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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1204
 – 
1209, Article ID: IJMET_10_04_122 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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MEASUREMENT OF POWER CONSUMPTION PARAMETERS IN THE PRESENCE OF HIGH HARMONICS
Y.E Shklyarskiy, A.N. Skamyin, O.S. Vasilkov
 
Chair of General Electrotechnic, Saint-Petersburg Mining University, St. Petersburg, Russia
 ABSTRACT
The paper presents the study of high harmonics influence on power metering by static meters for active and reactive energy. The revi
ew and analysis of manufacturer’s documents
and standards in the field of electricity meters testing was conducted and mathematical models  for calculating active and reactive energy were identified. Various electronic meters were tested at the experimental stand. As a result, the errors of active and reactive energy metering in the  presence of high harmonics were determined. It is shown that the implemented in static meters equations for the active and reactive energy calculation can lead to unfair payments for electrical energy in the presence of high harmonics.
Key words:
 Power consumption, reactive energy, THD, mathematical model, harmonic distortion, active power, reactive power
Cite this Article:
 Y.E Shklyarskiy, A.N. Skamyin, O.S. Vasilkov, Measurement of Power Consumption Parameters in the Presence of High Harmonics,
 International Journal of  Mechanical Engineering and Technology
 10(3), 2019, pp. 1204
 – 
1209. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Reorganization of Russian electrical energy structure which was finished at 2008 led to the separation of vertically integrated companies into independent generating, grid companies, power sales companies and operational dispatch control subjects. So since one large company split into several independent companies, solving organizational matters of power quality managing is not easy these days. Responsibility for the inadequate power quality between the electricity market subjects is determined  by Russian federal law [1] and Resolutions of the Russian Government No. 442 and 861. However, the disturbances of the Russian standard requirements for the power quality [2] are massive and systematic in many power systems. The facility responsible for the deterioration of the power quality is not subject to appropriate measures and does not pay any fines and surcharges to the electricity tariff. Russian regulatory documents set the required values of the reactive power ratio for electric power consumers [3]. But in fact, in recent years, the mechanism of discounts and surcharges to the electricity tariff for unsatisfactory values of the reactive power ratio has been destroyed. The analysis of power supply contracts and parameters of power consumption at a number of St. Petersburg industrial enterprises confirms these conclusions. In addition, currently there are no approved methods to identify the source of high harmonics at the point of comsumers common coupling (PCC). Very often, consumers who do not distort the supply voltage, receive electrical energy with distortion due to the operation of a  powerful non-linear load of third-party power facilities connected to the PCC. This is mainly observed
 
Y.E Shklyarskiy, A.N. Skamyin, O.S. Vasilkov
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1205 editor@iaeme.com in electrical networks supplying an alternating current electrified railway, aluminum plants and large metallurgical enterprises [4, 5]. For many industrial enterprises, their energy costs are fundamental to the cost structure of a product [6, 7, 8]. Power consumption at the electrical input of enterprise in the presence of high harmonics can  be both more and less in comparison with the power at the fundamental frequency [9, 10]. This is  primarily determined by the phase shift at high harmonics between voltage and current. A number of studies have shown that the additive in terms of power consumption due to the presence of high harmonics can reach tens of kilowatts [11, 12], which can be expressed as several million rubles a year. As a rule, payment for electrical energy is made taking into account the active and reactive component of the consumed energy. Therefore, measurement of active and reactive energy is required. In case of sinusoidal voltage and current, different electronic static meters provide comparable readings for active and reactive energy in accordance with their precision class. Electric power meters tested for sinusoidal conditions are currently used at non-sinusoidal currents and voltages. In this conditions various power meters can give different readings. Therefore, the aim of the work is to study the effect of high harmonics on the power consumption parameters recorded by static energy meters. First of all, it is the consumption of apparent, active and reactive power.
2. STANDARDS AND CALCULATION METHODS
The existing Russian standards in the field of testing the active energy static meters sets the requirements for accurcy checking in the presence of high harmonics [13, 14]. The existing standards in the field of testing the reactive energy static meters applies to their operation with sinusoidal voltages and currents [15]. It should be noted that the previous standard contained verification of the reactive energy meters accuracy in the presence of third current harmonics with an amplitude of 10%, but in the replaced standard this type of test was canceled. Manufacturers of electronic static energy meters produce their devices with high-precision integrated circuits. The analog part of the microchip includes an analog-to-digital converter and a reference voltage source. All further signal transformations, such as multiplication and filtering, are carried out in digital domain. A functional block diagram of static energy meter is presented on figure 1.
Figure 1.
 Functional block diagram. The active power calculation is derived from the instantaneous power signal. The instantaneous  power signal is generated by a direct multiplication of the current and voltage signals. To extract the active power component (that is, the DC component), the instantaneous power signal is low-pass filtered. The considered approach correctly calculates active power for nonsinusoidal current and voltage waveforms. All voltage and current signals in practical applications have some harmonic component. Using the Fourier Transform operation, instantaneous voltage and current waveforms can  be expressed in terms of their harmonic content. Therefore the active power can be expressed in terms of its fundamental active power and harmonic active power.
 
1
 +
, (1)
1
 
1
1
cos
1
,
1
 
1
 −
1
, (2)
 
Measurement of Power Consumption Parameters in the Presence of High Harmonics
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1206 editor@iaeme.com
  ∑ 
cos
ℎ≠1
,
 
 −
, (3)
where
h
 is the rms value of voltage harmonic
h
,
α
h
 is the phase angle of voltage harmonic,
 I 
h
 is the RMS value of current harmonic
h
,
 β 
h
 is the phase angle of current harmonic. As we can see from the equation (3), the harmonic component of active power is determined by all harmonics, provided that the harmonic is represented in both the current signal and the voltage signal. Reactive power is defined as the product of the voltage and current waveforms when one of these signals is phase-shifted by 90° [16]. The resulting waveform is called the instantaneous reactive power signal. Equation (4) gives an expression for the instantaneous reactive power signal in an AC system when the phase of the current channel is shifted by +90°.
()  √ 2sin( +),()  √ 2sin(),`()  √ 2sin( +/2),
 (4)
()  ()`()  sin()+sin(2+),
 (5) where
θ
is the phase difference between the voltage and current channel,
 is the rms voltage,
 I 
 is the rms current. The average reactive power over an integral number of lines (n) is given in equation (6).
 
 1
 ()d  sin(),
0
 (6) where
T
is the line cycle period,
q
 is referred as the reactive power. Block diagram for reactive energy metering is presented on figure 2. In addition, the phase shifting filter has a nonunity magnitude response. Because the phase shifted filter has a large attenuation at high frequency, the reactive power is primarily for calculation at line frequency. The effect of harmonics is largely ignored in the reactive power calculation.
Figure 2.
 Block diagram for reactive energy metering. Some energy meters can compute the total reactive power which includes all fundamental and harmonic components of the voltages and currents. Reactive power is defined as the product of the voltage and current waveforms when all harmonic components of one of these signals are phase shifted  by 90°. The total reactive power is equal to:
  ∑ 
sin(
 −γ
=1 
)
,
(7) where
 ,
 are the rms voltage and current, respectively, of each harmonic;
φ
 , γ
 are the phase delays of each harmonic. Electrical energy in some electronic energy meters can be computed as the difference of squares  between the total and active powers.
  √
. (8) The reactive power is calculated based on the measurement of active and apparent power. In case of sinusoidal voltage and current, all these expressions give the same values. Therefore, in accordance with the standard for reactive energy meters all these methods for calculating reactive power can be applied. Obviously, that mentioned calculation methods can lead to different results in the  presence of high harmonics.
3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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