CIVE1187

Statics

Week 2

Dr. Jie Li
Student Services

─ Counselling
─ Finance
─ Housing
─ Career Hub
─ Aboriginal and Torres Straight
Islander community and
support
─ Chaplaincy
─ Childcare
─ Disability access and support
─ Legal services
─ International student support
services

2
Study and Learning Centre

The Study and Learning Centre

provides free study and learning advice
for all RMIT students.

Preparation workshops for semester 1

are taking place in the areas of
─ Assignment writing
─ Time management
─ Reading and note-taking skills
─ Maths
─ Physics
─ Statistics For more information on the
available workshops please visit
─ Chemistry
www.rmit.edu.au/students/study
-support/study-and-learning-
centre/workshops

3
 RMIT Connect
RMIT Connect is where you can access
student administration and student support.
There are three ways to connect
1. Online
Find the answer to your questions online
24/7
2. Phone
Talk to someone. Call 03 9925 5000
Monday to Thursday: 9am – 5pm
Friday: 10am – 5pm
3. Visit
─ Join the queue online before you visit
─ Opening hours and campus locations
─ Make an appointment for student
For more information on RMIT
support
Connect
─ Book a room to study or socialise www.rmit.edu.au/students/connect

4
 Study Needs:

• myRMIT student portal  Canvas CIVE1187 (at

least once a week)

• Use Planning & Time Management Chart in the Learning

Package to assist you in working through the courses.

• Ask questions when you first have a problem.

• Use your student group as a network and assistance.

Canvas CIVE1187  Course Resources  Learning Package 
CIVE1187 Learning Package.pdf (please download)
Canvas CIVE1187  Course Resources  Learning Package 
CIVE1187 Learning Package.pdf (please download)
 Read Weekly Study Guide + Learning Package

Attend Lecture/Tutorial
About 5 -12 hours per week

Study Learning Package + Lecture Notes + Textbook

Complete Tutorial Problems !!

Check Answers with the Published Solutions

Ask Questions (at Tute class /See Tutor)

 Topic 1: Introduction to Civil Engineering
Structures, Structural Forms and

Design Loads

Dr Jie Li
 Fundamentals Concepts

Basic Quantities
Length
- locate the position of a point in space
Mass
- measure of a quantity of matter
Time
- succession of events
Force
- a “push” or “pull” exerted by one body on
another

Dr Jie Li
 Fundamentals Concepts

Idealizations
• Particles
- has a mass and size can be neglected

• Rigid Body
- a combination of a large number of particles

• Concentrated Force
- the effect of a loading

Dr Jie Li
 Loads on Structures
• Notes on units
• Types of loads
• Classes of loads
• Magnitudes of loads

Dr Jie Li
 Notes on units
What is a Kilogram? What is a tonne ?

• At the standard location,

g = 9.81 m/s2

• Thus,
W = mg (g = 9.81m/s2)

• Hence, a body of mass 1 kg has a weight of 9.81 N

1 kg = 9.81 N  10 N
1 tonne  10 kN

Dr Jie Li
 The International System of Units

Name Length Time Mass Force

International
Kilogram Newton
Systems of Meter (m) Second (s)
(kg) (N)
Units (SI)

Length Force Moment Line load Pressure or

Stress
mm N N-mm N/mm N/mm2 = MPa
m kN kN-m kN/m kN/m2 = kPa

Dr Jie Li
 The International System of Units

Dr Jie Li
 Concentrated/Point loads
(N or kN)

P1 (kN) P2 (kN)

Dr Jie Li
 Distributed Loads
(N/m or kN/m)
sandbags

=
w3=2.5 kN/m
w1=1.5 kN/m w2= 1 kN/m

Dr Jie Li
 Loads can often be considered to be uniformly distributed
over the length or surface of a structure

UDL
kN/m2
kPa
Dr Jie Li
 or they can be concentrated at a point
F (kN)

Elevation view

3m design lane
Plan view

Dr Jie Li
 Concentrated loads Distributed loads

Dr Jie Li
 Line Loads (N/m or kN/m)
(over a line)

Concentrated
or Point Load
(N or kN)

Uniformly Distributed Loads

UDL (kN/m2, kPa)
(over an area)

Dr Jie Li
 Applied Moment

• A rotational effect
applied on a structure

Dr Jie Li
 Classes of Loads
DEAD LOADS
• weight of the structure (self weight)
• weight of fixed attachments (partitions, road
surfacing)

LIVE LOADS
• weight caused by usage (people, furniture,
vehicles)

Dr Jie Li
 More-----
• wind load
• snow load
• earthquake
• earth pressure
• liquid pressure
• impact forces
• braking forces
• machinery forces
• Imposed deformation (settlement and lack of fit etc)
• thermal effects
• etc
Dr Jie Li
 Temperature
gradient

Temperature
change

Dr Jie Li
 Original ground level

Foundation Settlement

Dr Jie Li
 What value do we choose as the design load?

