristics of measurement instruments. It introduce three concepts which is the test scores

(observed score), true score and error score.

Theory of cognitive appraisal of Lazarus and Folkman (1984). it explained the mental process

which influence the stressors. There are two-way process, the production of stressors by the

environment and response of the individual subjective to these stressors.

Intercultural Competence theory of Lily A. Arasaratnam (2016) describe how one’s effective and

appropriate engagement is with cultural differences. It has been studied residing within a person and

as a product of content.
Conceptual framework

The relationship between sleep quality, coping mechanism and perceived stress among graveyard

shift crews in a fast food chain.

Sleep Coping Perceived

Quality Mechanism Stress

In this present study the researchers conceptualized a framework on the relationship of sleep

quality, coping mechanism and perceived stress among graveyard shift crew in a fast food chain.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the relationship of sleep quality, coping mechanism and perceived

stress among graveyard shift crews in a fast food chain.

1. What is the level of sleep quality of the respondents

2. What is the level of the coping mechanism of the respondents

3. What is the level of the perceived stress of the respondents

4. Is there a significant relationship between the Sleep quality, coping mechanism and

perceived stress?

Statement of the Hypothesis

The hypothesis is presented in the null form of testing.

H0: There is no significant relationship with the sleep quality and how fast food chain crews

working night shift copes and their perceived stress in working.

Scope and Delimitation

The survey will only be conducted within Muntinlupa and San Pedro City area only. Participants in

this study must be young adults ages from 18 to 35 years old and must also be working within a shift

of 12am up to 8am in a fast food chain. The study focuses on the sleep quality, coping mechanism

and perceived stress a crew gets from a night shift work. It focuses on individuals who works at night

shift.

Employees who are working in a day shift must be excluded from participating in the study.

Significance of the Study

This research aims to determine the relationship between sleep quality, coping mechanish and

perceived stress of fast food chain crews. It will be conducted within Muntinlupa and San Pedro City.

The researcher hopes that the findings of the study will benefit the future researchers, students.

 Can be a learning not only for the crews but also for the managers or supervisors

 Can be used by the students for their research

 Can be an additional knowledge for the night shift workers

 Can be used as reference for future studies

 This research can be helpful, not only to the crews but also to the managers or supervisor for

them to furthermore organize their people in to more healthy and proper managing of

people.

 The research can also be helpful to other researcher who are interested in this kind of study.

Definition of terms

To make this research more comprehensive, the following terms were defined.
Sleep Quality defined as one’s satisfaction of the sleep experience, integrating aspects of sleep

initiation, sleep maintenance, sleep quantity, and refreshment upon awakening. Can be measured

by Sleep Quality Scale

Coping Mechanism are ways to which external or internal stress is managed, adapted to or acted

up.

Perceived Stress the feelings or thoughts that an individual has about how much stress they are

under at a given point in time or over a given period of time.

Graveyard Shift a work shift that runs through early morning hours, typically covering the period

between midnight up until 8 in the morning.

CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE

These are the various Literature and studies conducted which are found relevant in supporting

the present study about the relationship of sleep quality, coping mechanism and perceived stress.

According to Phoon, Gan & Ngui, five hundred and ninety three participants women electronic

workers. This determines if there were association with sleep quality and their sleep patterns. A

hundred and eight of the participants works during day, a hundred and seven of them works at night

permanently, two hundred sixteen works at weekly phase-advance (night afternoon morning) and

one hundred sixty-two works at two-weekly phase (morning afternoon night) rotating shift schedules.

There were questionnaires administered and it comes the proportion of the napper to be higher at the

night shift than in other shift. It also says there that the nappers had the shorter main sleep, but their

total sleep duration was the same as the non-nappers. The proportion of morning and day shift

workers who napped don’t sleep well unlike non-nappers. Permanent night workers with the highest

proportion of nappers have more workers sleeping well than the rotating night workers. Those who

slept well are those who has longer main sleep and generally started their main sleep earlier (Chan,

Phoon, Gan & Ngui, 1989).

