Chapter 7 Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

 Specializes his study in ophthalmology in Paris and Germany.

o Chose this branch of medicine for he wants to cure his mother’s eye ailment.
o Served as an assistant to the famous oculist in Europe.
 Continued his observations in Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig and Berlin.

 Berlin – capital of unified Germany

o met and befriended top German Scientists
 dr. Feodor Jagor
 Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
 Dr. Hans Meyer
 Dr. Rudolf Virchow
 Merits as scientist were recognized by the eminent scientists of Europe

 Gay, Paris(1885-86) – already 24 yrs. old and physician

o Stopped at Barcelona to visit Maximo Viola (a medical student and a member of rich family
of san Miguel, Bulacan)
o Stayed for a week and befriended Senor EusebioCorominas – editor of the newspaper La
Publicidadand made a crayon sketch of Don Miguel Morayta (owner of La Publicidad and a
statesman)
 Gave Corominas an article on the Carolines Question, then a controversial issue, for
publication.

 November 1885 – living in Paris and sojourned for about four months
o Worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906), leading French
ophthalmologist, from November 1885 to February 1886.
o outside his working hours, he visited his friends, such as:
 family of Pardo de Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz)
 Paz Pardo de Taveras – pretty girl engaged to Juan Luna. On the album of
this girl, Rizal drew a series of sketches on the Story of “The Monkey and
the turtle.”
 Juan Luna
 Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo
 Studio of Juan Luna – helped Luna by posing as model in several paintings:
o The death of Cleopatra as Egyptian Priest
o The Blood Compact as Sikatunawith Trinidad Pardo de Tavera as Legaspi

 Rizal as musician – kundimans and other Philippine melodies are played in all Filipino reunions
o Reason for studying music: many of his schoolmates at the Ateneo were taking music
lessons
o November 27, 1878 letter to Enrique Lete
 Learned the solfeggio, the piano and voice culture in one month and a half.
o Play the flute fairly well.
  Composed “alinmanglahi’ (any race): a patriotic song which asserts that any race
aspires for freedom
 Sad Danza- “La Deportacion” (deportation): composed in Dapitan during his exile.

 Historic Heidelberg – left Gay Paris on February 1, 1886 for Germany. Visited Strasbourg (Capital of
Alsace Lorraine)
o February 3, 1886 – he arrived in Heidelberg, a historic city in Germany, famous for its old
university and romantic surroundings.
 became a member in Chess Player’s Club
 worked at University Eye Hospital under the direction of Dr. Otto Becker
 attended lectures of Dr. Otto Becker and Prof. Wilhelm Kuehne
 Weekendshe visited: Heidelberg Castle, Neckar River, theater and old churches.
 Light Blue “forget-me-not” flower – Rizal’s favorite. Remembered the blooming
flowers at the garden of his home in Calamba.
 April 22, 1886wrote a poem “A Las Flores de Heidelberg” (to the flowers of
Heidelberg)

 With Pastor Ullmer at Wilhelmsfeld. 3 months Summer Vacation at Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous

village near Heidelberg.
o Stayed at vicarage of Protestant pastor, Dr. Karl Ullmer.
 His pleasing personality and talents in languages and sketching endeared the
pastor’s wife and 2 children, Etta and Fritz.
 ended his sojourn June 25, 1886
 May 29, 1887 - wrote from Munich (Muchen) to Friedrich (Fritz)

 First letter to Ferdinand Blumentritt, director of the Ateneo de Leitmeritz, Austria – July 31, 1886.
o Blumentritt (best friend of Rizal) - Austrian ethnologist and has interest in Philippine
Languages.
o Sent with the book entitled “Aritmetica”: published in 2 languages – Spanish and Tagalog –
by the University of Santo Tomas Press in 1868. Author: RufinoBaltazarHernandez, a native
of Santa Cruz, Laguna
o Impressed by Rizal’s letter, he gave Rizal 2 books

 5th Centenary of Heidelberg University, August 6, 1886.

