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LAB PROJECT

GROUP 10
PROJECT REPORT
SMOKE
DETECTOR
ALARM CIRCUIT
MADE BY:-

ALI JAVED 099


HAMZA GHAZANFAR
101
WALEED AKMAL 045

INTRODUCTION
A Smoke Detector is a smoke sensing
device that indicates fire. Smoke
Detectors are very common in homes,
offices, schools and industries. Smoke
Detectors are very useful devices as the
damage caused by fire accidents is
catastrophic. Now a days, smoke
detectors and smoke alarms are very
cheap as its usage is increasing and cost
of manufacturing is decreasing. In this
project, we are implementing a simple
Smoke Detector Circuit using simple
hardware. We used a Gas/Smoke sensor
for detecting smoke. The presentation is
divided into information about Smoke
sensor, circuit diagram and working.

SMOKE SENSOR
There are two types of smoke detectors. Optical or
Photoelectric smoke detectors and Ionization smoke
detectors.
Optical smoke detectors consists of a light source like LED
and a light detector like photocell.
The photocell conducts as long as the light falls on it.
When there is smoke, the light from the source is
interrupted and the photocell doesn’t conduct.
Ionization smoke detectors consists of two electrodes and
an ionization chamber filled with ions. When there is no
smoke, the ions move freely and the electrodes conduct
normally.
In the presence of smoke, the chamber is filled with
smoke and interrupts the movement of ions. The
electrodes do not conduct anymore. Depending on the
type of sensor and manufacturer, the conductivity
conditions may change but the idea remains the same.
Based on the output of the smoke detector, an alarm
system can be implemented.
The sensor used in this project is MQ-2 Gas/Smoke
sensor. It is sensitive to LPG, Hydrogen, Smoke, Methane,
Propane, Alcohol, Butane and other industrial combustible
gases.
It has two electrodes made of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3)
and a heating element made of Tin dioxide (SnO¬2)
which acts as the main sensing layer.

MQ-2 SENSOR
The MQ-2 smoke sensor is sensitive to smoke and
to the following flammable gases:
LPG, Butane, Propane, Methane, Alcohol,
Hydrogen

The resistance of the sensor is different depending


on the type of the gas.
The smoke sensor has a built-in potentiometer that
allows you to adjust the sensor sensitivity
according to how accurate you want to detect gas.

PROJECT PICTURES
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
COMPONENTS
 MQ-2 Sensor
 LM358 IC
 10KΩ Resistor
 330Ω Resistor
 LED
 0.1µF Capacitor
 10KΩ POT / Variable Resistor

MQ-2 SENSOR
The voltage that the sensor outputs changes accordingly
to the smoke/gas level that exists in the atmosphere. The
sensor outputs a voltage that is proportional to the
concentration of smoke/gas.
In other words, the relationship between voltage and gas
concentration is the following:
The greater the gas concentration, the greater the output
voltage
The lower the gas concentration, the lower the output
voltage
The output can be an analog signal (A0) that can be read
with an analog input of the Arduino or a digital output
(D0) that can be read with a digital input of the Arduino.

LM358 IC
The LM358 is a low power dual operational
amplifier integrated circuit originally
introduced by National Semiconductor. It is
used in detector circuits.
The abbreviation LM358 indicates an 8-pin
integrated circuit, comprising two operational
amplifiers at low power.

RESISTOR
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical
component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses.

Color Coding For Resistors


CAPACITOR
Capacitor is a device used to store an electric charge,
consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated
by an insulator.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors
vary widely and many capacitor types are in common
use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical
conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces
separated by a dielectric medium. The conductors may
be foils, thin films, or sintered beads of metal or
conductive electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials
commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica,
and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts
of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

POTENTIOMETER
A potentiometer, informally a pot, is a three-
terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable
resistor or rheostat.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical
devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.
Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as
position transducers, for example, in a joystick.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control
significant power (more than a watt), since the power
dissipated in the potentiometer would be comparable to
the power in the controlled load.

WORKING
• Smoke Detectors are amazing devices as they are
small, cheap yet very useful. In this project, we
implemented a simple Smoke Detector Circuit with
adjustable sensitivity.
• We used a Smoke Sensor MQ-2 as the main sensory
device. The working of the circuit is simple and is
explained below.
• LM358 acts as a comparator in this circuit. The
inverting terminal of LM358 is connected to POT so
that the sensitivity of the circuit can be adjusted.
• The output of LM358 is given to an LED as an
indicator although a buzzer can be used as an alarm.
The non-inverting terminal of LM358 is connected
with output of smoke sensor.
• Initially, when the air is clean, the conductivity
between the electrodes is less, as the resistance is in
the order of 50KΩ. The inverting terminal input of
comparator is higher than the non-inverting terminal
input. The indicator LED is OFF.
• In the event of fire, when the sensor is filled with
smoke, the resistance of the sensor falls to 5KΩ and
the conductivity between the electrodes increases.
• This provides a higher input at the non-inverting
terminal of comparator than the inverting terminal
and the output of comparator is high. The alarming
LED is turned ON as an indication of presence of
smoke.

NOTE
• The heating element in the Smoke Sensor must be
preheated before it can sense any smoke or gas.
• The sensor gets hot because of the heating coil and
it is advised not to touch the sensor while it is
switched on.
• The sensitivity of the circuit to different
concentrations of smoke can be adjusted by using
the POT.
• The output LED can be replaced with a loud buzzer
for effective alarm.

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