t Northern pki [echnical No Dr. Bijan 0. Aalumi, Bdiior For Professionals Engaged in Posi-Tensioning Design Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions In Prestressing and Their Computation By Bijan 0. Aalams* SYNOPSIS This Technical Nove describes the definition, computation, ad the significance of lyperstatc (secondary) actions in the design of pre sttessed concrete structures, The Note covers the cases of (i) skeletal structures, such as beams and slabs moeled as bean frames, (i) con- singums, suck as plates, shells and solids, and (fi) segmental con- struction, such 2s prestressed and post-tensioned spliced girders ach case i itusrated through a numerical examgle, 4 - INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Ll Definition of Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions Byperstatic (or secondary) actions develop in a presressed meminer die to prestessing forces, and as a consequence ofthe constraint by the supports fo the ftee movement of the prestrewed member. If a prestressed member is allowed to displace freely, as in the case of determinate stractares or precast members prior te slignment and installation, no hyperstatc (secondary) moments are generated However, in most cast-in-place construction, where supports con- surnin movement of the presiessed member, Ayperstatic actions can be significant and therefore must be accounted for in a design, 1.2 Byperstatic Actions and Sectional Strength Consider the hypothetical case of a two-span, post-tesioned bea, ‘which was cast and sessed prior to installation (Fig. 1.2-1). To elim- ‘nate the iropact of selE-weight from the discussion, assume thatthe beam is sesting freely on its side. Before installation, the tendon forces cause the beam camber indicated by the curved soffit in Fig. L210), The camber is due solely tothe flexing of the beam under the action ofits prestressing tendons. At installation, the beam must be forced down ct the center to become strait before it can be tad to the aligned supports shown in Fig. L2-1(@). The forces at the sup- Ports necessary #0 hold the beam in its designated postion are indica- tive of hypersiaic (Secondary) reactions that would lave Been gener- ated ifthe beam had been cast fist, and stressed afterwards. Fig. 1.2- 2(a) shows the byperstaic reactions of the beam held on sno supp, " Profeso: Bmeres of Civil Eosincerig, San Frasiso Sie Uniesity: Chi ‘echnical Adnsory Boa of fox Tensinieg Inte re Priya of ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woedsice Road, #720, Leawood Ciy, C2 $4061; wedsite: “ware adadpstodt.com root ce leh THREE SPAY POST-TENSIONED BEAM , tebe ec armen SS tsueEveT & (8 RENU DETACHED FY SUPPORTS BEAM SUBJECT TO POST-TENSIONNG LOAD ONY FIGURE 12-1 enero la) REACTIONS AT SUPPORTS DLE TO PRESTRESEING HHYPERSTATIC REACTIONS) vee x oo (bi MOMENTS DUE TO PRESTRESSING ‘SUPPORT REACTIONS (HYPERSTATC MOMENTS HYPERSTATIC (SECONDARY) REACTIONS AND MOMENTS FIGURE 1.22 December 1998Incastin-place member, the sequence is reversed, Now assurae the beam is cast while positioned on the supports and then the tendons are stressed afterwards (Fig. 1.2-1(a)). When the tendons are sttessed the eamber shown in Fig, 1.2-1(b} is prevented and adlition- al retctions are developed at the supports, These reactions ate called the bypesstate (Secondary) actions. The reactions atthe sepports are dve to postensioning only {sel-weight is wrexed separately). The free-dody diagram of the beam detached from its supports is shown in Fig. 12-2(@). Since, in this example, the supports are assumed hinged, no moments ae developed at these locations, These reac- tions, being the only forces in the beam, must forma a selteqpilibrat- ing system, That isto say, the sum of hyperstaic (secondary) reac tions most be 2240: S Ry = 0 a S Myp = 0 Q wihere Rig is the hypersati cezction and My isthe hyperstatie ‘moment. In this example, there are ao hyperstatic moment reactions athe sspgorts. Fig. 12.2(0) lustre the distbution of hyperstatic {seoondary} moments inthe bea, Pursuing te sare example, in which only the post-tensioning forces ae being reviewed, observe in Fig, .2-3a) ha at any seetion along the beam, the hypersttie reactions induce a hyperstatic moment and a hyperstatc shear, There is ao resultant horizontal force at the cut seotiom foc the rolersepport example considered. rom the statics of the free-hody diagram of the eut beam, the hyperstatic moment snd shearare given by the following relationships SR 3 SR*K a wa Map ® ® KAYE 1D ss | veacinaere LA) feriesoae (a) RESULTANT MOMENT AND SHEAR AT ‘A SECTION oss B® cae csmn Zt ‘ fil respon Force refer (b) ASSUMED INTERNAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION AT STRENGTH LIMIT STATE SECTIONAL ACTIONS DUE TO PRESTRESSING & THE CORRESPONDING INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES AT STRENGTH LIMIT STATE. FIGURE 1.2.3 WM oboe reTENSIONING INSTITUTE ‘The hyperstatic shear and moraent shown in Fig, 1.2-3(9) at the cut section