REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 9

1. For a given sample size, when we increase the probability of Type I error, the probability of a Type II
error:

A. remains unchanged.

B. increases.

C. decreases.

D. is impossible to determine without more information.

2. Which statement about α is not correct?

A. It is the probability of committing a Type I error.

B. It is the test's significance level.

C. It is the probability of rejecting a true H0.

D. It is equal to 1 - β.
3. John rejected his null hypothesis in a right-tailed test for a mean at α = .025 because his critical t
value was 2.000 and his calculated t value was 2.345. We can be sure that:

A. John did not commit Type I error.

B. John did not commit Type II error.

C. John committed neither Type I nor Type II error.

D. John committed both Type I and Type II error.

4. Which is not true of p-values?

A. When they are small, we want to reject H0.

B. They measure the probability of an incorrect decision.

C. They show the chance of Type I error if we reject H0.

D. They do not require α to be specified a priori.

5. For a test of a mean, which of the following is incorrect?

A. H0 is rejected when the calculated p-value is less than the critical value of the test statistic.

B. In a right-tailed test, we reject H0 when the test statistic exceeds the critical value.

C. The critical value is based on the researcher's chosen level of significance.

D. If H0: μ ≤ 100 and H1: μ > 100, then the test is right-tailed.
6. Guidelines for the Jolly Blue Giant Health Insurance Company say that the average hospitalization
for a triple hernia operation should not exceed 30 hours. A diligent auditor studied records of 16
randomly chosen triple hernia operations at Hackmore Hospital and found a mean hospital stay
of 40 hours with a standard deviation of 20 hours. "Aha!" she cried, "the average stay exceeds
the guideline." At α = .025, the critical value for a right-tailed test of her hypothesis is:

A. 1.753

B. 2.131

C. 1.645

D. 1.960
7. For a right-tailed test of a hypothesis for a population mean with n = 14, the value of the test
statistic was t = 1.863. The p-value is:

A. between .05 and .025.

B. between .10 and .05.

 C. greater than .10.

D. less than .01.

8. For tests of a mean, if other factors are held constant, which statement is correct?

A. The critical value of Student's t increases as n increases.

B. A test statistic tcalc = 1.853 with n = 16 leads to rejection at α = .05 in a one-tailed test.

C. It is harder to reject the null hypothesis in a two-tailed test rather than a one-tailed test.

D. If we desire α = .10, then a p-value of .13 would lead us to reject the null hypothesis.
9. For a sample size of n = 100, and σ = 10, we want to test the hypothesis H0: μ = 100. The sample
mean is 103. The test statistic is:

A. 1.645

B. 1.960

C. 3.000

D. 0.300
10. In testing a proportion, which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Using α = .05 rather than α = .01 would make it more likely that H0 will be rejected.

B. When the sample proportion is p = .02 and n = 150, it is safe to assume normality.

C. An 80 percent confidence interval is narrower than the 90 percent confidence interval, ceteris
paribus.

D. The sample proportion may be assumed approximately normal if the sample is large enough.
11. The process that produces Sonora Bars (a type of candy) is intended to produce bars with a mean
weight of 56 gm. The process standard deviation is known to be 0.77 gm. A random sample of 49
candy bars yields a mean weight of 55.82 gm. Find the test statistic to see whether the candy
bars are smaller than they are supposed to be.
 A. -1.636

B. -1.645

C. -1.677
12. A sample of 16 ATM transactions shows a mean transaction time of 67 seconds with a standard
deviation of 12 seconds. Find the critical value to test whether the mean transaction time
exceeds 60 seconds at α = .01.

A. 2.947

B. 2.602

C. 2.583

D. 2.333
13. Given H0: μ ≥ 18 and H1: μ < 18, we would commit Type I error if we:

A. conclude that μ ≥ 18 when the truth is that μ < 18.

B. conclude that μ < 18 when the truth is that μ ≥ 18.

C. fail to reject μ ≥ 18 when the truth is that μ < 18.

14. For a right-tailed test of a hypothesis for a single population mean with n = 10, the value of the
test statistic was t = 1.411. The p-value is:

A. between .05 and .025.

B. between .10 and .05.

C. greater than .10.

D. less than .001.

15. Last year, 10 percent of all teenagers purchased a new iPhone. This year, a sample of 260
randomly chosen teenagers showed that 39 had purchased a new iPhone. To test whether the
percent has risen, the p-value is approximately:

A. .0501

B. .0314

C. .0492

D. .0036
ANSWERS:

1. For a given sample size, when we increase the probability of Type I error, the probability of a
Type II error:

A. remains unchanged.

B. increases.

C. decreases.

D. is impossible to determine without more information.

For a given sample size, there is a trade-off between α and β.

