Sanketika Vidya Parishad Enginneering College 1

VORTEX SHEDDING OF CYLINDER TO DETERMINE CRITICAL INDUCED VIBRATION USING
STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The global demand for scalable renewable energy sources is large and ever growing. Many
hydrokinetic energy technologies exist currently, but are unable to truly meet this demand due to
self-limitations. The Earth’s water bodies constitute a huge portion of the planet and their slow
and steady motion represents a vast, but as yet untapped energy resource. Most energy is
currently harnessed from water flow by the joint effort of a dam and a hydroelectric generator.
Newer and less ecologically intrusive technology is needed to support growing energy demand.
One promising new technology that meets these criteria utilizes vortex induced vibrations in
water to extract energy.
Structures subjected to fluid flow are usually designed to minimize fatigue caused by
vortex induced vibrations. Only recently has the idea been proposed to enhance the vibrations
in order to maximize energy extraction from the fluid. This technology works by securing a
cylinder horizontally in water and constraining it to a single degree of freedom; movement up
and down in the plane perpendicular to the fluid flow. Flow over this cylinder creates an
alternating vortex pattern which exerts alternating lift forces on the cylinder, pushing it up and
down. This motion is then converted into electricity via a power take off mechanism.
This technology is superior to traditional hydro technology in several ways. Most turbine
based converters only operate efficiently at currents greater than 2 m/s, while surface oscillation
converters only give high output over a small range of wave frequencies. A vortex induced
vibration based generator could potentially function in slow moving waterways over a wide
range of frequencies. Further, Large scale tidal and dam type systems are very capital intensive
and environmentally obtrusive. The VIV concept is capable of producing energy from water
flow without altering the local environment, posing any danger to nearby residents, changing the
landscape in any visible way, or interfering with water traffic in any slow moving waterway
(0.5-5 knots).Energy generation from VIV has significant potential for coastal areas as well.
Fifty percent of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of the coast, whereas this coastal land
accounts for only 11 percent of U.S. territory. Energy demand in these coastal regions is
predictably larger than inland region
SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 1

STROUHAL NUMBER
Scalability and versatility are two of the greatest strengths of this technology. Modules can
range in size from single cylinder arrays to mega-watt producing power plants. Areas of
potential power production include water bodies and/or rivers such as the Gulf Stream, the
Columbia, the Missouri, the Colorado, the Mississippi, the Kansas, and the Ohio. All water
bodies listed contain segments of flow averaging in the prime production speeds required for
this technology, which are significantly lower than other turbine based hydrokinetic
technologies.

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 2
PROBLEM DEFINITION
Here, the process is broken down into the major steps represented by each box. By viewing left
to right, the process starts with the two main sets of measurements, the controlled cylinder
variables, and values calculated from basic VIV and fluid theory. From here, the cylinder
variables and still water tests are combined and passed through an analysis to produce the
derived cylinder properties. The cylinder variables, flowing water tests, and derived properties
are then passed through a second analysis, which is then combined with theory and the derived
properties to produce the final metrics. The details of each of these sub-processes are described
in the sections that follow.
Still Water Decay Tests As introduced in the methodology, the still water decay tests consisted
of measuring cylinder displacement vs. time, at 20 samples/s, after applying an initial
disturbance to the cylinders in waterThe data produced from these tests consisted of 5 second
time series for each trial. Overall, 5 trials were performed for each cylinder configuration, which
consisted of two different masses for each of the five cylinder diameters, giving a total of 50 data
sets. From these data, the known cylinder diameters, masses and spring stiffness were used to
determine the natural frequency (in water), damping ratio, and hydrodynamic mass of each of
the five cylinders at two different values of cylinder mass. The details of these calculations are
presented in the sub sections that follow. For the final summarized resultant data, see Table
presents the details of the data handling processes used in the project, as well as the final results
that were produced from the collected data. Section 1 focuses on the data analysis methods used,
and overviews the flow and reduction of data throughout the project. Section 2 presents a
summary of the significant findings that were produced from the analysis, as well as references
to the final data presented in tabular form in the appendices. 5.1 Data Analysis and Reduction
Process Throughout the experimental phase of the project, a large number of parameters were
calculated based on data, theory, and a combination of both.

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
[1]He wrote a comprehensive review on the mechanism of vortexshedding from bluff bodies. He
explains that the formation of a vortex-street wake is a mutual interaction between two
separating shear layers is a key factor .It is find by Gerrard that a vortex continues to grow, fed
by circulationfrom its connected shear layer, it is enough to draw the opposite shear layer across
the near wake and also the approach of oppositely signed vorticity, in sufficient concentration,
which cuts off further supply of circulation to the growing vortex, which is then shed and moves
off downstream." [2] conduct numerical study on flow Control of vortex shedding by a splitter
plate that are asymmetrically arranged downstream of a cylinder and he find the Suppression of
vortex shedding is possible when the splitter plates were arranged asymmetrically also Length of
splitter plate did not have much effect on flow structure In the paper put forward by [3], an
extensive study of the Reynolds number effect for the aerodynamic force would also be
beneficial, similar to what has been conducted for the strouhal numbers. For side by side
cylinders there is general lack of aerodynamic force measurements in particular the mean lift
force, over a range of Reynolds number, compared to the other two basic configurations
[4]presented a paper on Investigation of the effectiveness of helical strakes in suppressing VIV
of flexible riser and find out that the Experimentally Studies effectiveness of strakes by varying
the height (h) and pitch (p) Effective configuration :p= 10D,h=0.10D (considering hydrodynamic
forces) [5] worked on Effects of leading edge geometry on the vortex shedding frequency is an
elongated bluff body at high Reynolds numbers and summarizes that Results show that the linear
decrease in the shedding frequency of nearly about 40% as the leading edge separation angle is
increased from 0°–90°.