are sustained by forces developed in the concrete and rein- forcement over the cross section, At the strength limit state, the moment is assumed o be resisted by a compression block and a ter- sile force as shown in Fig. 1.23), from whick the following rela- tionships apply co-T 6 Myp = Tz = Cz 6 where, C= total compression force: T= combined tension fore de othe prestessing and nonpeesiessed reinforcement; 2 = internal lever amn ofthe section Brom the foregoing, it is evident that at the strength Emit state, the section must develop on internal resistance associated with the Ihyperstatic moment, This resistance is in addition to that required by tbe action of ether loads, such as seif-weight aad live loading, ACE (ACL318, 1995], and AASHTO [AASHTO, 1994) require thatthe hhypersatic (secondary) actions be included witha factor of 1.0 in all strength demand load combinations, when actions are calculated using elas theory. For example, one of the strength load vombina- tions stipulated inthe ACT code for gravity conditions is My= CLAM G+ LIMy + Ming) o £ where, ‘Me = nominel strength of section; = sitength reduction factor, Mg = moment dus to dead leading; and Mp = moment due to ive losing. ‘The hypersetic_ moment is not factored for severe reasons. Fist the parameters governing its value are more accurstely known than ‘hose associated with te dead and Tive loads, Second, in most cases, hyperstatic moments counteract the moments due to dead an live Toading, Hence, an inezease in the load factor for the hyperstatic _moments i often not conservative. ‘The preceding discussion demonstrates that, fr sttength considere- Hons, the byperstatic moments enter the computations, and not the primary oc halanced raoenents 2- COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES Hiypersiatic moments can be calculated either dccolly or indirectly For skeletal members, uch as beams, and floor systems that are m0d- led as sips of isolated sib fames, hyDersate ations can be suc cessfully caleulated ysing both methods, For coninuum membe:s, such as flooe slabs that are viewed as plates, the direct method must beused. ‘The background 10 these methods is explained in (Aalami, 1999], Both methods ae oulined below, inthe context ofboth skeletal and continuum structiral models. Later the special requirements for the analysis of segmental constuction are acdressed, 2A Skeletal Structures 2d Direct Method The direct method is based on the definition of hypersttic actions (moments and shears) as desorbed in the preceding section. Observe atypical rene as shown in Fig. 2.1.1-1, The fratn is subject to dead loading, ive loeding and post-tensioning, The reactions caused atthe supports are due fall the loading components - namely, dead, live ‘and post-ensiosing or prestessing. Fig. 2.112 illusrates the free boxy diagram of the slabybeam member in which oaly the post-ten- soning and its reaotions atthe supports are shown. The free body diagram is complete as shown in the figure (rote that there is ao dead or live loading shown), [tis not necessary to include the balanced loading deve to posttensioting in this diagram, since the tendon is considered in-place in the loading diagram. Note, thatthe belanced leading appeers in the loading ciagrem only if the tendon is assured ‘removed from is honsing ‘peso Loa tye L0H FOST-TENSIONED FRAME UNDER LOADING FIGURE 2.1.11 By definiion, the moments and reactions shown in Fig. 24.1-2 are the hypersatieactions, since these are the actions induced ty post tensioning alone, For static equilibrium, the sum of al the hyperstatic ‘stone on the fare must add to 2600. ‘SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO POST-TENSIONING FIGURE 2.1.1-2 A common procedure forthe divect method is thatthe prestressing forces are frst translated into the coresponding belanced loading to be applied to the frame. “The hypersiatic reetions tthe supports are ‘hen computed by solving the frame For the bslanced loading due to post-ensioning’prestressing [ADAPT, 1997]. St is clea that te cea- ‘ral issue in the corest comparation of iyperstatic reactions isthe ‘aithfal represeutaion of the balanced loading as a set of extemal actions applied to the frame, Only if all dhe components of the bei- anoed loading are consisereé, will the calculated hyperstaic actions be comet. The lyperstatic ceactions calculated above are then applied to the member to determine the byperstatic moment and shear at any point along its Iength (Fig. 2.1.1-3). At any distance Xi, as show in Fig. 2.1.1+4, the bypecsatic shear is simply the algebraic sum of all reac- tions, and the hyperstatic coment isthe moment of afl actions. The :elationships ae as follows Vie = SR ® Mp = SO + Mi} S (RAK) ® Where, My My,endR; = Support reections due to post- tensioning: x Distance to the section under ‘consideration ae wn ACTIONS CAUSING HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS AND SHEARS FIGURE 2.1.1-3 POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE