Euglenid

Euglenids (euglenoids, or euglenophytes, formally Euglenida/Euglenoida,

ICZN, or Euglenophyceae, ICBN) are one of the best-known groups of
Euglenids
flagellates, which are excavate eukaryotes of the phylum Euglenophyta and their Temporal range: Eocene (53.5Ma) -
cell structure is typical of that group. They are commonly found in freshwater, recent [1]
especially when it is rich in organic materials, with a few marine and
endosymbiotic members. Many euglenids feed by phagocytosis, or strictly by
diffusion. A monophyletic group consisting of the mixotrophic species Rapaza
viridis and the two groups Eutreptiales and Euglenales have chloroplasts and
produce their own food through photosynthesis.[3][4] This group is known to
contain the carbohydrateparamylon.

Euglenids split from the others Euglenozoa more than a billion years ago, and are
assumed to descend from an ancestor that took up a red algae by secondary
endosymbiosis, which was since lost.[5] The plastids in all extant photosynthetic
species is the result from secondary endosymbiosis between a phagotrophic
Euglena viridis, by Ehrenberg
eukaryovorous euglenid and aPyramimonas-related green alga.[6]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Contents (unranked): Excavata
Structure Phylum: Euglenophyta
Classification Pascher, 1931
Nutrition
Osmotrophic euglenoids
Class: Euglenophyceae
Schoenichen, 1925
Reproduction
Gallery Major groups[2]
References Phototrophs (in general)
Bibliography Euglenales/Euglenina
External links Eutreptiales/Eutreptiina
Euglenamorphales/Euglenamorphina
Chemotrophs
Structure
Rhabdomonadales/Rhabdomonadina
Euglenoids are distinguished mainly by the presence of a type of cell covering
Phagotrophs
called a pellicle. Within its taxon, the pellicle is one of the euglenoids' most
?Heteronematales/Heteronematina
diverse features from a morphological standpoint.[7] The pellicle is composed of
?Sphenomonadales/Sphenomonadina
proteinaceous strips underneath the cell membrane, supported by dorsal and
ventral microtubules. This varies from rigid to flexible, and gives the cell its
shape, often giving it distinctive striations. In many euglenids the strips can slide
Synonyms
past one another, causing an inching motion called metaboly. Otherwise they
Euglenoidina Bütschli , 1884,
move using their flagella.
Blochmann, 1886

Classification Euglenoidea Lankester, 1885

The euglenids were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1884 as the flagellate order Euglenida Stein, 1878 sensu
Euglenida, as an animal. Botanists subsequently created the algal division
Simpson, 1997
Euglenophyta; thus they were classified as both animals and plants, as they share
characteristics with both. Conflicts of this nature are exemplary of why the Euglenoida Cavalier-Smith,
kingdom Protista was adopted. However, they retained their double-placement 1993
until the flagellates were split up, and both names are still used to refer to the
group. Their chlorophyll are not masked with accessory pigments.

Nutrition
The classification of euglenids is still variable, as groups are being revised to
conform with their molecular phylogeny. Classifications have fallen in line with the
traditional groups based on differences in nutrition and number of flagella; these
provide a starting point for considering euglenid diversity. Different characteristics
of the euglenids' pellicles can provide insight into their modes of movement and
nutrition.[8]

As with other Euglenozoa, the primitive mode of nutrition is phagocytosis. Prey

such as bacteria and smaller flagellates are ingested through a cytostome, supported
by microtubules. These are often packed together to form two or more rods, which
function in ingestion, and in Entosiphon form an extendable siphon. Most
phagotrophic euglenids have two flagella, one leading and one trailing. The latter is
used for gliding along the substrate. In some, such as Peranema, the leading 1—2. Ascoglena sp. (Euglenales);
flagellum is rigid and beats only at its tip. 3—4. Cryptoglena sp. (idem);
5—9, 14—15, 24—25, 27-29.
Trachelomonas spp. (id.);
Osmotrophic euglenoids 10. Eutreptia sp. (Eutreptiales);
11, 20. Astasia spp. (Euglenales);
Osmotrophic euglenids are euglenids which have under
gone osmotrophy.
12. Distigma sp. (Eutreptiales);
Due to a lack of characteristics which are useful fortaxonomical purposes, the origin 13. Menoid[i]um sp.
(Rhabdomonadales);
of osmotrophic euglenids is unclear. Though, certain morphological characteristics
16—18. Colacium sp. (Euglenales);
reveal a small fraction of osmotrophic euglenids are derived from phototrophic and 19, 26. Petalomonas spp.
phagotrophic ancestors.[9] (Sphenomonadales);
21. Sphenomonas sp. (id.);
A prolonged absence of light or exposure to harmful chemicals may cause atrophy 22—23. Euglenopsis sp.
and absorption of the chloroplasts without otherwise harming the organism. There (Euglenales);
are a number of species where a chloroplast's absence was formerly marked with 30. Peranema sp. (Heteronematales)
separate genera such as Astasia (colourless Euglena) and Hyalophacus (colourless
Phacus). Due to the lack of a developed cytostome, these forms feed exclusively by
osmotrophic absorption.

