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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1456
 – 
1463, Article ID: IJMET_10_03_147 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
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PHOTOVOLTAIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE FILMS OF TETRAPHENYL PORPHYRIN AND YTTRIUM VANADATE DOPED WITH EUROPIUM AND BISMUTH
L.A. Butusov
RUDN University -
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
  Natural Science Center of General Physics Institute RAS, Russian Federation
V.V. Kurilkin
RUDN University -
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
 
Jhonn Lenon Cueva Jimenez, Angel Daniel Peralta Umatambo
 
University of the armed forces
 – 
 ESPE, Department of life sciences and agriculture, Ecuador
N.E.Temkina, V.A. Sinenko
 
RUDN University -
Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
 
ABSTRA
C
T
This article reports photovoltaic and optical properties of composite films 5,10,15,20-
tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) with the addition of phosphor’s complex oxide
(Y 
0.9
 Eu
0.05
 Bi
0.05
VO
4
 ) prepared by the spin-coating method on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) plates. Studies of the photopotential of the films depending on the mass ratio of phosphor and porphyrin are presented. The influence of complex oxide on optical band gap of the semiconductor is shown and stability of the films calculated and discussed. 
Key words:
 renewable energy, photovoltaics, composite materials, indium tin oxide, rare earth complex oxide. 
Cite this Article:
 L.A. Butusov, V.V. Kurilkin, Jhonn Lenon Cueva Jimenez, Angel Daniel Peralta Umatambo, N.E. Temkina, V.A. Sinenko, Photovoltaic and Optical Properties of Composite Films of Tetraphenyl Porphyrin and Yttrium Vanadate Doped with Europium and Bismuth,
 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology
 10(4), 2019, pp. 1456
 – 
1463. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
 
L.A. Butusov, V.V. Kurilkin, Jhonn Lenon Cueva Jimenez, Angel Daniel Peralta Umatambo,  N.E. Temkina, V.A. Sinenko
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1457 editor@iaeme.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The need for renewable energy sources stimulates fundamental researches to create new  photosensitive materials with improved characteristics. In particular, the creation of photoactive supramolecular systems with an effective transfers of energy and an electron between donor and acceptor components. The two main pigments of photosynthesis, chlorophyll and carotene, are packed into a very complex membrane structure, including pigment
 – 
 protein complexes that differ in structure and composition of both the protein and pigment components. The efficiency of energy migration essentially depends both on the structural and functional properties of pigment- protein complexes, and on the properties of the membrane system entirely [1].
 
The universality of physico-chemical acts occurring in the process of natural  photosynthesis, as well as natural progress in the areas of biochemistry, fine organic synthesis and synthesis of nanoscale materials naturally leads to the fact that for modeling photosynthesis and developing optoelectronic devices a variety of model systems [23], including both natural  pigments and their structural and functional analogues: from artificially formed membrane-like systems of natural pigment-protein complexes [2] to supramolecular, covalently bound donor-acceptor oligomers or composite systems in solutions or films, including carbon [3] or metallic [4] nanostructures. The fundamental sequence is as follows: the energy of the light causes an electron to go from a low energy state to a higher energy state which must either appear at or migrate to an interface or heterojunction where an electron transfer can take place, then the oxidized and reduced species (holes and electrons) must be able to migrate to opposite sides of the cell where they can be collected as electrical energy. So the solar cell needs a light-absorber which could  be a dye, a hole-transport agent, and an electron-transport agent [5]. Sometimes one component is forced into multiple duties, as in a typical silicon cell, where silicon is the absorber and with different doping also serves as either a hole-transport (p-type) or electron-transport (n-type) agent. Many organic solar cells apply a similar approach, using the light-absorbing dyes as charge-transport agents, but other approaches separate all three functions to different materials [6]. In a number of works, the use of yttrium vanadate has proven itself on the positive side to improve the short-wavelength spectral response of materials used in solar cells [7]. Doping with element
s like neodymium contributes to an increase in the absorption band above 800nm what’s
useful in the development of laser resonators [8] but for solar cells the region of 300-800 nm is most important so dopants like Europium are used [9]. Bismuth doping is the way to enhance open-circuit voltage of dye-sensitized solar cells [10]. Some researchers report [11] that addition of Bi at the surfaces of TiO
2
could boost Voc from 0.633 V to 0.800 V but in most
cases it decrease’s voltage. Research [
12] reports the use of Bi as a dopant for zinc oxide layer as anti-reflection coating at the range of 400-1000nm. The optical properties of yttrium
 – 
 europium vanadates have been studied in detail, which facilitates the interpretation of the results [13, 14]. The addition of vanadium REEs can lead to an increase in the photostability of the film. The aim of the work is to study the energy conversion efficiency in nanocomposite films from TPP and yttrium vanadate doped with europium and bismuth, as well as a comparative study of the photo-response values on substrates from ITO at various mass ratios of the dye and inorganic phosphor [15]. Although a number of publications indicate whether the positive effect of adding bismuth to the composition of photovoltaic layers, in most cases it reduces electrical conductivity. Therefore, in this article the use of bismuth is considered solely from the standpoint of its biological
 
