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http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1210 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1210
 – 
1216, Article ID: IJMET_10_03_123 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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THE INFLUENCE OF THE CATHODE SHAPE ON THE PHASE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE DURING OXIDATION
N. F. Kolenchin
Chief Researcher of Technopolis, Doctor of Engineering, Associate Professor, Industrial University of Tyumen, Volodarskogo, 38, Tyumen, Russia, 652000
ABSTRACT
The process of anodizing aluminium alloys in an ozone-containing electrolyte when a flat cathode is replaced with a needle shape was studied. The microstructure of the oxide layer and the density distribution of the phases in the volume of the film in two  positions of the cathode
 — 
 stationary and during its rotation
 — 
 were investigated. The mechanical properties of the surface layer were determined.
Key words:
 anodizing, needle-shaped cathode, ozonation, pore microgeometry, phase distribution, surface hardness, activation. 
Cite this Article:
 N. F. Kolenchin, The Influence of the Cathode Shape on the Phase Composition and Structure During Oxidation,
 International Journal of Mechanical  Engineering and Technology
 10(3), 2019, pp. 1210
 – 
1216. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
The search for ways to activate the interelectrode gap during oxidation is one of the promising areas in the technology of hardening the surface layer of aluminium alloys. For most researchers, the range of factorial variability is determined by the boundaries of the electrolytic cell and, as a rule, is associated with changes in the chemical composition of the electrolyte and the conditions of energy excitation. The performance is estimated by the degree of activity of the main participants of the process - aluminium and oxygen under the conditions of the necessary and sufficient influence of the working environment.  Non-traditional is the technology of external activation of oxygen and its transfer into the interelectrode space. This is achieved through the introduction of ozone into the electrolyte [1]. Being the strongest oxidizer, ozone itself or atomic oxygen formed during its decomposition acts, contributing to the intensification of the process, changing the structure and phase composition of the oxide. Questions of the effectiveness of oxide formation in the ozonized electrolyte are the motive for finding ways to activation, including changing the shape of the cathode.
 
 N. F. Kolenchin
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1211 editor@iaeme.com
With traditional anodizing, a flat-shaped cathode is used [2,3]. This ensures a uniform distribution of the electric field strength in the electrolytic cell. To change the density of discharges on the surface of the anode, the amperage or voltage of forming increases. Study of the influence of the cathode shape on the near-anode space is prompted by the results of processes of the same nature in which a pointed cathode was used. According to the authors of [4], the scientific and practical aspects of electrochemical processes in process gases  between the needle-shaped cathode and the liquid anode, when the pores of the oxide layer are filled with steam, confirm the identity of the processes for anodizing aluminium and its alloys. During plasma-electrolytic anodizing [5], passing a pulsed current of high density, a thin cathode is placed over the surface of the electrolyte, and the anode is immersed to a depth of 1 mm. At the time of the breakdown, a vapour-gas funnel with oxygen donors is formed. The rate of oxidation increases and the phase composition of alumina changes. Studying the effect of electrode geometry on the distribution of electric fields in a discharge of a high-current low-inductance vacuum spark type [6], when the cathode was the pointed tip and the anode was the plane, it was found that the field strength is maximum at the anode surface at a distance of approximately 1/4 of the radius from the centre, Figure 1.
Figure 1
Distribution of the electric field in the "tip-plane" geometry
During electrospark processing [7], to increase the magnitude of the electric field at one of the electrodes, the diameter of the second electrode is reduced or sharpened to a radius of curvature of about 1 micron. This significantly increases the emission of electrons due to the tunnel effect, which allows you to make high-current installations more reliable and compact, without the presence of hot electrodes in them. As a result of the use of filament-like inclusions of titanium and zirconium oriented along the axis of the needle and facing the emitting surface, the authors of [8] achieved stability of electron emission.  Needle-shaped cathodes are also used in a vacuum-arc evaporator [9] for surface metallization due to the evaporation of droplets flying from the cathode, which contributes to improved adhesion and increased corrosion resistance of surface oxides.
 
The Influence of the Cathode Shape on the Phase Composition and Structure During Oxidation
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1212 editor@iaeme.com
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The anodizing scheme is shown in Figure 2. The anodizing process was carried out in a bath tank (1), made of corrosion-resistant steel 12Kh18N10T with a capacity of 20 litres. Air was injected into the supply system by a SO-45A grade compressor (2), passing through an air absorption dryer (3) HLS-R012-HL0030 entered an ozoniser (4) "OZON-5PV1" with a power capacity not more than 150 W and a maximum  productivity of 16g/m3. Ozone-resistant PVC hoses and glass tubes were used as a pipeline for transporting the ozone-air mixture. The ozone content in the air was determined using Medozon 254/5 with a measurement range from 0 to 150 mg/l. The ozone content in the liquid was measured by Medozon-254/5Zh with a range of measured concentrations from 0.1 to 25 mg/l. Adjustment of the flow rate of the gas-air mixture was carried out using a rotameter (5) Emis Meta 210-R-008V-G. As a current source (7), a VSA-5K selenium rectifier was used which allows adjusting the current in the range from 0 to 20 A at voltages up to 90 V. Contact with the cathode was carried out using a sliding contact (9). The current strength was monitored with a high-precision desktop digital multi-meter MS8050. Cooling and mixing were carried out in a storage tank (12) with the help of a refrigeration unit (8) VS 0.7-3 and a bubbler (6). The electrolyte with dissolved ozone was fed into the electrolytic bath by a pump (13). A needle-shaped cathode (10), which is a cylindrical structure with a 40- mm outer diameter and a 20-mm inner diameter, is made of thin, corrosion-resistant wire with a diameter of 0.1 mm. To ensure uniform contact with the anode plane, the working, end surface of the needle-shaped cathode was sanded. The rotation speed was provided by an adjustable electric motor (11). The distance between the electrodes varied in the interval of 0.1-0.5 mm. Tests were conducted on the D16T alloy. The size of the anode was 60x40x3 mm. The study of the structure of the samples was carried out using a JEOLJ5M-6150 scanning electron microscope with an attachment module for X-ray spectral analysis and an Integra Aura atomic- power probe microscope using the semi-contact method with scanning the sample previously  purified from organic pollutants with ethyl alcohol. Samples were scanned with a resolution of 1024 points per side. When scanning, the relief of the sample and the distribution of the
Figure 2
 Scheme of anodizing with a needle-shaped cathode: 1- bath tank; 2- compressor; 3- ozone dryer; 4- ozone generator; 5- rotameter; 6- bubbler; 7- current source; 8- refrigeration unit; 9- sliding current lead; 10- needle-shaped cathode; 11- electric motor; 12- storage tank; 13- pump

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