PRESENTED BY -

ANJALI YADAV
PG STUDENT
DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS AND DENTOFACIAL
ORTHOPAEDICS
 CONTENTS
 EVOLUTION OF BEGG TECHNIQUE
 EVOLUTION OF REFINED BEGG
 APPLIANCE DESIGN
 STAGE -I
 STAGE -II AND PRE STAGE – III
 STAGE – III
 VARIOUS AUXILLARIES
 FINISHING AND DETAILING
 CONCLUSION
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

 Dr. Begg’s experience with the

edgewise appliance under the
dictum of non-extraction approach
taught by Dr. Angle was
disappointing due to slow tooth
movements, too far forwardly
positioned teeth and an unpleasant
facial profile at the end of treatment.
 He developed this technique due to the
peculiar needs of his practice, wherein
patients with severe malocclusions had to
travel long distances to undergo
treatment.
 He always wanted an appliance which
would exert light continuous forces over
extended periods of time.
 Hence he modified the ribbon arch bracket
and used it with the light round wire to
develop the classical Begg technique.
CONCEPTS

 His studies on Attritional occlusion

convinced him that extractions were
essential in most patients to make
up for the lack of attrition in modern
man.
 He also introduced the concept of
differential forces to move different
segments of teeth based on Storey
and Smith’s work.
MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS

 He kept close tabs with

advancements in metallurgy and his
association with A.J. Wilcock lead to
the development of high tensile
stainless steel light wires.
 In fact these wires were only a spin-
off from the metallurgical research
equipment that was being developed
during the war time years.
 CLASSICAL BEGG
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Light forces  No precise control
 Anchorage control  Posterior root torque is
difficult
 Quick correction  True intrusion is less likely
 Efficient uprighting  Poor rotational control
 Less demands on  Over use of class II
patient cooperation elastics
 Low cost  Uncontrolled tipping and
root resorption
 Heavy torque requirement
 Over emphasis on
extractions
 No fail safe mechanism
EVOLUTION

MODIFIED BEGG REFINED BEGG

 Change in the  Use the same
shape of the Begg bracket
bracket  Use of newer high
Ex: Tip – edge tensile wires and
BEDDTIOT auxillaries to
overcome the
C.A.T and other
drawbacks of the
Combination classic technique
brackets
REFINED BEGG

Refinements can be broadly classified

under the following headings:

 CONCEPTUAL CHANGES
 HARDWARE ADVANCEMENTS
 MODIFICATION OF MECHANICS
1. Conceptual changes

 Attritional occlusion and Differential

forces are viewed in a new
perspective.
2. Treatment objectives

 Treatment objectives now include

Andrews 6 keys to normal occlusion
and Gnathologic goals set by Roth.
3. Diagnosis

 Diagnosis is now broad based,

involving skeletal, dental and soft
tissue analysis, growth estimation
and VTO
4. Treatment planning

 Treatment planning varies according

to the facial pattern and other
individual requirements such as
controlling incisor exposure.
 Treatment during mixed dentition for
controlling and redirecting growth
with functional appliances either
before or during fixed therapy are
considered.
 Upper molar distalization by
modifying the archwire is possible.
 The molars are held back and the
Leeway space is utilized for resolving
mild crowding in border line cases.
 In the early days the rule of thumb
was to extract when in doubt.
 Nowadays when in doubt we start
the case non-extraction.
 When extractions do become
necessary the choice of teeth is
dictated by the diagnosis …
 all first premolars,

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 all second premolars

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 all first molars,

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 upper first premolars and
lower second premolars

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 or vice versa,

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 asymmetric extractions,

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 upper second molars and
lower third molars,

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 single arch premolar
extractions

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 a single lower incisor
extraction

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 Interproximal enamel reduction is also a
viable option in cases with excess tooth
material.
5. Biomechanics

 The conventional method tipped the

teeth uncontrollably thereby leading
to iatrogenic root resorption.
 Refined method aims at achieving
controlled tipping in the first and
second stages by using torquing
springs made with thin dimension
high tensile premium and supreme
wires.
 Advantages of using torquing
auxillaries right from Stage I
 Prevents uncontrolled tipping and
related root resorption.
 Make stage III short and simple.
 Provide labial root torque for blocked in
lateral incisors right from the beginning.
 Enhances intrusion and retraction of
canines which are touching the labial
cortical plate.
6. Arch-forms