STROUHAL NUMBER
3.1 VORTEX
In fluid dynamics a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line,
which may be observed in straight or curved. Vortices form in stirred fluids, and may be
observed in smoke rings, whirl pools in the wake of a boat, and the wings surrounding a tropical
cyclone, tornado or dust devil.
FIGURE 3.1 Vortex created in water produced due to centrifugal force
Vortices are a major component of turbulent flow. The distribution of Velocity, vorticity, as well
as the concept of circulation are used to characterize vortices. In most vortices, the fluid flow
velocity is greatest next to its axis and decrease in inverse proportion to the distance from the
axis.
In the absence of external forces, viscous friction within the fluid tends to organize the flow into
a collection of irrotational vortices, possibly superimposed to larger-scale flows, including
larger-scale vortices. Once formed, vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex
ways. A moving vortex carries with it some angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass
3.2 FREE FORCED VIBRATION

Free vibrations are oscillations where the total energy stays the same over time. This means that
the amplitude of the vibration stays the same. This is a theoretical idea because in real systems

STROUHAL NUMBER
the energy is dissipated to the surroundings over time and the amplitude decays away to zero,
this dissipation of energy is called damping.
Free vibration
3.2 Light damping
3.3 Heavy damping
3.4 Critical damping

STROUHAL NUMBER
3.5 Overdamped
Forced vibrations occur when the object is forced to vibrate at a particular frequency by a
periodic input of force.
Objects which are free to vibrate will have one or more natural frequency at which they vibrate,
If an object is being forced to vibrate at its natural frequency, resonance will occur and you will
observe large amplitude vibrations. The resonant frequency is fo.
3.6 Effect of damping on resonance graph.
The amplitude of the resonance peak decreases and the peak occurs at a lower
frequency.

STROUHAL NUMBER
3.3 VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION
Vibration phenomenon which occurs to the bluff body structure, either on the ground or sea
underneath could be regarded as vortex-induced vibration (VIV). Previous researchers have been
widely discussed in both detail and comprehensive ways to understand the vortex-induced
vibration mechanism from a bluff body [2,3]. As the flow passed a bluff body at a sufficiently
large Reynolds number, vortices would be shedding at the trailing edge of the body. A
fluctuating lift forced, was created due to the pressure difference on the side of the body surface
which eventually would create cross-flow vibrations. The source of vibration was from the
vortex formed that occurs after the flow passed a bluff body structure. Large amplitude vibration
phenomenon would strike if the frequency of the vortex shedding and approaching the natural
frequency of the bluff body structure.
3.7 Vortex induced vibration

STROUHAL NUMBER
3.4 PIPE LINES USING PVC
3.4.1 PLASTIC PIPE
Plastic pipe is a tubular section, or hollow cylinder, made of plastic. It is usually, but not
necessarily, of circular cross-section, used mainly to convey substances which can flow—liquids
and gases (fluids), slurries, powders and masses of small solids. It can also be used for structural
applications; hollow pipes are far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.
3.4.2 PLASTIC PIPEWORK
Plastic pipework is used for the conveyance of drinking water, waste water, chemicals, heating
fluid and cooling fluids, foodstuffs, ultra-pure liquids, slurries, gases, compressed
air and vacuum system applications.
There are three basic types of plastic pipes:
3.4.3 SOLID WALL PIPE
Extruded pipes consisting of one layer of a homogeneous matrix of thermoplastic material which
is ready for use in a pipeline.
3.4.4 STRUCTURED WALL PIPE
Structured-wall pipes and fittings are products which have an optimized design with regard to
material usage to achieve the physical, mechanical and performance requirements. Structured
Wall Pipes are tailor made solutions of piping systems, for a variety of applications and in most
cases developed in cooperation with users.
3.4.5 BARRIER PIPE
Pipe incorporating a flexible metallic layer as the middle of three bonded layers. Barrier pipe is
used, for example, to provide additional protection for the contents passing through the pipe
(particularly drinking water) from aggressive chemicals or other pollution when laid in ground
contaminated by previous use.
Most plastic pipe systems are made from thermoplastic materials. The production method
involves melting the material, shaping and then cooling. Pipes are normally produced by
extrusion.
3.5 SUBMARINE PLUMBING

STROUHAL NUMBER
A submarine plumbing is a plumbing that is laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench. In
some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small
seas, straits and rivers. Submarine pipelines are used primarily to carry oil or gas, but
transportation of water is also important. A distinction is sometimes made between
a flowline and a pipeline. The former is an intrafield pipeline, in the sense that it is used to
connect subsea wellheads, manifolds and the platform within a particular development field. The
latter, sometimes referred to as an export pipeline, is used to bring the resource to shore. Sizeable
pipeline construction projects need to take into account a large number of factors, such as the
offshore ecology, geohazards and environmental loading – they are often undertaken by
multidisciplinary, international teams
3.5.1 ROUTE SELECTION
One of the earliest and most critical tasks in a submarine pipeline planning exercise is the route
selection. This selection has to consider a variety of issues, some of a political nature, but most
others dealing with geohazards, physical factors along the prospective route, and other uses of
the seabed in the area considered. This task begins with a fact-finding exercise, which is a
standard desk study that includes a survey of geological maps,bathymetry, fishing charts
charts, aerial and satellite photography, as well as information from navigation authorities.
3.5.2 PHYSICAL FACTORS
3.8 Types of sea bed
Interaction between a submarine pipeline and the seabed onto which it rests (four possible
scenarios).