o 3 days before his departure. Sad because he had come to love the beautiful city and the
hospitable people.
o CelebratedFestungin the morning. Bugmuller (famous student) dressed as Frederick the
Victorious. Lieberman as a gentleman in 17th century. Gregoire as wolf of Schwahen. Last
night wasSchlorsfest

 in Leipzig and Dresden (August 9, 1886) boarded a train and visited many cities in Germany
o Arrived at Leipzig (August 14, 1886) attended lectures in History and psychology at
University of Leipzig.
o Befriended Prof. Friedrich Ratzel (famous German historian) and Dr. Hans Meyer (German
Anthropologist)
 o Translated Schiller’s William Tell from German to Tagalog so that Filipinos might know the
story of the champion of Swiss independence. Also translated Hans Christian Andersen’s
Fairy Tales for his nephews and nieces.
o October 29 left Leipzig for Dresden. Met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer – director of the
anthropological and ethnological museum.
 Heard mass in a Catholic Church and was impressed
o November 1 left Dresden by train and reached Berlin in the evening.

 Rizal welcomed in Berlin’s scientific Circles

o Met for the first time Dr. Feodor Jagor. Had a letter of introduction by Blumentritt for him.
o Was introduced to Dr. Rudolf Virchow (famous German Anthropologist), and his son Dr.
Hans Virchow (prof of Descriptive Anatomy). Also met Dr. W. Joest (German geographer)
o Worked in the clinic of Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger (famous German ophthalmologist.
o Became member of the Anthropological Society, ethnological Society, and Geographical
Society of Berlin
 1st Asian to be recognized by Europe’s scientists.
o Invited to give lecture in response he wrote scholarly paper entitled tagalischeverkunst
(tagalog metrical art)

 Rizal’s life in Berlin.

o Reasons for living in berlin:
 To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology
 To further his studies of sciences and languages
 To observe the economic had political conditions of German Nation
 To associate w/ famous German Scientists and Scholars
 To publish Noli Me Tangere

o In the morning as assistant to Dr. Schweigger and at night attended lectures in the university
of Berlin
o Took private lessons under a professor of French, Madame Lucie Cerdole, to master the
idiomatic intricacies of the French Language.
o Unter den Linden – most popular boulevard of Berlin. Rizal enjoyed promenading.
o Rizal on German Women: letter to Trinidad (march 11, 1886). German woman is serious,
diligent, educated and friendly. Not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome like Spanish woman
o German Customs: Christmas custom delighted him most. And self-introduction of a German
when nobody will introduce him.
o Rizal’s darkest winter: 1886 in Berlin. He lived in poverty because no money arrived from
Calamba and he was flat broke. The diamond ring which his sister, Saturnina, gave him was
in the pawnshop. He could not pay his landlord and had to scrimp eating only one meal a
day (bread and water or some cheap vegetable soup).
Chapter 8 NoliMeTangere Published in Berlin (1887)

 Bleak winter was memorable because:

o It was a painful episode for he was hungry , sick and despondent in a strange city
o It brought him great joy, after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me
Tangere, came off the press in March 1887.
 Dr. Maximo Viola loaned him the needed funds to publish the novel

 Idea of writing a novel on the Philippines

o Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin – inspiration of Rizal in creating a novel that would
depict the miseries of his people under the lash of Spanish tyrants.
o January 2, 1884 – presented the novel to group of Filipinos and unanimously approved by
those present:

 Paternos (pedro, Maximino and Antonio)

 Graciano Lopez jaena
 Evaristo Aguirre
 Eduardo de lete
 Julio Llorente
 Melecio Figueroa
 Valentin Ventura

 The writing of the Noli. Started in Madrid and finished half of it

o Paris, 1885 finished half of the second half

o Finished the last fourth in Germany
o Wrote the last few chapters in Wilhelmsfeld April-June 1886
o In Berlin, winter days, February 1886 – made final revisions
o He told Fernando Canonabout his discouragement in publishing Noli

 Viola, Savior of the Noli.

o Deleted a whole chapter “Elias and Salome” to reduce printing expenses

o Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesselschaft; printing shop charged the lowest rate. 300
pesos for 2000 copies

 Rizal suspected as French Spy. chief police of berlin paid a sudden visit to Rizal’s boarding house,
asking for passport but Rizal did not have one. Gave 4-day ultimatum but rizal failed to present one.

o Reason for suspicion: frequent visits to villages and little towns in rural areas

 Printing of Noli finished. March 27, 1887 – Noli Me Tangere came off the press.

o sent first copies to his intimate friends:

  Blumentritt
 Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Mariano Ponce
 Felix R. Hidalgo

o March 29, 1887- token of appreciation: he gave Viola the galley proofs of the Noli carefully
rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy.