Reproduction
Although euglenids share several common characteristics with animals, which is why they were originally classified as so, there is no
evidence of euglenids ever usingsexual reproduction. This is one of the reasons they could no longer be classified as animals.

For euglenids to reproduce, asexual reproduction takes place in the form of binary fission, and the cells replicate and divide during
mitosis and cytokinesis. This process occurs in a very distinct order. First, the basal bodies and flagella replicate, then the cytostome
and microtubules (the feeding apparatus), and finally the nucleus and remaining cytoskeleton. Once this occurs, the organism begins
to cleave at the basal bodies, and this cleavage line moves towards the center of the organism until two separate euglenids are
evident.[10] Because of the way that this reproduction takes place and the axis of separation, this is called longitudinal cell division or
longitudinal binary fission.[11]

Gallery

Euglena sp. (Euglenales) Phacus sp. (Euglenales) Trachelomonas sp. Euglenoid cultures in
(Euglenales) Petri dishes

Cell diagram Astasia sp. (Euglenales) Euglena, Astasia and Euglena, Phacus and
Phacus spp. Lepocinclis spp.
(Euglenales) (Euglenales)

Anisonema,
Petalomonas,
Notosolenus,
Scytomonas and
Tropidoscyphus spp.
(Sphenomonadales);
Heteronema, Dinema
and Entosiphon spp.
(Heteronematales)

References
 1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, 4th edition. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-0-521-63883-8.
2. Leedale, G. F. (1967), Euglenoid Flagellates. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 242 p., [1] (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?hl=&id=86PwAAAAMAAJ).
3. Dynamic evolution of inverted repeats in Euglenophyta plastid genomes
(https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-01
8-34457-w)
4. Secondary Endosymbioses(https://books.google.no/books?id=c93WDgAAQBAJ&pg=P
A323&dq=Rapaza+viridis+tw
o+genera+Eutreptiales+and+Euglenales&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw6oHNm5riAhXSwcQBHbQ0BNwQ6AEIKT A
A#v=onepage&q=Rapaza%20viridis%20two%20genera%20Eutreptiales%20and%20Euglenales&f=false)
5. Euglena in time: Evolution, control of central metabolic processes and multi-domain proteins in carbohydrate and
natural product biochemistry(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213020915000348)
6. Evolutionary Origin of Euglena. - NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28429314)
7. Leander, Brian S.; Farmer, Mark A. (2001-03-01). "Comparative Morphology of the Euglen id Pellicle. II. Diversity of
Strip Substructure". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 48 (2): 202–217. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00304.x(h
ttps://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2001.tb00304.x) . ISSN 1550-7408 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1550-7408).
8. Leander, Brian Scott (May 2001)."Evolutionary morphology of the euglenid pellicle"(http://athenaeum.libs.uga.edu/h
andle/10724/20165). University of Georgia Theses and Dissertations
.
9. Busse, Ingo; Preisfeld, Angelika (14 April 2018). "Systematics of primary osmotrophic euglenids: a molecular
approach to the phylogeny of Distigma and Astasia (Euglenozoa)".International Journal of Systematic and
Evolutionary Microbiology. 53 (2): 617–624. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02295-0 (https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijs.0.02295-0).
PMID 12710635 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12710635).
10. "Euglenida" (http://tolweb.org/Euglenida/97461). tolweb.org. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
11. "Reproduction" (http://euglenabiology.weebly.com/reproduction.html). Euglena. Retrieved 2017-03-31.

Bibliography
Ciugulea, I. & Triemer, R. E. (2010) A Color Atlas of Photosynthetic Euglenoids. Michigan State University Press,
East Lansing, MI, 204 p.,[2].
Leander, B. S., Triemer, R. E., & Farmer, M. A. (2001). Character evolution in heterotroph
ic euglenids. European
Journal of Protistology, 37(3), 337-356, [3].
Leander, B.S., Lax, G., Karnkowska, A., Simpson, A.G.B. (2017). Euglenida. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B.,
Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1–42. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_13-1
Leedale, G. F. (1978). Phylogenetic criteria ineuglenoid flagellates. BioSystems 10: 183–187, [4].
Wołowski, K & Hindák, F. (2005). Atlas of Euglenophytes. Cracow: VEDA Publishing House of the Slovak Academy
of Sciences, 136 p., [5].

External links
The Euglenoid Project
Tree of Life: Euglenida

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