STROUHAL NUMBER
The primary physical factor to be considered in submarine pipeline construction is the state of
the seabed – whether it is smooth (i.e., relatively flat) or uneven (corrugated, with high points
and low points). If it is uneven, the pipeline will include free spans when it connects two high
points, leaving the section in between unsupported. If an unsupported section is too long,
the bending stress exerted onto it (due to its weight) may be excessive. Vibration from current-
induced vortexes may also become an issue. Corrective measures for unsupported pipeline spans
include seabed leveling and post-installation support, such as berm or sand infilling below the
pipeline. The strength of the seabed is another significant parameter. If the soil is not strong
enough, the pipeline may sink into it to an extent where inspection, maintenance procedures and
prospective tie-ins become difficult to carry out. At the other extreme, a rocky seabed is
expensive to trench and, at high points, abrasion and damage of the pipeline's external coating
may occur. Ideally, the soil should be such as to allow the pipe to settle into it to some extent,
thereby providing it with some lateral stability.
3.9 Ice keel

One of a number of reasons why submarine pipelines are buried below the seabed: to protect
them against the gouging action of drifting ice features, such as icebergs.
Other physical factors to be taken into account prior to building a pipeline include the following:

STROUHAL NUMBER
3.5.2.1 SEABED MOBILITY
Sand waves and megaripples are features that move with time, such that a pipeline that was
supported by the crest of one such feature during construction may find itself in a trough later
during the pipeline's operational lifespan. The evolution of these features is difficult to predict so
it is preferable to avoid the areas where they are known to exist.
3.5.2.2 SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES
They result from high sedimentation rates and occur on steeperslopes. They can be triggered
by earthquakes. When the soil around the pipe is subjected to a slide, especially if the resulting
displacement is at high angle to the line, the pipe within it can incur severe bending and
consequent tensile failure.
3.5.2.3 CURRENTS
High currents are objectionable in that they hinder pipe laying operations. For instance, in
shallow seas tidal currents may be quite strong in a strait between two islands. Under these
circumstances, it may be preferable to bring the pipe elsewhere, even if this alternative route
ends up being longer.
3.5.2.4 WAVES
In shallow waters, waves can also be problematic for pipeline laying operations (in severe wave
regimes) and, subsequently, to its stability, because of the water's scouring action. This is one of
a number of reasons why landfalls (where the pipeline reaches the shoreline) are particularly
delicate areas to plan.
3.5.2.5 ICE-RELATED ISSUES
In freezing waters, floating ice features often drift into shallower waters, and their keel comes
into contact with the seabed. As they continue to drift, they gouge the seabed and can hit the
pipeline. Stamukhi can also damage this structure, either by exerting high local stresses on it or

STROUHAL NUMBER
by causing to soil around it to fail, thereby inducing excessive bending. Strudel are another
pipeline hazard in cold waters – water gushing through them can remove the soil from below the
structure, making it vulnerable to overstress (due to self-weight) or vortex-induced oscillations.
Pipeline route planning for areas where these risks are known to exist has to consider laying the
pipeline in a back-filled trench.

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 4
HARVESTING DRINKING WATER FROM SEA WATER
4.1 DESALINATION
Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. More generally,
desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil
desalination, which is an issue for agriculture
Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. One by-
product of desalination is salt. Desalination is used on many seagoing ships and submarines.
Most of the modern interest in desalination is focused on cost-effective provision of fresh
water for human use. Along with recycled wastewater, it is one of the few rainfall-independent
water sources
Due to its energy consumption, desalinating sea water is generally more costly than fresh water
from rivers or groundwater, water recycling and water conservation. However, these alternatives
are not always available and depletion of reserves is a critical problem worldwide Desalination
processes are usually either driven by either thermal (e.g. distillation) or electrical
(e.g., photovoltaic or wind power) as the primary energy types.
Currently, approximately 1% of the world's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet

daily needs, but the UN expects that 14% of the world's population will encounter water
scarcity by 2025 Desalination is particularly relevant in dry countries such as Australia, which
traditionally have relied on collecting rainfall behind dams for water.
According to the International Desalination Association, in June 2015, 18,426 desalination plants
operated worldwide, producing 86.8 million cubic meters per day, providing water for 300
million people This number increased from 78.4 million cubic meters in 2013, a 10.71% increase
in 2 years. The single largest desalination project is Ras Al-Khair in Saudi Arabia, which
produced 1,025,000 cubic meters per day in 2014 Kuwait produces a higher proportion of its
water than any other country, totaling 100% of its water use.

STROUHAL NUMBER
4.2 METHODS
There are several methods. Each has advantages and disadvantages but all are useful.
The traditional process of desalination is distillation, i.e. boiling and re-condensation of seawater
to leave salt and impurities behind.
4.2.1 SOLAR DISTILLATION
Solar distillation mimics the natural water cycle, in which the sun heats the sea water enough for
evaporation to occur.After evaporation, the water vapor is condensed onto a cool surface. There
are two types of solar desalination. The former one is using photo voltaic cells which converts
solar energy to electrical energy to power the desalination process. The later one utilises the solar
energy in the heat form itself and is known as solar thermal powered desalination.
4.2.2 VACUUM DISTILLATION
In vacuum distillation atmospheric pressure is reduced, thus lowering the temperature required to
evaporate the water. Liquids boil when the vapor pressure equals the ambient pressure and vapor
pressure increases with temperature. Effectively, liquids boil at a lower temperature, when the
ambient atmospheric pressure is less than usual atmospheric pressure. Thus, because of the
reduced pressure, low-temperature "waste" heat from electrical power generation or industrial
processes can be employed.
4.2.3 MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION
Water is evaporated and separated from sea water through multi-stage flash distillation, which is
a series of flash evaporations. Each subsequent flash process utilizes energy released from the
condensation of the water vapor from the previous step.
4.2.4 MULTIPLE-EFFECT DISTILLATION
Multiple-effect distillation (MED) works through a series of steps called "effects". Incoming
water is sprayed onto pipes which are then heated to generate steam. The steam is then used to
heat the next batch of incoming sea water. To increase efficiency, the steam used to heat the sea
water can be taken from nearby power plants. Although this method is the most
thermodynamically efficient among methods powered by heat,a few limitations exist such as a
max temperature and max number of effects.