 The Title of the Novel. Noli Me Tangere Latin Phrase which means “Touch Me Not” not originally
conceived by Rizal, he admitted taking it from the Bible

o Letter to Felix Hidalgo (French. March 5, 1887): said it is taken from the Gospel of St. Luke
signify ‘do not touch me”. Rizal made a mistake, it should be from the Gospel of St. John
20:13-17

 Author’s dedication. to the Philippines – “to my Fatherland”

o human sufferings is a cancer. Social cancer

 Synopsis of Noli. Contains 63 chapters and an epilogue.

o begins with a reception given by Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) in CalleAnloague
(now juanluna street) in honor of Crisostomo Ibarra (young and rich Filipino. Returned after
7 years of study in Europe. Son of Don Rafael Ibarra, friend of capitan Tiago. And fiancé of
Maria Clara, supposed daughter of Capitan Tiago.)

o Guests:
 Padre Damaso: fat Franciscan friar who had been parish priest for 20 years of San
Diego (Calamba)
 Padre Sybila: young Dominican parish priest of Binondo
 Señor Guevara: an elderly and kind lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
 Don Tiburcio de Espadaña: bogus Spanish Physician, lame and henpecked husband
of Doña Victorina.

o Ibarra produced favorable impression except to Padre Damaso. In accordance to German

custom, he introduced himself to the ladies
o Padre Damaso was in bad mood because he got bony neck and hard wing of the chicken
tinola.
o PadreSalvi: Franciscan parish priest of San Diego.told Ibarra that he had nothing to do with
what happen to his father, for he was not the parish priest at that time. It was Padre
Damaso, his predecessor, who was responsible for it.
o Met several interesting people;
 Tasio the Philosopher – the wise old man whose ideas were too advanced for his
times so that the people who could not understand him called him“Tasio the
Lunatic”
  Progressive school teacher complained to Ibarra that the children were losing
interest in their studies because of:
 Lack of proper school house
 Discouraging attitude of the Spanish friar towards both the teaching of
Spanish and of the use of modern methods of pedagogy.
 Spineless gobernadorcillo, who catered to the wishes of the Spanish friar
 Don FilipoLino – the teniente-mayor and leader of the liberal faction in the town
 Don Melchor – the captain of the cuadrilleros ( town police)
 Former gobernadorcilloswho are prominent citizens- Don Basilio and Don Valentin

o Tale of Sisa, most tragic story

 Lost her two boys, Basilio and Crispin. They were sacristanes (sextons) in the
church. Crispin was accusedby the brutal sacristan mayor(chief sexton) of stealing
the money of the priest. He was tortured in the convent and died.

o Elias – one of the boatmen was a strong and silent peasant youth
 Ibarra saved the life of Elias.
 Maria Clara rendered a beautiful song while playing the harp.

o Ibarra and Capitan Tiago played chess. Maria Clara and her friends played the ‘wheel of
chance”
o Padre Salvi came and tore into pieces the book, saying it’s a sin to play such game
o 4 soldiers of Guardia Civil came and looking for Elias who was haunted for:

 Assaulting Padre Damaso

 Throwing the alferez (lieutenant of Guardia Civil) into a mudhole

o Ibarra visited old Tasio to consult on his pet project about the school house.

 Tasio’s writing was in hieroglyphics because he was writing for the future
generations who would understand and say “not all were asleep in the night of our
ancestors”
 Tasio is pessimistic about the project. But the construction was continued under
architect Ñor Juan

o Fiesta in honor of its patron saint San Diego de Alcala, November 11.

 Laughter, music, exploding bombs, feasting and moro-moro.

 Music furnished by 5 brass bands including the famous Pagsanjan band owned by
the escribano Miguel Guevara and 3 orchestras

o Elias suspected that the yellowish man, who built the derrick was a paid stooge of Ibarra’s
enemies
o Ibarra’s attack to Padre Damaso produces 2 results:

 Engagement to Maria Clara was broken

  He was excommunicated

o Liberal minded governor general visited the town and befriended Ibarra
o Tiburcio de Espadaña – a quack Spanish Physician.