2. Which statement about α is not correct?

A. It is the probability of committing a Type I error.

B. It is the test's significance level.

C. It is the probability of rejecting a true H0.

D. It is equal to 1 - β.

There is an inverse relationship between α and β, but it is not a simple equation.

3. John rejected his null hypothesis in a right-tailed test for a mean at α = .025 because his critical t
value was 2.000 and his calculated t value was 2.345. We can be sure that:

A. John did not commit Type I error.

B. John did not commit Type II error.

C. John committed neither Type I nor Type II error.

D. John committed both Type I and Type II error.

John could have committed Type II error only if he failed to reject H0.

4. Which is not true of p-values?

A. When they are small, we want to reject H0.

B. They measure the probability of an incorrect decision.

C. They show the chance of Type I error if we reject H0.

D. They do not require α to be specified a priori.

The p-value tells the likelihood of the sample assuming that H0 is true.

5. For a test of a mean, which of the following is incorrect?

A. H0 is rejected when the calculated p-value is less than the critical value of the test statistic.

B. In a right-tailed test, we reject H0 when the test statistic exceeds the critical value.

C. The critical value is based on the researcher's chosen level of significance.

D. If H0: μ ≤ 100 and H1: μ > 100, then the test is right-tailed.

We compare the p-value with α (not with the critical value).

6. Guidelines for the Jolly Blue Giant Health Insurance Company say that the average
hospitalization for a triple hernia operation should not exceed 30 hours. A diligent auditor
studied records of 16 randomly chosen triple hernia operations at Hackmore Hospital and
found a mean hospital stay of 40 hours with a standard deviation of 20 hours. "Aha!" she
cried, "the average stay exceeds the guideline." At α = .025, the critical value for a right-tailed
test of her hypothesis is:

A. 1.753

B. 2.131

C. 1.645

D. 1.960

Using Appendix D with d.f. = 16 - 1 = 15, we get t.025 = 2.131.

7. For a right-tailed test of a hypothesis for a population mean with n = 14, the value of the test
statistic was t = 1.863. The p-value is:

A. between .05 and .025.

B. between .10 and .05.

C. greater than .10.

D. less than .01.

For d.f. = 13, t.025 = 2.160 and t.05 = 1.771 or Excel =T.DIST.RT(1.863,13) = .0426.

8. For tests of a mean, if other factors are held constant, which statement is correct?

A. The critical value of Student's t increases as n increases.

B. A test statistic tcalc = 1.853 with n = 16 leads to rejection at α = .05 in a one-tailed test.
 C. It is harder to reject the null hypothesis in a two-tailed test rather than a one-tailed test.

D. If we desire α = .10, then a p-value of .13 would lead us to reject the null hypothesis.

Rejection in a two-tailed test implies rejection in a one-tailed test, but not vice versa.

9. For a sample size of n = 100, and σ = 10, we want to test the hypothesis H0: μ = 100. The
sample mean is 103. The test statistic is:

A. 1.645

B. 1.960

C. 3.000

D. 0.300

zcalc = (103 - 100)/[(10)/1001/2] = 3.000.

10. In testing a proportion, which of the following statements is incorrect?

A. Using α = .05 rather than α = .01 would make it more likely that H0 will be rejected.

B. When the sample proportion is p = .02 and n = 150, it is safe to assume normality.

C. An 80 percent confidence interval is narrower than the 90 percent confidence interval,

ceteris paribus.

D. The sample proportion may be assumed approximately normal if the sample is large
enough.

We want at least 10 "successes," but np = 3 in this example.

11. The process that produces Sonora Bars (a type of candy) is intended to produce bars with a
mean weight of 56 gm. The process standard deviation is known to be 0.77 gm. A random
sample of 49 candy bars yields a mean weight of 55.82 gm. Find the test statistic to see
whether the candy bars are smaller than they are supposed to be.
 A. -1.636

B. -1.645

C. -1.677

zcalc = (55.82 - 56)/[(0.77)/491/2] = -1.63636.

