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 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1373 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1373-1383. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_138 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF TURBINE VENTILATORS FOR REFUGEE CAMPS USAGE
M. I. N. Ma’arof 
 
Department of Mechanical Engineering, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
 
Girma T. Chala
Department of Mechanical (Well) Engineering, International College of Engineering and Management, P.O. Box 2511, C.P.O Seeb 111, Sultanate of Oman
 Shree R. Nair
Department of Mechanical Engineering, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN, Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
 A turbine ventilator is a promising technology used to achieve multiple cooling conditions. The present study proposed a method to improve the indoor air quality (IAQ) of refugee camps to overcome issues related to air borne diseases. A turbine ventilator was designed based on the ISO and ASHRAE standards. The effect of the turbine ventilation fan on the IAQ of a modelled refugee shelter was investigated via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. The first part of the study was intended to select the best turbine ventilator design to test its performance while in the  second part, simulation study was conducted on the selected design in comparison with the benchmarks (currently market-available turbine ventilators). It was observed that a 55° blade angle design performed best at 115 RPM and was tested for indoor air quality improvement for the transitional shelter found in the Dadaab region, Kenya. ISO 7730 (2005) standards were met with average internal air velocity of 0.25m/s. PMV and PPD  for the whole space were at 0.452 and 9.938%, respectively, which are well within the recommended values. The results from this study would hopefully provide an insight into future developments of turbine ventilators not only for refugee camps, but also for other sectors requiring improvements to indoor air quality.
Keywords
:
Turbine ventilator, Performance, Percentage of dissatisfied, Refugee camps.
Cite this Article
:
M. I. N. Ma’arof 
, Girma T. Chala and Shree R. Nair, Performance Analysis of Turbine Ventilators for Refugee Camps Usage,
 International Journal of  Mechanical Engineering and Technology
, 10(3), 2019, pp. 1373-1383. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
 
M. I. N. Ma’arof, Girma T. Chala and Shree R. Nair 
 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1374 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
 
Refugee camps in some places have not been getting sufficient attentions when it comes to indoor air quality and ventilation. The influx of refugees creates overpopulation and does not help reduce the spread of diseases, such as tuberculosis and influenza viruses. Over the years, the majority of refugee resides in the Dadaab region, Kenya where an estimate of 425,938 refugees are registered. The Kenya Ministry of health established nationwide facilities based on the spread of influenza pandemic in 2006, where the camps of Kakuma and Dadaab being the main targets [1]. Indoor air quality (IAQ) encompasses the structure and its surroundings and its assessment is based on the level of health and comfort of the occupants. Chianga and Laib [2] discussed that the indoor environment is complex and dependent on many factors. The main factors rely on identifying the air contaminant sources and proposing proper ventilation. Although not well documented, the effects of airborne contaminants towards deteriorating human health in the African region were brought to light in the studies conducted by [3]. Consequently, in tight and packed spaces like the refugee camps of Dadaab, Kenya, the chance of these contaminations spreading and affecting the rest of the camp is high, if proper care is not put in place. The main purpose of ventilation in regard to air quality lies in its ability to transport out pollutants and contaminated air [4]. A review on different designs of wind driven natural and hybrid ventilation systems yielded that turbine ventilators are the best option when cost, performance and construction are concerned [5]. The same study also presented arguments supporting the fact that turbine ventilators are the ideal choice considering its size and its ability to maintain humidity and reduce the accumulation of contaminants and pollutants in the air. A turbine ventilator, also known as rotary ventilator, operates on the basic principles of  buoyancy. As the air in the room of a structure rises, the stack effect allows the pressure differences between indoor and outdoor air to escape the structure into the surroundings. However, the fan in the turbine ventilator aids the process by utilizing a suction effect through the negative pressure that is created in the process of the spinning aero foil vanes, driving air out from the structure into the surrounding air [6]. The performance of the ventilators depends on the surrounding wind speed, the design of the vanes and also the way it is installed onto the roof, among other factors. Wang and Shen [7] concluded that the mass flow rates of the air are directly correlated with the pitch angle of the roof. Lien and Ahmed [8]; however, concluded that the rotational speed of a turbine can be increased by increasing the inclination of the roof. It was also observed that air change rate changes with the variation in wind direction. A change from 0° to 45° declined the air change rate by 10% [9]. Flynn and Ahmed [10] stated that larger diameter ventilators performed better with better extraction rates. This was backed by Lai [11], who discovered that smaller diameter turbine ventilators performed worst when compared to their larger counterparts. In terms of blade design, Revel [12] found that the straight vane turbine is more effective at air extraction as opposed to the curved vane turbine design. They also observed that the larger 300 mm diameter throat turbine ventilator outperformed the smaller 250 mm diameter throat. West [13] discussed that the flow rate of a straight vane turbine ventilator can be increased by 13.5% by increasing its blade or vane height by 50%. A CFD studies by Lien and Ahmed [8] showed that the  performance metrics meet the general requirements and standards of indoor air quality for a modeled living room. Kuo and Lai [14] showed that the lower pressure caused by the turbine ventilator aids in reducing odor leakage to other parts in the building while maintaining sufficient air change rates. There seems to be little evidence to prove the effect of ventilations on reducing the spread of infections in a structure. Studies have been conducted to determine the cause and transmission of diseases; however, the impact of ventilation on reducing the transmission of airborne diseases remains to be properly researched. The objective of this study was, therefore,
 