According to Dumont et al., the nurses who had worked on night shifts for less than four years

had mean insomnia index, and also the nurses who had no past experiences in night shift work but

high on those who worked on night shifts for four to ten years but decreased on those nurses who

had past experience on night shift work. This study suggest that working at night may have residual

effects on sleep quality, if the experience is long and if the concentration of night is high. The study

showed that an increase in the number of awakening is associated with high insomnia index. High

number of short nocturnal awakenings in normal subject is negatively correlated with having the

feeling of refreshing sleep which is the main item of the insomnia index. Those ex-night shift workers

shared important decreased in SWS (slow-wave sleep) which SWS is the recuperative function of
sleep and its diminution is associated with aging. Decreased of it may caused to lower quality of sleep.

Working at night may have persistent deleterious effects on sleep quality. Duration of experience and

the number of nights in night time work schedule are important factors, workers continue working at

night, after the development of sleep disorders, have higher risk for certain persistent or recurrent

sleep difficulties after they stop (Dumont, Montplaisir & Infante-Rivard, 1997).

According to the study of Sallinen & Kecklund, night shifter can cope with the effects of shift work

on their social life, but not as easy how morning and afternoon shifter. Night shift affect employees in

terms of errors and accidents in their work place. It still depends on them on how they will going to

adapt and cope with their sleeping habits. Night shift work affect an employees performance. Because

of their everyday routine, which they answer calls and talks to different kinds of customer, they often

feel bored and always find other tasks to challenge themselves and stay up while working. Night shift

workers can cope with their social life. It doesn’t affect their health, well-being and coping mechanism

(Sallinen & Kecklund 2010).

They examined how some specific shift system was associated with stress, sleep and health

among police officers. They used a cross-sectional survey, four hundred sixty officers of local police

force was the respondents. The result was shift work was associated with increased social stress,

work discontent and sleep complaints and stress was also associated with increased sleep complaints

and lower scores in perceived health but the shift workers used of primary health care decreased.

They did not produce any significant effects on stress and shift work (Gerber, Hartmann, Brand,

Holsboer-Trachsler & Pühse, 2010, p.7).

Their study aims was to assess the chronic and reversible effects of shift work on cognition. They

used prospective cohort study, having the total of three thousand two hundred thirty-two employed

and non-workers respondents, who has the age of thirty-two, forty-two, fifty-two and sixty-two. The

participation rate was seventy-six, they collected data at three given years 1996 (t1), 2001 (t2) and

2006 (t3). The result shows that shift work was associated with impaired cognition and was stronger
for exposure for the exceeding ten years. And the recovery after leaving a shift work took at least five

years after. (Marquié, Tucker, Folkard, Gentil & Ansiau, 2014)

The study analyses the effects of morningness-eveningness on sleep quality for shift working

nurses under the age of twenty-one to fifty-eight and the total respondents of one hundred

thirty-seven. They used the Horne and Ostberg questionnaire for the morningness-eveningness and

the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for the sleep quality. The result of their study was shows that shift

schedule nor the shift patterns of nurses is not the strongest predictor of sleep quality but the

morningness-eveningness. Though the greater the age and longer years of working as nurse

decreased the risk of worse sleep quality. The evening working schedule has a higher risk of poor

sleep quality when they change shifts compared to the morning working nurses. (Chung, Chang,

Yang, Kuo & Hsu, 2009)

The study aims to determine the personal problems, how might this effect their study and to

identify their coping mechanism, of Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA)

Scholars to Lyceum International Maritime Academy (LIMA). Having a sixty-five respondents, they

used a five-point like scale and the adapted some various questions and modified them to the purpose

of their study. The result being majority of the respondent are affected by cultural differences. When

it comes to their studies all the indicators obtained, the inadequate student - professor relationship

and their way of coping mechanism was through the use of social network. (Lucky, Olaniyi, Norris,

Olalekan, Ayodeji & Caiga, 2015)

The study aims to asses the effect of rotating shift work on perceived sleep quality and sleep

duration of nurses at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre, Malawi. Twenty four nurses was

randomly picked that worked a three-phase schedule: five days shift and followed by three night shift

and five days off. The other twenty-two nurses did not perform night shift. They used a subjective

sleep quality (SSQ) to measure the sleep quality of the variables. The night shift nurses was

associated with lower sleep duration and perceived sleep quality. The after-effects of having night
shift continued through the days of the recovery period indicating of accumulation fatigue. (Zverev &

Misiri, 2009)

Their purpose was to examine the correlation of sleepiness during night shift in male shift

workers with non-pharmacological self-management practices to facilitate good day sleep, and also

with job stress. The respondents is one hundred eighty-five male shift workers, working in the

chemical plant in Oita prefecture, Japan. Having the rotating shift schedule, day shift (8:00-16:15),

evening shift (16:00-0:15) and night shift (0:00-8:15) that is for at least five months. It revealed that

sleepiness during night shift (SNS) was associated with drinking before day sleep, but inversely

associated with subjective health status, being in the evening type, they restrain from caffeine before

day sleep, having a bath, job control, reward from work, feeling suitable with the job and support

from colleagues. (Kageyama, Kobayoshi & Abe-gotoh, 2011).

