Examples on chapter six

(Thermodynamics)
1. A 200-m3 rigid tank contains compressed air at 1 MPa and 300 K. Determine how much
work can be obtained from this air if the environment conditions are 100 kPa and 300 K.
Ans: -

2. Oxygen gas is compressed in a piston-cylinder device from an initial state of 0.8 m 3/kg
and 25oC to a final state of 0.1 m3/kg and 287oC. Determine the reversible work input
and the increase in the exergy of the oxygen during this process. Assume the
surroundings to be at 25oC and 100 kPa.
Ans.: -
We assume that oxygen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. From Table A-2, R =
0.2598 kJ/kgK. The specific heat is determined at the average temperature
 T1  T2 (25  287)oC
Tav    156oC
2 2
 (156  273)K  429K
Table A-2(b) gives Cv, ave = 0.690 kJ/kgK.
The entropy change of oxygen is
T  v 
s2  s1  Cv, ave ln  2   R ln  2 
T
 1  v1 
 m3 
 0.1 
kJ  (287  273) K  kJ kg
 0.690 ln    0.2598 ln  
kg  K  (25  273) K  kg  K  m3 
 0.8 kg 
 
kJ
 0.105
kg  K

We calculate the reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input Wrev,in
in this case, from the exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero.

X in  X out  X  X
14 2 43 14destroyed
2 43 14 2system
43
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work, and mass destruction in exergy

Wrev,in  X 2  X 1
Therefore, the change in exergy and the reversible work are identical in this case.
Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work input during this
process is determined to be
wrev,in  2  1
 (u2  u1 )  P0 (v2  v1 )  T0 ( s2  s1 )
 Cv,ave (T2  T1 )  P0 (v2  v1 )  T0 ( s2  s1 )
kJ m3 kJ
 0.690 (287  25)K  100 kPa(0.1  0.8)
kg  K kg m 3kPa
kJ
 (25  273)K(0.105 )
kg  K
kJ
 142.1
kg

The increase in exergy of the oxygen is

kJ
x2  x1  2  1  wrev, in  142.1
kg
3. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 6 MPa, 600C, and 80 m/s and leaves at 50 kPa,
100C, and 140 m/s. The surroundings to the turbine are at 25C. If the power output of
the turbine is 5MW, determine
(a) the power potential of the steam at its inlet conditions, in MW.
(b) the reversible power, in MW.
(c) the second law efficiency.
Ans.:-
We assume steady-flow and neglect changes in potential energy

The mass flow rate of the steam is determined from the steady-flow energy equation
applied to the actual process,

E&in  E&out  E&systems

14 2 43 14 2 43
Rate of net energy transfer Rate of change
by heat, work, and mass of energy
r r
V12 V22
m&1 (h1  )  m&2 (h2  )  W&out  0
2 2
Conservation of mass for the steady flow gives
m&in  m&out  m&system
14 2 43 14 2 43
Rate of net mass transfer Rate of change
of mass

m&1  m&2  0
m&1  m&2  m&
The work done by the turbine and the mass flow rate are
r2 r2
  V V 
W&out  m&(h1  h2 )   1  2  
  2 2  
W&out
m&
(h1  h2 )  ke
where r r
 V22 V12 
ke    
 2 2 
(140 m/s) 2  (80 m/s) 2  1kJ/kg 
  2 2 
2  1000 m /s 
kJ
 6.6
kg
From the steam tables:
 kJ
 h1  3658.8
P1  6 MPa   kg

T1  600 C  
o
kJ
s1  7.1693
 kg  K
 kJ
 h2  2682.4
P2  50 kPa   kg

T2  100 C  
o
kJ
s  7.6953
 2 kg  K
 kJ
 h0  hf@25oC  104.83
P0  100 kPa   kg

T0  25 C  
o
kJ
s0  sf@25oC  0.3672
 kg  K

W&out
m&
(h1  h2 )  ke
5 MW  1000 kJ/s 

kJ  MW 
(3658.8  2682.4  6.6)
kg
kg
 5.16
s
The power potential of the steam at the inlet conditions is equivalent to its exergy at the
inlet state. Recall that we neglect the potential energy of the flow.
r
&  V12 
1  m& 1  m& (h1  h0 )  T0 ( s1  s0 )   gz1 
 2 
 kJ kJ 
 (3658.8  104.83) kg  (298 K )(7.1693  0.3672) kg  K 
&  5.16 kg 
 
s  (80m/s) 2  kJ/kg  
1

   2 2  
 2  1000 m /s  
kg  kJ   MW 
 5.16  1533.3   
s  kg  1000 kJ/s 
 7.91MW

The power output of the turbine if there are no irreversibilities is the reversible power and is
determined from the rate form of the exergy balance applied on the turbine and setting the exergy
destruction term equal to zero.

X&in  X&out  X&  X&system

14 2 43 14destroyed
2 43 14 2 43
Rate of net exergy transfer Rate of exergy Rate of change
by heat, work, and mass destruction of exergy

X&in  X&out
m&  W&
1 rev, out  m& 2
 W&rev, out  m&( 2  1 )
 m& ( h1  h2 )  T0 ( s1  s2 )  ke  pe 
 kJ kJ 
 (3658.8  2682.4) kg  (298 K )(7.1693  7.6953) kg  K 
kg
W&rev, out  5.16  
s  kJ 
  6.6 
 kg 
kg  kJ   MW 
 5.16 1126.5   
s  kg   1000 kJ/s 
 5.81MW
The second-law efficiency is determined from

W& 5 MW
II  &   86.1%
Wrev 5.81MW