Excretory

Products and
their Elimination
 Excretory System
• The Excretory System is a biological system that removes:
• Unnecessary
• Excess materials

• To help maintain internal chemical homeostasis and prevent damage to the

body.
• The Excretory System comprises of:
• Two kidneys,
• Two ureters,
• One urinary bladder and a urethra.
 Different nitrogenous products in different
• Ammonotelic:
organisms:
• When organisms excrete ammonia as nitrogenous waste, it is known
as Ammonotelic.
• Ureotelic:
• When urea is a nitrogenous waste, then the organism is known
as Ureotelic.
• Uricotelic:
• Organisms that excrete uric acid as nitrogenous waste are known
as Uricotelic.
 Excretory System
• Ureters:
• The tube that arises from each kidney is
known as ureter.
• Urinary Bladder:
• It is a sac-like structure that stores urine
before it is discharged from the body.
• Urethra:
• The urinary bladder opens into urethra that
finally discharge urine from the body.
 Structure of Kidneys
• Kidneys are reddish, bean shaped organ
that helps in removal of waste from the
body.
• There are 3 layers that surrounds the
kidney-
• Outermost Renal Fascia
• Middle Adipose Capsule
• Innermost Renal Capsule
 Nephrons
• The structural and the functional unit of kidneys is
known as Nephron.
• Each nephron consists of 2 parts –
• Renal Corpuscles and
• Renal Tubule.
• The renal corpuscles comprise
of Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule.
• The renal tubule comprises of proximal convoluted
tubule, loop of distal convoluted tubule and
collecting duct.
 Urine Formation
• 3 processes are involved in urine formation:
• Glomerular Filtration is the first step of urine
formation, In this step blood enters the glomerulus
via afferent arteriole.
• Tubular Reabsorption is a selective process
where water, glucose, amino acids, urea, ions,
such as potassium ions, sodium ions, chloride ions
etc. are reabsorbed.
• Tubular Secretion helps in removal of those
substances from the body which are not required
by the body.
 Composition of Urine
• Urine is a liquid waste product of the kidneys.
• It comprises of:
• 90% to 96% of water
• Inorganic salts
• Some proteins
• Hormones
• Variety of metabolites

• The yellow color of urine is due to a pigment known as Urochrome.

 Urea Formation
• Occur ill liver through the Ornithine cycle or
Kreb's Henseleit cycle.
• For the synthesis of one molecule of urea 3 ATP
are consumed.
• One molecule of urea is formed by the 2 mole of
ammonia and 1 mole of CO2.
• 1 mol of ammonia come from deamination of fat
and other mol of ammonia comes from aspartic-
acid.
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