Related Literature (Foreign)

According to Snyder, “a definition that encompasses many previous views is that coping is a

response aimed at diminishing the physical emotional, and psychological burden that is linked to a

stressful life events and daily hassles” He also stated that coping can be viewed from insider and

outsider perspective where insider approached will produced different understanding than outsider

perspective by the people views the coping. Most instances of coping responses are within are

awareness. Both problem and emotion-focused coping may play a part in the response, if coping is

defined as attempts to diminish the physical and psychological load.”To this day, it surprises me that

I can so clearly remember the feeling of being scared when the rabbit trap caught my foot, and yet I

can also recall the immediate reaction of needing to get control of my emotions before they literally

overwhelmed me.” That is called emotion-focused coping. “Likewise I set out to get the trap off and

to tend my wounds.” This is called problem-focused coping. (Snyder 1999)

-
Foreign

SLEEP QUALITY

Sleep problems have been linked to a variety of physical and mental health-related outcomes

(Edell-Gustafsson, Kritz, & Bogren, 2002; Nakata et al., 2000; NHLBIWG, 1999). Individuals reporting

sleep problems also indicated a lower overall health quality (Edell-Gustafsson et al., 2002;

Kuppermann et al., 1995) and in addition, sleep disorders are a risk factor for the onset of mental

health problems, such as depression (Breslau, Roth, Rosenthal, & Andreski, 1997; Chang, Ford,

Mead, Cooper-Patrick, & Klag, 1997; Gillin, 1998).

Sleep problems experienced by a workers have additional public health consequences. There are

correlations between poor quality sleep and accidents, including motor vehicles accidents (Aker-stedt,

1995; Dement & Mitler, 1993; Ribet & Derriennic, 1999; Roth & Ancoli-Israel, 1999) and incidents in

the workplace (Harma, Tenkanen, Sjoblom, Alikoski, & Heinsalmi, 1998; Metlaine, Leger, & Choudat,

2005; Ribet & Derriennic, 1999). In particular, sleep disorders are associated with lower job

performance, greater absenteeism, and increased use of sick leave (Doi, Minowa, & Tango, 2003;

Leigh, 1991; Linton & Bryngelsson, 2000).

Despite these significant negative consequences, there is a limited research on the associations

between psychosocial job stressors and sleep problems among workers (Doi et al., 2003; Schwartz et

al., 1999), particularly relative to the much larger body of research examining the associations

between job stressors and other measures of health (Belkic, Landsbergis, Schnall, & Baker, 2004;

Nasermoaddeli, Sekine, Hamanishi, & Kagamimori, 2002). Within the literature on work and sleep, a

key focus has been on how non-standard work hours, particularly a shift work, can affect the quality

of sleep.

These studies have consistently shown that these types of work schedules have negative effects

on sleep patterns (Akerstedt, 2003; Fischer et al., 1997; Rajaratnam & Arendt, 2001), although their
are some workers who are able to tolerate these disruptions better than others (Axelsson, Akerstedt,

Kecklund, & Lowden, 2004).

COPING MECHANISMS

According to a study by Hassim (2010), there’s no direct negative impact of sources of

occupational stress on mental health of an individual will elicit coping responses. Coping is defined as

the cognitive and behavioral efforts made to master, tolerate, or reduce external and internal

demands and the conflicts between them. However, lots of researches was focused on coping

strategies to reduce occupational stress were minimal. Folkman and Lazarus (1980) found eight

scales of coping behaviors, and described the different coping scales. Problem solving and being

confrontative are described as efforts to alter the situation and can therefore be characterized as

problem-focused coping. Accepting and avoidance are described as ways of managing a stressful

situation through cognitive and emotional efforts without changing the situation itself.

