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ACTIVITY 1: FIND THE GENERIC WORDS FROM THIS PARAGRAPH!!!

In fact there is some cross-linguistic contrastive research to suggest that the foreigner is at a
disadvantage. Even where the grammar and vocabulary may be perfectly adequate, it seems to be the
case that a non-native may tend to transfer the discourse patterns of her native language to English. It
has been suggested, for example, that Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean have
different patterns of argument to English [3]. Thus one study found that those Korean academics trained
in the United States wrote in an ‘English’ discourse style, while their colleague who had trained and
worked only in Korea, with a paper published in the same anthology, wrote in a Korean style with no
statement of purpose of the article and a very loose and unstructured pattern from the English point of
view [4]. More generally Hinds has put forward a widely discussed position that Japanese has a different
expectation as to the degree of involvement of the reader compared to English, with Japanese giving more
responsibility to the reader, English to the writer [5]. It might be objected though that this is relevant only
to languages and cultures which differ greatly to English. However, research on German has shown that
German academic writing in the social sciences has a much less linear structure than English, to the extent
that the English translation of a German textbook was criticized as haphazard or even chaotic by American
reviewers, whereas the original had received no such reviews on the European continent [6]. Academic
respectability in English is evidenced by the appropriate discourse structure but in German by the
appropriate level of abstraction [7]. Similarly, academic Finnish texts have been shown to differ in the way
they use connectors and previews and are much less explicit than English in their drawing of conclusions.
Spanish also has a similar pattern [8]. English, therefore, would seem to be a more ‘writer-responsible’
language than at least some other European languages.

Answer Activity 1:
Cross-linguistic, research, language, English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, anthology, German, Spanish,
Linear, sciences, culture, Finnish, continent, grammar, vocabulary
Paraphrase the paragraph above!

English is the language used to communicate around the world. However there are differences in the style
of the language at every state, it’s effect on the writing structure an article. The diffrence of the language
style this will be a drag if will translate the language of our holding in english, although there are already
writing structure in English properly. A study found that the writing of the article in the United States use
the style of the discourse of English, however there are also article writing in english with the structure of
the mess in some countries. Research found that the english language has the writing of a more complex
structures. Even in some countries honorary academics are not only shown frim the writing structure in
english which is good but seen from the essence that is right. So, from these cultural differences english
is expected to be a language than can brige the diversity of languages.
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ACTIVITY 2 PARAPHRASING STRATEGY

Which paraphrasing strategy that had been used in these paraphrases?

Original:
Like drought, excess rainfall and flooding can also contribute to epidemics of waterborne infectious
diseases, in this case due to poor sanitation resulting from runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the
contamination of water by livestock.

(Source: Shuman, E., M.D. (2010, March 25). Global climate change and infectious diseases. New England
Journal of Medicine; 362, 12, 1061-1063. Retrieved from nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 1:

An overabundance of rainfall can also be a factor in spreading infectious diseases carried by water, usually
as a result of overflowing sewers and pollution from farm animals (Shuman, 2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was synonyms for all words that are not
generik

Reasons of your answer:

Because there are some words between the original and the paraphrase have the same meaning but using
different words.
Excess = overabundance
Contribute = factor
Waterboe infectious disease = spreading infectious desease carried by water
Contamination = pollution
Livestock = farm animals

Paraphrase 2:

When there is an overabundance of rainfall, two situations can occur: sewers can overflow and water can
become polluted by the presence of livestock, both of which can lead tooutbreaks of waterborne diseases
(Shuman, 2010).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was change the structure of the
sentence

Reasons of your answer:

Because combine 2 sentences into 1 sentences
Original: poor sanitation resulting from runoff from overwhelmed sewage lines or the contamination of
water by livestock.. indicate two situations can occur at thr paraphrase paragraph.
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NIM: 3

Original:
Current political and economic incentives favor industry and other interest groups at the expense of
health: consider the subsidies paid for corn-based agriculture and mass-produced processed foods, the
tobacco revenue generated in countries with a government-owned tobacco industry, industrial growth in
the face of environmental pollution, and the spread of the sedentary automobile-and-television culture.

(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global noncomunicable
diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from
nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 3:

Researchers point out that in attempting to implement economic growth, industry is often favored over
health: government may subsidize certain forms of agriculture and food production, contribute to tobacco
consumption in nations where it owns the industry and otherwise promote growth of industries that
pollute. (Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was change part of speech

Reasons of your answer:

Because “subsidies” on the sentence “consider the subsidies paid for corn – based agriculture” shows a
noun and “subsidize” on the sentence “goverment may subsidize certain form of agriculture...” show verb

Original:
The prevalence and impact of non-communicable diseases continue to grow. Chronic diseases account
for 60% of all deaths worldwide, and 80% of these deaths occur in low-or middle-income countries, where
the toll is disproportionate during the prime productive years of youth and middle age.

(Source: Venkat Narayan, K.M., , Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J. (2010, September 23). Global noncomunicable
diseases – where worlds meet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363; 13. 1196-1198. Retrieved from
nejm.org at MIT Libraries.)

Paraphrase 4:

The increasing spread of non-communicable diseases can be seen in figures that show these diseases are
responsible for 60% of all deaths on the planet, and that in countries where the population is primarily of
low or middle income, the impact is greatest, often focusing on those who are young or middle-aged
(Venkat Narayan et. al, 2011).

By comparing to original phrase, the pharaphrase strategy used was change clauses to phrases

Reasons of your answer:

Because on the sentence “the prevalence and impact of non-communicable disease continue to grow”
show clause, “non-communicable disease” as the subject and “grow” as verb and on the sentence “the
increasinh spread of non-communicable disease....” show phrases cause consist of a group of words thhat
has no subject or verb.