 Proper arch form and co-ordination of

upper and lower arch wires is
checked at every stage.
1. Attachments
2. Arch Wires
3. Elastics
4. Other Components
1. Attachments

 Brackets: Basic design remains the

same
 Built in torque (Kameda)
 Anti rotation (Mollenhauer)
 Tubes:
 Round / Oval / Rectangular
 Built in distal offset
 Oval / Rectangular tubes are used to get
better bucco-lingual control.
 Combination tubes
 Other attachments
 Palatal brackets
 Hooks
 Lingual buttons, cleats or eyelets
 Additional round tubes
 Lingual and palatal sheaths
2. Arch-wires
 Newer high grade Australian stainless
steel
 Premium
 Premium plus
 Supreme
 Decrowding is done with
 Thin premium plus / Supreme wires
 Multi stranded co-axial wires
 Nickel titanium wires
 Finishing is done with
 Alpha titanium rectangular wires
 Braking is achieved with
 Combination / Tandem wires
3. Elastics

 Ultra light
 “Roadrunner” of Ormco
 Light
 Yellow elastics of T.P. Orthodontics
 Many configurations besides the
conventional class I and class II are
used
 Check / distal vertical / box / M / W etc.
4. Other Components

 By pass hooks and power pins

(Kameda)
 Trans palatal arches
 Jasper jumper
STAGE WISE MODIFICATIONS
Stage I

 Multi looped arch wires are avoided

for decrowding, instead ultra fine
Australian wires, coaxial steel or NiTi
wires are used along with 0.016 inch
base wire.
 MAA as an integral part of stage I.
 More importance to incisor intrusion.
 Modified arch wires such as
 bypass wires
 Distalizing arch wires
are used when needed
 Base wire is changed to 0.018” as soon
as the teeth permit for efficient incisor
intrusion, rotation control and
maintenance of the arch form
 Open bite cases are started with 0.014”
arch wire.
Stage II

 MAA is continued for controlled

tipping of anteriors.
 Base wire may be changed to 0.020”
size.
 Excessive tipping of incisors is
avoided by applying efficient brakes.
 Kameda recommends to start
torquing incisors from this stage
itself.
Stage III

 Base wire is 0.020” premium for

resisting unfavourable side effects of
torquing auxillaries and uprighting
springs
 Uprighting springs and torquing
auxillaries are made of finer higher
grade wires.
 Prevention and correction of occlusal
displacement of palatal cusps is
ensured.
 Second molars are banded and
included in the appliance for their
proper positioning.
 Headgear can be used to reinforce
anchorage if needed.
Finishing

 Rectangular wires along with staples

and T-pins can be used for maintaining
or improving the proper torque and tip
 Different elastic configurations with
lighter round wires may be used to
obtain a tight buccal occlusion
 A pre finishing cephalograph is advised
to make sure completion of all
corrections.
Retention

 Conventional Begg did not emphasize

retention of lower teeth.
 Nowadays it is an accepted practice to
use a removable Hawley’s plate with a
fitted labial bow or a fixed lingual
retainer for maintaining the corrected
lower anterior teeth till relapse
tendency due to continued growth and
/ or third molars is ruled out.
 What still remains…
 Use of light forces.
 Crown tipping and root tipping are kept
separate for efficient anchorage
management.
 Differential forces for differential
movement of groups of teeth
 Sequence of stages and treatment
steps remain same.
 Use of light intra oral elastics.
 En-masse movement of teeth
for space closure.
 Separation of root moving
forces from arch wire forces
 Over correction of all
displacements.
Bracket 0.020”

design

0.045”

0.015”
Built in Torque
adjustment
Molar Tubes
6 mm

5 mm

0.036”

0.072”

0.024”
Combination Tubes

6.2 mm

0.036”

0.025”

5.5 mm
0.018”
Placement of the
attachments
 Height
 Mesio-distal location
 Brackets
 Molar tubes
 Bracket Heights
Maxillary
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
teeth
Height (mm) 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 3.5 4