12. A sample of 16 ATM transactions shows a mean transaction time of 67 seconds with a
standard deviation of 12 seconds. Find the critical value to test whether the mean transaction
time exceeds 60 seconds at α = .01.

A. 2.947

B. 2.602

C. 2.583

D. 2.333

For d.f. = 15, use Appendix D to find t.01 = 2.602.

13. Given H0: μ ≥ 18 and H1: μ < 18, we would commit Type I error if we:

A. conclude that μ ≥ 18 when the truth is that μ < 18.

B. conclude that μ < 18 when the truth is that μ ≥ 18.

C. fail to reject μ ≥ 18 when the truth is that μ < 18.

Rejecting a true null hypothesis is Type I error.

14. For a right-tailed test of a hypothesis for a single population mean with n = 10, the value of
the test statistic was t = 1.411. The p-value is:

A. between .05 and .025.

B. between .10 and .05.

 C. greater than .10.

D. less than .001.

From Appendix D with d.f. = 9, t.05 = 1.833 and t.10 = 1.383.

15. Last year, 10 percent of all teenagers purchased a new iPhone. This year, a sample of 260
randomly chosen teenagers showed that 39 had purchased a new iPhone. To test whether the
percent has risen, the p-value is approximately:

A. .0501

B. .0314

C. .0492

D. .0036

p = 39/260 = .15, π0 = .10, zcalc = (.15 - .10)/[(.10)(1 - .10)/260]1/2 = 2.68742, so from Appendix C
we get P(Z > 2.69) = .0036 or from Excel =1-NORM.S.DIST(2.68742,1) = .0036.
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 10

1. In a left-tailed test comparing two means with unknown variances assumed to be equal, the test
statistic was t = -1.81 with sample sizes of n1 = 8 and n2 = 12. The p-value would be:

A. between .025 and .05.

B. between .01 and .025.

C. between .05 and .10.

D. Must know α to answer.

2. In a left-ailed test comparing two means with variances unknown but assumed to be equal, the
sample sizes were n1 = 8 and n2 = 12. At α = .05, the critical value would be:

A. -1.960

B. -2.101

C. -1.734

D. -1.645
3. In a test for equality of two proportions, the sample proportions were p1 = 12/50 and p2 = 18/50.
The test statistic is approximately:

A. -1.44.

B. -1.31.

C. -1.67.

D. Must know α to answer.

4. In a test for equality of two proportions, the sample proportions were p1 = 12/50 and p2 = 18/50.
The pooled proportion is:

A. .20

B. .24

C. .36

D. .30
5. John wants to compare two means. His sample statistics
were and . Assuming equal variances,
the pooled variance is:

A. 4.5

B. 4.9

C. 5.1

D. 3.8
6. In a random sample of patient records in Cutter Memorial Hospital, six-month postoperative
exams were given in 90 out of 200 prostatectomy patients, while in Paymor Hospital such exams
were given in 110 out of 200 cases. In comparing these two proportions, normality of the
difference may be assumed because:

A. the populations are large enough to be assumed normal.

 B. the probability of success can reasonably be assumed constant.

C. the samples are random, so the proportions are unbiased estimates.

D. nπ ≥ 10 and n(1 - π) ≥ 10 for each sample taken separately.

7. Management of Melodic Kortholt Company compared absenteeism rates in two plants on the
third Monday in November. Of Plant A's 800 employees, 120 were absent. Of Plant B's 1200
employees, 144 were absent. MegaStat's results for a two-tailed test are shown below.

At α = .05, the two-tailed test for a difference in proportions is:

A. just barely significant.

B. not quite significant.

C. not feasible due to nonnormality.

8. A new policy of "flex hours" is proposed. Random sampling showed that 28 of 50 female
workers favored the change, while 22 of 50 male workers favored the change. Management
wonders if there is a difference between the two groups. What is the p-value for a two-tailed
test?

