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REVISIÓN
1
Guillermo Henao Restrepo
RESUMEN
Después del parto las altas demandas de nutrientes requeridos para la s íntesis de grandes
volúmenes de leche, la limitada capacidad de consumo de alimentos y las inadecuadas
concentraciones de nutrientes en los alimentos consumidos, producen un balance
energético negativo (BEN). Esta situación induce una respuesta compensatoria
(homeorresis) que compromete el tejido adiposo, el h ígado, los músculos y los huesos.
El desbalance energético retarda la reanudación de los ciclos estrales postparto y
dependiendo de su intensidad, puede limitar el crecimiento de los fol ículos ováricos.
Paulatinamente, en tiempo variable con la genética, la producción de leche, la
1
Profesor Asociado. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias. e-mail:
ghenao@yahoo.com
SUMMARY
During the last weeks of gestation, the bovine placenta increases the synthesis of
estradiol at a level that overcomes several hundreds the quantity produced during the
estrus. That high level of estradiol produces an extended negative feedback on the
hypothalamus, that inhibits the synthesis and release of gonadotrophin releasing hormone
(GnRH) and therefore there will not be pituitary hormones to stimulate follicular growth.
Under this hormonal condition, the ovarian follicles can be developed until forming
antrum, but due to the absence of gonadotrophic stimulus, its growth is limited and it
doesn’t reach to form follicular waves. With the expulsion of the placenta during the calving,
ends the estradiol production and the hipothalamus begins to recover the capacity of synthesizing
GnRH and of reestablishing the sensibility gradually to the ovarian estrogens to restore the positive
feedback mechanism that controls the liberation of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing (LH) to stimulate the growth and final maturation of the follicle, the estradiol synthesis,
the expression of estrus and ovulation.
After calving the high demands of nutriments required for the synthesis of large volumes of milk,
the limited capacity of foods consumption and the improper concentration of nutriments in the
consumed foods, produce a negative energetic balance (NEB). This situation induces a
compensatory response (homeohresis) that commits the adipose tissue, the liver, the muscles and
the bones. The energetic unbalance stops the resumption of the postpartum cycles and depending on
its intensity, it can limit the growth of the ovarian follicles. Gradually, in variable time with the
genetics, the production of milk, the adaptation to the environment, the health and the readiness of
nutritious, recovers the required energy balance so that the hypothalamus renews the synthesis and
liberation of high and frequent pulses of GnRH, which stimulate in the pituitary the liberation of a
preovulatory pick of LH so that the first postpartum ovulation takes place. It's not known
accurately the mechanism through which the energy substances participate in the hypothalmaic
answer for the renewal of the postpartum estral cycle . During the last years the leptines have
been proposed as the "lost link" between the metabolic energy and reproduction.
Figura 1. Dinámica folicular y lútea durante los primeros 74 días de gestación de una
vaca Cebú, construida mediante 33 ecografías transrectales y evaluaciones hormonales
seriadas efectuadas en el Centro Cotové, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede
Medellín. Se observa el folículo ovulatorio (cuyo oocito fue fecundado), la formación de
nueve ondas foliculares secuenciales con establecimiento de dominancia y atresia del
folículo dominante y la formación de un cuerpo lúteo que persiste y produce niveles
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