Height (mm) 3 3.5 3.5 3.5 4 4 4

Mandibular
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
teeth

Maxillary Anteriors 3 2 1
Height (mm) 3.5 3 4
Height (mm) 3.5 3.5 4
Mandibular Anteriors 3 2 1
Mesio-distal location

 Brackets
 Ideally placed along the long axis
 Offseted in case of rotations
 Molar tubes
 Mesial of the tube in line with mesio-
buccal cusp tip
Arch wires
(in the order of increasing yield
strength)
 Australian wires formerly available
 Regular
 Regular plus
 Special
 Special plus
 Newer grades of wires
 Premium (P)
 Premium plus (P+)
 Supreme (S)
 Availability of newer
wires
WIRE
SIZE .008 .009 .010 .011 .012 .014 .016 .018 .020

(INCH)

PREMIUM * * * * * * * * *

PREMIUM
PLUS * * * * * * * *

SUPREME * * * *
Mechanical properties of
the newer grade wires

 Working range(maximum flexibility)

 Resiliency
 Zero stress relaxation
 Formability
Clinical usage of new
grade wires
 Depending on the load deflection
rate desired the wire size will be
decided
 If the chances of fracture of an arch
wire are high a slightly lower grade
may be preferred
 Considering these factors Premium
plus, Premium or at least Special plus
grade wires are recommended for
making arch wires.
 The other lower grade wires have
almost become extinct in clinical
practice.
Protocol for bending
these wires
 Warm the wire by pulling between
fingers before bending since these
wires have ductile brittle transition
temperature slightly above the room
temperature.
 Sharp bends are to be made around
the square beak. This provides a
moment arm between the thumb and
the wire gripping point thus reducing
the applied stress.
General considerations
in bending the archwires

 Cuspid circles
 Size
 Location
Occluso-gingival location of anterior &
posterior segments.
 Plane
 Molar stops
Gable bends: distal to canine & it made
in third stage arch wire to maintain bite
opening.
it causes relative extrusion of canine &
intrusion of lateral & central incisors.
Hocevars modification: a bend on
eitherside of canine. They causes
central incisors intrusion while canine &
laterals both extruded.
Kamedas modification’s: includes
simultaneously gable & anchor bend
results canine extrusion & incisors
intrusion.
 Accesories

 Power pins
(Kameda)
 Trans palatal arches
 Pins
 Stage I pins
 Stage III pins
 High hat pins
 Hook pins
 T pins
Stage wise modifications
STAGE I

 Objectives of conventional Begg

 Alignment of teeth
 Elimination of cross bites
 Over bite correction
 Over jet correction
 Correction of arch form
 Matching the midlines
 Attaining class I molar and canine
relation
 STAGE I OF REFINED BEGG

 Priorities
 Overbite reduction to precede overjet reduction
 Crowding to be relieved so as to engage 0.016 or
0.018 base wires into all the bracket slots for
applying intrusive force to all teeth evenly.
 If canines are to be moved distally to relieve
crowding or if they are badly rotated they
receive priority over everything else initially.
 Severely proclined or retroclined incisors are to
be brought to proper inclination before applying
higher intrusive forces
 Objectives of Sub stage I-

A
Create space for decrowding or close existing
spaces.
 Alignment of teeth
 Labio-ligual movements
 Correction of rotations
 Correction of anterior cross bite
 Improve upper incisor inclination to +/- 10o of
normal.
 Molar rotations and posterior cross bites to be
corrected with TPA.
 Premolar rotations to be corrected using only
palatal or lingual attachments.
 Upper arch form in the canine area is broadened,
if narrow to facilitate mandibular advancement
for class II correction.
 Objectives of Sub stage I-

B
Maximize incisor intrusion and minimize molar
extrusion during bite opening.
 To achieve controlled tipping of upper incisors
during retraction.
 Prevent uncontrolled tipping of lower incisors
during bite opening.
 Apply root control for correction of extreme labio-
lingual movements such as blocked in lateral
incisors.
 Control the mandibular plane angle.
 Match skeletal and dental midlines.
 Correct inter arch relationship to Class I.
 Premolar displacements and rotations are
corrected if they are bonded.
Spaces to be Alignment of
opened or teeth
closed
Arch wire
selection in
stage 1