A. .3849

B. .1151

C. .2301
 D. .3453
9. Two well-known aviation training schools are being compared using random samples of their
graduates. It is found that 70 of 140 graduates of Fly-More Academy passed their FAA exams on
the first try, compared with 104 of 260 graduates of Blue Yonder Institute. To compare the pass
rates, the pooled proportion would be:

A. .500

B. .435

C. .400

D. .345
10. Of 200 youthful gamers (under 18) who tried the new Z-Box-Plus game, 160 rated it "excellent,"
compared with only 144 of 200 adult gamers (18 or over). The 95 percent confidence interval for
the difference of proportions would be approximately:

A. [+.013, +.263].

B. [-.014, +.188].

C. [-.003, +.163].

D. [+.057, +.261].
11. Carver Memorial Hospital's surgeons have a new procedure that they think will decrease the
time to perform an appendectomy. A sample of 8 appendectomies using the old method had a
mean of 38 minutes with a variance of 36 minutes, while a sample of 10 appendectomies using
the experimental method had a mean of 29 minutes with a variance of 16 minutes. For a right-
tail test for equal means (assume equal variances), the critical value at α = .10 is:

A. 1.746

B. 1.337

C. 2.120

D. 2.754
12. A medical researcher wondered if there is a significant difference between the mean birth
weight of boy and girl babies. Random samples of 5 babies' weights (pounds) for each gender
showed the following:

To test the researcher's hypothesis, we should use the:

A. paired (dependent) samples t-test.

B. independent samples t-test.

C. large-sample z-test.

D. t-test for correlation.

13. In a test of a new surgical procedure, the five most respected surgeons in FlatBroke Township
were invited to Carver Hospital. Each surgeon was assigned two patients of the same age,
gender, and overall health. One patient was operated upon in the old way, and the other in the
new way. Both procedures are considered equally safe. The surgery times are shown below:

The time (in minutes) to complete each procedure was carefully recorded. In a right-tailed test
for a difference of means, the test statistic is:

A. 3.162

B. 1.645

C. 1.860

D. 2.132
14. A corporate analyst is testing whether mean inventory turnover has increased. Inventory
turnover in six randomly chosen product distribution centers (PDCs) is shown.
 The degrees of freedom for the appropriate test would be:

A. 6.

B. 5.

C. 4.

D. 12.
15. The table below shows the mean number of daily errors by air traffic controller trainees during
the first two weeks on the job. We want to perform a paired t-test at α = .05 to see if the mean
daily errors decreased significantly.

The test statistic is:

A. 1.25

B. 1.75

C. 0.87

D. 0.79
16. Does the Speedo Fastskin II Male Hi-Neck Bodyskin competition racing swimsuit improve a
swimmer's 200-yard individual medley performance times? A test of 100 randomly chosen
male varsity swimmers at several different universities showed that 66 enjoyed improved
times, compared with only 54 of 100 female varsity swimmers. To test for equality in the
proportions of men versus women who experienced improvement, the test statistic is
 approximately:

A. 1.73

B. 1.47

C. 2.31

D. Can't tell without knowing the tail of the test.

17. Group 1 has a mean of 13.4 and group 2 has a mean of 15.2. Both populations are known to
have a variance of 9.0 and each sample consists of 18 items. What is the test statistic to test for
equality of population means?

A. -1.755

B. -1.643

C. -1.800

D. -1.285
18. Which is not a type of comparison for which you would anticipate a two-sample test?

A. Before versus After.

B. Old versus New.

C. Current versus Target.

D. Experimental versus Control.

19. The coach of an adult Master's Swim class selected eight swimmers within each of the two age
groups shown below. A 50-yard freestyle time is recorded for each swimmer. The resulting
times (seconds) are shown below. Which statistical test would you choose to compare the two
groups?
 A. t-test for independent samples with known variances

B. t-test for independent samples with unknown variances

C. t-test for paired samples

D. z-test for two independent proportions

20. Assuming unequal variances in a t-test for a zero difference of two means, we would:

A. sum the degrees of freedom for each sample.

B. use the larger degrees of freedom for simplicity.

C. use a complicated formula for the degrees of freedom.

D. use a z-test to be conservative in the calculation.

ANSWERS

1. In a left-tailed test comparing two means with unknown variances assumed to be equal, the test
statistic was t = -1.81 with sample sizes of n1 = 8 and n2 = 12. The p-value would be:

A. between .025 and .05.

B. between .01 and .025.

C. between .05 and .10.

D. Must know α to answer.

For d.f. = 18, Appendix D gives t.05 = 1.734 and t.025 = 2.101, or for an exact answer you can use
the Excel function =T.DIST(-1.81,8+12-2,1) = .04351.

