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P
s = (3–1)
A0
d
P = (3–2)
L0
When these values of s and P are plotted, where the vertical axis is the
stress and the horizontal axis is the strain, the resulting curve is called a
conventional stress–strain diagram. A typical example of this curve is
shown in Fig. 3–4. Realize, however, that two stress–strain diagrams for a
particular material will be quite similar, but will never be exactly the
same. This is because the results actually depend upon such variables as
the material’s composition, microscopic imperfections, the way the
specimen is manufactured, the rate of loading, and the temperature
during the time of the test. s
From the curve in Fig. 3–4, we can identify four different regions in s¿f
tensão de ruptura real
orange, is referred to as the elastic region. Here the curve is a straight line spl
E
up to the point where the stress reaches the proportional limit, spl.
When the stress slightly exceeds this value, the curve bends until the P
stress reaches an elastic limit. For most materials, these points are very
região escoamento endurecimento estricção
elástica por deformação
close, and therefore it becomes rather difficult to distinguish their exact comportamento
elástico
comportamento elástico
values. What makes the elastic region unique, however, is that after Conventional and true stress–strain diagram
for ductile material (steel) (not to scale)
reaching sY , if the load is removed, the specimen will recover its original
shape. In other words, no damage will be done to the material. Fig. 3–4