STROUHAL NUMBER
4.2.5 VAPOR-COMPRESSION DISTILLATION
Vapor-compression evaporation involves using either a mechanical compressor or a jet stream to

compress the vapor present above the liquid. The compressed vapor is then used to provide the
heat needed for the evaporation of the rest of the sea water. Since this system only requires
power, it is more cost effective if kept at a small scale.
4.2.6 REVERSE OSMOSIS
The leading process for desalination in terms of installed capacity and yearly growth is reverse
osmosis (RO).The RO membrane processes use semipermeable membranes and applied pressure
(on the membrane feed side) to preferentially induce water permeation through the membrane
while rejecting salts. Reverse osmosis plant membrane systems typically use less energy than
thermal desalination processes. Energy cost in desalination processes varies considerably
depending on water salinity, plant size and process type. At present the cost of seawater
desalination, for example, is higher than traditional water sources, but it is expected that costs
will continue to decrease with technology improvements that include, but are not limited to,
improved efficiency, reduction in plants footprint, improvements to plant operation and
optimization, more effective feed pretreatment, and lower cost energy sources.
Reverse osmosis uses a thin-film composite membrane, which comprises an ultra-thin, aromatic
polyamide thin-film. This polyamide film gives the membrane its transport properties, whereas
the remainder of the thin-film composite membrane provides mechanical support. The polyamide
film is a dense, void-free polymer with a high surface area, allowing for its high water
permeability.[14]
The Reverse Osmosis process is not maintenance free. Various factors interfere with efficiency:
ionic contamination (calcium, magnesium etc.); DOC; bacteria; viruses; colloids & insoluble
particulates; biofouling and scaling. In extreme cases the RO membranes are destroyed. To
mitigate damage, various pretreatment stages are introduced. Anti-scaling inhibitors include
acids and other agents like the organic polymers Polyacrylamide and Polymaleic
Acid, Phosphonates and Polyphosphates. Inhibitors for fouling are biocides (as oxidants against
bacteria and viruses), like chlorine, ozone, sodium or calcium hypochlorite. At regular intervals,
depending on the membrane contamination; fluctuating seawater conditions; or when prompted
by monitoring processes, the membranes need to be cleaned, known as emergency or shock-
flushing. Flushing is done with inhibitors in a fresh water solution and the system must go

STROUHAL NUMBER
offline. This procedure is environmentally risky, since contaminated water is diverted into the
ocean without treatment. Sensitive marine habitats can be irreversibly damaged.
Off-grid solar-powered desalination units use solar energy to fill a buffer tank on a hill with
seawater. The reverse osmosis process receives its pressurized seawater feed in non-sunlight
hours by gravity, resulting in sustainable drinking water production without the need for fossil
fuels, an electricity grid or batteries.
4.2.7 FREEZE-THAW
Freeze-thaw desalination uses freezing to remove fresh water from salt water. Salt water is
sprayed during freezing conditions into a pad where an ice-pile builds up. When seasonal
conditions warm, naturally desalinated melt water is recovered. This technique relies on
extended periods of natural sub-freezing conditions.
A different freeze-thaw method, not weather dependent and invented by Alexander Zarchin,
freezes seawater in a vacuum. Under vacuum conditions the ice, desalinated, is melted and
diverted for collection and the salt is collected.
4.2.8 ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL
Electrodialysis utilizes electric potential to move the salts through pairs of charged membranes,
which trap salt in alternating channels.
4.2.9 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION
Membrane distillation uses a temperature difference across a membrane to evaporate vapor from
a salty brine solution and condense pure condensate on the colder side.
4.2.10 WAVE-POWERED DESALINATION
CETO is a wave power technology that desalinates seawater using submerged buoys.] Wave-
powered desalination plants began operating on Garden Island in Western Australia in 2013and
in Perth in 2015.

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 5
FLASH EVAPORATOR
Flash (or partial) evaparator is the partial vapor that occurs when a saturated liquid stream
undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valve or other throttling device.
This process is one of the simplest unit operations. If the throttling valve or device is located at
the entry into a pressure vessel so that the flash evaporation occurs within the vessel, then the
vessel is often referred to as a flash drum.
If the saturated liquid is a single-component liquid (for example, liquid propane or

liquid ammonia), a part of the liquid immediately "flashes" into vapor. Both the vapor and the
residual liquid are cooled to the saturation temperature of the liquid at the reduced pressure. This
is often referred to as "auto-refrigeration" and is the basis of most conventional vapor
compression refrigeration systems.
If the saturated liquid is a multi-component liquid (for example, a mixture

of propane, isobutane and normal butane), the flashed vapor is richer in the
more volatile components than is the remaining liquid.
5.1 Flash evaporator