 Husband of DoctoraDoÑaVictorina de los reyes de DeEspadaÑa

 Introduced young Spaniard to Capitan Tiago, Don Alfonso Linares de
EspadaÑa, cousin of Tiburcio and god son of Padre Damaso

o Comedy: the fight between the 2 ludicrous senoras – Dona Consolacion, the vulgar mistress
of the Spanish Alferez, and Dona Victorina, the flamboyantly dressed wife of henpecked
Spanish quack doctor.

o The story of Elias was a tale of pathos and tragedy.

 60 yrs ago, accusation to his grandfather for burning the warehouse.

 Grandmother became prostitute to support her sick husband and their son
 Balat, 1st boy, became a tulisan
 Balat’s younger brother became a laborer. Fell in love to his master’s daughter
 Elias’ father was sent to jail. While the girl gave birth to twins, Elias and a girl.
 Elias was educated in the Jesuit College in Manila. His sister in La Concordia College

o Pia Alba, late mother of Maria Clara.

o Padre Damaso was Maria Clara’s real father
o Ibarra and Elias paddled up the pasig river toward laguna de bay. Ibarra hid under the
zacate.
o Christmas eve, Elias met Basilio, weeping over his mother’s body. Basilio prepared a funeral
pyre.
o Elias looked toward the east and murmured “ I die without seeing the dawn brighten over
my native land! You, who have it to see, welcome it – and forget not those who have fallen
during the night.

 Epilogue:
o Maria Clara entered the Santa Clara nunnery
o Padre Salvi left the parish of San Diego and became a chaplain of the nunnery.
o Padre Damaso was transferred to a remote province. Next morning he was found dead in his
bedroom
o Capitan Tiago became an opium addict and human wreck
o Dona Victorina had taken to wearing eyeglasses because of weakening eyesight
o Linares died of dysentery and buried in Paco cemetery
o Alferez was promoted major

 Noli based on truth

o Maria Clara was Leonor Rivera
o Ibarra and Elias represented Rizal
 o Tasio the Philosopher was his elder brother Paciano
o Padre Salvi was Padre Antonio Piernavieja, the hated Agustinian Friar in Cavite
o Capitan Tiago was Capitan HilarioSunico of San Nicolas
o Dona Victorina was Dona AgustinaMedel
o Basilio and Crispin was Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy
o Padre Damaso was typical of a domineering friar during the days of Rizal
 Missing Chapter of Noli. “Elias and Salome” which follows Chapter XXIV “in the woods”
 Rizal’s friends praise Noli
o Letter from Blumentritt was significant
o Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, Filipino patriot and lawyer who had been exiled due to his
complicity in the Cavite Mutiny 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much impressed.
CHAPTER 9 RIZAL’S GRAND TOUR OF EUROPE WITH VIOLA

 Decided to travel after the publication of Noli

 Dr. Maximo Viola: his traveling companion
 Received paciano’s remittance of 1000 pesos forwarded by Juan Luna from Paris
 Paid 300 pesos loan owed to Viola
 Visited first, Potsdam, a city near Berlin, which Frederick the great made famous
 May 11, 1887, left Berlin by train, going to Dresden, one of the best cities in Germany
 Dresden: Rizal interested in botany, studied “numerous plant varieties of extraordinary beauty and
size
o Visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer
o Deeply impressed by a painting “Prometheus Bound”
o Met Dr. Jagor at the Floral Exposition. Hearing their plan to visit Leitmeritz (Litomerice,
Czechoslovakia) to see Blumentritt, Dr. Jagor advised them to wire Blumentritt of their
coming for he might suffer a shock at their sudden visit.
o Teschen (Decin, Czechoslovakia) their next stopover after Dresden

 First meeting with Blumentritt. at 1:30 p.m. of May 13, 1887. Blumentritt was at the station;
carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the latter had previously sent

o Blumentritt: a kind-hearted, old Austrian professor. Helped Rizal and Viola get a room at
Hotel Krebs.
o Stayed in Leitmeritz from May 13 to May 16, 1887

