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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1263
 – 
1274, Article ID: IJMET_10_03_129 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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A LITERATURE REVIEW ON PROCESSING AND TESTING OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HYBRID COMPOSITES USING GRAPHENE/EPOXY WITH ALUMINA
Divakara Shetty S
Dean (Academics), Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE), Badaga Mijar, Near Moodabidre- 574 225, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
Nagaraja Shetty*
Assistant Professor-Senior Scale, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal- 576 104, Karnataka, India
ABSTRACT
 Epoxy has been often used with reinforcements due to its brittle nature. Various reinforcing agents have provided a multitude of composites with their own unique characteristics. Graphene is perhaps one of the most inspiring discoveries in the field of science and technology since its potential applications are limitless due to its admirable properties. It is basically an allotrope of carbon, a single layer of atoms bonded in a honeycomb lattice. Among the various other nano fillers, graphene has been used as reinforce epoxy which is then further strengthened with alumina. Composites have been designed and redesigned throughout the years, developing more
and more advanced materials for engineering applications. But there’s always a need
 for a material with higher performance at lower cost in every aspect of technology. The aim of this review is to put forth information regarding the materials used for developing a hybrid composite using alumina, graphene and epoxy. This is done in order to boost the performance of the existing epoxy resin, which will be then tested for its mechanical characteristics. The result of the experiment will be compared with a standard specimen consisting of graphene and epoxy. The materials and their properties, along with tests conducted on them are covered in this paper.
Key words:
 Alumina, Epoxy, Graphene, Mechanical properties, Nanocomposite, Synthesis. 
Cite this Article:
 Divakara Shetty S and Nagaraja Shetty, A Literature Review on Processing and Testing of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composites Using Graphene/Epoxy with Alumina,
 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
 10(3), 2019, pp. 1263
 – 
1274. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
 
A Literature Review on Processing and Testing of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composites Using Graphene/Epoxy with Alumina
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1264 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Composites
Composites consist of fibers which serve as the backbone, and matrix, which holds the fibers together. The advantages of composites are their high strength and stiffness, along with low density which results in reduced weight of the component (Madhujit, 2005). Every combination
doesn’t work out and each combination of materials has its own pros and cons. That’s why
research on composites will never come to a halt. The main composition of a composite consists of a matrix and reinforcement. Reinforcement can be of different types. Based on their shapes, they can be fibers, particulate, flakes, skeletal or laminar. Considering the direction and  placement of fibers, reinforcement can also be classified as continuous fiber composite, woven fiber composite, chopped fiber composite and hybrid composite (Agarwal, 2018; Vijay et al., 2017). There are 5 forms of composites, namely, Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs), Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs), Carbon-Carbon (CC) and Hybrid Composites (HCs) which is a combination of the earlier mentioned composite types. According to studies, the most prominently used fibers in 2001 were glass fibers. E-glass fibers were the most commonly used glass fibers and accounted for 90% of the total glass fibers used. S-glass fibers constituted the rest 10% and are typically 50-70% stronger than E-glass fibers, which made them the ideal reinforcement in military applications. Recent years have seen a lot of changes in composites. Aramid fibers and carbon are two other types of fibers which are growing in popularity and usage due to their excellent properties and feasibility. Matrix is the  binding material which holds the fiber together in the composite, providing it support and  protection (Madhujit, 2005). It also helps to evenly distribute the load that falls on the composite onto the fibers. Some of the most commonly used matrix materials are epoxy, polyester, nylon, PVC and polyethylene. A comparison between their properties is shown in Table 1.
Table 1
 Properties of common matrix materials
Material Density (kg/m
3
)
t
(GPa)
 (GPa)
σ 
t
(MPa)
σ 
c
(MPa) v
α (10
-6
 / °C) 
PVC 1400 2.8 --- 58 --- --- 50 Polyester 1200-1400 2.5-4.0 --- 45-90 100-250 0.37-0.40 100-200 Epoxy 1100-1350 3.0-5.5 --- 40-100 100-200 0.38-0.40 45-65  NARMCO 2387 (Epoxy) 1210 3.38 3.86 29 158 --- ---  Nylon 1140 2.8 --- 70 --- --- 100 Polyethylene 960 1.2 --- 32 --- --- 120
Where, E
t
 and E
c
 are the moduli of elasticity for tensile and compression respectively,
σ 
t
and
σ 
c
 are the ultimate strengths,
v
 
is the Poisson’s ratio and
α
is the coefficient of thermal expansion.
1.2. Synthesis
Fabrication of composites involves wetting, mixing or saturating the reinforcement with the matrix. This causes the matrix to stick together and become rigid. There are multiple techniques to fabricating a composite. The type of materials used for the composite also is a factor in
 
Divakara Shetty S and Nagaraja Shetty
 
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determining the process of fabrication. Some of the prominent techniques used for fabricating the composite are: The Lamination technique is usually used for materials like glass fiber, wood, foil and  plastic which are coated with thermoset or thermoplastic resin. There are 4 types of lamination techniques
 – 
 the overlay method, vacuum bagging, pressure molds and hybrid method. Picking a technique for fabricating a composite depends on the number of identical products you need, how much time can be allotted for the fabrication, and the cost of production (Sanjay 2001). Pultrusion is a closed mold, continuous process that is very cost effective for high volumes of production. This technique mainly deals with parts which have a constant cross section. As shown in Figure 1, the this process is generally contains pulling of continuous fibers through a  bath of resin, blended with a catalyst and then into pre-forming fixtures where the section is  partially pre-shaped & excess resin is removed. It is then passed through a heated die, which determines the sectional geometry and finish of the final product (Joshi, 2012)
Figure 1
Pultrusion process flow diagram
Filament winding is another popular fabrication technique where reinforcements are continuous in the form of rovings or monofilaments, and are would over cylindrical a rotating mandrel (Cohen, 1997). This is a fairly simple technique used to manufacture structures like  pipes, pressure vessels, etc. a number of rovings are pulled from multiple creels and are spread our using combs. Then they are sent through a resin bath after which they are grouped back up into a band. This band passes through a fiber feed which moves back and forth along the length of the mandrel. Multiple layers of fiber can be stacked to provide the necessary thickness for the part to be manufactured (Giacoletto, 2002).
1.3. Current applications
Due to their high strength to weight ratio and cost effectiveness, along with a set of other  beneficial properties, composites have found their applications in almost every sector of the technological field. Their applications range from fuselages and propellers for aerospace to everyday items like fishing rods and baseball bats. For example, companies like Tata Auto Comp Systems Limited
 – 
 Composites Division use reinforced plastics in truck bodies and trailers, which are very light and have low heat transfer coefficient. This makes the manufacturing substantially economical. Carbon fibers have found their applications in luxury and sports cars due to their lightweight and high strength to weigh ratio (Compos, 2013). Kevlar is used for military applications due to its very high strength and lightweight, used to reinforce vehicles and body suits (Tham et al., 2008). It is also used in pipes and fittings for various  purposes like transportation of water for sewage or irrigation. There are numerous types of composites being produced and the possibilities are endless.
2. GRAPHENE

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