1) What is active directory?

Active directory authorizes and authenticates all users and computers in a window
domain network, ensuring the security of the computer and software. Through active
directory various functions can be managed like creating admin users, connecting to
printers or external hard drives.

2) What is DHCP and what it is used for?

DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol. It is used to allocate IP addresses
to a large number of the computer system in a network. It helps in managing a large
number of IP’s very easily.

3) What is the scope and super scope?

The scope consists of an IP address like gateway IP, subnet mask, DNS server IP. It
can be used to communicate with the other PCs in the network. The superscope
becomes when you combine two or more scopes together.

4) What is DNS?

DNS means Domain Naming Service, and it is used for resolving IP addresses to name
and names to IP address. DNS is like a translator for computers, computers understand
the number and not the alphabet. For example, if we type like hotmail.com, the computer
doesn’t understand this, so they use DNS which converts (hotmail.com) into (numbers)
and then executes the command.

5) What is forward and reverse lookup in DNS?

When we convert an IP address into names is called Reverse lookup, while converting
names into IP address is called Forward lookup.

6) What is ‘A’ record and what is ‘MX record’?

‘A’ record is also known as host record, and it can map the IP address by name. It is with
this record that DNS can find out the IP address of a name. While, ‘MX record’ also
known as mail exchanger record, by the help of ‘MX’ record, location of the mail server is
identified. The record is also found in DNS.

7) What is the IPCONFIG command?

IPCONFIG command is used to display the IP information of the computer assigned like
DNS IP address and gateway IP address.

8) What would you use to connect two computers without using switches?

Cross cables are used to connect two computers without using switches.

9) What is a domain?

A domain is a set of computers which network recognizes by the internet. It can be used
by centrally administer computers. It is created when you install active directory.

10) Tell me if your system is infected by a virus how you will recover the data?

You need to install another Hard Disk with the latest anti-virus software, and an O.S with
latest patches. Before you start your system, connect the infected HDD as a secondary
drive then scan and clean the infected hard drive. Once done, you can copy the files into
the system.

11) What is the operating system?

Operating system acts as an interpreter between computer application and hardware. It

works as a user interface.

12) What are the types of the operating system or O.S?

The two types of operating systems are:

 NOS: Network Operating System. Examples of NOS- Windows NT, 2000,2003

 SOS: Simple Operating System. Examples of SOS – Windows 95,98, ME
13) Explain about RAS server?

RAS means Remote Access Server. It allows operating the tool or information that
typically resides on a network or IT devices through a combination of hardware and
software, for example connecting to a printer or file. It is usually used for mobile users
who are in the network. It uses a telephone line to provide connectivity to its users. It can
also connect two or more than two offices in the network.

14) Explain about VPN server?

VPN means Virtual Private Network. It is a private communications network often used
by companies or organizations to communicate confidentially over a public
network. This is used by the mobile users in the network.

15) What is the difference between RAS and VPN server?

RAS is truly a local area connection between two connections whereas, VPN is a local
connection spread over a large area.

16) What is IAS server?

IAS means Internet Authentication Service. For many types of network access like
wireless, authenticating switch and remote access dial-up, they perform accounting and
auditing, centralized connection authentication and authorization.

17) What is a Ping command?

Between two or more devices, to check the physical IP connectivity Ping command is
used.

18) How can you take a backup of emails in MS Outlook?

To take a back-up in the ms outlook, you have to go in the control panel. In the control
panel, you have to go under mail option and then open the data file, select personal
folder and click on open folder. After that, you have to copy .pst and have to paste it
wherever you want the backup.

19) Name the Active Directory Partitions?

There are three types of active directory partitions

 Schema partition
 Configuration partition
  Domain partition
20) How many classes are there for “IP addresses” and what are the ranges?

They are segregated into five classes

1. Class A === 0 -126 ( 127 is reserved for loop back)

2. Class B ==== 128- 191
3. Class C ==== 192-223
4. Class D ==== 224-239
5. Class E ==== 240-255

21) What is the difference between incremental backup and differential backup?

Differential backups will select only files that are changed since the last backup.
Incremental backups will select only the data that has changed since the last
backup.

22) What is the difference between server OS and desktop OS?

Server OS gives centralized administration for users, shared resources and security
while desktop OS offers access to only local administration.

23) What is OS?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It manages
the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of its software and hardware. It
also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language.

24) What is the difference between USB and Network Printer?

A local printer is one which is directly connected to a specific computer via USB cable. ...
A network printer, on the other hand, is part of a workgroup or network of computers that
can all access the same printers at the same time. These printers or copiers are
connected to the networks server via Ethernet cable.
25) How to assign static IP address?

