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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1254
 – 
1262, Article ID: IJMET_10_03_128 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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SCIENTOMETRICS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION IN RUSSIAN SCIENCE AND HIGHER EDUCATION
Vladimir Aleх
androvich Galanov
Doctor of Science, Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia
Perepelitsa Denis Grigorevich, PhD,
Associate Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia
Digo Svyatoslav Nikolaevich, PhD,
Associate Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia
Novikova Elena Yurievna,
Doctor of Science, Professor, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Stremyanny lane 36, Moscow, 117997, Russia
Aleх
andra Vladimirovna Galanova, PhD,
Associate Professor, National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) Myasnitskaya Street 20, Moscow, 101000, Russia
ABSTRACT
Usually scientometric indicators for assessing the effectiveness of workers in the  field of science and higher education are considered from the standpoint of their criticism, identifying the limits of applicability, the impact on the quality of professional activity of workers. However, like any tools for managing social work, indicators of its effectiveness also have important social consequences. On the one hand, the assessment of the work of researchers and teachers using the Hirsch index and the number of  publications in the Scopus and Web of Science systems was closely related to a  significant increase in the level of remuneration of these workers compared to the average wage levels in the Russian economy. But, on the other hand, there are opportunities for the formation of large differences in the levels of wages in science and education, and, hence, for the stratification of workers employed in these industries, the rich and the poor. This social stratification is the result of the inclusion of non-commercial activities in market relations.
 
Vladimir Aleхandrovich Galanov, Perepelitsa Denis Grigorevich, Digo Svyatoslav Nikolaevich,
 Novikova Elena Yurievna
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1255 editor@iaeme.com
Key words:
 scientometrics, Hirsch index, science, higher education, social sphere, market, competition, social stratification, personal wealth. 
Cite this Article:
 
Vladimir Aleхandrovich Galanov, Perepelitsa Denis Grigorevich,
Digo Svyatoslav Nikolaevich, Novikova Elena Yurievna, Scientometrics as an Instrument of Social Stratification in Russian Science and Higher Education,
 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
 10(3), 2019, pp. 1254
 – 
1262. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Let's define "scientometrics" as quantitative indicators used in the field of science and education to measure the comparative efficiency of scientific and teaching staff. At peresent we can include indicators of the number of articles registered in a variety of scientometric systems, the main of which in relation to the Russian management practice are the Scopus and Web of Science systems and calculated on the basis of registered articles and references to them (the Hirsch index in its variations) [shtovba, 2013: 265]. Scientometrics, acting as a tool for measuring the effectiveness of human labor, and therefore the management of this labor, cannot affect it in such a way that the labor itself and its results change in a "given" direction, associated with the surrounding economic conditions and human goals in a market society.
2. METHOD
2.1. Relevance
The relevance of issues related to the measurement of labor efficiency in education and science has two sides. On the one hand, we are talking about the effectiveness of the development of such important subject areas of human labor as education and science. Labor in these areas is immaterial, and therefore the role of labor efficiency indicators significantly increases due to the qualitative specificity of the result of labor, which is very indirectly expressed in any kind of quantitative indicators. On the other hand, in today's market for each type of work formed its own performance indicators, usually combined profit indicator or derived from it indicators. However, the sphere of science and education is mainly a non-profit sphere of activity, so the key indicator of its market efficiency is how this sphere solves the problem of growth of monetary incomes of its employees as a source of their personal wealth, just as profit in the  business is a source of personal wealth of the most successful owners of capital. The formation of a circle of rich scientists and teachers is the reality of modern Russian society. The development of Russian science and education takes place in the direction of their adaptation to the existing market relations. If until recently, the main areas that allow to achieve  personal wealth were the sectors of the economy, the coverage of market relations between science and education allows a certain number of workers in these areas to become part of the rich layer of Russian society. Thus, if this trend is applied to the entire social sphere, there are no areas of social work in which an employee would not find himself in conditions that create a potential opportunity for him to become a rich member of Russian society. At the same time, those who for various reasons failed to take advantage of this opportunity automatically fall into the layers of poor members of society.
2.2. The purpose and objectives
 
Scientometrics as an Instrument of Social Stratification in Russian Science and Higher Education
 
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The purpose of this article is to identify the social consequences of evaluating the effectiveness of teaching and research activities, concentrated in the form of a small group of indicators of  publication activity. To achieve this goal, it is nessesary to:
 
to analyze ways of influence of indicators of publication activity on teaching and scientific activity;
 
identify the reasons for changes in approaches to the assessment of intangible labor;
 
substantiate the possible consequences of using this kind of indicators.
2.3. Object and subject of research
The object of the research is the scientific and teaching activity and its evaluation with the help of generally accepted scientometric indicators, first of all, such as the Hirsch Index and the number of articles in journals included in the Scopus and Web of Science systems [Egghe, 2006: 137, Hirsch, 2005: 16570]. The subject of the study is the consequences of the use of scientometric tools to assess the effectiveness of labor in higher education and science.
2.4. Method of research
The study is based on the use of the laws of formal logic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy and comparison. Through the use of these methods, the analyzed object of study can be considered from different sides, which allows to study the consequences of the use of appropriate tools.
2.5. Scientific novelty
The scientific novelty of the study is to substantiate and consider the social consequences of the assessment of the work of scientists and teachers of higher educational institutions with the help of scientometric indicators in modern conditions.
3. RESULTS
3.1. The reasons for the change of evaluation criteria of labor
Currently, the main indicators of assessing the success of Russian scientists and University  professors (and after that, the universities and research institutions themselves) are, on the one hand, the presence of a set number of annual publications (articles) registered in the Scopus (Scopus) and Web of science (Web of Science, WoS), and, on the other hand, the achievement  by scientists and teachers of a given level of the indicator called the "Hirsch Index", which is automatically calculated in this kind of systems based on the citation of the authors '  publications. The citation index of Russian scientists can even be free [the citation Index of Russian scientists]. For the convenience of reasoning, both of these estimates will be briefly called a single term "scientometrics", and these groups of workers simply"employees". In the case of employees scientometric indicators become the most important criterion for the competition for the previous position in which a person worked earlier because of his relevant academic and scientific titles, work experience, or to occupy a new position. This primacy stems from two points. First, because of the wages themselves. In modern conditions (according to the may decrees of the President of Russia of 2012), each scientific and teaching position implies a salary on average twice the average salary in the region. It is  believed that the two-time difference in the average wage levels of workers with ordinary qualifications and workers with higher qualifications can be considered reasonable and acceptable, taking into account the existing economic opportunities of the country.

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