Measured load intensity in a building

Structural design, like most other engineering activities, is carried out

within a framework of incomplete information and uncertainty. The
magnitudes of loads acting on a structure during its service life cannot be
predicted with any precision, and have to be treated as random variables.
Dr Jie Li
 Using probability of occurrence

Load
Factored load
Probability

Area = 0.05

Area = 0.95 Effect

Structural design calculations are based not on the mean values of

loads but on characteristic values which are usually taken to be the 5
per cent fractile, this having a 5 per cent probability exceeded.
Dr Jie Li
 How do we combine loads for structural analysis ?
• To get the maximum effect
• Within reasonable probability of occurrence

Can two extreme loading situations happen simultaneously ?

(eg. Max wind load plus flood loading )

Permanent loads + a combination of other classes of loads

Dead + Live Load: 1.25 G + 1.5 Q

Dead + Live + Wind load: 1.25 G + Wu + c Q
c = 0.4 (for domestic, office and parking buildings)

We reduce the magnitude of some variable loads to arrive at

the same probability of occurrence

Dr Jie Li
 Considering variability of strength

Factored
strength
Strength
Probability

Strength or capacity

e.g. the characteristic strength of concrete, fc, is the

5 per cent fractile, ie that strength value which is
attained by 95% of the material.

Dr Jie Li
 AS3600 (Concrete Structure Code):

Design requirement for bending: M*   M u

Design requirement for shear: V*   V u

Strength reduction factor:  = 0.8 (for moment)

0.7 (for shear)

Dr Jie Li
 Types of Supports

Supports to structures

• What is a support or a restraint to a structure ?

• Not enough, too much or just enough support ?
• How do you model a support ?

Dr Jie Li
 All structures are classified as having one
of 3 types of supports:

• Fixed (Built-in)

• Pinned (hinge)

• Roller

Dr Jie Li
 Fixed (Built-in) Supports

• Steel column is welded to the base plate

• Other examples of fixed supports (bridge pile
or telegraph pole)

Dr Jie Li
 Fixed (Built-in) Supports
• the member cannot translate and it cannot rotate
• the support provides reactions to prevent translation
(forces) and to prevent rotation (moments)
• 3 reactions for a 2 dimensional structure (6 reactions
for a 3D structure).

MZ
Rx
Ry

Dr Jie Li
 Pinned (hinge) supports

Pinned support provided by ball and socket joint at

base plate

Dr Jie Li
 Pinned (hinge) supports
• the member cannot translate, but it can rotate about
the support
• the support provides reactions to prevent translation
only (forces)
• 2 reactions for a 2 dimensional structure (3
reactions for a 3D structure)
• the support cannot provide a moment reaction

Rx Ry
Dr Jie Li
 More Pinned Supports

Dr Jie Li
 More Pinned
Supports

Dr Jie Li
 Hinged doors are
designed to easily rotate
with respect to the vertical
axis. However the door is
restrained from translating
in any direction.

The door is connected to

the door frame with two
pinned supports
(otherwise known as door
hinges), the door hinges
restrain translation in any
direction

Dr Jie Li
 Support hinge assembly

Gateshead Millennium Bridge

Dr Jie Li
 Roller Supports
• Roller connection to the support.
• the member can translate in one direction only, and it
can rotate
• the support provides only one force reaction to prevent
translation

Ry
Dr Jie Li
 Roller Supports

A roller or expansion
‘bearing’ support

The rocker or roller support for this bridge girder

allows horizontal movement so the bridge is free to
expand and contract due to temperature
Dr Jie Li
 Not enough vs just enough supports

Unstable – the structure will collapse

Pinned support

Stable structure

Fixed support

Dr Jie Li
 Stable and determinate

just enough supports

Dr Jie Li
 Stable and indeterminate

more than enough supports

Dr Jie Li
 Actual Sketch Model

Dr Jie Li
 Truss

Dr Jie Li
 Truss bridge

Dr Jie Li
 Activity

• Identify the supports to the following

structures
– Support to the whole structure
– Connections between different elements
– Draw the model of the support

Dr Jie Li
 A shed made of steel frames

Dr Jie Li
 Fixed

Dr Jie Li
 Prospect Hill Pedestrian bridge Hallam
Bypass

Dr Jie Li
 Truss bridge

Dr Jie Li
 Reinforced concrete super structure of a bridge

Dr Jie Li
Dr Jie Li
Dr Jie Li
 The timber balcony collapsed about
8.40pm on Saturday 1 March 2008
at the two-storey house northeast of
Melbourne, 13 partygoers (aged
between 20-88) were injured .

Can you identify:

• What kind of support for this balcony? P (kN)

UDL (kN/m)

• What types of loads acting on it? Rx

Fixed (built-in)
MZ
support
Dr Jie Li Ry