Furthermore, coping responses or strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and

psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events (Hassim,

2010). On the other hand, Gbadamosi study(2012) defines coping strategies as ways in which

individuals choose to respond to a stressful situations. Effectiveness of coping strategies may play an

important role in reducing stress levels and increasing job performance (Wallace, 2010). Individuals

need to possess the necessary coping strategies deriving from either their mental training to sustain

positive thinking and/or the organization itself that helps stressed individuals to cope with the effects

of stress.

PERCEIVED STRESS

Dr. Anna Phillips (2013) stated that a perceived stress incorporates feelings about the

unpredictability of one’s life, how often one has to deal with irritating situations, how much changes is

occurring in one’s life, and confidence in one’s ability to deal with problems or difficulties. It does not

measures the types of or frequencies of stressful events which have happened to a person, but rather
how an individual feels about how stressfulness in general affects their life and their abilities to handle

such stress. Individuals may suffer a similar negative life events or situations but appraise the impact

or severity of these to different extents as a result of factors such as personality, coping strategies

and support. In this way perceived stress reflects the interraction between an individual and their

enviroment which they appraise.

Although there’s a less investigation on the effects of shift work, on the other hand there is a

growing literature on the associations between stressful workplace experience and sleep problems

(Akerstedt, Knutsson et al., 2002; Jacquinet-Salord, Lang, Fouriaud, Nicolette’s, & Bingham, 1993;

Kalimo, Tenkanen, Harma, Poppius, & Heinsalmi, 2000; Linton, 2004; Marquie, Foret, & Queinnec,

1999; Nakata et al., 2004).

Within the literature regarding work and sleep, in a particular study where it’s focus has been on

how a non-standard work hours, particularly in shift work can affect the quality of sleep. In these

studies it has consistently shown that these types of work schedules have a negative effects on sleep

patterns (Akerstedt, 2003; Fischer et al., 1997; Rajaratnam & Arendt, 2001), although some workers

are able to tolerate these disruptions better than others (Axelsson, Akerstedt, Kecklund, & Lowden,

2004).

These studies often draw on Karasek’s (1979) theoretical framework regarding the linkages

between health and psychosocial job stressors, such as job demands and job control (Pelfrene et al.,

2002). Job demands include work overload as well as conflicting roles and tasks, while job control

focuses on the degree of decision-making authority workers have over how they perform their jobs.

The argument is that high demands and low control are risk factors for a variety of negative

health-related outcomes. In a recent research, it has suggested that this theoretical framework can

be applied to sleep problems. Where Pelfrene et al. (2002) found support for direct effects of these

variables on sleep problems in a sample of Belgian workers. A similar results were reported by Kalimo

et al., (2000), who studied men participating in the Helsinki Heart Study. Also Nakata et al. (2004)

reported a positive association between role conflict and trouble falling asleep in a sample of a
Japanese workers, also, the data from a Swedish sample demonstrated a positive association

between high work demands, disturbed sleep, and non-restorative sleep (Akerstedt, Fredlund,

Gillberg, & Jansson, 2002; Akerstedt, Knutsson et al., 2002).

Since there was also a little research regarding job stress and sleep which has been conducted in

the American context on the other hand numerous studies have been conducted in Japan (Doi, 2005;

Doi et al., 1999; Nakata et al., 2000, 2004; Ota et al., 2005; Sekine, Chandola, Martikainen, Marmot,

& Kagamimori, 2006; Utsugi et al., 2005).

Thus, there is a continued need for a research on the sleep quality’s association to coping

mechanism and perceived stress among service crew working in a fast food chain in the Philippine

settings as there were a lot of studies already made in the international settings and it was in a variety

of international contexts as well.

Local

SLEEP QUALITY

Shift work studies here in the Philippines have investigated different factors in search of possible

explanations of shift work’s effects on health and well-being. A demographic characteristics such as

age, gender, marital status and place of residence are routinely included in most investigations.

Educational background, work experience and socioeconomic status are also commonly asked.

As outcome variables, studies commonly investigated health factors in relation to shift work.

General, mental and reproductive health, health perception and condition, health complaints (e.g.,

musculoskeletal complaints, fatigue, and stress), health and safety hazards at work and nutritional

status are examples of health factors that has been investigated.