2. In a left-ailed test comparing two means with variances unknown but assumed to be equal,
the sample sizes were n1 = 8 and n2 = 12. At α = .05, the critical value would be:

A. -1.960

B. -2.101

C. -1.734

D. -1.645

For d.f. = 18, Appendix D gives t.05 = -1.734.

3. In a test for equality of two proportions, the sample proportions were p1 = 12/50 and p2 = 18/50.
The test statistic is approximately:

A. -1.44.

B. -1.31.

C. -1.67.

D. Must know α to answer.

Use combined proportion pc = (x1 + x2)/(n1 + n2) = (12 + 18)/(50 + 50) = .30 in zcalc.

4. In a test for equality of two proportions, the sample proportions were p1 = 12/50 and p2 =
18/50. The pooled proportion is:

A. .20

B. .24

C. .36

D. .30

Use combined proportion pc = (x1 + x2)/(n1 + n2) = (12 + 18)/(50 + 50) = .30 in the calculation.

5. John wants to compare two means. His sample statistics

were and . Assuming equal
variances, the pooled variance is:

A. 4.5

B. 4.9

C. 5.1

D. 3.8
 The pooled variance is [(n1 - 1)s12 + (n2 - 1)s22]/[(n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1)] = 4.5.

6. In a random sample of patient records in Cutter Memorial Hospital, six-month postoperative

exams were given in 90 out of 200 prostatectomy patients, while in Paymor Hospital such
exams were given in 110 out of 200 cases. In comparing these two proportions, normality of
the difference may be assumed because:

A. the populations are large enough to be assumed normal.

B. the probability of success can reasonably be assumed constant.

C. the samples are random, so the proportions are unbiased estimates.

D. nπ ≥ 10 and n(1 - π) ≥ 10 for each sample taken separately.

We have at least 10 successes (x1 = 90, x2 = 110) and 10 failures (n1 - x1 = 110, n2 - x2 = 90).

7. Management of Melodic Kortholt Company compared absenteeism rates in two plants on

the third Monday in November. Of Plant A's 800 employees, 120 were absent. Of Plant B's
1200 employees, 144 were absent. MegaStat's results for a two-tailed test are shown below.

At α = .05, the two-tailed test for a difference in proportions is:

A. just barely significant.

B. not quite significant.

 C. not feasible due to nonnormality.

Because the p-value is slightly greater than .05, we cannot reject H0.

8. A new policy of "flex hours" is proposed. Random sampling showed that 28 of 50 female
workers favored the change, while 22 of 50 male workers favored the change. Management
wonders if there is a difference between the two groups. What is the p-value for a two-tailed
test?

A. .3849

B. .1151

C. .2301

D. .3453

Combined proportion is pc = (28 + 22)/(50 + 50) = .50, so zcalc = (.56 - .44)/[.50(1 - .50)/50 +
50(1 - .50)/50]1/2 = -1.20 and 2 × P(Z < -1.20) = 2 × .1151 = .2302 (or .2301 using Excel).

9. Two well-known aviation training schools are being compared using random samples of their
graduates. It is found that 70 of 140 graduates of Fly-More Academy passed their FAA exams
on the first try, compared with 104 of 260 graduates of Blue Yonder Institute. To compare
the pass rates, the pooled proportion would be:

A. .500

B. .435

C. .400

D. .345

Combined proportion is pc = (70 + 104)/(140 + 260) = .435.

10. Of 200 youthful gamers (under 18) who tried the new Z-Box-Plus game, 160 rated it
"excellent," compared with only 144 of 200 adult gamers (18 or over). The 95 percent
confidence interval for the difference of proportions would be approximately:
 A. [+.013, +.263].

B. [-.014, +.188].

C. [-.003, +.163].

D. [+.057, +.261].

Do not pool the proportions when you calculate the standard error of p1 - p2.