 Beautiful Memories of Leitmeritz

o Rosa, Blumentritt’s wife, was a good cook.
o Dolores ( called Dora or Dorita by Rizal), Conrad and Fritz – Blumentritt’s children
o Blumentritt, a great tourist guide, showed the scenic and historical spots in Leitmeritz.
Invited Rizal and Viola to a beer garden where the best beer of Bohemia was served.
o Group of drinkers had a lively discussion, one of them was the burgomaster (town mayor),
Blumentritt knew him so he introduced his friends.
o 11 months - took Rizal to learn German. Burgomaster, in great admiration, lauded the
“privileged talent” of Rizal.
o Invited to a meeting of the Tourists’ Club of Leitmeritz, of which Blumentritt was the
secretary.
o Painted a portrait of the kind professor to commemorate his happy hours at the Blumentritt
home
o Met Dr. Carlos Czepelak, Polish scholar, renowned scientist of Europe, and Professor Robert
Klutschak, an eminent naturalist.
o Tendered a banquet – farewell dinner – on their last night, to reciprocate Blumentritt’s
hospitality
o May 16 at 9:45 a.m. left Leitmeritz by train
o Letter to Blumentritt, written in Vienna on May 24, 1887, Rizal expressed his and Viola’s
concern for the illness of Dora
o Another letter, written in Brunn, Austria, on May 19, 1887, three days after leaving
Leitmeritz… forgot his diamond stickpin in his room at Hotel Krebs
 Prague. they carried letters of recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm, professor of
natural history in University of Prague.

o Visited the tomb of Copernicus, the famous astronomer; the museum of natural history; the
bacteriological laboratories; the famous cave where San Juan Nepomuceno, the Catholic
Saint, was imprisoned; and the bridge from which this saint was hurled into the river.
o Went to Brunn, according to Viola “nothing of importance happened” in this city

 Vienna (Capital of Austria-Hungary). On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived.

o Fascinated Rizal because of its beautiful buildings, religious images, haunting waltzes, and
majestic charm.
o Vienna: “Queen of the Danube”
o Met Norfenfals, one of the greatest novelists in Europe during that time. This novelist was
favorably impressed by Rizal and spoke highly of Rizal, “whose genius he so much admired”
o Received his lost diamond stickpin, found by a maid and was given to Blumentritt, who, in
turn, forwarded to Rizal in Vienna.
o Stayed at Hotel Metropole. Visited churches, museums, art galleries, theaters and public
parks.
o Met 2 good friends of Blumentritt, Masner and Nordmann, Austrian scholars.

 Danubian Voyage to Lintz. On May 24, they left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful sights of
the Danube River.
 From Lintz to Rheinfall. River voyage end in Lintz. Traveled overland to Salzburg, from there to
Munich, where they savor Munich beer, reputed to be the best in Germany.

o From Munich to Nuremberg, one of the oldest cities of Germany, they were impressed by
the manufacture of dolls which was the biggest industry of the city.
o Visited Ulm in which its cathedral was the largest and tallest in all Germany
o Rheinfall (Cascade of the Rhine), they saw the most beautiful waterfall of Europe
 Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland. Stayed from June 2 to 3, 1887 and continued their tour to
Basel, Bern and Lausanne.
 Geneva. Crossing foggy Leman Lake to Geneva. One of the most beautiful cities in Europe
o people in this city were linguists, speaking in German, French and Italian.
o June 19, 1887, 26th birthday, treated Viola to a blow-out
o Spent 15 delightful days in Geneva. June 23, they parted ways – Viola returned to Barcelona
while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.

 Rizal resents exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid Exposition.

o Being a champion of human dignity, Rizal was outraged by this degradation of his fellow
countrymen.
o Letter to Blumentritt, June 6, 1887:
 El Liberal, a newspaper that did not mocked the Igorots
 Barraca, rustic house made of bamboo, grass and tree branches, Igorots house in
Madrid.
 One woman died because of Pneumonia
 El Resumen still makes jokes about it.
 Rizal in Italy. He visited Turin, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
o June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, “The Eternal City” and also called “City of the Caesars”
o Thrilled by the sights and memories of Rome, describing to Blumentritt, the “grandeur that
was Rome”
o Favorite place: Amphitheater and the Roman Forum
o Visited: Capitolium, Tarpeian Rock, Palatinum, Capitoline Museum, Church of Santa Maria
Maggiore etc.
o June 29, feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and
the Capital of Christendom.
o Impressed by the magnificent edifices, particularly of St. Peter’s Church, the rare works of
art, the St. Peter’s Square, the colorful Papal Guards and the atmosphere of religious
devotion that pervaded the Vatican.
 PROJECT
IN
RIZAL
Summary chapter 7-9

Submitted to : Mrs. Loreta potane GALlo

Submitted by : Jamil lusica orapa