Anterior Arch form and

overbite and rotational
effect of control
elastics
 Arch wires in Stage-I

 For closing spaces or for decrowding the

teeth have to slide over the wire, hence
thinner wires (0.014 / 0.016) are used.
 Alignment of teeth is done with sectional
NiTi wires, multi stranded or thin stainless
steel wires tied piggy back over a rigid base
wire with small vertical offsets for the
malposed teeth.
 In average or deep bite cases 0.018”
premium or premium plus wires are used.
 Provides adequate intrusive force on upper
incisors
 Resists lingual rolling of lower molars
 In anterior open bite cases the upper 0.014”
and lower 0.016” P/P+ wires are used.
 To efficiently correct and maintain arch form
and for better rotational control the base
wire is changed to 0.018” as early as
possible.
 SUB STAGE I-A
 I. Alignment of crowded anterior teeth
 Decline in the use of multi looped wires due to
 Inadequate or uneven bite opening
 Labial and buccal flaring of incisors and canines
 Loss of control over molar positions
 Failure to maintain anchorage
 Wire bending needs skill and is time consuming
 Soft tissue irritation
 Difficult to adjust intra orally
 Can distort arch form, width and symmetry
 Difficult to maintain oral hygiene
 1.Arch wire strength needed to negate the
side effects of elastics
 Badly positioned canines
 Full length NiTi wire along with 0.014” S.S
base wire with anchor bend but no cuspid
circle tied piggy back. Step up or step down
bends are given if the base wire comes in the
way of tooth movement.
 Full length NiTi wire without support from a
S.S. wire can be used in open bite cases or if
the canines are highly placed.
 2.Amount of canine distalization
needed for decrowding and cuspid
circle position
 Mild crowding (space required-0.5 mm)
 Kept touching the canine brackets on both
sides
 Slightly more crowded (1 mm)
 Kept 0.5 mm distal to the canine bracket on
either side
 More crowding (2mm)
 One or both circles are omitted and elastics
engaged on to high hat pins on the canines
 If canines tip distal excessively they are
fitted with uprighting springs made of
0.010” supreme wire.

 If the lower arch is made without cuspid

circles for bilateral canine movement,
molar stops are bent mesial to the molar
tube.
 If both cuspid circles are omitted in the
upper arch, its ends are lightly bent (not
tightly cinched) about 1mm away from the
distal ends of molar tubes which provide
for uprighting of the molars.
 If only one cuspid circle is omitted
in the upper arch, the wire is
stabilized using a cuspid tie to the
circle on the other side. Under
similar conditions in the lower arch,
the molar stop may still be required
on the opposite side for resisting
forward molar movement.
 3.Amount of wire
deflection
 Minimal crowding of 1-2 mm can be
corrected by giving horizontal offset or V
bends in a 0.016” or 0.014” S.S. wire.
 If crowding is more than 2 mm, more
flexible 0.014” or 0.016” NiTi, 0.0165 co
axial or 0.009” supreme wires will be
required.
Considerations for
choice of wire
 Same diameter coax wire exerts less force
than a NiTi wire, whereas a S.S 0.009”
supreme wire exerts more force than the
0.014” NiTi.
 NiTi wires have highest spring back. Coax
wires are most prone to deformation and
S.S under size wires have the least spring
back.
 S.S wires have the least friction, NiTi wires
have greater friction, while coax wires
offer maximum resistance to sliding.
 NiTi wires are more costly than the coax or
supreme wires
4.Amount of rotational
control required
 The arch wire should fill the slot as
much as possible for rotational
corrections
 0.014” NiTi or coax wires are the
best choice but they must be
supported by a stiff base wire
 If a 0.009” supreme wire is used, it
would require exaggerated horizontal
offsets
5.Indication for using a
single loop
 When a single incisor is out of the
arch while all the remaining incisors
and the other side canine are well
aligned but tipped towards the
crowded incisor.
 A single loop is made in the 0.014 or
0.016” arch wire with the cuspid
circle abutting the canine and a stop
abutting the lateral incisor.
Indication for using a
single loop
6.Anterior open bite