Photovoltaic and Optical Properties of Composite Films of Tetraphenyl Porphyrin and Yttrium Vanadate Doped with Europium and Bismuth
 
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 1458 editor@iaeme.com
activity, which can increase the stability of photovoltaic and optical properties of film materials for a long period of time.
2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Solution of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (Sigma Aldrich) was prepared in chloroform (Uvasol) at a concentration of 0.6 mg/ml. Complex oxide Y
0.9
Eu
0.05
Bi
0.05
VO
4
 
obtained by
 
solid  phase synthesis was mixed with TPP solution with different ratios - 4:1; 3:2; 2:3 and 1: 4. Solutions were sonicated for 40 minutes (Branson 1510 frequency 42 kHz). Spin coating method (2000 rpm) was used for an application of the films on indium tin oxide plates. Films were deposited immediately to avoid sedimentation of phosphor in the solution. UV-VIS absorption and transition spectra were taken (Shimadzu UV-1800). Photovoltaic measurements were made in real time with a load resistance of 10
5
 Ohms at a facility assembled at the laboratory, including a universal voltmeter connected to a computer. The ITO electrode with a composite film and the silver-chloride reference electrode were located in two cells containing 0.1 M KCl diluent and connected by a salt bridge. For illumination, a white light source with a light intensity of 80 mW / cm
2
 was used. The  photopotential is the difference in the value of the potential recorded when the light is on (light  potential), and the value of the potential recorded when the light source is off (dark potential). The uniformity of the surface topography was evaluated on a scanning microscope (NT-MDT, Russia). Silicon cantilevers with a radius of curvature of the needle point of not more than 10 nm were used in tapping mode of atomic force microscopy. Origin lab 8.1 software was used for data processing. To unify the results in terms of temporal photo stability of film-coated electrode integral absorption intensity (300-800 nm range) was used.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 
In non-polar environments or dilute solutions of organic solvents porphyrin may exist in a monomeric state. When a film is formed porphyrin molecules aggregation occurs, however a common phenomenon is bathochromic shift of porphyrin absorption spectra in films compared with spectra in solutions. In Langmuir films maximum shift of the Soret derivative band tritolylporphyrin is 16
 – 
24 nm [16] or 10
 – 
25 nm [17] and depends on the structure of the  porphyrin film formation conditions and substrate nature: on quartz substrates for TPP films the shift is 19 nm (
λ
max Soret = 437 nm). With an increase in the number of aliphatic substituents n-C
17
H
35
 nitrophenyl-amidophenyl-substituted porphyrin from 1
 – 
2 to 3
 – 
4, bathochromic shift decreases from 13 to 7 nm [18]. The maximum of the Soret DFT band on the surface of the ITO in a dilute solution of chloroform is observed at 435 nm, which is consistent with the aggregation of porphyrin molecules (the total batachromic shift of 24 nm) is apparently under the influence of the substrate materials.

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