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 6
NON DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS IN FLUID FLOW
Dimensionless numbers in fluid mechanics are a set of dimensionless quantities that have an
important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids. Common examples include the Reynolds or
the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system
characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, flow speed, etc.
6.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER
The Reynolds number (Re) is an important dimensionless quantity in fluid mechanics used to
help predict flow patterns in different fluid flow situations. At low Reynolds numbers, flows
tend to be dominated by laminar (sheet-like) flow, while at high Reynolds numbers turbulence
results from differences in the fluid's speed and direction, which may sometimes intersect or
even move counter to the overall direction of the flow (eddy currents). These eddy currents
begin to churn the flow, using up energy in the process, which for liquids increases the chances
of cavitation. The Reynolds number has wide applications, ranging from liquid flow in a pipe to
the passage of air over an aircraft wing. It is used to predict the transition from laminar to
turbulent flow, and is used in the scaling of similar but different-sized flow situations, such as
between an aircraft model in a wind tunnel and the full size version. The predictions of the onset
of turbulence and the ability to calculate scaling effects can be used to help predict fluid
behaviour on a larger scale, such as in local or global air or water movement and thereby the
associated meteorological and climatological effects
6.1.1 DEFINITION
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces within a fluid which is
subjected to relative internal movement due to different fluid velocities, which is known as
a boundary layer in the case of a bounding surface such as the interior of a pipe. A similar effect
is created by the introduction of a stream of high-velocity fluid into a low-velocity fluid, such as
the hot gases emitted from a flame in air. This relative movement generates fluid friction, which
is a factor in developing turbulent flow. Counteracting this effect is the viscosity of the fluid,
which tends to inhibit turbulence. The Reynolds number quantifies the relative importance of

STROUHAL NUMBER
these two types of forces for given flow conditions, and is a guide to when turbulent flow will
occur in a particular situation
6.2 LAMINAR FLOW
6.1 Laminar flow

laminar flow or streamline flow in pipes (or tubes) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers,
with no disruption between the layers. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral
mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards. There are no cross-currents
perpendicular to the direction of flow, nor eddies or swirls of fluids. In laminar flow, the motion
of the particles of the fluid is very orderly with all particles moving in straight lines parallel to
the pipe walls. Any lateral mixing (mixing at right angles to the flow direction) occurs by the
action of diffusion between layers of the liquid. Diffusion mixing can be slow however if the
diameter of the pipe of tube is small then this diffusive mixing can be very significant.
6.3 TURBULENT FLOW
6.2 Turbulent flow

Turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes rapid
variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time. In contrast to laminar flow the fluid no
longer travels in layers and mixing across the tube is highly efficient. Flows at Reynolds
numbers larger than 4000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low
Reynolds numbers below 2300 usually remain laminar. Flow in the range of Reynolds numbers
2300 to 4000 and known as transition.

STROUHAL NUMBER
6.4 STROUHAL NUMBER

An additional non-dimensional parameter has been established to relate the frequency of
vortex shedding fS to the flow conditions. This is given by the Strouhal number S, and is
defined in Eq. 2-2.Again, U is the free stream velocity, and D is the cylinder diameter. For a
wide range of Reynolds number, the Strouhal number varies very little, and can essentially be
taken as constant, as seen in Figure .
6.3 STROUHAL NUMBER
For the entire range of about 300<Re< 105, the Strouhal number is nearly 0.2 for smooth
surfaces, which corresponds very well to the fully developed turbulent vortex street described
earlier. Again, the range of Reynolds number considered in the experimental phase falls nearly
in the middle of this constant Strouhal number region. Accordingly, S will be taken as a constant
value in any experimental calculations. The result of this simplification is that the shedding
frequency fS can now be taken as dependent only on the flow velocity U for a cylinder of given
diameter. reference, the predicted shedding frequencies for the test apparatus are in the range of
fS= 0.8-2.0 s-1 for flow velocities between 0.15-0.30 m/s.

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
In order to test the VIV phenomenon, an open channel flow tank was needed. Sump
pumps were researched based on pumping capacity and price. From our initial calculations, a
flow speed of 0.35 m/s through the channel area matched the Reynolds number range we
wanted (Re = 300 to 3*105), and was calculated to require a volumetric flow rate of 300 gallons
per hour (GPH). It was later found using a flow rate sensor that the recirculating nature of the
tank allowed channel flow speeds of up to 0.32 m/s with a total of only 300 GPH total pump
capacity.The objective of the tank design was to provide a uniform and steady flow speed
within a data collection area. The initial tank design was for a rectangular flow tank of( 9x4
x5)in foots. But at the expected flow speeds it was anticipated that uneven flow velocity across
a channel cross section due to the curve of the tank would be problematic. The final
recirculating tank design was reached, which eliminated these problems, and provided a
consistent flow through the test area.out of water platform supported over the cylinder using a
sonic motion sensor, and use of propeller type flow sensor placed in the central channelTo
measure the energy flow rate of the cylinder during vibration, it was necessary to measure the
acceleration and displacement of the cylinder in the water, as well as flow velocity.
Measurement systems that would work under water were initially considered. A linear slider
pushed by the cylinder to the distance of its maximum amplitude was initially considered; that
method recorded only maximum amplitude, not amplitude over time. Laser Doppler
velocimetry was researched for the purpose of measuring flow velocity and flow patterns, but
required the use of a dye in the water to make readings. It was found through testing that dye in
the moving water dispersed within a matter of a few seconds and the water color quickly
became uniform. The technology was also found to be too expensive. The final set up involve
the measurement of movement.

