Effect of impurities on freezing and boiling points

MELTING POINT:
The temperature at which the solid melts is called the melting point of
the substance. For example, melting point of ice is 0`C or 273K under normal
atmospheric pressure.

The melting point is defined as the characteristic temperature at which

the solid and liquid states of the substance are in equilibrium. In other words,
melting point is the temperature at which the solid and liquid states of the
substance coexist.
Melting

Solid Liquid
Freezing

It is that temperature at which there is no tendency of the solid to melt

or liquid to freeze.

Melting and freezing are reverse processes, i.e. solidification occurs at

the same temperature at which the melting takes place.

Melting point of the solid and freezing point of the liquid are the same.

A pure liquid will have a small boiling point range (0.5 to1.0`C). Such a
substance is said to have sharp freezing point. Presence of impurities lower the
freezing point and widen the range.

BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which the liquid boils is called the boiling point of
the substance. Boiling point of water is 100`C or 373K.

The boiling point is defined as the characteristic temperature at which

the liquid and vapour states are in equilibrium. In other words, boiling point is
the temperature at which liquid and vapour states of the substance coexist.
 A pre liquid will have a small boiling point range (0.5 to 1.0`C). Such a
substance is said to have sharp boiling point. Presence of impurities raise the
boiling point and widen the range.

EXPERIMENT -1
AIM:
To determine the effect of impurities of the solvent using 110`C
thermometer with calibration of 1.0`C.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
500 mL beaker, boiling tubes, 110`C thermometer with 0.1`C calibration,
cork, iron stand, stirrer.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
Glucose, ice, NaCl.

PROCEDURE:
 Take 3 boiling test tubes, clean, dry and label them 1, 2 and 3.
 Take 20 mL distilled water in each boiling tube.
 Add 1.0 g of glucose to boiling tube no. 2 and 2.0 g of glucose to
boiling tube no. 3.
 Shake it well so that the glucose is totally dissolved.
 Put a mixture of ice and NaCl in the 500 mL beaker and fix tube no. 1.
 Insert a stirrer in the tube.
 Arrange the apparatus as shown in the figure.
 Start stirring the water in the test tube and see the temperature in the
thermometer.
 First, the temperature falls gradually and it becomes constant and the
water starts freezing (solidifying).
  iNote this temperature. This is freezing point of water. Repeat the
experiment with tube no. 2 and 3.

OBSERVATIONS:
 Freezing point of pure water =
 Freezing point of water containing 5% glucose =
 Freezing point of water containing 10% glucose=

RESULT:
Freezing point of water decreases because of the presence of glucose as
impurity, greater is the decrease in freezing point of water.

EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM:
 To determine the effect of impurities on the boiling point of the solvent
using 110`C thermometer with calibration of 0.1`C.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 boiling tubes each fitted with a cork with 2 holes, 110`C thermometer with
0.1`C calibration, sand bath, burner, iron stand.

PROCEDURE:
 Take 3 clean and dry boiling tubes.
 Fit them with 2 holed corks.
 Take 20 mL of distilled water in it. Label them 1, 2 and 3.
 Add 1g of glucose and 2g of glucose to boiling tubes 2 and 3
respectively.
 Mix them well so that glucose dissolves thoroughly.
 Fit the boiling tube no.1 with a thermometer so that the bulb is above
the water and the other hole with a delivery tube as in figure.
 Heat the boiling tube with sand bath. The temperature rises and
becomes constant when water starts boiling.
 This is the boiling point of pure water.
 Repeat the experiment with boiling tube no. 2 and 3.
 Note the temperature when the water starts boiling.

OBSERVATIONS:
 Boiling point of pure water
 Boiling point of solution containing 5% glucose
 Boiling point of solution containing 10% glucose
RESULT:
Boiling point of water increases because of the presence of glucose as
impurity. Greater the amount of impurity, greater is the increase in boiling point
of water.