11. Carver Memorial Hospital's surgeons have a new procedure that they think will decrease the
time to perform an appendectomy. A sample of 8 appendectomies using the old method had
a mean of 38 minutes with a variance of 36 minutes, while a sample of 10 appendectomies
using the experimental method had a mean of 29 minutes with a variance of 16 minutes. For
a right-tail test for equal means (assume equal variances), the critical value at α = .10 is:

A. 1.746

B. 1.337

C. 2.120

D. 2.754

For d.f. = (n1 - 1) + (n2 - 1) = 7 + 9 = 16, we get t.10 = 1.337.

12. A medical researcher wondered if there is a significant difference between the mean birth
weight of boy and girl babies. Random samples of 5 babies' weights (pounds) for each gender
showed the following:

To test the researcher's hypothesis, we should use the:

A. paired (dependent) samples t-test.

B. independent samples t-test.

 C. large-sample z-test.

D. t-test for correlation.

Although arranged side by side, these are unrelated data (independent samples).

13. In a test of a new surgical procedure, the five most respected surgeons in FlatBroke Township
were invited to Carver Hospital. Each surgeon was assigned two patients of the same age,
gender, and overall health. One patient was operated upon in the old way, and the other in
the new way. Both procedures are considered equally safe. The surgery times are shown
below:

The time (in minutes) to complete each procedure was carefully recorded. In a right-tailed
test for a difference of means, the test statistic is:

A. 3.162

B. 1.645

C. 1.860

D. 2.132

The test statistic is tcalc = (5 - 0)/[(3.5355)/51/2] = 3.162.

14. A corporate analyst is testing whether mean inventory turnover has increased. Inventory
turnover in six randomly chosen product distribution centers (PDCs) is shown.
 The degrees of freedom for the appropriate test would be:

A. 6.

B. 5.

C. 4.

D. 12.

These are paired samples, so d.f. = 6 - 1 = 5.

15. The table below shows the mean number of daily errors by air traffic controller trainees
during the first two weeks on the job. We want to perform a paired t-test at α = .05 to see if
the mean daily errors decreased significantly.

The test statistic is:

A. 1.25

B. 1.75

C. 0.87

D. 0.79

Paired data test statistic is tcalc = (0.8286 - 0)/[(1.7547)/71/2] = 1.249.

16. Does the Speedo Fastskin II Male Hi-Neck Bodyskin competition racing swimsuit improve a
swimmer's 200-yard individual medley performance times? A test of 100 randomly chosen
male varsity swimmers at several different universities showed that 66 enjoyed improved
times, compared with only 54 of 100 female varsity swimmers. To test for equality in the
proportions of men versus women who experienced improvement, the test statistic is
 approximately:

A. 1.73

B. 1.47

C. 2.31

D. Can't tell without knowing the tail of the test.

Combined proportion is pc = (66 + 54)/(100 + 100) = .60, so zcalc = (.66 - .54)/[.60(1 - .60)/100 +
.60(1 - .60)/100]1/2 = 1.73.

17. Group 1 has a mean of 13.4 and group 2 has a mean of 15.2. Both populations are known to
have a variance of 9.0 and each sample consists of 18 items. What is the test statistic to test
for equality of population means?

A. -1.755

B. -1.643

C. -1.800

D. -1.285

With known variances, zcalc = (13.4 - 15.2)/[9.0/18 + 9.0/18]1/2 = -1.800.

18. Which is not a type of comparison for which you would anticipate a two-sample test?

A. Before versus After.

B. Old versus New.

C. Current versus Target.

D. Experimental versus Control.

 The point of comparison is between two samples, not a benchmark or target.

19. The coach of an adult Master's Swim class selected eight swimmers within each of the two
age groups shown below. A 50-yard freestyle time is recorded for each swimmer. The
resulting times (seconds) are shown below. Which statistical test would you choose to
compare the two groups?

A. t-test for independent samples with known variances

B. t-test for independent samples with unknown variances

C. t-test for paired samples

D. z-test for two independent proportions

Despite being arranged side-by-side, there is no link between the columns. The similar
standard deviations suggest that it would be reasonable to "pool" the variances (pun
intended) although this question was not posed.

20. Assuming unequal variances in a t-test for a zero difference of two means, we would:

A. sum the degrees of freedom for each sample.

B. use the larger degrees of freedom for simplicity.

C. use a complicated formula for the degrees of freedom.

D. use a z-test to be conservative in the calculation.

The formula for Welch's adjusted degrees of freedom is not easy without a computer.