STROUHAL NUMBER
7.1 MATERIALS
The following materials and equipment were used in the set up
1.9’x4’x5’ Flow tank
2.1700 liters of water
3.Wave generator
4.Withworth quick return mechanisum
5.7000rpm DC.Motor
6. Vernier Flow Rate Sensor
7.8 x4 foot fiber glass
7.1.1 FLOW TANK
7.1 Flow tank
A flow tank is a laboratory setup for observing the behavior of surface waves. The typical
wave tank is a box filled with liquid, usually water, leaving open or air-filled space on top. At
one end of the tank an actuator generates waves; the other end usually has a wave-absorbing
surface. A similar device is the ripple tank, which is flat and shallow and used for observing
patterns of surface waves from above.
STROUHAL NUMBER
A flow is a wave tank which has a width and length of comparable magnitude, often used for
testing ships, offshore structures and three-dimensional models of harbors (and their
breakwaters)
7.1.2 WAVE CHANNEL
7.2 WAVE CHANNEL
A wave flume (or wave channel) is a special sort of wave tank: the width of the flume is
much less than its length. The generated waves are therefore – more or less – two-
dimensional in a vertical plane (2DV), meaning that the orbital flow velocity component in
the direction perpendicular to the flume side wall is much smaller than the other two
components of the three-dimensional velocity vector. This makes a wave flume a well-suited
facility to study near-2DV structures, like cross-sections of a breakwater. Also (3D)
constructions providing little blockage to the flow may be tested, e.g. measuring wave forces
on vertical cylinders with a diameter much less than the flume width.
Wave flumes may be used to study the effects of water waves on coastal structures, offshore
structures, sediment transport and other transport phenomena.
The waves are most often generated with a mechanical wavemaker, although there are also
wind–wave flumes with (additional) wave generation by an air flow over the water – with the
flume closed above by a roof above the free surface. The wavemaker frequently consists of a
translating or rotating rigid wave board. Modern wavemakers are computer controlled, and
can generate besides periodic waves also random waves, solitary waves, wave groups or
even tsunami-like wave motion. The wavemaker is at one end of the wave flume, and at the

STROUHAL NUMBER
other end is the construction being tested, or a wave absorber (a beach or special wave
absorbing constructions).
Often, the side walls contain glass windows, or are completely made of glass, allowing for a
clear visual observation of the experiment, and the easy deployment of optical instruments
(e.g. by Laser Doppler velocimetry or particle image velocimetry).
.7.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The experimental set-up was assembled within a 9’x4’x5’ water tank using data collected. By
the process of welding the cavity tank is prepared. Then a wave generator is constructed by
the attachments of 7000rpm DC motor is connected to connecting rod, the rod is connected
to wave generator. Due to conversion of rotary motion to oscillatory motion the wave
generator is oscillates to and fro motion.Due to that motion the water inside the tank
generates waves then a pipe is placed in depth of the tank. A scale is placed at wall of a flow
tank. Due to the oscillation of wave generator the damping occure inside the tank and the
damping values are collected in a tabular form.
7.3 DAMPING UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS
Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing,
restricting or preventing its oscillations. In physical systems, damping is produced by
processes that dissipate the energy stored in the oscillation.[1] Examples
include viscousdrag in mechanical systems, resistance in electronic oscillators, and
absorption and scattering of light in optical oscillators. Damping not based on energy loss can
be important in other oscillating systems such as those that occur in biological
systems and bikes.[2]
The damping ratio is a dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay
after a disturbance. Many systems exhibit oscillatory behavior when they are disturbed from
their position of static equilibrium. A mass suspended from a spring, for example, might, if
pulled and released, bounce up and down. On each bounce, the system tends to return to its
equilibrium position, but overshoots it. Sometimes losses (e.g. frictional) damp the system
and can cause the oscillations to gradually decay in amplitude towards zero or attenuate. The
damping ratio is a measure describing how rapidly the oscillations decay from one bounce to
the next.

STROUHAL NUMBER
The damping ratio is a system parameter, denoted by ζ (zeta), that can vary
from undamped (ζ = 0), underdamped (ζ < 1) through critically damped (ζ = 1)
to overdamped (ζ > 1).
The behaviour of oscillating systems is often of interest in a diverse range of disciplines that
include control engineering, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, structural
engineering, and electrical engineering. The physical quantity that is oscillating varies
greatly, and could be the swaying of a tall building in the wind, or the speed of an electric
motor, but a normalised, or non-dimensionalised approach can be convenient in describing
common aspects of behavior
Set up the spring-cylinder system as described earlier 2. Place the system in water so that the
cylinder is completely submerged 3. Use a ring stand to hold the motion sensor 0.15-0.5m
above the cylinder 4. Push down on the cylinder and release so that the system begins to
oscillate 5. Begin recording with the motion sensor; record for 20 seconds with a sampling
rate of 30 samples per second 6. Find the damped natural frequency based on the recorded
displacement data 7. Find the damping ratio based on the recorded displacement data: This
derivation is discussed in the Analysis chapter 8. Repeat steps for different cylinder diameter-
mass combinations; these are summarized

STROUHAL NUMBER
Modes of damping
7.4 CALCULATION OF FLOW VELOCITY
All fluid properties were taken at 20°C, sine the experiments were carried out at room
temperature. Although the flow velocity was one of the main variables under control during
the experimental phase, the maximum value achieved was used here to establish upper limits
on performance. Eq. 3-1 below shows the value of the Reynolds number based on initial
parameters.

STROUHAL NUMBER
For 300<Re< 3x105 , the vortex street behind the cylinder is known to be fully turbulent, and
strong, periodic shedding results. Accordingly, for a fixed pipe size, a wide range of flow
velocities are possible while still resulting in a suitable value of Reynolds number for vortex
shedding to occur.
The Strouhal number determines the vortex shedding frequency as an empirical function of
Re over a wide range of flow speeds
The Strouhal number is insensitive to Reynolds number and thus flow speed, as S remains
nearly constant for 103 <Re
This will be the main variable of interest for achieving large amplitude vibrations, since it must be
matched to the natural vibration frequency of the cylinder in order to achieve large amplitude
vibrations. In the experiments, the vortex shedding frequency will be determined by the flow
conditions and cylinder size. To match the cylinder’s natural frequency to the vortex shedding
frequency, the following cylinder properties were determined.
Mass madd (Eq. 3-6) represents additional mass added to the pipe, which will initially be set
as 0. The pipe mass mpipe (Eq. 3-7) was determined based on unit length density of
0.64kg/m. The term mdis (Eq. 3-5) represents the mass of fluid displaced by the cylinder, and
must be added to take into account the force which must be exerted as the cylinder pushes the
fluid out of its path
The apparent mass of the pipe in the fluid is then given by Eq. 3-8 as the sum of the pipe
mass and displaced fluid mass. It is this value of apparent mass which should 14 then be used