1. Open Control Panel.

2. Click on Network and Internet.
3. Click on Network and Sharing Centre.
4. On the left pane, click the Change adapter settings link.
5. Right-click the network adapter and select Properties.
6. Select the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) option.
7. Click the Properties button.
8. Select the Use the following IP address option.
9. Set the IP address

26) What is the cause of Blue dump error?

 Blue screens are generally caused by problems with your computer's hardware or issues
with its hardware driver software. Sometimes, they can be caused by issues with low-
level software running in the Windows kernel. ... A blue screen occurs when Windows
encounters a “STOP Error.”

27) What are the different type beep codes?

Beep Code Descriptions

1 short DRAM refresh failure.
2 short Parity circuit failure.
3 short Base 64 K RAM failure.
4 short System timer failure.
5 short Process failure.
6 short Keyboard controller Gate A20 error.
7 short Virtual mode exception error.
8 short Display memory Read/Write test failure.
9 short ROM BIOS checksum failure.
10 short CMOS shutdown Read/Write error.
11 short Cache memory error.
1 long, 3 short Conventional/Extended memory failure.
1 long, 8 short Display/Retrace test failed.
two-tone siren Low CPU fan speed, voltage level issue.

28) How to install network printer in user’s laptop or desktop?

1. Click the Start button, and then, on the Start menu, click Devices and Printers.
2. Click Add a printer.
3. In the Add Printer wizard, click Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
4. In the list of available printers, select the one you want to use, and then click next.
(If your computer is connected to a network, only printers listed in Active Directory
for your domain are displayed in the list.)
5. If prompted, install the printer driver on your computer by clicking Install driver.
If you're prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the
password or provide confirmation.
6. Complete the additional steps in the wizard, and then click Finish.

29) Step to diagnose a Network Problem

 1. Check Physical Connections.
2. Run the windows network troubleshooter.
3. Check for a valid IP address.
4. Try to ping and trace its route.
5. After completing above steps, we should contact with Internet Service Provider.

30) What is OSI Layer?

 Layer 7 - Application
 Layer 6 - Presentation
 Layer 5 - Session
 Layer 4 - Transport
 Layer 3 - Network
 Layer 2 - Data Link
 Layer 1 - Physical

Computer Network | Layers of OSI Model

Prerequisite : Basics of Computer Networking
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO –
‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1974. It is a 7 layer
architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform. All these 7 layers
work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another across the
globe.
1. Physical Layer (Layer 1) :

The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It is responsible for
the actual physical connection between the devices. The physical layer contains
information in the form of bits. It is responsible for the actual physical connection
between the devices. When receiving data, this layer will get the signal received and
convert it into 0s and 1s and send them to the Data Link layer, which will put the
frame back together.

2. Data Link Layer (DLL) (Layer 2) :

The data link layer is responsible for the node to node delivery of the message. The
main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error free from one node to
another, over the physical layer. When a packet arrives in a network, it is the
responsibility of DLL to transmit it to the Host using its MAC address.

3. Network Layer (Layer 3) :

Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the other located
in different networks. It also takes care of packet routing i.e. selection of the shortest
path to transmit the packet, from the number of routes available. The sender &
receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by network layer.
The functions of the Network layer are.

1. Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is suitable from source to
destination. This function of network layer is known as routing.
 2. Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on internetwork uniquely,
network layer defines an addressing scheme. The sender & receiver’s IP address are
placed in the header by network layer. Such an address distinguishes each device
uniquely and universally.

4. Transport Layer (Layer 4):

Transport layer provides services to application layer and takes services from
network layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is
responsible for the End to End delivery of the complete message. Transport layer
also provides the acknowledgment of the successful data transmission and re-
transmits the data if an error is found.

5. Session Layer (Layer 5) :

This layer is responsible for establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions,

authentication and also ensures security.

6. Presentation Layer (Layer 6) :

Presentation layer is also called the Translation layer.The data from the application
layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the required format to transmit over
the network.

7. Application Layer (Layer 7) :

At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find Application layer
which is implemented by the network applications. These applications produce the
data, which has to be transferred over the network. This layer also serves as a
window for the application services to access the network and for displaying the
received information to the user.

Devices used in each layer are….

1. Physical layer or below : Hubs, Repeaters, Cables, Fibers, Wireless..

2. Data-link layer: Bridges, Modems, Network cards, 2-layer switches.
3. Network layer: Routers, Brouters, 3-layer switches.
4. Transport layer: Gateways, Firewalls.
5. Session layer: Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.
6. Presentation layer : Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.
7. Application layer: Gateways,Firewalls, all end devices like PC’s, Phones,
Servers..
31) What is MAC Address?
A MAC addressis a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on
a network.
32) What is IP Address?
IP Address is unique string of numbers separated by full stops that identifies each computer
using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.
OR
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address that is assigned to
every single computer, printer, switch, router or any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-
based network.