 Upper 0.014” S.S if incisor extrusion

is needed with mild anchor bends
balanced by suitable class II elastics
 Lower 0.016” S.S wire is used.
7.Over correction of
rotations
 As one proceeds to stiffer wires
forcing the wire into anti rotation
brackets may lead to bond failure
 Hence, rotated teeth should be
corrected at each visit on the lesser
dimension wires by using rotation
modules, so that bigger size wires
can be easily engaged in the
subsequent visits.
 II. Closing of anterior
spacing
 Cuspid circles should be kept 2 mm
mesial to the bracket and must be
rolled mesially as spaces close. Keeping
them too far mesially may lead to
round tripping but is valid if canines are
to be moved mesially
 Intrusion takes up some space, hence
active space closure should not be
done until intrusion is achieved.
III.Improving the
inclination of upper
incisors
 Severely proclined teeth are first
retracted with class I or II elastics along
with mild/moderate anchor bends
 Retroclined incisors are allowed to
upright under the effect of anchor
bends, by avoiding class II elastics.
Loops against the molar tubes can be
used if active proclination is required.
IV.Molar position
correction
 Rotated molars are corrected with
appropriate toe-in or toe-out bends in a
0.016” S.S wire
 Mild bucco-lingual displacements can
be corrected by arch wire expansion or
contraction
 More than 2mm corrections are to be
attempted with a TPA, Quad helix, NiTi
expander or a removable expansion
appliance
V. Premolar derotations

 Can be achieved by tying only the

palatal or lingual attachments.
 Those requiring the use of rotational
springs in the brackets are differed to
sub stage IB, because the springs
would hinder a free sliding of the
arch wire, which is an essential part
of the sub stage IA
Pins used in sub stage I
A
 Well positioned incisors can receive
stage I pins which allow free tipping of
teeth either to open or close spaces
 High hat pins are used on canines if
they are to be moved distally for
decrowding, which facilitate
engagement of class II elastics
 If a piggy back sectional wire is to be
pinned the hook pins are used.
 SUB STAGE I B
 It forms the major part of the first stage
 Arch wires used are 0.018” P/P+
 The elastics employed are mostly class II
light or ultra light
 Steps
 Bite opening
 Elimination of overjet with controlled tipping
 Controlling the mandibular plane angle
 Correcting midline discrepancy
 Correcting the inter-arch relation to class I
I. Bite opening

 True intrusion of incisors and

avoiding molar extrusion are of
prime importance
 The interplay of intrusive and elastic
forces determines the magnitude
and direction of the net resultant
force
 The site for placing bite opening
bends is yet another important
consideration
Strategies for bite
opening
 Initially when incisors are severely
proclined
 Intrusive force=45gms
 Class II force=60gms
 As inclination improves
 Intrusive force=60gms
 Class II force=30gms
 Applying class I force from power
arms soldered gingival to the
molar tube is yet another option.
Controlling the net
resultant force
 As they become more upright

 Elastic force is applied more

obliquely downwards from TPA
 Intrusive force is increased by
increasing anchor bends from 30o to
50o on a 0.016” and later on a
0.018” S.S. wire
 Class II elastic force is reduced by
over stretching them before use,
using them over extended periods
(3-5 days) or by switching from
yellow (5/16”) to the Road runner
(3/8”) elastics.
 Elastic force vector is changed from
class II to class I and later engaged
from the TPA as the situation
demands.
Control of force vector
 Modifications for
uniform intrusion
 Gingival curve in the incisor segment
 Recommended by Dr. Swain
 Vertical step-up bends 4-5 mm in height
and placed 2-3 mm mesial to the molar tube
 Recommended by Dr. Jayade
 In actual clinical situation it is better to place
them 5mm mesial to the tube, as the bend moves
2mm distally on engagement within the slot
 Placing incisal segment occlusally to negate
extrusion of canine
 Reinforcing vertical anchorage by including
second molars in extreme deep bite cases.
Gingival curve & Step-up
bend
 Use of elastics from TPA
 Lingual sheaths to be welded on upper
molar bands
 Four additional brackets to be bonded on
the palatal aspect of incisors with their
slots facing incisally
 Sectional 0.016” wire to be engaged
 High hat pins to be used for elastic
engagement
 Predicting the net intrusive force
vector
 Lateral cephalograph taken with barium
coated palatal elastics engaged from the
TPA
II Elimination of
overjet
 Attaining an edge to edge incisor
relation by use of cl II elastics.
a)Attempt to achieve controlled
tipping is emphasized
 Higher intrusive force
 Least possible elastic force
 M/F ratio is kept close to 8:1
 MAA auxillary is used to provide the
counter balancing moment
b)Preventing uncontrolled
tipping of lower incisors
 Lower incisor brackets are bonded
more gingivally
 Less anchor bend in the lower arch
wire
 MAA with labial root torque
 Arch wire ends are cinched tight
c)Root control of teeth with
extreme labio-lingual
displacements
 MAA for in standing incisors
 Jenner’s auxillary for lingual root
movement of canines with prominent
root eminences
 Spec auxillary for reciprocal root
movements of adjacent teeth
III. Controlling the
mandibular plane