Performance Analysis of Turbine Ventilators for Refugee Camps Usage
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1375 editor@iaeme.com
to test the different designs of turbine ventilator to improve the air indoor air quality (IAQ) of refugee camps in Africa to overcome issues related to air borne diseases. This would provide an insight towards the significance and viability of using wind turbine ventilator, and subsequently it can be implemented in more refugee camps.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The turbine ventilator was designed to meet the recommended ventilation rate standards for good indoor air quality. These standards are included in ventilation standards, such as American Society of Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers ANSI/ASHRAE standard 62 and ISO Standard 7730 [15, 16]. These standards for residential and public buildings do not particularly give a standard for refugee camps. Therefore, an estimation was taken into account based on the standard values of a recommended 4-8 air changes per hour (ACH) for different volumes of residential building and rooms. The mechanical ventilation rate required was then determined using the equation below:

= ×

 (1)
Where:
 is the air change rate per hour (ACH)

 is the volume of the shelter (
)

 is the ventilation rate (
/ℎ
) The maximum recorded extraction rate or ventilation rate is calculated as follows:

=

 ×

× 3600
 (2)
Where:
 

 is the throat area of the turbine ventilator (
2
),

 is the velocity at the  point (
/
) and

 is the ventilation rate (
/ℎ
) A target ventilation rate for the transitional shelter design with a volume of 83.64 m^3 and an air change rate of 8 ACH will have a value of 669.12 (m^3/h). However, the ASHRAE standards for recommended air changes per hour can be higher or lower depending on the occupancy. To categorize refugee camps under residential conditions is not the best solution  but for the purpose of this study, the turbine ventilator was made to achieve a ventilation rates greater than 669.12 (m^3/h). Following suit, the ISO 7730 standards for indoor comfort relies on several aspects: temperature, indoor air velocity, humidity being the main parameters. To achieve a comfort level of 80% acceptance for the turbine ventilator, the results from the CFD simulation have to be within acceptable range of these comfort variable benchmarks: room
temperature in the range of 24˚C
-
26˚C, indoor air velocity < 0.25 m/s, Predicted Mean Vote
(PMV) of -0.5
 – 
 
0.5 and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) ≤ 10%
 
3. TRANSITIONAL SHELTER MODEL GEOMETRY
The transitional shelter design selected for this study was the compact bamboo shelter design. The roof inclination and materials were not taken into account when modelling the shelter in SolidWorks. Figures 1 and 2 show the front elevation of compact bamboo T-shelter and the isometric view of the modeled T-shelter, respectively. Table 1 shows the dimensions of the modelled T-Shelter.

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