On a particular study (Dominguez et al.2006, Palabay and Jorge II 2007) looked into the level of

sleepiness and sleep quality among Filipino shift workers. In another study (Manuel and Ramos

2008), describes environmental factors that affect the quality of sleep of contact centers in the
employees. Job satisfaction and performance, work-life balance, quality of life and physical activities

in relation to shift work have also been investigated. Some studies (Adala et al. 2007, UPDPI/ILO

2010, Marcos and Mariano 2008) comprehensively investigated a workers’ lifestyles by collecting a

data on consumption, expenditure, saving, diet, smoking and drinking habits, drug or substance

abuse and leisure. Marital relationship, social interaction and sexual activities have also been explored

in a few studies conducted in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu. In a research papers on legal aspects

(e.g., labor laws and policies) of shift work are also found in the literature (UPDPI/ILO 2010, Keitel

2009).

However, there are still many factors that were still untap in the field of shift work research here

in the Philippines. For example, the circadian or biological clocks which control physiology and affect

mental and physical performance (Kantermann et al. 2010) are not given much attention in the

Philippine setting. In general, circadian research is also a not well explored topic in the Philippines.

There is one published study by Jurao et al. (2008) on the effect of circadian rhythm among Filipinos,

though it was done in relation to nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides among hospital patients and not

in relation to work and shift workers. Cancer and other chronic diseases in relation to shift work are

also unexplored topics in the local studies.

COPING MECHANISM

Coping mechanisms can be defined as survival skills', strategies that people use to deal with

stresses, pain, and natural changes that we experience in life (www.qualicare.com

/coping-mechanisms,2015). Coping mechanisms are also remedial actions taken by people whose

survival and livelihood are compromised or threatened. When the coping skills are not adequate the

stress may lead to illness (Cruzat, 2014).

Shift work is an employment practice that involves different work schedules or shifts aside from

the usual standard day shift from 8 AM to 5PM. It is a mode of scheduling hours of work to ensure

continuity in the service or production process.

 Shift schedules are arranged to comply with the normal eight hours of work provided by the law.

Three types of shift schedules are defined i.e. first, second and third shift. Usually the shift time

schedules are defined as follows: first shift ( 6AM to 2PM), second shift (2PM to 10PM) and third shift

or graveyard shift (10 PM to 6 PM).

In one study relating to a bpo employees the high turnover rate and absenteeism in many call

centers suggest that working in a call center environment is a stressful experience occupational (Zapf

and Blau, 2003). A numerous studies have been conducted to explore the call center environment and

various factors have been identified as potential stressors. The continuous alteration of day and

evening; or day, evening, and night work, seriously diminishes or entirely precludes adjustment of

bodily rhythms. Caruso (2006), stated that a long work hours negatively impact workers health by

increasing exposure to hazards and reducing time for recovery. Shift work can adversely affect

physical and mental health, and social relationships and activities (Shen et al., 2006).

In another study Pritchard et al., (2007) also conducted a study and explored the relationship

between coping strategies of students and their college adaptation. The data showed declines in

students‘ psychological and physical health at the end of the year. In his study negative coping styles

and perfectionism were found to be predictive of poorer psychological health and alcohol use of

students at the end of the year. Perfectionism, low optimism, extroversion, and low self-esteem

accounted for the decreases in the physical and psychological health of students. However, high

optimism and self-esteem predicted better physical and psychological outcomes for students.

On the other hand positive emotions of hope, faith, optimism, and catharsis emerge from beliefs

and rituals, including the process of forgiveness and the hope of healing and redemption. Religious

affiliation links one with a network or community of believers that provides a feeling of belonging,

family, and social support in times of need, as well as a steady flow of opportunities to serve other

people (Kumar 2011).

PERCEIVED STRESS
CHAPTER III
METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research design of the study, a description of the research setting and

the research population, the instruments used, and the statistical procedure utilized to analyze

collected data.

This study will determine the relationship of Sleep quality, Coping mechanism and Perceived

stress by the comparing the result of the scales that is given to the young adult respondents.