 Strong anchor bends and heavy class

II elastics are to be avoided
 Adjuncts such as TPA and high pull
head gear can prevent extrusion of
upper molars
 Bite blocks can be used to prevent
extrusion of upper and lower molars
IV. Correcting midline
discrepancy
 Uneven class I or II elastic force with
stronger elastic force on the side to which
the midline has to move are used
 0.018” premium plus Base wire is to be
used to prevent unwanted canting of
occlusal plane due to uneven elastic force
 If both upper and lower midlines are to be
moved reciprocally diagonal elastics are
used
 If only lower midline is to be corrected
unilateral class I elastics are used. For more
correction an uprighting spring is engaged
on the opposite canine which supplements
with a pushing force
V.Correcting inter-arch
relation to Class I
 In a growing child the class II correction
is achieved by encouraging mandibular
growth with a functional appliance
 Class II elastics are said to have a
functional appliance like effect
 In adults mesial movement of the lower
molars is achieved with class II elastics
alone
 In selected cases class II molar relation
is corrected by Distalizing upper molars
Pins in stage I B

 Mollenhauer observed that excess

freedom offered by stage I pins does
more harm than good most of the
time .
 Hence stage III pins can be used for
engaging the arch wire in well
aligned teeth with good contacts
Check list at the end
of stage I
 Edge to edge incisor relation
 Matching midlines
 Class I molar and canine relation
 Rotations are slightly over corrected
 Co-ordinated upper and lower arch forms
 Corrected molar rotations and labio-
lingual displacements
 Maintain good control over root positions
and the mandibular plane angle
STAGE II AND PRE STAGE
III
 Objectives
 Arch wires in stage II
 Controlled tipping of incisors
 Braking mechanics for protracting
posteriors
 Elastics used in stage II
 Pins used in stage II
 Duration of stage II
 Rotations of premolars
 Check list at the end of stage II
 Pre stage III
Objectives

 To maintain all corrections

achieved in stage I
 To close all extraction spaces
 In addition
 Controlled tipping during retraction
with MAA used for lingual root torque
 Use of efficient brakes for posterior
protraction
 Correction of cross bites and rotations
of premolars
 Arch wires used in stage II
 Usually 0.018” P/P+ or 0.020” P wires
are used
 The heavy 0.020” arch wires are good
for maintaining rotation correction, deep
bite correction and the arch form
 Braking mechanics
 Passive uprighting springs made in
0.018” wire are used as braking springs
 Angulated T pins help in maintaining
the tipping already brought about and
prevent further tipping
 Two spur or four spur torquing
auxillaries or MAA made with 0.010” or
0.011” wire over a 0.020” base wire can
be used
 Combination wires also can be used.
 Elastics
 Various configurations are used as per
the individual patient’s requirement
 Class I/Class II/Class III
 Check /Box
 ‘M’ / ‘W’ / triangular
 Cross elastics
Check list at the end of
stage II
 All spaces to be closed
 All teeth are well aligned
 Rotations are over corrected
 Edge to edge incisor relation
 Class I or super class I canine and
molar relation are to be attained
Pre stage III

 Most of the cases require pre stage III

adjustments since the premolars are at a
different level as they are not engaged to
the arch wire until the spaces are closed.
 A horizontal offset is made between the
premolar and molar. A mild vertical
adjustment is also made at the same sight
so as to engage the premolar brackets.
 A complete set of records are taken to
check for the root positions which are to
be corrected in stage III
Stage III