STROUHAL NUMBER
to determine the natural frequency of the cylinder in water. The natural frequency of
vibration is determined
For this particular system, k represents the stiffness of the springs used to suspend the pipe,
which will be controlled approximately to 0.2 lbf/in. This value of k was chosen to match the
natural frequency to the shedding frequency. For these chosen values, the frequency ratio f*
is equal to 1.041, which is well within the ± 30% lock-in range. The motion of the cylinder
was modeled by a general equation of motion for linear vibration
This model is only an approximation due to the non-linear nature of vortex shedding; however,
experimental studies have shown that this approximation is accurate. This equation includes the term
m*y’’ representing the inertia of the cylinder, 2mζ ny’ representing the viscous drag force (damping),
and the restoring force k*y. A value of 0.06 is assumed for ζ based on experimental findings of
similar vortex induced vibration studies. F(t) represents the periodic force exerted on the cylinder by
the vortices. In this model, F(t) is assumed to be a sinusoidal function with frequency equivalent to
natural frequency of the cylinder, representing the condition of lock-in. The equation for FL (Eq. 3-
11) comes from the definition of lift force and gives the amplitude of F(t).
Coefficient of lift CL is assumed to be 0.6 as a conservative estimate based on background

research. Realistically, CL varies with displacement of the cylinder, so this value is an
average. The solution for the amplitude of the cylinder vs. time is given by Eq. 3-12. Figure 4
shows cylinder amplitude in terms of cylinder diameter as a function of time

STROUHAL NUMBER
GRAPH
Velocity of the cylinder is found by differentiating the equation for displacement with respect
to time , and is shown in Figure
GRAPH
Maximum velocity of the cylinder is about 0.5 m/s at the point where cylinder displacement
is zero. Power is determined by the product of the velocity and force of lift exerted on the
cylinder by vortex shedding (Eq. 3-14). As seen in Figure 6, the frequency of P(t) is twice the
frequency of either v(t) or FL since it contains the product of sine and cosine

STROUHAL NUMBER
GRAPH
Maximum power amplitude is calculated to be 0.063W. Average power for the cylinder is
determined. The theoretical upper limit of power in the fluid is represented by Eq.
Eq. is derived from the product of force exerted on the cylinder by fluid flow and flow
velocity. Efficiency η is calculated to be
This efficiency falls within the range shown in VIVACE studies, although VIVACE power
output was much larger

STROUHAL NUMBER
CHAPTER 8
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The final phase of this project consisted of interpretation and comparison of the
numerical results produced from the analysis described in section . The final data were
further reduced by attempting to collapse specific metrics from all cylinder trials onto single
plots, making use of the various non-dimensional parameters that were previously
determined. This section presents the final data plots that were determined to show
meaningful or significant trends. Additionally, this section provides an overall discussion of
the observations and findings made throughout the entire project, both quantitative and
qualitative. As a note, the data generated from the 1.25” cylinder was found to be unusable
due to the fact that the cylinder was reaching the shut height of the springs, seriously
affecting the oscillations.
8.1 OSCILLATION FREQUENCY
All of the tests were performed at U* values between four and eight. According to
lock-in theory, the range of U* for which lock-in is most likely to occur is centered on a U*
of five. Although this was known a priori, it was not actively used in the experimental
design process, where the focus was on attempting to match cylinder natural frequency to
predicted shedding frequencies. However, significantly different experimental values of
cylinder mass, hydrodynamic mass, and flow speed were found compared to the values used
in the initial model.
One of the initial hopes of testing was to experimentally find the boundaries where VIV
ceases. In reality, limitations of the experimental set up resulted in test measurements
entirely within the ideal lock-in range. Due to this, it was not possible to determine the cutoff
values of U* for which no significant cylinder oscillation occurs. Despite this, the final
comparison of frequency to U* shown in Figure 31 has several interesting features. The data
presented in Figure 31 shows a total of 65 cylinder trials; nearly all of the tests from the 0.75,
1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 inch cylinders. The thin black line represents a best fit linear trend, with a
correlation coefficient of 0.825. As can be seen, with the exception of several outliers, the
data shows very close grouping particularly around the lower range of U*. The linear nature

STROUHAL NUMBER
of the data trend agrees with theory on the basis that vortex shedding frequency, and
accordingly,
oscillation frequency, increases linearly with flow velocity for a given cylinder diameter,
which is identical to increasing linearly with U*. The red line represents a theoretical f* trend
in which the shedding frequency does not shift to match the cylinder natural frequency, but
simply increases linearly according to the Strouhal relation. The slope of this line has the
constant value of S=0.2. Using this no lock-in relation, f* attains the value of 1 at a U* value
of 5. The trend line for the experimental data has a smaller slope, but still intersects f*=1
near a U* value of 5. This change in slope demonstrates a partial frequency shift from the
shedding frequency to the actual observed oscillation frequency. Full lock in would present
itself as the oscillation frequency precisely matching the cylinder natural frequency, resulting
in an f* value of 1 independent of U*, which would appear as a horizontal line on the plot.
The
change in slope observed with respect to the no lock-in line towards a horizontal line signifies
that some frequency shift did occur. The margin of error throughout all the experimental
measurements could partially account for the discrepancies between full lock-in and the
experimental data, but overall the lack of complete lock-in is an inconclusive result. For this
reason, we recommend higher levels of precision and adjustability of the test set up for any
future work, as well as more realistic testing conditions

