Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
and Restructuring
Power System Operation Control
and Restructuring
S. K. Gupta
Professor & Chairman
Department of Electrical Engineering
DCR University of Science & Technology
Murthal (Sonepat) Haryana, India
ISBN 978-93-82332-98-5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or any means: electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission from the publisher.
Published by Krishan Makhijani for I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd., S-25, Green Park
Extension, Uphaar Cinema Market, New Delhi–110 016 and Printed by Rekha Printers Pvt. Ltd.,
Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi–110 020
Dedicated to
Almighty
GOD SHIVA
My Spiritual Teacher
SISTER SHIVANI
My Loving Bhabhi
The growth of electrical power in India after independence has been phenomenal. The installed
capacity of India in the year 1950 was 2300 MW which has become more than 182 thousands
MW at the end of December 2012. This shows a very rapid growth in the generation,
transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical power after independence. As on now, a
restructured electricity market has been established in various forms and degrees in many
countries including developing countries like India. This has increased competition in various
companies at transmission, generation and distribution levels and provides new choices and
economic benefits to consumers. competition at various levels opens new paradigms in the field
of technological development and resource management.
This book is an attempt to understand how to arrange reliable, secure, stable power in
competitive environment. Load frequency control is essential for successful operation of power
systems, especially interconnected power systems. To accomplish this, it becomes necessary to
automatically regulate the operations of main steam-valves or hydro gates in accordance with a
suitable control strategy, which in turn controls the real power output of electric generators. Apart
from PI controller, fuzzy gain scheduling of PI controllers, adaptive controller with self-adjusting
gain, Artificial Neural Networks, Hybrid neuro fuzzy (HNF) control strategy, Bacteria Foraging
Optimization techniques have been applied to AGC problem.
This book has been written for undergraduate and postgraduate courses of power systems in
various Indian universities. While developing the course contents due care of syllabi, scheme and
course curricula of various universities has been taken. Thus, the book includes topics such as
optimal dispatch, load flow studies, state estimations, fault analysis, automatic generation control,
excitation control, stability, modeling of power components, HVAC & FACTS, restructuring
power systems.
This book gives the students, practitioners, researchers and teachers the facility of advanced
learning of the recent topics.
I hope this book shall be accepted widely as a textbook by power engineers and students.
S.K. Gupta
Acknowledgements
I thank to all my undergraduate and postgraduate students who are in fact the source of input.
I express my sincere thanks to my father Sh. Hari Shankar Gupta, mother Smt. Sarswati
Gupta who cultivated the values to serve the nation and develop the potential by motivation and
caused me to grow and empowering to do best of my level in the field of academics. Their well
wishes are always with me. I appreciate the patience, support and cooperation of my wife Seema
Gupta, daughters Diksha & Pearl during writing of this book.
The author acknowledges the help received from various journals, books and other literature.
Suggestions, criticism for improvements the book would be highly appreciated and accepted.
S.K. Gupta
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Major Problems of Power Sector 4
1.2 Measures for Energy Conservation 4
1.3 Energy Saving in Power Utilization 5
1.4 History of Electrical Power Generation 6
1.5 Capacity Addition Targeted for the 11th Plan (Sectorwise) 9
1.6 Power Substation Line Diagram 10
2. Load Flow Analysis 14
2.1 Bus Admittance Matrix 14
2.2 Topology 18
2.3 Primitive Matrix, Bus Incidence Matrix 19
2.4 Formation of YBus Using Singular Transformation 22
2.5 Formation of Zloop by Direct Method 23
2.6 Formation of Zloop Using Singular Transformation 25
2.7 Load Flow Problem 28
2.8 DC Power Flow Method 46
3. Optimal Load Dispatch 59
3.1 Generator Operating Cost 59
3.2 Economic Dispatch Problem 60
3.3 Economic Dispatch Including Transmission Losses 61
3.4 Transmission Loss Formula Derivation 64
3.5 Optimal Hydrothermal Scheduling 68
3.6 Classification of Hydro Plants 68
xii G Contents