 Objectives
 To maintain corrections achieved in the
first two stages
 To achieve desired root positions
 Additional objectives
 To carefully monitor anchorage
requirements and reinforce them if needed
 To correct the positions of second molars,
whenever required
 To monitor for root resorption, para-
functional habits and cuspal interferences.
Problems encountered in
Stage III
 Sagittal
 Mesial movement of entire dentition or
individual crowns
 Class II / Bimax / Rotations / Crowding
reverts back
 Spaces opening at extraction site
 Vertical
 Anterior deep bite reverts partially or
fully
 Posterior open bite may develop in
second premolar or first molar
extraction cases
 Transverse
 Buccal flaring of posteriors leading to
functional disturbances
 Root resorption
Methods to overcome
problems
1.Minimise need for root movements in
this stage
 Proper diagnosis and careful extraction plan
 Use of efficient braking mechanism
 Controlled tipping of teeth in the first two
stages
2.Use of heavy base wires
3.Using lighter auxillaries and uprighting
springs
4.Use of light class II elastics
5.Reinforcement of anchorage
6.Over correction of all movements at end of
stage II
Various torquing
auxillaries
 Spur auxillaries (2,4,6)
 Udder arch for labial root torque
 Mouse trap for lingual root torque
 Van der Hydt
 Kitchton
 Anterior root torquing
 Single root torquing
 Reciprocal
 Reverse torquing
 Buccal root torque on molars
 Jenner auxillary for labial root torque on
lateral incisors
Recipracal (Spec) auxiliary
Single root torquing auxiliary & placed Auxiliary for lingual root torque
for buccal root torque on premolar

Buccal root torquing auxiliary

Uprighting springs

 Mini – 0.5 mm diameter

 Midi – 0.9 mm diameter
 Maxi – 1.5 mm diameter
Finishing

 Objectives
 Intra arch
 Proper facio lingual positioning
 Good inter dental contacts
 Well aligned marginal ridges
 Flat curve of spee
 Proper tip and torque of all teeth
 Proper arch form
 Maintainence of lower inter canine
width
 Inter arch
 Normal overjet and overbite
 Class I canine, premolar and molar
relations
 Tight inter digitation of posterior
occlusion
 Functional
No cuspal interferences
 Canine and incisor guidance
 Healthy and well functioning TMJ
 Control of etiologic factors
 CONCLUSION
 In this ever changing world, when things are
becoming simpler, orthodontics is not behind. In
the race of outdoing the other, and media type,
we sometimes Forget the conventional approach
of treatment. Just because the other thing is new
does not guarantee a fool proof treatment. We
should know about the advantages and
disadvantages of both conventional and modern
methods before taking a decision.
 The Conventional Beggs methods also refine
themselves with time in order to make the life
easier for an orthodontist.
 REFERENCES
 Refined Beggs of modern times – Dr. Vijay jayde
 Sidney Brandt – “Experience with Begg technique”
angle orthodontist 1962, vol 32, number 3.
 Jayade VP : “Indian Begg practice at cross roads” JIOS,
1989, vol. 20.
 Sims MR : “Anchorage variation with light wire
technique”. Am JD, 1971, 59 : 456.
 Anil Kadchakar and Vijay Jayde “Finishing and
detailing” – A review. JIOS, 1994, January, vol 25, No.
1.
 H.S. Divakar and V.P. Jayade “Comparison of
uprighting springs made from lighter Australian
wires”. JIOS, 1995, January, vol 26, No. 1.
 John Mamutil “Technique Clinic Begg rotation
module” JCO, June 1987, vol 21, No. 6.
 Tan F. : “Begg reverse torquing auxiliary” JCO, 21,
789, 1987.
 H.S. Divakar and V.P. Jayade : “Rectangular
finishing wires in Begg technique” ; JIOS, 30; 3,
1997.
 Barrer “Current concepts in Begg philosophy and
technique” JCO 16 : 2, 1982.
 Ram. S. Nanda, Klye R. Shannon “Changes in the
curve of spec with treatment and at 2yrs post
treatment”. Am JO 124, 2004.
THANK YOU