Method of Research Used

The correlational method of research will be use in this study. The researchers will use

correlational because their main concern is to see the relationship of the sleep quality, coping

mechanism and perceived stress among graveyard shift crew in a fast food chain.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of this study will be composed of a hundred (100) of participants who were

going to answer the three questionnaires. Our respondents must be eighteen to thirty-five (18-35)

years of age and must be working in graveyard shift in a fast food chain within Muntinlupa and San

Pedro City

Sampling technique used

The Purposive technique will be utilized in this research. The study will focused on a hundred of

participants which are working graveyard shift in a fast food chain. 18-35 years old are included. They

will only select the young adult graveyard shift crews in a fast food chain.

Research instruments used

The instrument to be used are the following:

 Sleep quality scale (SQS) of Hyeryeon Yi, Kyungrim Shin and Chol Shin (2012). Daytime

symptoms, restoration after sleep, problems initiating and maintaining sleep, difficulty waking, and

sleep satisfaction.

Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was developed using item analysis and factor analysis on items with

content validity. SQS, composed of 28 items and six factors, accounted for 62.6% of the total

variance. The difference of SQS score between insomniacs and normal subjects confirmed the

construct validity (t ¼ )13.8, P ¼ 0.000). Concurrent validity was identified by the significant

correlation of SQS with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (r ¼ 0.72, P ¼ 0.000). The Cronbach’s

alpha coefficient was 0.92 for internal consistency and the correlation coefficient was 0.81 for test–

retest reliability at a 2-week interval. The developed SQS was therefore confirmed to be a valid and

reliable instrument for the comprehensive assessment of sleep quality.

Coping scale of Sherry Hamby, Victoria Banyard and John H Grych (2015). This questionnaire

assesses cognitive, emotional, and behavioral methods of dealing with problems.

To establish reliability and validity for new and adapted items, developers of the test did a pilot

study and it was conducted with 104 participants from the same community as the main sample,

recruited through a local email classifieds list and word-of-mouth. Of the 17 coping items used in the

main sample of over 2500 participants, a domain-level factor analysis for all regulatory strengths

produced this 13-item factor, consisting of items reflecting both appraisal and behavioral methods of

coping. Internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for the pilot and main samples are 0.88 and 0.91,

respectively. Validity was established in the main sample with strong correlations with other measures

of regulatory strengths, such as Anger Management (r = .57) and Endurance (r = .63), and with

measures of well-being, such as Subjective Well-being (r = .53) and Posttraumatic Growth (r = .65).

Perceived stress scale of Sheldon Cohen (1983). The most widely used psychological instrument

for measuring the perception of stress.

Evidence for Validity: Higher PSS scores were associated with (for example), failure to quit smoking,

failure among diabetics to control blood sugar levels reater vulnerability to stressful life-event-elicited

depressive symptom and more colds.

Health status relationship to PSS: Cohen et al. (1988) show correlations with PSS and: Stress

Measures, Self-Reported Health and Health Services Measures, Health Behavior Measures, Smoking

Status, Help Seeking Behavior.

Temporal Nature: Because levels of appraised stress should be influenced by daily hassles, major

events, and changes in coping resources, predictive validity of the PSS is expected to fall off rapidly

after four to eight weeks.

The PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 & 4 = 0) to the

four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4

item scale can be made from questions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale.

Validation of instrument

Sleep Quality Scale (SQS)

Developed by Hyeryeon Yi, Kyungrim Shin and Chol shin. Consists of 28 items, the SQS evaluates

six domains of sleep quality: daytime symptoms, restoration after sleep, problems initiating and

maintaining sleep, difficulty waking, and sleep satisfaction. Using a four-point, Likert-type scale,

respondents indicate how frequently they exhibit certain sleep behaviors (0 = “few,” 1 =

“sometimes,” 2 = “often,” and 3 = “almost always”). Scores on items belong to factors 2 and 5

(restoration after sleep and satisfaction with sleep) and are reversed before being tallied. Total scores

can range from 0 to 84, with higher scores demoting more acute sleep problems. Requires only 5-10

minutes for administration, the scale is a simple self-report, pencil-and-paper measure.

Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) was developed using item analysis and factor analysis on items with

content validity. SQS, composed of 28 items and six factors, accounted for 62.6% of the total
variance. The difference of SQS score between insomniacs and normal subjects confirmed the

construct validity (t ¼ )13.8, P ¼ 0.000). Concurrent validity was identified by the significant

correlation of SQS with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (r ¼ 0.72, P ¼ 0.000). The Cronbach’s

alpha coefficient was 0.92 for internal consistency and the correlation coefficient was 0.81 for test–

retest reliability at a 2-week interval. The developed SQS was therefore confirmed to be a valid and

reliable instrument for the comprehensive assessment of sleep quality.

