In doing the numerical calculations for the exercises and problems for this chapter, the values of the ideal-gas constant have been used with the precision given on page 501 of the text, Use of values of these constants with either greater or less precision may introduce differences in the third figures of some answers. 18.1: a) b) Of the many ways to find the pressure, Eq. (18.3) gives 18.2: a) The final temperature is four times the initial Kelvin temperature, or 4(314.15 K) -273.15= to the nearest degree. 18.3: For constant temperature, Eq, (18.6) becomes 18.4: a) Decreasing the pressure by a factor of one-third decreases the Kelvin temperature by a factor of one-third, so the new Celsius temperatures is 1/3(293.15 K) ~ 273.15= rounded to the nearest degree. b) The net effect of the two changes is to keep the pressure the same while decreasing the Kelvin temperature by a factor of one- third, resulting in a decrease in volume by a factor of one-third, to 1.00 L.18.5: Assume a room size of 20 ft X 20 ft X 20 ft b) 18.6: The temperature is (a) The average molar mass of air is so 18.7: From Eq. (18.6), 18.8: a) ) Using the final pressure of and temperature of so the mass lost is where extra figures were kept in the intermediate calculation of 18.9: From Eq. (18.6),18.10: a) b) 18.11: 18.12: a) b) The van der Waals equation, which accounts for the attraction between molecules, gives a pressure that is 20% lower. ) 4) As decreases, the formulas and the numerical values are the same. 18.13: At constant temperature, 18.14: a) +) Lungs cannot withstand such a volume change; breathing is a good idea. 18.15: a) ) This is a very small temperature increase and the thermal expansion of the tank may be neglected; in this case, neglecting the expansion means not including expansion in finding the highest safe temperature, and including the expansion would tend to relax. safe standards.