STROUHAL NUMBER
CONCLUSION
Through mathematical modeling and small-scale experiments, the potential for vortexinduced
vibrations as an energy source was studied. Initial research was conducted on VIV theory and
existing aquatic energy technologies, including VIVACE. Based on the background research,
a mathematical model was created in order to predict the relationship between experimental
parameters and cylinder response, to establish feasibility of small scale VIV testing and to
create estimates for experimental results. Measured oscillation frequencies were generally in-
between the measured natural frequency and the theoretically calculated shedding frequency.
Because the oscillation frequencies did not match the natural frequencies, the systems were
likely not fully locked- in. But because the ratio of natural frequency to oscillation frequency
was consistently less than the calculated ratio of shedding frequency to the oscillation
frequency, the lock-in conditions had an impact on the dynamic behavior of the cylinders.
Cylinder amplitude estimates proved accurate in some cases. However, the equation for
amplitude in the model is linear, whereas VIV is known to be highly non-linear. A test set up
was designed and constructed using purchased hardware, hand construction and CNC
machining processes. Throughout the building and testing phases of the project, possible
improvements to the set up became apparent, such as adjustable stiffness and damping.
Through the use of this test set up, still water tests were conducted to measure the natural
frequency of each cylinder, establish damping ratios, and to determine the hydrodynamic
mass of the cylinders. Flowing water tests were then conducted to measure the displacement,
velocity, and acceleration of the cylinder at various flow velocities. Tests were limited in
scope, precision, and accuracy due to lack of control of flow velocity and the limited
resolution of the device used to measure displacement. The motion sensor had a resolution of
1mm. This created large uncertainty for damping ratio results because the logarithmic decay
was on the scale of millimeters. Because damping was a small contribution to the power
equation, this did not significantly impact the uncertainty in power calculations. If future
experiments were conducted with greater damping values, damping would need to be
measured with higher resolution devices.
The resolution of the LVDT displacement sensor would only be limited by noise in the signal
conditioner and by the resolution of the output 65 device. This would allow for lower
uncertainty values for calculated parameters such as damping. Because of the limited scope,

STROUHAL NUMBER
all tests were within the lock-in range. None of the experiments were able to test the changes
in oscillation behavior below or above lock-in. The experimentally determined parameters
were used with the differential equation of motion
For the cylinders to calculate the force of lift with respect to time and ultimately calculate the
power transferred from the fluid. From this data, a curve relating power to flow conditions
was plotted and showed that the non-dimensional power term decreased logarithmically with
Reynolds number. This curve could be used to predict power based on known conditions.
Due to the inconsistencies between theoretical and observed added mass, this curve would
only be valid for this test setup. Future experiment

STROUHAL NUMBER
REFERENCES
1. Bernitsas. (2009). The VIVACE Converter: Model Tests at High Damping and Reynolds
Number Around 105. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 12.
2. Bernitsas, M. M., Raghavan, K., Ben-Simon, Y., & Garcia, E. M. (2008). VIVACE
(Vortex Induced Vibration Aquatic Clean Energy): A New Concept in Generation of Clean
and Renewable Energy From Fluid Flow. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering.
3. Blevins. (1990). Flow-Induced Vibration. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
4. Govardhan, C. a. (2004). VORTEX-INDUCED VIBRATIONS. Annual Review of Fluid
Mechanics, (p. 53). 5. MIT. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 2010, from Open Course Ware.
6. Raghavan, K., Bernitsas, M. M., & Maroulis, D. E. (2009). Effect of Bottom Boundary on
VIV for Energy Harnessing at 8E3<Re

Sanketika Vidya Parishad Enginneering College 1

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Sanketika Vidya Parishad Enginneering College 1

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

VORTEX SHEDDING OF CYLINDER TO DETERMINE CRITICAL INDUCED VIBRATION USING

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 1

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 2

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 3

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 4

FIGURE 3.1 Vortex created in water produced due to centrifugal force

3.2 FREE FORCED VIBRATION

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 5

3.2 Light damping

3.3 Heavy damping

3.4 Critical damping

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 6

3.6 Effect of damping on resonance graph.

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 7

3.3 VORTEX INDUCED VIBRATION

3.7 Vortex induced vibration

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 8

3.4 PIPE LINES USING PVC

3.4.1 PLASTIC PIPE

3.4.2 PLASTIC PIPEWORK

There are three basic types of plastic pipes:

3.4.3 SOLID WALL PIPE

3.4.4 STRUCTURED WALL PIPE

3.4.5 BARRIER PIPE

3.5 SUBMARINE PLUMBING

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 9

3.5.1 ROUTE SELECTION

3.5.2 PHYSICAL FACTORS

3.8 Types of sea bed

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 10

3.9 Ice keel

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 11

3.5.2.1 SEABED MOBILITY

3.5.2.2 SUBMARINE LANDSLIDES

3.5.2.5 ICE-RELATED ISSUES

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 12

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 13

Currently, approximately 1% of the world's population is dependent on desalinated water to meet

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 14

4.2.1 SOLAR DISTILLATION

4.2.2 VACUUM DISTILLATION

4.2.3 MULTI-STAGE FLASH DISTILLATION

4.2.4 MULTIPLE-EFFECT DISTILLATION

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 15

4.2.5 VAPOR-COMPRESSION DISTILLATION

Vapor-compression evaporation involves using either a mechanical compressor or a jet stream to

4.2.6 REVERSE OSMOSIS

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 16

4.2.8 ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL

4.2.9 MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

4.2.10 WAVE-POWERED DESALINATION

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 17

If the saturated liquid is a single-component liquid (for example, liquid propane or

If the saturated liquid is a multi-component liquid (for example, a mixture

5.1 Flash evaporator

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 18

NON DIMENSIONAL NUMBERS IN FLUID FLOW

6.1 REYNOLDS NUMBER

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 19

6.2 LAMINAR FLOW

6.1 Laminar flow

6.2 Turbulent flow

SANKETIKA VIDYA PARISHAD ENGINNEERING COLLEGE Page 20