Coping Scale

The coping questionnaire was developed by Hamby, Grych, & Banyard, (2013). Where it assesses

cognitive, emotional, and behavioral methods of dealing with problems. Some items, focuses on

cognitive and emotional approaches, were adapted from Holahan and Moos’s (1987) widely-used

Coping Strategies Scale (items 2, 3, and 4 below), while other cognitive and emotional items were

original (1, 5, 6, and 8). The remainder of the items were adapted from Spitzberg and Copach's

(2008) framework for assessing coping in response to stalking. Adapted items were reworded to focus

on general coping patterns (versus a response to a specific situation) and simplified to suit a

community sample in which some have limited reading levels and educational attainment. Each

answer category was assigned a value from 4 to 1. The total score can be a sum or mean of all the

items. Z-scores of the scale score was used in the analysis of the study. Higher scores indicate higher

levels of coping.

To establish reliability and validity for new and adapted items, developers of the test did a pilot

study and it was conducted with 104 participants from the same community as the main sample,

recruited through a local email classifieds list and word-of-mouth. Of the 17 coping items used in the

main sample of over 2500 participants, a domain-level factor analysis for all regulatory strengths

produced this 13-item factor, consisting of items reflecting both appraisal and behavioral methods of

coping. Internal consistencies (coefficient alphas) for the pilot and main samples are 0.88 and 0.91,

respectively. Validity was established in the main sample with strong correlations with other measures
of regulatory strengths, such as Anger Management (r = .57) and Endurance (r = .63), and with

measures of well-being, such as Subjective Well-being (r = .53) and Posttraumatic Growth (r = .65).

Perceived Stress Scales

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was developed by Sheldon Cohen. It is the most widely used

psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to

which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Items were designed to tap how

unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes a

number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. The PSS was designed for use in

community samples with at least a junior high school education. The items are easy to understand,

and the response alternatives are simple to grasp. Moreover, the questions are of a general nature

and hence are relatively free of content specific to any subpopulation group. The questions in the PSS

ask about feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, respondents are asked how

often they felt a certain way.

Evidence for Validity: Higher PSS scores were associated with (for example), failure to quit smoking,

failure among diabetics to control blood sugar levels reater vulnerability to stressful life-event-elicited

depressive symptom and more colds.

Health status relationship to PSS: Cohen et al. (1988) show correlations with PSS and: Stress

Measures, Self-Reported Health and Health Services Measures, Health Behavior Measures, Smoking

Status, Help Seeking Behavior.

Temporal Nature: Because levels of appraised stress should be influenced by daily hassles, major

events, and changes in coping resources, predictive validity of the PSS is expected to fall off rapidly

after four to eight weeks.

The PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 & 4 = 0) to the

four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4

item scale can be made from questions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale.

Procedure of data gathering

Before collecting the data, respondents will be inform about the study through inform consent.

This is to meet the ethical procedure in conducting a research. Questionnaires will be explained to the

respondents before it will be given to them. It is not compulsory, they are not forced to answer the

questionnaires and they can stop whenever they feel uncomfortable. The researcher will administer

three sets of questionnaires with the total of thirty-three items.

Statistical treatment

The researchers will going to use Arithmetic mean, Standard Deviation and Pearson’s R

correlation to interpret all of the data.

Arithmetic Mean

1 n
Formula:
A  *  xi
n i 1

A= average (or arithmetic mean)

n= the number of terms (e.g., the number of items or numbers being averaged)

X1= the value of each individual item in the list of numbers being averaged

Standard Deviation

For Non-Grouped Data

2
 _

  x  x 
Formula:  
n

X= value in the data set

n= number of items

x = mean

For Grouped Data

x f

4 7

5 8

6 9

2
 _

 f  x  x
 
Formula :  
 f

The Pearson’s R correlational

N  xy   x  y 
Formula: r 
N  x   x N  y
2 2 2
  y 
2

N= number of pairs of score

 xy = sum of the products of paired scores

 x = sum of x scores

 y = sum of y scores

x 2
=sum of squared x scores

y 2
= sum of squared y scores